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https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Graptolites:_Ordovician_and_Silurian_biostratigraphy_-_an_excursion&diff=59425
Graptolites: Ordovician and Silurian biostratigraphy - an excursion
2024-03-14T13:27:13Z
<p>Scotfot: /* Graptolites: Ordovician and Silurian biostratigraphy */</p>
<hr />
<div>By By A W A Rushton and S P Tunnicliff Excursion 18. From: Stone, P (editor). 1996. [[Geology in south-west Scotland: an excursion guide]]. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.<br />
<br />
== Graptolites: Ordovician and Silurian biostratigraphy ==<br />
<br />
=== Introduction ===<br />
[[File:SWScotlandGraptolitesBiozones.jpg|thumbnail|Graptolite biozones recorded from: 1. Glenkiln Burn 2. Loup of Kilfeddar 3. Morroch Bay 4. Drumbreddan Bay and Grennan Bay 5. Clanyard Bay and Grennan Quarries (+) 6. Gillespie Burn.]]<br />
By far the most commonly found fossils in the Lower Palaeozoic sequences of Southwest Scotland are graptolites. Unlike the Girvan area to the north, the region offers no localities where rich Shelly fossil assemblages can be found; but for the graptolite collector there is as wide a selection of fossiliferous horizons as anywhere in the British Isles, ranging in age from the Arenig to the Wenlock.<br />
<br />
The collecting of fossils, especially the zonal collecting of graptolites, is not a task to be rushed. Time and perseverance are needed to locate the fossil-bearing layers, especially those with the best-preserved specimens, and a fair number of fossiliferous slabs are needed if a fully representative fauna is to be obtained. Most of the localities described here require a day's study (or longer) to do justice to their biostratigraphy, and in each there is every possibility that new discoveries will be made. The graptolite zones recorded so far from each of the localities are shown in Table 3. Some of the mid-Ordovician to early Silurian species likely to be found are illustrated in Figures 59 and 60. Graptolites of Arenig (early Ordovician) age can be collected at Ballantrae, as described in Excursion 8, and additional fossiliferous localities with zones of the Wenlock Series (mid-Silurian) are visited in Excursions 5 and 11 to the Kirkcudbright area. The general stratigraphy of the Moffat Shale Group and the graptolite zones is summarised in Table 4.<br />
<br />
If planning a fossil-collecting excursion, note that the entry and parking should always be sought. General advice on the collecting of graptolites is given in Chapter 11 of ''Graptolites ''edited by Palmer and Rickards (1991).<br />
<br />
=== Excursion ===<br />
<br />
==== 1 Glenkiln Burn (NY 007 895) ====<br />
OS 1:50 000 Sheet 78 Nithsdale & Annandale <br />
<br />
BGS 1:50 000 Sheet 10W Lochmaben<br />
[[File:SWScotlandGraptolitesGlenkilnBurnExcursionMap.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Locality map for Glenkiln Burn (Locality 1). ]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P521486.jpg|300px|thumbnail|left|Rock specimen of shale. Glenkiln Burn, Kirkmichael, Dumfriesshire. The sample is a black shale containing graptolite fossils on bedding surfaces. The shale is very fine-grained and thinly bedded. British Geological Survey Petrology Collection sample number EMC 3636. Large tracts of the Southern Uplands of Scotland are formed of shales. These rocks were deposited as sediments in a deep oceanic basin. They consist of very fine-grained minerals, mainly of clays and micas. The specimen of shale will belong to the Ordovician Glenkiln Shales. They are generally black shales yielding many species of graptolites, tiny colonial animals that lived in a series of interconnected tubes made from collagen. Each animal lived in a thecae that made up branches called stipes, the whole colony being called the rhabdosome. They were free floating animals in the Ordovician seas and have been used extensively to date the rocks in which they are found. P521486]]The exposures of Moffat Shale in the Black Linn section of Glenkiln Burn are historically important because they furnished Lapworth with one of his typical sections of their lowest unit, namely the Glenkiln Shales (Table 4). Typically the Glenkiln Shales yield fossils of the ''Nemagraptus gracilis ''and ''Climacograptus peltifer'' biozones, and at this locality they are seen to underlie the Lower Hartfell Shales of the ''Climacograptus wilsoni ''biozone. The section at Black Linn is not recommended for excursion parties because many of the exposures are small and lie in the banks of a ravine above deep pools in the stream; there are larger and more accessible exposures of correlative strata at the Loup of Kilfeddar (Locality 2), Morroch Bay (Locality 3) and Hartfell Score (described by Rushton in McAdam et al., 1992). A brief guide to Black Linn is given here for the specialist who may be interested in this historic locality. The account is based on those of Lapworth (1878) and Peach and Horne (1899) and, for the lower end of the section, that of Williams (1994, Figure 3).<br />
<br />
Take the A701 (Dumfries—Moffat) road to Kirkmichael Mains, and then the turning to Ae Village. After 1.5 km there is limited roadside parking near the bridge west of the chapel at Townhead (NY 004 884). Access is via the farm track towards Kirkmichael Fell (obtain permission at Townhead). Follow the track for about 1 km, until it begins to ascend the flank of Kirkmichael Fell, whereupon leave the track and fork left, descending to Glenkiln Burn. Upstream lie inliers of Moffat Shale faulted among the outcrops of Gala Group greywackes, fine-grained interbeds of which contain late Llandovery graptolites of the ''guerichi ''Biozone (= lower part of the ''turriculatus ''Biozone). The type locality for the Glenkiln Shales, however, is downstream, past a right-hand bend, in the ravine known as Black Linn (NY 007 895).<br />
<br />
Downstream of the bend, on the left (south) bank, is a bluff of Glenkiln Shales, deformed but locally fossiliferous (la). Hereabouts Lapworth's map shows an open shaft in the black shales where someone had 'foolishly excavated ... in search of coal' (Lapworth, 1878, p. 287). For about 50 m downstream the burn exposes unfossiliferous grey flaggy mudstones, but at the next left-hand bend, near the confluence of a tributary stream on the right bank, near-vertical fossiliferous black mudstones are seen striking approximately parallel to Black Linn (lb). Many strongly flattened graptolites of the ''Nemagraptus gracilis ''Biozone can be collected, including ''Climacograptus bicornis, Dicellograptus sextans ''and ''N. gracilis ''itself. Downstream of the tributary the banks of the ravine become steep, and access is precarious. At about 40 m downstream the Glenkiln Shales pass up (=downstream) into grey mudstones of the Lower Hartfell Shales. These contain thin black beds that may locally yield well-preserved fossils of the ''wilsoni ''Biozone, including C. ''wilsoni ''and ''Pseudoclimacograptus scharenbergi (1c). ''Farther downstream is a faulted outcrop of Lower Hartfell Shale with fossils representing the ''Dicranograptus clingani ''Biozone (1d).<br />
<br />
==== 2 Loup of Kilfeddar (NX 152 674) ====<br />
[[File:SWScotlandGraptolitesKilfeddarExcursionMap.jpg|thumbnail|Locality map for Loup of Kilfeddar (Locality 2).]]<br />
OS 1:50 000 Sheet 82 Stranraez; Glen Luce & surrounding area<br />
<br />
BGS 1:50 000 sheets I and 3 The Rhins of Galloway<br />
<br />
The thick siliceous greywacke succession of the Kirkcolm Formation has been dated by the faunas collected from a number of graptolitic interbeds. One of the thickest and most fossiliferous of these interbeds occurs in the Main Water of Luce near a waterfall called the Loup of Kilfeddar, at the contact between the Kirkcolm Formation and the pyroxenous greywackes of the Galdenoch Formation.<br />
<br />
From New Luce (NX 175 645), 8 km north of Glenluce, cross to the west side of the river and take the minor road that follows the west bank northwards. The Loup of Kilfeddar is reached after about 4 km; it is about 600 m east of Cairnerzean, where the Main Water of Luce makes a sharp bend to the left (152 674). The main waterfall exposes part of the Kirkcolm Formation which, on the east bank below the waterfall, has yielded a few graptolites including'' Pseudoclimacograptus scharenbergi. ''Much more promising for the collector is the section upstream of the main waterfall on the west bank which exposes a succession of black graptolitic mudstone units for about 100 m. The beds are fossiliferous at several places and large faunas typical of the ''Nemagraptus gracilis ''Biozone can be collected.<br />
<br />
At the broken footbridge, and just upstream of it, outcrops of black shale (2a) contain species of ''Cryptograptus, Dicellograptus, Dicranograptus, Didymograptus, Diplograptus, Glossograptus, `Glyptograptus', Lasiograptus, Nemagraptus ''and ''Orthograptus. ''Some of the shales appear disturbed but in their midst are blocks of coherent shale with well-preserved graptolites.<br />
<br />
Upstream the river broadens into a pool without exposure, but above this, where the river forms rapids, is a broad exposure of grey and black shale 15-20 m thick. Here the succession is interrupted by zones of disturbance (representing faulting and minor folding?) but graptolites including examples of ''Thamnograptus ''can be collected at places where the shale is less disturbed, for example near the downstream (2b) and upstream (2c) ends of the exposure.<br />
<br />
Upstream of the rapids is a reef in the river where disturbed shales at the base of the overlying Galdenoch Formation again contain blocks of graptolitic black shale '''(2d) '''of the ''gracilis ''or ''peltifer'' Biozone.<br />
<br />
==== 3 Morroch Bay (NX 017 525) ====<br />
[[File:SWScotlandGraptolitesMorrochBayExcursionMap.jpg|thumbnail|Locality map for Morroch Bay (Locality 3) .]]<br />
OS 1:50 000 Sheet 82 Stranraer, Glen Luce surrounding area<br />
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BGS 1:50 000 sheets 1 and 3 The Rhins of Galloway<br />
<br />
[[File:P001122.jpg|300px|thumbnail|left|Morroch Bay, Wigtownshire viewed from the north-west. The bay and the smaller Port of Spittal Bay beyond are eroded along the outcrop of shale sequences which alternate with Portpatrick Formation (Ordovician) greywackes. The rocks are all steeply inclined ranging from vertical in the foreground to overturned towards Port of Spittal Bay. The bay has a low raised beach and old cliff line. P001122]]Morroch Bay displays the largest outcrop of the Moffat Shale in south-west Scotland. When the tide is out, mudstones and associated cherts of the Glenkiln and Lower Hartfell formations are exposed for nearly 400 m across strike and, at the north end of the bay, are interbedded with and overlain by the basal greywacke beds of the Portpatrick Formation. It is possible to collect graptolites representative of the ''gracilis, peltifer?, wilsoni ''and ''clingani ''biozones, and to use their distribution to infer the presence of structural imbrication. Peach and Horne (I899, pp.40 1-408) described the section in detail and their account and collections form a component of the present account. However, their structural interpretation for the northern end of the bay, of interfolded greywackes and shales is rejected here in favour of simple interbedding.<br />
<br />
If using a car, take the minor road from Portpatrick towards Knockinaam and Port of Spittal. About 3 km SE of Portpatrick (at NX 023 527) there is a track down to the south end of the bay; park by the roadside and walk 1.5 km down the track to the bay. There is no room to park a bus. Morroch Bay can also be reached on foot from Portpatrick by the cliff-top path, a pleasant walk of about 3 km in each direction, but involving an arduous scramble down steep overgrown slopes into the north end of the bay. The tide is not dangerous at this locality, but when it comes in, the bedrock geology is largely obscured.<br />
<br />
The intertidal zone exposes a thick sequence of mudstone dipping steeply and striking roughly SW, out to sea. There are several intrusive igneous dykes, more or less concordant with the bedding, and these can serve as useful landmarks when studying the mudstone succession. The mud-stones generally become younger from south to north but the distribution of fossil zones indicates at least one major structural repetition, whilst the anomalous thickness of some units, together with the presence of minor folding and faulting, shows that the structure is complicated in detail.<br />
<br />
At the south end of the bay, black mud-stones (3a), associated with cherts and red and green mudstones have yielded a relatively diverse fauna of the ''N. gracilis ''Biozone, including a dozen species referable to ''Climacograptus, Cryptograptus, Dicellograptus, Dicranograptus, Hallograptus, Nemagraptus ''and ''Orthograptus. ''Conodonts have been recovered from red mudstones here.<br />
<br />
The succession to the north consists largely of red and green mudstones with beds of chert, but about 100 m north of the cottage at the south end of the bay (3b and 3c) you can collect faunas of the ''gracilis ''and possibly 'peltifer' biozones from black Glenkiln Shales.<br />
<br />
The ''wilsoni ''Biozone is found in black shale (3d) about 150 m NW of the cottage, between chert beds and a large dyke near the middle of the bay. ''Climacograptus wilsoni ''is associated with ''Amplexograptus perexcavatus, Dicranograptus nicholsoni, ''and ''Glossograptus hincksii. ''Close to the dyke is a bed '''(3e) '''with ''Dicellograptus angulatus ''and other graptolites.<br />
<br />
Further north the mudstones are associated with some greywacke beds, and beside one of these (3f), about 50 m south of the northerly cottage, a fairly diverse ''D. clingani ''Biozone fauna can be found, with species of ''Climacograptus, Corynoides, Leptograptus, Neurograptus ''and several of ''Orthograptus.''<br />
<br />
The localities referred to so far are progressively younger northwards. However, a major strike fault to the north of here truncates the Hartfell Shale and reintroduces chert and Glenkiln Shale '''(3g) '''with fossils of the ''gracilis ''and 'peltifer'biozones.<br />
<br />
The northern end of the bay shows very clearly the interbedding of black mudstone with the basal greywackes of the Portpatrick Formation. Many of the mudstone beds (3h and 3i) are fossiliferous, and faunas of the ''clingani ''Biozone, including ''Climacograptus spiniferus, Dicellograptus morrisi, Dicranograptus ramosus, Neurograptus margaritatus ''and various ''Orthograptus ''spp., are easy to collect. This locality shows that the base of the Portpatrick Formation lies within the ''clingani ''Biozone, whilst the top of the formation exposed some 5 km to the NW in Killantringan Bay (see Excursion 15) appears to lie within the overlying ''linearis ''Biozone (Figure 46).<br />
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==== 4 Grennan Point and Drumbreddan Bay (NX 075 437) ====<br />
OS 1:50 000 Sheet 82 Stranraer, Glen Luce surrounding area<br />
<br />
BGS 1:50 000 Sheets 1 and 3 The Rhins of Galloway<br />
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Intertidal exposures around Grennan Point (about 13 km SE of Portpatrick) afford an opportunity to examine the Upper Hartfell Shale and several zones of the Birkhill Shale, and to see how they relate to the overlying greywackes of Grennan Point (Gala Group 6: Figure 46).<br />
<br />
Approach on the A716 from Stranraer; 4 km south of Sandhead turn right, pass Ardwell House, and after 1.5 km turn left down the minor road to Drumbreddan (NX 084 440). From the farm a walk of about 800 m takes you to Drumbreddan Bay.<br />
<br />
There are two principal exposures of Moffat Shale, separated by the greywacke beds that make up Grennan Point. The northerly exposure is much the larger and displays a wider range of strata; the southerly exposure shows the relationship with the greywacke particularly well. Structural aspects of this locality are described in Excursion 15.<br />
<br />
===== North of Grennan Point (Grennan Bay) =====<br />
[[File:P521164.jpg|300px|thumbnail|left|A fossil specimen of Dimorphograptus decussatus. A fossil graptolite. (Graptolithina.) Port Gower, Grennan Point, Wigtownshire, Scotland. This specimen of graptolite, Dimorphograptus decussatus is possibly from the atavus Biozone of the Silurian and was found at Port Gower, Grennan Point. British Geological Survey Biostratigraphy Collection number GSE 14927. Dimorphograptus is a genus where the proximal part of the rhabdosome is uniserial due to loss of thecae while most of the rhabdosome is biserial. During the Silurian the monograptid fauna developed from Lower Silurian simple thecal types of Monograptus and numerous biserial forms such as Orthograptus and Dimorphograptus. The Middle Silurian saw the acme of hooked types and dominance of cyrtograptids while the Upper Silurian saw a dominance of monograptids with simple thecal types. P521164]]The Moffat Shale Group is well exposed at low tide but largely covered when the tide is in. The structure is broadly an anticline—syncline fold pair, though complicated in detail (Figure 64). Somewhat north of the middle of the bay, the unfossiliferous grey `barren' mudstones (4a) that typify the Upper Hartfell Shale are found (NX 0748 4383). They include thin black beds, and although these contain fragments of graptolites, it has yet to be shown whether they are referable to the ''complanatus, anceps ''or ''extraordinarius ''biozones.<br />
<br />
Working north from the grey mud-stones, the first black beds encountered are basal Birkhill Shales (4b). Here you can collect fossils of the ''persculptus ''Biozone. Further to the north, 5 m from the faulted contact with the Gala Group greywackes (4c), the succeeding zone of ''Parakidograptus acuminatus ''is present. The ''atavus ''Biozone is proved close to the greywackes, though the effects of strong faulting makes the collection of satisfactory material more difficult.<br />
<br />
Turning south from the pale barren mud-stones, the centre of Grennan Bay is occupied by a considerable thickness of Lower Birkhill Shale — massive black mudstones described by Lapworth as the ''vesiculosus ''Flags'. They yield fossils of the ''acuminatus ''Biozone in the centre of the bay (4d) and several species of the ''atavus ''Biozone (including species of ''Atavograptus, Coronograptus, Dimorphograptus ''and ''Normalograptus) ''within 10 m of the greywackes of Grennan Point (4e). Closer still to the greywackes (40, you can collect diverse faunas of the ''convolutus ''Zone, including species of ''Coronograptus, Glyptograptus, Petalolithus, Rhaphidograptus ''and several ''Monograptus ''species ''(Margutus, M. clingani, M. convolutus, M. limatulus). ''Deformation associated with strong nearby faulting hampers collecting but excellent specimens were collected last century and the source of those remains to be rediscovered. The pale greenish or whitish beds of soft claystone interbedded in the Birkhill Shale are metabentonites (altered volcanic ash). These indicate frequent and large-scale eruptions, but the position of the volcanic source is unknown.<br />
<br />
===== Drumbreddan Bay =====<br />
[[File:SWScotlandGraptolitesDrumbreddenBayExcursionMap.jpg|thumbnail|Locality map and geological cross-section for Drumbreddan Bay (Locality 4).]]<br />
On the south side of Grennan Point a relatively narrow exposure of the Birkhill Shale (4g) extends along the base of the greywacke cliffs. Despite the presence of a strike fault, some of the graptolites found here are well preserved. Examples representing the ''cyphus ''Biozone? and the ''magnus ''Biozone have been recorded.<br />
<br />
The Birkhill Shale passes up into a few metres of thinly bedded grey shale and laminated siltstone (4h) followed conformably by massive greywackes. The thinly bedded unit contains thin black mudstone seams and with patience you can collect rare but well-preserved graptolites of the ''convolutus ''Biozone which serve to date the onset of greywacke deposition.<br />
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==== 5 Clanyard Bay and Grennan Quarries (NX 101 380) ====<br />
[[File:SWScotlandGraptolites.jpg|thumbnail|Locality map for Clanyard Bay and Grennan quarries (Locality 5).]]<br />
OS 1:50 000 Sheet 82 Stranraer, Glen Luce ea surrounding area<br />
<br />
BGS 1:50 000 sheets 1 and 3 The Rhins of Galloway<br />
<br />
The Moffat Shale Group is exposed at both the north and south margins of Clanyard Bay. The northern exposure youngs to the north, as is generally the case in Moffat Shale inners, but the southern exposure is unusual in that it seems to young towards the south. This was formerly taken as evidence for a major anticlinal structure centred on Clanyard Bay, but more recently the complex thrust-related structure has become apparent. This is described in some detail as part of Excursion 15.<br />
<br />
Grennan Quarries, nearby, afford an opportunity to collect graptolites from interbeds in the greywacke succession and can be visited at times when the tide covers exposures in Clanyard Bay.<br />
<br />
===== Clanyard Bay =====<br />
Take the A716 south from Stranraer and Sandhead towards Drummore, but about 2 km north of Drummore (NX 128 383) take the minor road to Clanyard, from which Clanyard Bay is a short walk (800 m). The exposures can only be studied in detail at low tide. The northern outcrop is the larger. The beds farthest from the northern margin of the bay are Upper Hartfell Shale, typically developed as grey `barren' mudstone. They include black mudstone interbeds that have yielded ''Dicellograptus. ''Working towards the greywackes at the northern edge of the bay, you find Birkhill Shale, and from various beds in a general south-to-north sequence can collect graptolites of the ''atavus, acinaces, triangulatus?, convolutus ''and ''sedgwickii ''biozones. In addition, an old collection contains well-preserved fossils indicating a low level in the ''turriculatus ''Biozone; the exact locality is unknown but it is possible that, if careful collecting were undertaken, the ''torriculatus ''locality might be rediscovered and evidence obtained for the presence of other zones.<br />
<br />
On the south side of the bay, the Birkhill Shale is exposed with associated beds of bentonite. Graptolites of the ''cyphus ''Biozone have been collected about 20 m from the base of the cliffs. Farther south, about 10 m from the cliff, the presence of the ''convolutus ''Biozone provides evidence for southward younging here.<br />
<br />
===== Grennan Quarries =====<br />
These quarries are situated just west of the A716, 3 km north of Drummore. One on the west of the track to Grennan (NX 1267 3943) displays greywackes of Gala Group 8 (or Port Logan Formation), which here includes shaly interbeds. From these you can collect well-preserved graptolites of the ''crispus ''Biozone, including ''Monograptus crispus, M. discus, M. marri, M. priodon ''and ''Streptograptus exiguus. ''A larger quarry in the greywackes slightly farther SW (NX 1258 3932) yields ''M. crispus ''and, on some bedding planes, an abundance of ''S. exiguus.''<br />
<br />
Figure 66 Locality map for Gillespie Burn (Locality 6).''' '''<br />
<br />
==== 6 Gillespie Burn (NX 257 539) ====<br />
[[File:SWScotlandGraptolitesGillespieBurnExcursionMap.jpg|thumbnail|Locality map for Gillespie Burn (Locality 6) .]]<br />
OS 1:50 000 Sheet 82 Stranraer, Glen Luce & surrounding area<br />
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BGS 1:50 000 Sheet 4 W Kirkcowan<br />
<br />
Gillespie Burn exposes an interesting succession of Upper Hartfell and Birkhill Shales. The Upper Hartfell 'Barren Mudstones' include richly fossiliferous black mudstone beds of the ''D. anceps ''Biozone, overlain by Lower Birkhill Shale which, unusually, here contains several beds of greywacke.<br />
<br />
From Glenluce take the A747 south towards Port William. About 3 km SE from Glenluce, turn left down the minor road, past Whitefield Loch and Machermore, towards Culroy (NX 253 540). A car may be parked near the track-junction (NX 252 543) and Gillespie Burn approached over land farmed from Culroy, where prior permission for access and parking must be sought. From Culroy walk due east to the tributary stream which flows down to join the Gillespie Burn (NX 257 539) where it flows through a small ravine.<br />
<br />
===== Silurian =====<br />
About 40 m upstream of the place where a stone wall crosses this tributary, the left (NE) bank displays greywacke beds with shale interbeds (6a). Graptolites from these interbeds include climacograptids ''(Normalograptus ''spp.) and ''Atavograptus ''spp. which represent the ''atavus ''Biozone and possibly also the ''acinaces ''Biozone. A few paces downstream greywackes on the right (SW) bank contain ''Cystograptus vesiculosus ''and ''Parakidograptus acuminatus ''which indicate that these greywackes are discernably older ''(acuminatus ''Biozone); it is noteworthy that nearer to Culroy a poorly exposed shale bed has yielded younger graptolites of the ''typhus ''Biozone. On this evidence the ground between Gillespie Burn and Culroy is inter‑<br />
<br />
preted as being underlain by Lower Birkhill Shales which, exceptionally, here include beds of greywacke deposited during the ''acuminatus, atavus ''and possibly ''acinaces ''biozones. These are apparently overlain by massive greywackes of Gala Group 4 (the Sinniness Formation) deposited during ''typhus ''Biozone times (Rushton and Stone, 1991).<br />
<br />
===== Ordovician =====<br />
Go downstream to where the stone wall crosses the tributary stream. Black Upper Hartfell Shales can be seen a few paces both upstream and downstream of the wall (6b). Graptolites of the ''anceps ''Biozone, particularly ''Orthograptus abbreviatus, ''can be collected from each outcrop.<br />
<br />
Now descend the tributary to Gillespie Burn itself. It enters the ravine at a waterfall, below which the grey `Barren Mudstones' of the Upper Hartfell Shales are well seen. For about 50 m downstream from the confluence of Gillespie Burn and the tributary, the `Barren Mudstones' show interbeds of black mudstone '''(6c) '''from which faunas of the ''Dicellograptus anceps ''Biozone can be collected, most commonly ''Climacograptus supernus ''and ''Orthograptus abbreviatus. ''Further downstream, at a right-hand bend (6d), graptolites of the Lower Hartfell Shale ''(clingani ''or ''linearis ''Biozone) can be collected; the same strata are also seen in small exposures high on the east bank of the burn (6e). ''Orthograptus ''spp. are most commonly found but their preservation is not very good.<br />
<br />
About 150 m SE of Gillespie Burn the ground rises where the greywackes of Gala Group 5 make a topographical feature. There are small exposures of Lower Hartfell Shale '''(6f) '''along the track at the foot of this slope and better-preserved graptolites of the ''clingani ''and ''linearis ''biozones can be collected.<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
| [[file:SouthwestScotlandGraptoliteExamples1.jpg|none|thumb|300px|Examples of some of the Ordovician graptolites found in south-west Scotland. View large image for key.]]<br />
| [[file:SWScotlandGraptolitesExamples2.jpg|none|thumb|300px|Examples of some of the Llandovery (lower Silurian) graptolites found in south-west Scotland. View large image for key.]]<br />
|}<br />
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=== References ===<br />
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<References/><br />
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{{EGwalks}}<br />
[[Category:6. The South of Scotland]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Rhins_of_Galloway_-_an_excursion&diff=59424
Rhins of Galloway - an excursion
2024-03-13T23:08:15Z
<p>Scotfot: /* 10 West Tarbet: Hawick Group */</p>
<hr />
<div>By By J A McCurry and P Stone. Excursion 15. From: Stone, P (editor). 1996. [[Geology in south-west Scotland: an excursion guide]]. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.<br />
<br />
== Rhins of Galloway:a coastal traverse across the Northern and Central belts of the Southern Uplands ==<br />
<br />
OS 1:50 000 sheets 76 Girvan and 82 Stranraer; Glen Luce surrounding area<br />
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BGS 1:50 000 Sheet 1 and 3 with parts of 7 and 4W The Rhins of Galloway<br />
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=== Main points of interest ===<br />
[[File:RhinsOfGallowayExcursionMap.jpg|400px|thumbnail|Locality map and outline geology for the Rhins of Galloway.]]<br />
Ordovician and Silurian structure; turbidite sedimentology (conglomerate, greywacke and shale) and stratigraphy; Caledonian folding and thrusting.<br />
<br />
=== Logistics ===<br />
The itinerary suggested for this relatively remote area can be used as the basis for a 2- or 3-day excursion centred on Portpatrick. Some of the localities in Excursions 17 and 18 can also be visited from here. All the localities are readily accessible to small vehicles, but anything larger than a minibus will not be able to negotiate the narrow roads. All the localities are coastal, so more rock will be seen at low tide. Localities 2, 9 and 10 are the most tide dependent and should be visited out of sequence if necessary. Most of the localities require scrambling over steep rock outcrops which may be wet and slippery; the longest walk required is about 4 km.<br />
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=== Introduction ===<br />
[[File:RhinsOfGallowayLowerPalaeozoicStratigraphy.jpg|400px|thumbnail|Summary of Lower Palaeozoic stratigraphy on the Rhins of Galloway.]]<br />
The coast sections of the 45 km-long Rhins of Galloway peninsula provide an unsurpassed traverse through the Lower Palaeozoic outcrop of south-west Scotland. The sections chosen (Figure 45) build up a complete cross-strike traverse through the imbricate thrust sheet of late Ordovician and early Silurian turbidite strata. Biostratigraphical ages quoted are based largely on recent determinations by A W A Rushton and S P Tunnicliff summarised in Stone (1995). The summary of tectonostratigraphy given in Figure 46 encapsulates the stratigraphical paradox of the Southern Uplands: within each fault-bounded tract the exposed strata become younger towards the NW, though the tracts themselves become sequentially younger towards the SE. The strike faults separating the tracts are therefore thrust faults which originally propagated mostly towards the SE, carrying older beds over younger. Each thrust slice steepened upwards before its sole thrust stuck and was replaced at a lower level by a new thrust. In some interpretations one of the faults is given special importance as a possible terrane boundary along which a large displacement has occurred. This structure, the Orlock Bridge Fault, is examined in Excursion 17. In the Rhins of Galloway traverse described here Localities 1-5 are within the Ordovician Northern Belt of the Southern Uplands and Localities 6-10 are in the Silurian Central Belt to the south.<br />
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The introductory section of this guide which deals with the Lower Palaeozoic regional geology is particularly relevant to this excursion. Also of great value is the BGS 1:50 000 Rhins of Galloway map, but note the alternative interpretation at Locality 9. Much of the evidence to be seen is pertinent to the debate over the origin of the Southern Uplands: forearc accretionary prism or backarc to foreland basin thrust belt. The regional palaeocurrent pattern (at least in the Ordovician) and the interdigitating siliceous and volcaniclastic turbidites at locality 4 provide evidence of a volcanic source to the south of a backarc Southern Uplands (Stone et al., 1987); the opposing younging and vergence of D1 thrusting and folding on either side of the Port Logan Fault (Localities ''7, ''8 and 9) provide evidence of obduction accretion comparable with that in the Washington—Oregon forearc (McCurry and Anderson, 1989). Descriptions for Localities 1, 2 and 5 have been prepared by P Stone, for Localities 3, 7, 9 and 10 by J McCurry, and for Localities 6 and 8 jointly.<br />
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===Excursion ===<br />
[[File:RhinsOfGallowayFinnartsBayExcursionMap.jpg|400px|thumbnail|Locality map and outline geology for the Finnarts Bay area (Locality l).]]<br />
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==== 1 Finnarts Bay: Kirkcolm Formation ====<br />
Finnarts Bay is on the east side of Loch Ryan. If approaching from the east on theA75 turn north on the A751 and follow the A77 through Cairnryan. About 4 km north of Cairnryan a large, disused quarry is seen on the right; shortly after take the left turn signposted for the Fish Farm and at the bottom of the hill turn abruptly left to park on the extensive raised beach (NX 051 725). If approaching from the north, follow the A77 down the valley of Glen App and, when the road reaches the coast and swings south, turn right towards the Fish Farm. The itinerary (Figure 47) has two sections, a coastal traverse and a nearby road section along the A77. For the latter part there is parking for one or two cars at the entrance to the rough track leading into the old quarry (NX 053 720) or in the lay-by on the opposite (seaward) side of the road. If a larger number of vehicles is involved it is safer to leave them parked on the raised beach and walk back ro the quarry entrance and road section.<br />
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''Coastal traverse ''At the south-west end of the raised beach an extensive rocky area is exposed below the high tide mark. This outcrop consists of very thinly bedded, fine-grained greywacke and siltstone. At low tide and subject to the movement of beach shingle, a low northward extension of the main outcrop shows an intrusive porphyritic dyke (a in Figure 47). The dyke is up to 2 m across and contains abundant feldspar phenocrysts set in a fine-grained microdioritic groundmass. It has sharp margins against the host siltstone and contains no trace of tectonic foliation. It was clearly intruded after deformation. The surrounding sedimentary strata, best seen on the larger exposures to the south of the dyke (b in Figure 47), form a thinly bedded interval within the Kirkcolm Formation and contain a sparse ''gracilis'' Biozone graptolite fauna (Figure 46). Seemingly chaotic deformation has affected the siltstone and greywacke, with folding on a variety of scales and styles. Brittle dislocation of the thin beds in both an extensional and a compressional sense is also apparent. The folding may well be poly-genetic, with tectonic deformation superimposed on syndepositional slump-related folding. Within the chaotically folded zones diagenetic carbonate concretions are fairly common, forming disc-shaped bodies up to I m across. These weather brown and may project from the eroded surface of the host strata. Significantly, when such concretions are surrounded by chaotically deformed layers they may preserve internal undisturbed lamination. The concretions are therefore thought to have formed before deformation occurred which suggests that much folding was post-diagenetic.<br />
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About 20 m south into the next small bay another felsic dyke is intruded into the laminated siltstone (c). However, in this case the dyke is pervasively foliated with a fabric parallel to, and apparently continuous with, that seen in the surrounding sedimentary strata. If possible, dig out the sand to expose the contact of dyke and siltstone; locally it is quite irregular but, whereas the dyke cuts across the overall bedding trend at an angle of about 10°, the cleavage fabric is continuous across the contact. Clearly the dyke was intruded prior to the imposition of the cleavage. The contrast with the dyke examined earlier, which is of very similar composition, suggests that dyke intrusion spanned the cleavage-forming deformation.<br />
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Slightly farther south within the same bay thick greywacke beds up to 1.5 m across appear in the sequence. These are medium-grained quartzo-feldspathic representatives of the Kirkcolm Formation. Another thick greywacke bed forms part of the cliff at the south end of the bay, exposed beneath the World War II gun emplacement (Loch Ryan was a convoy assembly point and flying boat base, hence the fortifications). Bedding dip in the cliff section (d) is about 50° SE but sedimentary structures such as ripple crests and shale flames show that the beds are inverted. A well-developed slaty cleavage dips more steeply than the bedding and therefore cannot be a simple axial-planar cleavage. Various explanations are possible. Either the bedding and cleavage have been jointly rotated or the cleavage has been imposed on bedding already tilted out of the horizontal; both situations require at least two deformation episodes. Alternatively a nonaxial-planar cleavage, developed coevally with the folding, could locally give this relationship. Examples of the latter phenomenon are widespread in the southern part of the Rhins of Galloway.<br />
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Seaward from the inverted greywacke beds the chaotically deformed siltstone lithology reappears. It is intruded by a porphyritic dyke (feldspar phenocrysts in a microdiorite groundmass) up to 2 m across which runs oblique to bedding and has irregular margins. Examination of the dyke margins shows that the cleavage in the silt-stone continues for up to a centimetre into the chilled margins. This dyke was clearly intruded before the end of cleavage-forming deformation.<br />
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Continue south along the beach and scramble up the low cliff on to the slightly higher rock platform; this is easiest at the inland end of the cliff: A narrow track leads south but after about 20 m leave it and scramble across the rock outcrops to seaward. The thinly bedded siltstones are here deformed in a slightly more orderly fashion and, if the beds are traced out, a sequence of steeply plunging ‘S’ folds can be established (e). A spaced cleavage can be seen subparallel to the axial plane of the folds. Note the similarity between the attitude of this cleavage and that in the inverted greywacke beds seen previously. The associated steeply plunging 'S' folds may be the result of the late sinistral shear (D3) imposed on this part of the Southern Uplands.<br />
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Regain the track and continue south for a short distance and descend into the next small inlet. The most prominent feature here (f) is a 2 m-thick felsic dyke containing abundant feldspar phenocrysts. At first sight the dyke appears compound, with a discrete central zone, but examination of thin sections has proved it to be a homogeneous porphyritic microdiorite. There is no cleavage in the dyke and so, like the first example seen, it is probably post-tectonic.<br />
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[[File:P008425.jpg|300px|thumbnail|left|Finnarts Bay, Loch Ryan. Flute casts on the base of a greywacke bed. A linear bottom structure produced by current flow, in this case from top right to bottom left. When bedding is restored from subvertical to horizontal the original current flowed from the south. P008425]]The less agile should retrace their route to the parking area, but the more sure-footed can scramble over the next two rocky spurs; the distance is only about 50 m but is quite arduous at anything but very low tide. The reward is a magnificent array of flute casts on the base of a greywacke bed, slightly overturned to dip steeply SE (g). The rock face must therefore be viewed looking north. The linear nested flutes indicate a current flow from top right to bottom left. If you imagine the bedding plane restored to the horizontal, an original eroding current flowing from the SE is suggested.<br />
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Return to the raised beach at Finnarts Bay. If several vehicles are being used the party should walk back to the A77 and '''proceed with care '''(the road carries '''much heavy traffic '''to and from the Irish ferry terminals) to the entrance track for the large disused quarry (NX 053 720). One or two vehicles can be parked in the rough track entrance or on the hard shoulder area on the opposite (seaward) side of the road. The quarry itself is structurally complex and has loose, dangerous faces. It should not be entered. Fortunately the more accessible cliffs forming the roadside section running south from the quarry (Figure 47) are both secure and instructive.<br />
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''Roadside traverse ''This section is only slightly lower in the sequence than the flute casts viewed earlier at sea level. The entrance to the quarry coincides with an overturned Fl synclinal hinge zone with short limb partly eliminated by faulting (h). Closest to the quarry entrance the greywacke beds are the right way up and dip moderately south whereas, to the south in the roadside section, beds dip steeply south but are slightly overturned and young north. The direction of younging can be readily established from the array of sedimentary structures. The greywacke beds range from about 10 cm to over 1 m in thickness. Many beds are clearly graded and contain weak cross-lamination in places. Bed bases commonly carry small flute casts and more bulbous load casts.<br />
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The roadside section continues south becoming progressively lower and more obscured by bushes. Initially the attitude of the greywacke beds remains uniform with steep dip to SE and northwards younging. However, about 100 m SE from the quarry the greywackes are folded about an Fl anticline—syncline pair with both hinge zones broken and faulted (i). The anticline lies to the north of the syncline in a structural pattern characteristic of much folding throughout the Southern Uplands (Types 1 and 2, Figure 3). No cleavage is developed in association with these folds and cleavage is in fact absent from the whole roadside section.<br />
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The greywackes exposed on the shore and roadside are all in the Kirkcolm Formation (Figure 46). They are quartzo-feldspathic greywackes with a few accessory grains of spilite, schist, garnet and zircon; the quartz content averages about 45 per cent. Full compositional details are provided by Kelling (1962), Floyd and Trench (1989), Evans et al. (1991) and Stone (1995).<br />
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==== 2 Lady Bay: Glen App Fault and Corsewall Formation ====<br />
Leave Finnarts Bay and drive south on the A77 to Stranraer; pass through the town following signs for Leswalt and Kirkcolm and leave on the A718 heading NW. After passing the Stranraer golf course turn right at the Craigencross roundabout, still following the A718 for Kirkcolm. About 3.5 km beyond the roundabout it is worth stopping briefly beside the sea at St Mary's Croft (NX 034 659). Here, on the foreshore, are exposed the Permian breccias which fill the 1500 m-deep Stranraer basin (Stone, 1988 and references therein). The east side of the basin is formed by a major fault which defines the east coast of Loch Ryan. This contrasts with the west side of the basin, where the Permian (and some Westphalian) strata lie unconformably above the Lower Palaeozoic greywackes; the structure is a classic half-graben (Figure 45). The breccias consist of greywacke pebbles up to about 6 cm across, contained in a matrix of coarse red sand. Thin interbeds of red sandstone and siltstone are also present. The most extensive outcrop is near the low water mark.<br />
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Continue north on the A718 through Kirkcolm. About 2 km beyond the village, fork right following signs for Corsewall Point and about 1 km beyond the fork turn right following signs for Lady Bay. The road is metalled as far as Low Portencalzie Farm but thereafter deteriorates into a rough track. Nevertheless continue on down towards the sea where there is a paved parking area with adjacent picnic tables.<br />
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It is essential to visit this locality around low tide. The Glen App Fault zone is exposed, subject to the vagaries of shifting sand and shingle, at the north end of the bay (027 718) below high water mark. All the rocks in the vicinity are pervasively reddened, a reminder of the nearby Permian sequence of red sandstone and breccia. A complex array of shear zones and quartz veins cuts through the reddened greywackes defining a fault zone about 5 m across and trending approximately NE towards Finnarts Bay and Glen App on the far side of Loch Ryan. The character and geometry of the structures within the fault zone suggest that ductile deformation occurred with a sinistral sense of shear, followed by small-scale brittle effects with a dextral shear sense.<br />
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Thickly bedded greywackes abut the fault zone on its north side and it is well worth scrambling over the cliffs a little way northwards to examine their sedimentary features. A well-trodden track provides a route. The greywackes are all part of the Corsewall Formation and are compositionally immature, with abundant clasts of igneous lithologies including spilite, gabbro and serpentinite probably derived from an ophiolitic source. The quartz content is only about 14 per cent on average. Compositional details are given by Kelling (1962), Evans et al. (1991) and Stone (1995). The lithic composition gives the greywackes a dark appearance which contrasts with the pale grey Kirkcolm Formation greywackes seen at Locality 1.<br />
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Immediately north of Lady Bay the Corsewall Formation greywackes are thickly bedded (tip to 1.5 m) graded turbidites. Beds are steeply inclined and the grading, together with the weak cross-lamination in the top part of some beds and the bottom structures on their bases, establishes a consistent direction of younging towards the north. Slightly farther north (up sequence) the thick greywacke beds are separated by thinly bedded intervals of greywacke and siltstone showing classical turbidite structures such as grading, cross-lamination and rippled bed tops. Some of the thick, coarser interbeds have pockets of pebbly greywacke along their bases.<br />
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==== 3 Corsewall Point: Corsewall Conglomerate ====<br />
[[File:RhinsOfGallowayCorsewallPointExcursionMap.jpg|400px|thumbnail|Locality map and outline geology for the Corsewall Poinr area (Locality 3).]]<br />
Return to the parking area in Lady Bay and retrace the route to the KirkcolmCorsewall Point road. Turn right and continue towards the lighthouse. Just over 1 km NW from the Lady Bay road junction be sure to take the right fork; thereafter the route is fairly obvious, though occasionally gated. At Corsewall Point park on the right side of the road by the wildlife information board (NW 982 727). From there walk NW on to the fault-bounded promontory (3a on Figure 48). On this and the two promontories to the east (3b and 3c) the sedimentary features of the conglomeratic member of the Corsewall Formation (late Llandeilo—early Caradoc) can be examined. This site has been mapped and logged in detail by Holroyd (1978) who interprets its rocks as an inner fan channel sequence deposited at the base of a deep-sea slope. The steeply SE-dipping beds are slightly overturned and young north. The sequence consists of extrabasinal conglomerates interbedded with coarse, massive sandstone units. Individual units are up to 4 m thick. Tertiary igneous activity is evidenced by thin cross-cutting dolerite dykes and, offshore to the north, by the microgranitic plug of Ailsa Craig.<br />
[[File:P008478.jpg|left|thumbnail|Corsewall Point, Well Isle. Corsewall Conglomerate. A very coarse, boulder conglomerate of Ordovician age. P008478]]<br />
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The conglomerates are variably clast and matrix supported and consist of well-rounded pebbles and boulders up to 1.5 m in diameter set in a sandy matrix (3a''' '''and 3b). Granites and acid volcanic clasts predominate, but spilites, gabbros, greywackes and cherts are also found. Although mostly disorganised, the conglomerates display increased organisation eastwards across the three promontories. Organisation is shown by the alignment of the long axes of clasts parallel to bedding and, in places, by a crude lamination in the matrix. Both normal and reverse grading are present, but rare. Bedding is lenticular and channelised, in places clearly eroding the underlying unit (3c). The massive sandstone units are coarse grained and frequently contain outsize extrabasinal clasts. Rare sole markings indicate palaeoflow from the NW. Further east the boulder conglomerates are less common so that massive and graded sandstone units predominate. At Ochley Point (NW 986 728), about 300 m east of the parking area, fine-grained sandstone, laminated silt-stone and mudstone form interbedded units up to 1.5 m thick in an overall fining-and thinning-up sequence (3d). This facies assemblage represents an interchannel environment on a submarine fan.<br />
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Work by Elders (1987) on the provenance of the granite clasts has highlighted the tectonic importance of the site. He identified a suite of five granitic clast types within the conglomerate. The most distinctive of these is a weakly foliated, muscovite-bearing biotite granite dated at 1265 Ma. Two of the other granites yielded ages of 600 Ma and 475 Ma. Combining these dates with petrographic and geochemical evidence, Elders identified north-west Newfoundland as the only area with a plutonic and tectonic history to match that of the clasts. The Corsewall conglomerate was obviously deposited close to source and a sinistral strike-slip movement of 1500 km during closure of the Iapetus Ocean would therefore be needed to account for its present position. This controversial conclusion has not been universally accepted; Kelley and Bluck (1989) refute it based on radiometric work of their own from the Southern Uplands (see discussion, Elders, 1990); whilst Owen and Clarkson (1992) argue that faunal evidence supports at most a few hundred kilometres of strike-slip movement along the Southern Upland Fault (but see also McKerrow and Elders, 1989). In view of its importance this locality has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (McCurry, 1994).<br />
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==== 4 Killantringan: Portpatrick Formation ====<br />
[[File:RhinsOfGallowayKillantringanExcursionMap.jpg|400px|thumbnail|Locality map and outline geology for the Killantringan area (Locality 4).]]<br />
From Corsewall Point return via minor roads to the A718 north of Kirkcolm. Drive south through the village to the Craigencross roundabout and proceed straight on along the Glenstockadale road; at the end turn left on to the A764 towards Portpatrick. After about 3 km turn right on to a single-track road signposted for Killantringan Lighthouse. This road forms part of the Southern Upland Way footpath and is marked accordingly. When the road reaches the coast cars should be parked on the right-hand side overlooking Killantringan Bay (NW 982 567). At low tide a broad sweep of sandy beach allows easy access to the cliffs; when the tide is high the sea reaches the foot of the cliffs and isolates a number of small coves. These may then be accessed via the cliff top path.<br />
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[[File:P008516.jpg|300px|thumbnail|left|Killantringan Bay. Synclinal fold hinge in greywackes of the Portpatrick Formation, Ordovician. P008516]]Walk north on to the sea cliffs, either at beach level or by way of the cliff path, where thinly bedded greywackes and silt-stones of the Portpatrick Formation are extensively exposed (4a in Figure 49). Sporadic thicker greywacke beds are also present and isoclinal fold structures can be picked out in places by careful examination. However, the probability of folding is most readily deduced from the sedimentary younging indicators, mostly grading, which show local reversals. Despite these, the dominant younging direction is to the north. Structural complexity is illustrated at one place (4b) where a synclinal hinge is exposed in a section which the sedimentary younging indicators show is broadly anticlinal. A strong slaty cleavage dips moderately to the SE, compatible with the bedding attitude in an axial-planar relationship. A fragmentary graptolite fauna recovered from this vicinity indicates a ''linearis ''Biozone age (Figure 46).<br />
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Return past the parking area and move on to the rocky outcrops around high water mark to the west. A different facies of the Portpatrick Formation is exposed with thicker greywacke beds ranging up to 1 m. Cleavage is still strong but is generally confined to the finer-grained, upper part of the greywacke beds and is markedly curved, refracting through the bed as the grain size varies. Some beds preserve bottom structures on their bases (the south side of the bed so view looking north) including some large flute casts indicating current flow from the SW (4c). The greywackes are dark and immature, and on fresh surfaces it may be possible to discern with a hand lens the abundant detrital mafic minerals, dominantly pyroxene and amphibole. This composition, rich in andesitic debris, is characteristic of the Portpatrick Formation.<br />
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Leave the south end of Killantringan Bay and walk south and inland to join the Southern Upland Way. The route skirts the inlet of Portamaggie where the wreck of the Craigantlet may still be visible; the ship ran aground in February, 1982. Continue for about 200 m south from Portamaggie and then drop down on the right-hand sidetowards the coastal rocks and cliff line. Thickly bedded Portpatrick Formation greywackes are well exposed; bedding is uniformly upright and youngs north. Many of the greywacke beds are coarse and gravelly at the base and show marked truncation of the cross-laminated tops of underlying beds. Bed bases also preserve abundant bottom structures, including flute casts which uniformly indicate current flow from the SW (4d). A few tens of metres farther south the cliff section recommences, coincident with a decrease in average bed thickness. Most of the greywackes have the characteristic dark colour of the Portpatrick Formation but thin interbeds (up to 25 cm) of pale grey quartz arenite can be seen (4e). These are correlated with the Glenwhargen Formation which develops as a thick sequence of quartzose greywackes farther east (see Excursion 14). The interbeds illustrate the interfingering of two different turbidite fan systems derived from very different source areas. Portpatrick Formation greywackes contain on average about 15 per cent quartz grains whereas the Glenwhargen Formation arenite contains about 65 per cent quartz. Full compositional details are given by Stone (1995) and a sedimentological analysis is included in Kelling et al. (1987). Return to the parking area via the Southern Upland Way.<br />
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==== 5 Portpatrick: Portpatrick Formation, folding and fault zone ====<br />
Drive back along the lighthouse road to the A764 and turn right for Portpatrick. After about 4km turn right again into the village. Part of the described route requires a lowish tide and it may be necessary to arrange the sequence of localities to accommodate this. If time allows, a walk south along the cliff path to Dunskey Castle (NX 004 534) is a worthwhile diversion from the[[File:P001122.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|Morroch Bay, Wigtownshire viewed from the north-west. The bay and the smaller Port of Spittal Bay beyond are eroded along the outcrop of shale sequences which alternate with Portpatrick Formation (Ordovician) greywackes. The rocks are all steeply inclined ranging from vertical in the foreground to overturned towards Port of Spittal Bay. The bay has a low raised beach and old cliff line. P001122]]geology. The path is reached via steep steps just beyond the SE margin of the main car park on the south side of the harbour. The castle is about 500 in from the top of the steps. It occupies an impressive position on the cliff edge and is built mainly of local greywacke, with dressed corner stones and lintels of Permian red sandstone most probably brought in from Dumfries. It was built around 1510 by Adair of Kilhilt on the site of an earlier stronghold but was in a ruinous condition by 1684 and has remained so.<br />
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Folded Portpatrick Formation greywackes are well exposed in and around Portpatrick Harbour and exposure is more or less complete southwards to Morroch Bay. At Morroch Bay the basal beds of the Portpatrick Formation conformably overlie the Moffat Shale Group and are interbedded with shales containing ''clingani ''Biozone graprolites (Figure 46). Full details are given in Excursion 18.<br />
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[[File:P008429.jpg|300px|thumbnail|left|Portpatrick Quarry. Monocline in greywackes. The attitude of the Portpatrick Formation greywackes changes from sub-horizontal at the top of the cliff to vertical at the base. P008429]]A spectacular exposure of the greywackes is provided by an old quarry, 250 m SE from the southern harbour car park. The quarry is paved and landscaped. The main face, viewed looking east, exposes a magnificent F1 monoclinal fold. Remember, as you view the fold, that north is to your left. On the left the beds are vertical at ground level but higher in the cliff face assume a more gentle northward dip. The axial plane of the monocline dips moderately south (towards your right) and so the upper, gently dipping limb of the fold descends to ground level in that direction. A fine selection of turbidite features includes gravelly bed bases, shale rip-up clasts and cross-laminated bed tops. These make it easy to confirm the younging directions. In the north of the quarry the bedding at ground level is vertical and youngs north; in the south of the quarry it is the right way up and dips gently northwards.<br />
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Continue NW across the intertidal rocks towards Portpatrick Harbour. Bedding dip is variable and by applying younging criteria it can be seen that the beds are right way up and are folded about several open F1 synclines and anticlines. The hinges are mostly replaced by faults or shear zones but one good example of an open syncline is preserved slightly farther north in the back wall of the outer harbour and, at lowish tide, is accessible from the beach. The hinge plunges about 15° NE. A strong slaty cleavage is developed throughout this section, striking NE, and is either vertical or dips steeply SE.<br />
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Ascend the steps at the back of the harbour near the synclinal hinge. Turn left at the top and walk to the NW corner of the inner harbour (NW 997 542). Thence continue west past the paddling pool and the Southern Upland Way start/finish indicator. A rocky gully continues west and the remains of a red sandstone archway at its seaward end marks the outfall of an old (perhaps Victorian) sewer. As you approach the archway '''take care on the slippery rocks '''and note the abundant quartz veins. The modern sewer follows the same line as its ruined predecessor and this outcrop is occasionally polluted. The gully utilised by the sewer pipes follows a major fault zone, the internal structure of which is exposed at low tide beneath the red sandstone archway. A black shaly siltstone is pervasively sheared and cut by several generations of quartz veins which are themselves sheared and folded. At least some of the deformation appears to have been ductile and the fold style suggests an overall sense of sinistral shear. An important feature of this fault is its separation of two contrasting structural domains. To the south lies the open folding just traversed; to the north the bedding is upright and youngs almost consistently northwards into the Killantringan section (Locality 4). This uniform section extends for almost 3 km, interrupted only sporadically by tight Fl fold pairs.<br />
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From Portpatrick Harbour return to the car park, and take the A77 Stranraer road to Ardwell Bay. Time may be available ''en route ''for diversions to Morroch Bay or Cairngarroch Bay. The former exposes a conformable contact between the Portpatrick Formation and the Moffat Shale Group (Excursion 18, Locality 3). The second locality allows examination of the Orlock Bridge Fault zone (Excursion 17, Locality 1).<br />
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==== 6 Ardwell Bay: Gala Group, contrasting fold styles ====<br />
From Portpatrick travel via the A77 and B7042 to join the A716 at Sandhead. Just south of Sandhead turn right at the signpost for the early Christian site at Kirkmadrine and continue on to the Clachanmore crossroads (NX 084 467). (If Morroch Bay or Cairngarroch Bay have been visited continue south along minor roads for 10 km or 5 km respectively to Clachanmore crossroads). At the crossroads continue SW for 2 km along the road and then the rough track (which may be gated) to Ardwell Bay. Parking is available in a paved area with a picnic site (NX 071 449). This journey crosses the major sinistral Orlock Bridge Fault, which separates Ordovician greywackes to the north from Silurian greywackes to the south. Ardwell Bay is on the south (Silurian) side of the fault (Figure 45) and exposes quartz-rich greywackes, the Stinking Bight beds (Gala Group 5) of ''gregarius ''Biozone age (Figure 46).<br />
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At the north end of the sandy bay (NX 071 453), where a fence meets the coast, a series of eight upright F I folds are exposed over a 25 m section. [[File:P008482.jpg|300px|thumbnail|left|Ardwell Bay, N. side. Anticline in greywackes of the Garheugh Formation, Silurian. Fold hinge plunges gently south-west. P008482]]These tight to open folds are developed in interbedded mudstones and sandstones with beds of less than 50 cm thickness. The folds display characteristic F<sub>1</sub> geometry with curvilinear hinges plunging gently to moderately SW and axial surfaces inclined steeply SE. A vertical fault in one synclinal hinge has a minor downthrow to NW. Cleavage fans are centred on the axial surface of the folds and show strong refraction between sandstones and mud-stones in all the hinges. This indicates that the cleavage is contemporaneous with folding, not superimposed later. In the second anticlinal hinge from the south a `finite neutral point' is particularly well formed in the mudstones. This represents a point of zero stress during fold deformation of the adjacent sandstones, now marked by the bifurcation of the cleavage in the mudstone. Clockwise rotation of the S<sub>1</sub> cleavage by 10-20° out of the axial surface in plan view is particularly well displayed. Bedding/ cleavage intersection lineations are less steep than fold plunge (or have a reversed plunge) on SE-younging limbs and plunge more steeply than the hinge on NW-younging limbs. This has produced downward facing bedding/cleavage relationships on some NW-younging limbs. Clockwise transecting S1 cleavage is common throughout the Silurian rocks of the Rhins and is believed to result from sinistral transpression acting during D1 deformation.<br />
<br />
<br />
Return south along the beach past the parking area and continue to the south side of Ardwell Bay. The strata here are overturned so that the gently dipping bedding planes are the inverted bases of greywacke turbidite beds. These carry an impressive array of bottom structures and it is worth spending some time examining them under low tide conditions. Thereafter continue south and take the footpath up the slope past the ruined fortification of Doon Castle on Ardwell Point (labelled ''Broch ''on some OS maps). [[File:P008490.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|S. side of The Hoolies, Ardwell Bay. Steeply-plunging fold in thin-bedded greywackes of the Garheugh Formation, Silurian. P008490]]This path leads round the top of the cliff skirting the Hooies inlet (NX 069 446). The agile can scramble down to beach level where dark graptolitic shales with pale bentonite layers are apparently interbedded among the Gala Group greywackes. Graptolites may be collected from several of the intertidal outcrops and prove the ''gregarius ''Biozone (Gala 5; Figure 46). If the graptolite localities are visited it is possible, with care, to climb out of the bay on the south side. Otherwise follow the cliff path around the back of the bay and then descend to the promontory on its south side. The bedding on the south side of the Hooies is steeply inclined and youngs to the south but on the headland it is folded about vertical hinges in a sinistral sense. The slaty cleavage developed subparallel to the bedding is also folded about the same hinges whilst maintaining its angular relationship to the bed-cling planes. Two generations of deformation are thus evident here: the main cleavage forming event was probably related to the fold and thrust episode (D1) with subsequent sinistral shear (D3) responsible for the steeply plunging hinges. If the steeply plunging hinge zone is followed seaward as far as possible the final exposure shows bedding, cleavage and fold hinge all cut across by a thin (and definitely post-tectonic) lamprophyre dyke. This instructive outcrop therefore also provides evidence for the local relationship of deformation and intrusion.<br />
<br />
From the Hooies return via the cliff path to Ardwell Bay.<br />
<br />
==== 7. Drumbreddan Bay: Gala and Moffat Shale groups ====<br />
[[File:RhinsOfGallowayDrumbreddanBayExcursionMap.jpg|400px|thumbnail|Locality map and outline geo logy for the Drumbreddan Bay area (Locality 7) .]]<br />
Drive back to Clachanmore crossroads, turn right and proceed SE for 1.5 km to a prominent left-hand bend. Turn right at the bend and continue first south and then SW for 2 km to Drumbreddan Farm where permission to park and to visit Drumbreddan Bay should be obtained. Walk west through the farm for 150 m to the track which leads past the cattle sheds (083 439). Follow this track SW for 600 m to the coast.<br />
<br />
This locality ''is ''part of the Drumbreddan Bay Imbricate Zone and provides remarkable structural and sedimentological exposure across three imbricate thrust slices of Moffat Shale, each overlain by Gala Group greywackes of the Grennan Point Formation (Gala 6, Figure 46). The Moffat Shales acted as a decollement during thrusting and so form the lowest beds exposed. A rich graptolite fauna may be recovered from the shales (Excursion 18, Locality 4). Bedding youngs north but is overturned with a steep dip SE. Like most Gala Group lithologies the Grennan Point Formation has a siliceous petrography.<br />
<br />
The southernmost imbricate thrust slice is exposed in a 100 m-wide promontory between two bays at the end of the track (7a in Figure 50). As the Moffat Shales exposed at the SE edge of the promontory are only visible at low spring ride, proceed NW across the bay to examine the more accessible exposure within the Grennan Bay Site of Special Scientific Interest (Treagus, 1992). Along the NW edge of the bay (NX 077 437) (7b) Birkhill Shales (Moffat Shale Group) of the gregarius and convolutus biozones young into the overlying Grennan Point Formation to the NW. The black fissile Birkhill Shales contain numerous pale bentonite layers (originally volcanic ash), one of which has been dextrally imbricated in response to a minor post-D2 steeply plunging dextral fold. The progradational sedimentary sequence from black shales into coarse well-graded turbidite beds with load, scour and tool (sole) markings, takes place over 8 m. Transitional parallel-laminated, shales and silt-stones with rare cross-lamination yield graptolites of convolutus Biozone age. Flute casts indicate flow derivation from the NE, a trend supported by the general NE—SW alignment of groove casts.<br />
<br />
The nature of turbidite sedimentation can be examined in more detail at the edge of Grennan Point (NX 076 437) (7c). The coarse- to fine-grained turbidites are well graded and in places display complete Bouma Ta, sequences. Convolute and cross-lamination are present in Tc divisions, and load structures are common on bedding soles. Amalgamation of beds is observed in places. Thickening-upward cycles range from 5 m to 20 m, and 80 m above the base of the formation a 20 m-thick sequence of shales and thin base-absent (Tcde, Tce) turbidites is present. The facies associations at Grennan Point indicate progradation from a basin plain and outer fan into a mid-fan lobe environment. The latter predominates throughout the succession apart from a temporary regression to outer fan deposits marked by the shaly section 80 m above the base.<br />
<br />
At the north end of Grennan Point (NX 075 438) an inclined Fl synclinal hinge with a steeply inclined axial surface (7d) is deformed by the fault forming the base of the next imbricate thrust slice (7e). Beyond this fault a 100 m-thick outcrop of Moffat Shale is again overlain by the Grennan Point Formation. The structures associated with major D1 thrusting can be seen in detail. The fault at the base of the slice appears to dip steeply SE and contains brecciated greywacke lenses within a sheared black shale (7e). The S1 cleavage is in places disturbed, so is earlier than at least some of the movement. No conclusive movement indicators are apparent, although the synclinal hinge SE of the fault, and subvertical slickensides within the fault zone, suggest a south-easterly downthrow compatible with the regional stratigraphy. The fault is itself displaced by a series of small post-D2 sinistral wrenches trending NNE.<br />
<br />
Within the Moffat Shales beyond the fault a series of neutrally verging F1 folds with wavelengths less than I m plunge gently NE (70. A few steeply plunging folds are also present. At this locality S1 cleavage is axial planar to the folds (cf. Locality 6 Ardwell Bay). About 20 m NW of the fault an antiformal hinge within the Moffat Shales has had its SE limb removed by a subvertical fault (thrust?) developed preferentially along a 12 cm bentonite horizon(7g). The incompetent nature of bentonite relative to black shale is demonstrated by extreme thickening of the bentonites in the fold hinge. In the most north-westerly 25 m of this Moffat Shale outcrop a 12 m-thick structural inlier of black Lower Hartfell Shales and pale grey Barren Mudstones of the Upper Hartfell Shales (both of Ordovician age) are exposed NW of a steep SE-dipping fault (7h). Graptolites collected from the Lower Hartfell Shales indicate a ''wilsoni'' or ''clingani'' Biozone age. These beds young north into the Silurian Birkhill Shales thus exposing the Ordovician–Silurian boundary. Graptolites ranging from the persculptus to the ''atavus'' Biozone have been identified in the Birkhill Shales here. A synform in the Birkhill Shales south of the fault is compatible with the regional stratigraphy in suggesting a downthrow to the SE. However, local biostratigraphical evidence indicates some, possibly late, movement with downthrow to the NW (cf. Excursion 18, Locality 4).<br />
<br />
The boundary between the Moffat Shale sequence and overlying Grennan Point Formation to the NW is a poorly exposed fault (7i). The fault has a steep south-easterly dip and separates black Moffat Shales from grey siltstones. Brecciated lensoid greywackes set in a sheared silty matrix are present for 8 m north of the boundary, beyond which are seen NW-younging brecciated greywackes of the Grennan Point Formation.<br />
<br />
==== 8 Port Logan: Gala Group ====<br />
[[File:P008467.jpg|350px|thumbnail|right|Port Logan, sea cliffs on S. side of bay. Tertiary dolerite dyke. Cuts orthogonally across thin greywacke beds of the Lower Silurian Port Logan Formation. Greywackes are vertical, strike 060 degrees south-east. Dyke trends north-west to south-east. P008467]]From Drumbreddan Farm drive along minor roads to join the A716 at Ardwell. Follow this road south for 2.5 km and then take a right turn for Port Logan. This road leads past the renowned Logan Botanical Gardens, which are well worth a visit. At Port Logan drive along the seafront and park by the pier at the SW corner of the bay (NX 095 404). Beneath the bay, but not exposed, is the Port Logan Fault, a major DI tectonic boundary separating north-younging, SE-verging folds and thrusts to the north, from south-younging, NW-verging fold and thrust structures to the south.<br />
<br />
The outcrop extending SW from the car park is formed by well-bedded greywackes of the Port Logan Formation (Gala 8, Figures 45 and 46). These rocks retain a diagenetic mineralogy (Merriman et al., 1991), making the grade of metamorphism here one of the lowest recorded in the Rhins of Galloway area (see Introductory chapter for further discussion). Turbidite features are well developed, both in terms of Bouma divisions and of bottom and top bed-surface structures. A short walk SW along the coast into the next small bay will in addition traverse the following features:<br />
<br />
# A cross-cutting, Tertiary dolerite dyke 2 m thick forms a vertical wall trending NW within a small inlet. Note the unusual honeycomb weathering of the dyke surface. <br />
# A zone of open folding with one well-preserved open synclinal hinge and evidence of bedding imbrication in the limbs.<br />
# Sequences of dark, interlaminated siltstone and shale up to 5 m thick interbedded with the greywacke.<br />
# A spectacular array of ripple marks on large, steeply dipping slabs at the south side of the small bay (NX 091 401).<br />
<br />
Retrace the coastal route to Port Logan.<br />
<br />
==== 9 Clanyard Bay: Gala and Moffat Shale groups ====<br />
[[File:RhinsOfGallowayClanyardBayExcursionMap.jpg|400px|thumbnail|Locality map and outline geology for the Clanyard Bay area (Locality 9).]]<br />
To reach the next locality, Clanyard Bay, continue SE along the B7065 for 3.5 km to an offset crossroads. Turn right and drive for 800 m to just beyond the point where the road bends sharply south. Branching off to the right is the track to Low Clanyard Farm (NX 107 376). Park carefully at the road adjacent to the track, or drive to the farm where permission should be obtained to visit Clanyard Bay. This locality provides evidence for the reversed sense of D1 thrusting and allows a comparison with the Drumbreddan Bay Imbricate Zone (Locality 7). <br />
<br />
The Moffat Shale outcrops at Clanyard Bay are locally rich in graptolites and the locality is also described in Excursion 18, Locality 5.<br />
<br />
One important difference in interpretation is adopted here to that shown on the BGS 1:50 000 Rhins of Galloway geological map and described by Stone (1995). The Cairnharrow Formation shown therein as a part of the Hawick Group is considered by McCurry (1989) to be the most southerly Gala Group unit (Gala 9, Figure 46). McCurry places the northern boundary of this unit to the north of Clanyard Bay and thus overlaps with a part of the Gala 8 unit shown on the BGS map. The critical area is examined in this excursion at locality 9 and visitors may judge for themselves.<br />
<br />
From Low Clanyard Farm follow the track first NW and then west for 800 m past the derelict mill to Clanyard Bay. Walk to the north end of the bay (NX 101 381) where there is an exposure of Moffat Shale 60 m thick (Figure 51). This forms part of the 1.5 km-wide Clanyard Bay Imbricate Zone within the south-younging sequences south of Port Logan. The Moffat Shale exposure is divided in two by an east-west-trending felsitic dyke 6 m thick. The northern margin of the dyke is formed by a steep SE-dipping fault. South of the dyke the Moffat Shales are folded by a large synformal F1 hinge plunging gently west (9a in Figure 51). This hinge folds a faulted contact between intensely sheared Birkhill Shale in the core of the fold and Barren Mudstone (Upper Hartfell Shale) away from the core. The fault is interpreted as an early thrust formed within the Moffat Shale decollement prior to folding. The northern limb of the synform is displaced by a late-D1 fault dipping steeply NW. At the core of the synform the Birkhill Shales range from ''atavus ''to a possible ''gregarius ''Biozone age. The surrounding Barren Mudstones are variably red, grey, blue or brown in colour and contain numerous irregularly shaped siderite nodules of diagenetic origin. The red mudstones have been reduced to produce a buff or green reaction rim around each nodule. Both F1 and post-F1 (probable F2) isoclinal folds are present in the Barren Mudstones.<br />
<br />
North of the dyke Birkhill Shales are exposed for 30 m and have an anomalous WNW bedding strike. Graptolites indicate an age range spanning the ''atavus ''to the ''sedgwickii ''biozones in an overall northyounging sequence. At the northern boundary of the Birkhill Shales two prominent felsitic dykes, each 1 m thick, are spaced about 2 m apart. The shales are intensely sheared and contain brecciated greywacke lenses. This sheared zone continues for about 7 m north of the dykes to a distinct gouge plane with an associated S1 fabric intruded by a thin (10 cm) felsitic dyke (9b). The attitudes of the fabric and breccia zones marginal to the fault indicate a downthrow to the NW. An adjacent large synclinal F1 hinge plunging gently NE has had its SE limb sheared and removed by the fault consistent with NW downthrow. There is therefore evidence for two phases of thrusting associated with the Moffat Shale decollement: the first was probably pre-El folding and the second was syn- or post-Fl folding. [[File:P521155.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|A fossil specimen of Monograptus limatulus. A fossil graptolite. (Graptolithina.) Clanyard Bay, south side, Wigtownshire, Scotland. This specimen of Monograptus limatulus is from the convolutus Biozone of the Silurian and was found on the south side of Clanyard Bay. British Geological Survey Biostratigraphy Collection number GSE 14773. Monograptus is characterized by a rhabdosome with a single stipe which could be straight or curved. It is uniserial (stipes consisting of a single series of thecae) and scandent (stipes grow upwards from the sicula with the thecae growing outwards). Monograptus is entirely a Silurian form. Graptolites were most common where major upwelling currents brought nutrients from deep water into the shallows, for instance at the edge of the continental shelf. Figd.Geology of the Rhins of Galloway sheet 1 and 3, fig 8 h. P521155]]The NW downthrow is the opposite to that suggested earlier within the Drumbreddan Bay Imbricate Zone (Locality 7) and is atypical of the Southern Uplands generally. It is consistent though with the SE-younging and NW-vergence of DI structures south of the Port Logan Bay Fault (McCurry and Anderson, 1989). <br />
<br />
From the north end of Clanyard Bay (100 382) continue WNW across the southyounging turbidites of the Clanyard Bay Formation (Gala 9, Figs. 45, 46). Graptolites collected from rare black shale interbeds indicate a ''turriculatus ''or ''crispus ''Biozone age. After 30 m an upright Fl anticlinal hinge with a moderate westerly plunge is reached (9c). Some of the irregular joints developed in the hinge contain rare radiating sheaves of haematite. About 5 m north of the anticlinal hinge the beds are once again intensely brecciated in association with a number of moderate to steeply plunging post-Fl folds of wavelength 1-2 m.<br />
<br />
Continue WNW for 70 m across a fence and over a prominent grassy ridge to a small bay (9d). On an island in the bay a superbly exposed NW-verging chevron fold pair is developed in overturned south-younging strata. The regular geometry of the fold pair represents in microcosm the structure demonstrated throughout the south-younging sequences south of the Port Logan Fault. The extreme angularity of the hinges and the straightness of the limbs characterise major fold structures, which dramatically increase in wavelength to over 1.5 km away from the boundaries of individual thrust sheets. The overturned bedding on the long limbs of folds is inclined steeply NW whereas the right-way-up flat limbs are inclined gently NW. These flat limbs are often intensely folded.<br />
<br />
In the cliff at the north end of the bay another NW-verging Fl fold pair affecting thinly bedded turbidites can be examined in detail. A thrust is developed in the synclinal hinge and progressively excises the short limb westwards. The same style of chevron folding continues north for 400 m to the sole thrust of the sequence just north of Dunbuck (NX 094 382). Within this zone the south-younging strata are intensely brecciated and disrupted by numerous faults. There are few precise movement indicators on the faults, but fold geometry, younging directions and stratigraphy all suggest downthrow to NW. Note once again the major regional difference in structure between these sections and the north-younging sequences seen further north.<br />
<br />
Return to the south end of Clanyard Bay, to about 150 m beyond the mouth of the burn at Clanyard Mill. Here the Moffat Shales are divided in two by an ENE fault which forms a small gully through the exposure (9e). North of the fault gully a complex sequence of Upper Hartfell Barren Mudstones and Birkhill Shales (visible only at low tide) appears to young north despite disruption by a series of strike-parallel faults. To the south of the fault gully Birkhill Shales are isoclinally folded with hinges plunging gently to moderately NE or SW. Some folds display clockwise cleavage transection of up to 8°. Graptolites indicate ''typhus ''and ''convolutus ''Biozone ages (Excursion 18, Locality 5). At the south margin of the Moffat Shale outcrop a prominent east—west felsite dyke dips steeply north. Beyond the dyke intensely brecciated south-younging greywackes are present. <br />
<br />
==== 10 West Tarbet: Hawick Group ====<br />
[[File:RhinsOfGallowayWestTarbetExcursionMap.jpg|400px|thumbnail|Locality map and outline geology for the West Tarbet area (Locality 10).]]<br />
From Low Clanyard continue south and then east on the minor road to join the B7041 at Kirkmaiden. Drive south on the B7041 for 3 km and take the left-hand fork for the Mull of Galloway. On reaching the narrow isthmus at West Tarbet (Figure 52) turn right and park at the side of the road next to the track (NX 142 309). This locality must be visited within three hours either side of low tide.<br />
<br />
The platform between the bays at East and West Tarbet '''(10a '''in Figure 52) is covered by a layer of rounded pebbles and may be a late-glacial kame terrace. A small area of raised beach is visible in the bay below. The isthmus has formed by erosion along the major ENE trending Tarbet Fault. From the platform walk down to the northern foreshore of the bay at West Tarbet (NX 140 309). The position of the fault is indicated by a felsitic mass intruded along it and exposed in the centre of the bay '''(10B). '''The pale green Hawick Group lirhologies exposed both north and south of the fault are turbidites, but much finer grained than those of the Gala Group seen at the previous three localities, and with a calcareous matrix. They are part of the Carghidown Formation and north of the fault form the Leucarron Member of McCurry (1989). This is a sequence of fine-grained <sup>-</sup>T<sub>ace</sub>,<sub> </sub>T<sub>ade</sub>,<sub> </sub>T<sub>ee</sub>,<sub> </sub>and T<sub>de </sub>turbidites with thick mudstone interbeds intercalated with packets of coarser channelised T<sub>ade</sub>,<sub> </sub>T<sub>ace </sub>turbidites.<br />
<br />
For 120 m along the northern shore of the bay the strata are contorted into a series of unusual tight-to-open, post F1 folds '''(10c). '''With increased distance from the Tarbet Fault the folds develop a strong sinistral vergence and plunge moderately to steeply SE. They approach a parallel style, with little or no hinge thickening, and have a chevron geometry. Towards the fault they become increasingly brecciated, develop strong coaxial refolding and plunge moderately NE. Although they fold the S1 cleavage, only a few hinges have developed a weak coaxial crenulation cleavage. [[File:P008512.jpg|350px|thumbnail|left|West Tarbet, Mull of Galloway. Steeply-plunging minor folds in greywackes of the Hawick Group, Silurian. P008512]]Examples of this planar crenulation can be seen in folds within the cliffs 30 m east of the prominent shallow cave (10d); since the cleavage is axial planar to the folds its orientation varies with the hinge orientation. Commonly both hinge and cleavage are coaxially refolded by later uncleaved folds of the same deformation, showing that this weak cleavage is an early-formed feature. These distinctive folds are probably linked with isomorphic folds seen elsewhere in the southern Rhins which are spatially associated with major late D1 thrusts. The folds at West Tarbet are restricted to a 120 rn-wide zone between the Tarbet Fault and a major north—south-trending sinistral wrench fault. The latter structure has been eroded to form the prominent Mull Glen (NX 139 310) within which the folds are spectacularly exposed '''(10e).'''<br />
<br />
Proceed over the promontory on the west side of the glen, crossing overturned, south-younging beds on the steep limb of a major NW-verging F1 fold pair. On the far side of the promontory, a bedding sole is covered in large well-formed flute casts (10f).''' '''Like most sole current structures in the Leucarron Member these indicate palaeoflow from the SE. This contrasts with the NW- and NE-derived currents that typify the Hawick Group elsewhere in the Southern Uplands. Ripples on a bedding surface on the opposite side of a small bay (10g) indicate palaeoflow at a high angle to that of the flute casts. Thisstrong divergence in flow direction between sole markings and ripples is not uncommon.<br />
<br />
From West Tarbet visitors may wish to continue to the Mull of Galloway lighthouse. This windswept spot is the most southerly point in Scotland and affords splendid views across to Ireland, the Isle of Man and English Lake District. There are numerous exposures of thinly bedded Carghidown Formation greywackes but the sea cliffs around the headland are high and extremely precipitous and should not be approached too closely.<br />
<References/><br />
<br />
{{EGwalks}}<br />
[[Category:6. The South of Scotland]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Kingsley_Charles_Dunham_Sir&diff=59416
Kingsley Charles Dunham Sir
2024-02-29T15:56:18Z
<p>Scotfot: /* Biographies and obituaries */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pioneers}}<br />
== Images ==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:P707334.jpg<br />
File:P707333.jpg<br />
File:P008777.jpg| K.C. Dunham in centre.<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Kingsley Charles Dunham ==<br />
Kingsley Charles Dunham was born in Sturminster, Dorset on 2 January 1910. He went to the University of Durham in 1927 planning to read chemistry but transferred to geology. He was awarded his BSc in 1930 and his PhD in 1932. Dunham went to Harvard in 1932 and was awarded an MS in 1933 and SD in 1935. He Joined the Geological Survey of Great Britain in 1935 and by 1946 was Principal Geologist and Head of the Petrographic Department. In 1950 he was appointed Professor of Geology at the University of Durham. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1955 and was President of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 1958-59. In 1967 he became Director of the Institute of Geological Sciences, a post which he held until 1975. Dunham was Knighted in 1972. He died on 5 April 2001 at the age of 91. His son Ansel (1938-1998) was Professor of Geology at the University of Hull and later Leicester University. <br />
<br />
== Timeline ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Date !! Details<br />
|-<br />
| 1910 || Born<br />
|-<br />
| 1930|| 1st Class degree Durham University<br />
|-<br />
| 1932 || PhD Durham University<br />
|-<br />
| 1933 || MS Harvard University <br />
|-<br />
| 1935 || Joined Survey Geologist<br />
|-<br />
| 1946 || Principal Geologist and Head of Petrographic Department<br />
|-<br />
| 1950|| Professor of Geology Durham University<br />
|-<br />
| 1955 || Elected Fellow of the Royal Society<br />
|-<br />
|1958–1959 || President of the Yorkshire Geological Society<br />
|-<br />
| 1967|| Director of Institute of Geological Sciences<br />
|-<br />
| 1972|| Knighted<br />
|-<br />
| 1975|| Retired<br />
|-<br />
|5 April 2001 || Died<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Biographies and obituaries ==<br />
Penny, L.F. The Sorby Medal (1963) - Professor K.C. Dunham, F.R.C. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society v. 34 (4) 1964.<br />
<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsley_Dunham Kingsley Dunham] — Wikipedia article<br />
<br />
[https://pygs.lyellcollection.org/content/pygs/54/1/63.full.pdf Sir Kingsley Charles Dunham (1910-2001)] Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society. 54: 63. doi:10.1144/pygs.54.1.63<br />
<br />
Sabine P. Dunham, Sir Kingsley Charles Oxford Dictionary of National Biography https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/75702<br />
<br />
[https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/About/History/Obituaries-2001-onwards/Obituaries-2001/Sir-Kingsley-Charles-Dunham-1910-2001 Sir Kingsley Charles Dunham, 1910 - 2001] Obituaries. Geological Society of London<br />
<br />
== Publications ==<br />
<br />
[https://envirolib.apps.nerc.ac.uk/olibcgi?infile=authk.glue&style=authk&nh=20&calling_page=hitlist.glu&key=79422 277 works in the BGS Library catalogue]<br />
<br />
== BGS archives ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Ref No !! Title !! Description<br />
|-<br />
| BCRA/202D/G/4 || Geological surveys of Ecton Mines area. || Reports, letter and survey from K C Dunham<br />
|-<br />
| BCRA/202D/H/20 || Masson Cavern. || Reports, 4 photos and large survey by K C Dunham, "Non-Ferrous Development Control, Ministry of...<br />
|-<br />
| BCRA/207Y/D/26 || Mossdale Caverns. || Survey of Mossdale in relation to veins and faults, from "H M Geol.Survey" and letter<br />
|-<br />
| BCRA/207Y/F/5 || Grassington Moor mines. || Tracing of Geol.Survey (from K C Dunham?).<br />
|-<br />
| BCRA/207Y/F/13 || Grassington Moor mines. || Reports with excellent surveys of mine shafts, 33 surveys, 9 photos<br />
|-<br />
| BCRA/208Y/C/5 || The Stratigraphy, Structure & Mineralization of the Greenhow Hill Mining Area. || Pasted-up copy of Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, C (3+4) 209-68<br />
|-<br />
| BCRA/208Y/D/1 || Greenhow Hill Mining Area (W end), 1/5000. || Geological map of area.<br />
|-<br />
| BCRA/208Y/F/24 || Stump Cross Caverns. || Traced plan with "Big Swallow Hole".<br />
|-<br />
| BCRA/208Y/G/30 || Greenhow Hill Mining area, Geol.survey 1/5000 || Large plan. Duplicate of 208Y-D 01<br />
|-<br />
| BMC/EN/7 || Bewerley Mines, Yorkshire || Correspondence and reports, K C Dunham, University of Durham<br />
|-<br />
| IGS/DR/Du || Kingsley Charles Dunham || Kingsley Charles Dunham was born in Sturminster, Dorset on 2 January 1910. He went to the...<br />
|-<br />
| IGS/MS || Marine Surveys and Geothermal Energy Directorate || A Continental Shelf Unit was first formed in 1967 in Leeds to study the southern North Sea and...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD || Kingsley Charles Dunham Collection || Kingsley Charles Dunham was born in Sturminster, Dorset on 2 January 1910. He went to the...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/1/1/1 || Certificate stating that Kingsley Dunham is a subject of biographical record in "Who's Who in... || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/1/2 || Obituaries and tributes || BGS Library has an Obituary File for Kingsley Dunham [Biographical information on Kingsley...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/1/3/5 || Note in "The Times" announcing that Dunham has been appointed Sub-Warden of the Durham Colleges... || Notice is part of the section 'University News'<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/1/3/9 || 'Bishop attacks fluorspar plant plan' || Cutting about the Bishop of Durham attacking plans for a fluorspar crushing plant in Upper...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/1/3/10 || Cutting announcing Dunham has been awarded a knighthood || Paper not known but article is part of a section called "Between Ourselves" which features a...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/1/3/16 || 'Crowning moment of King Dunham's career || Three newspaper cuttings commemerating Dunham's 75th birthday. Papers not known<br />
|-<br />
| || 'Birthday tribute means students' reunion' || <br />
|-<br />
| || 'Student's... || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/1/3/17 || "Bones and poleen prove Durham's ancient past" || From The Northern Echo. Relates to Neolithic remains discovered in the Durham Cathedral area by...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/1/3 || "Theoretical Organic Chemistry" by Julius B Cohen || Prize awarded to Kingsley Dunham, Form VI in the school year 1926-27<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/1/4 || "Physio-Chemical Calculations" by Joseph Knox || Prize awarded to Kingsley Dunham, Form VI in the school year 1926-27<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/2/1 || BSc certificate || Certificate awarding Kingsley Dunham his BSc from the University of Durham<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/2/2 || Phd certificate || Certificate awarding Kingsley Dunham his Phd from the University of Durham<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/2/3 || MSc Degree certificate || Certificate awarding Kingsley Dunham his MSc degree from Harvard University<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/2/4 || SD Degree certificate || Certificate awarding Kingsley Dunham his SD (Scientiae Doctor) degree from Harvard University<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/2/5 || Copy of "A Treatise on a Section of the Strata from Newcastle-upon-Tyne to Cross Fell" by... || Inscribed "Kingsley C Dunham, March 1932, Dunelm, Presented by Dr J A Smythe"<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/2/8 || Certificate electing Kingsley Dunham a member of the Harvard Chapter of the Society of the Sigma XI || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/2/10 || Special note re student meeting || Special note from Dunham, who was senior student, stating that Dr Masson had called a meeting of...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/2/12 || Schedule of psalms, hyms and organ music, Hatfield College Chapel || Dunham was the chapel organist<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/4 || Geological Survey and Museum || More records relating to Dunham's time at the Geological Survey and Museum/Institute of...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/4/1 || Correspondence relating to Dunham's application to join the Geological Survey || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/4/3 || Letter of appreciation thanking Dunham for his work as Sectional Secretary and Excursion Director... || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/5 || Home Guard || During World War II Dunham was a Captain in the Home Guard in Durham and then Hertfordshire.<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/6/1 || Dunham-Durham Reunion || A meeting over four days at the University of Durham to commemerate Dunham's 75th birthday and...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/6/1/3 || Correspondence relating to the event || Includes a short letter from Alistair Cooke ("Letters from America") who met Dunham while Cooke...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/6/1/6 || Dunham-Durham reunion, Second Circular || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/6/1/8 || Congratulations to Dunham on his 75th birthday from mining companies in South Australia || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/6/1/11 || List of participants in the Dunham-Durham Reunion || With handwritten annotations and a note attached saying how many attended the dinner on 15 April.<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/6/1/16 || Circular re the Kingsley Dunham Trust Appeal || A copy sent to Dunham<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/6/1/17 || Biographical note re Dunham || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/6/1/18 || Summary of Kingsley Dunham's career || By R McQuillin<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/6/1/19 || Correspondence between Dunham and M J Jones re title of the Dunham-Durham Reunion publication || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/6/2 || Geology Exam papers || Includes drafts of exam papers by Kingsley Dunham<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/6/4 || Details re appointment to the Chair of Geology after Dunham's resignation || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/6/6 || Notes informing Dunham of meetings of the Board of Studies in Geology || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/6/9 || Drafts of Geology exam papers || Accompanied by a letter from Dunham to G H Mitchell at the Institute of Geological Sciences...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/6/10 || Compliments slip from Professor K C Dunham || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/7 || Institute of Geological Sciences - Director || More records relating to Dunham's time at the Geological Survey and Museum/Institute of...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/7/2 || Institute of Geological Sciences letter headed note paper with "From the Director Sir Kingsley... || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/7/3 || Copy of letter from Dunham to R J H Beverton at the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC... || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/7/4 || Letter from R J H Beverton at the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) to Dunham re the... || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/2/7/5 || Monitoring the Environment, note by Dunham || For the next NERC council meeting<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/3/1/1 || Copy of IGS Office Minute || From Dunham informing IGS staff that he has been awarded his knighthood. Mentions that Frank...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/3/1/2 || Career profile of Kingsley Dunham || Produced when Dunham was awarded his knighthood<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/3/1/3 || "Birthday Honours 1972 K[nigh]t[hood] Letters Acknowledged || Letters, cards and telegrams congratulating Dunham on his knighthood. Some have copies of Dunham...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/3/1/4 || Name badge: Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor || "Sir Kingsley Dunham, Knight 1972"<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/3/1/5 || Copy of letters from Dunham to the Editors of the "Kensington Post" and "Durham Advertiser" about... || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/3/1/6 || List of Birthday Honours in "The Times" including Dunham's Knighthood || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/3/1/7 || Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor: A Record of the existing Recipients of the Honour of... || Includes Dunham<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/3/3/9 || Degree Congregation, University of Kent at Canterbury || Dunham was presented with an Honorary Doctor of Science degree<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/3/3/10 || University of Cambridge: Speeches of the Orator at the presentation of the recipients of honorary... || Dunham was made an honorary Doctor of Science<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/3/5 || BGS Keyworth site naming || Records relating to the naming of the BGS Keyworth site the "Kingsley Dunham Centre" can be found...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/3/5/1 || Specially bound copy, in slip case, of "Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield" Volume 1... || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/3/6/1 || Certificate awarding Kingsley Dunham the Geological Society of London's Murchison Geological Fund || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/3/6/2 || Men of Achievement Diploma || Awarded to Dunham for distinguished achievement. He was the subject of commendation in "Men of...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/4/1 || Invitations || A large number of invitations from a range of individuals and organisations for Kingsley Dunham...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/4/2/1 || Letter informing Dunham he is being invited to become a Fellow of the Institution of Geologists || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/4/2/2 || Certificate electing Dunham a corresponding member of the mathematics and science class of the... || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/4/2/3 || Certificate electing Dunham a Fellow of the Royal Society || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/4/2/4 || Certificate electing Dunham a Fellow of the Mineralogical Society of America || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/4/2/5 || Certificate making Dunham a Twenty-five Year Member of the Society of Economic Geologists Inc || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/4/2/6 || Certificate electing Dunham a Member of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/4/2/7 || Certificate admitting Dunham as a Corporate Member of the Institution of Geologists || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/4/2/8 || Certificate admitting Dunham as a Fellow of the Institution of Geologists || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/4/2/9 || Certificate admitting Dunham as a Fellow of the Imperial College of Science and Technology || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/5/1 || Postcard: Dunham to his wife || From Algiers, Algeria<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/5/2 || Postcard: Dunham to his wife || From Marrakech, Morocco<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/5/3 || Postcard: Dunham to his wife || From Tinerhir, Morocco<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/5/4 || Postcard: Dunham to his wife || From Ksar es-Souk, Morocco<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/5/5 || Postcard: Dunham to his wife || From Casablanca, Morocco<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/5/6 || Postcard: Dunham to his wife and son || From Marseille, France<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/7/1 || File relating to the Parish Church of Holy Trinity with All Saints, South Kensington || Dunham was a member of the church council.<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/A/8/1 || Inscribed copy of Apollo 15 Preliminary Science Report || This copy of the report has been inscribed "To Prof. Dunham. Best wishes from the crew of Apollo...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/C/1/1 || PhD Thesis || Kingsley Dunham's PhD thesis "The Ore Deposits of the North Pennines: A Genetic Study" submitted...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/C/1/2 || SD Thesis || Kingsley Dunham's SD (Scientiae Doctor) thesis "The Geology of the Organ Mountains. With an...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/C/1/3 || PhD Thesis || Ansel Dunham's PhD thesis "The Petrology and Structure of the Northern Edge of the Tertiary...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/C/1/4 || PhD Thesis || Ananda Kumar Chakrabarti's PhD thesis "Structure and Geochemistry of the Lead - Zinc - Pyrite...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/C/2/6 || Sedimentation || Various notes, papers etc. Includes draft of part of "Lower Carboniferous Sedimentation in the...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/C/2/10 || Report on Preliminary Geiger-Müller Counter Survey, Urgeiriça Mine Area, Portugal || By Dunham, A W Jolliffe and J Cameron. Marked "Secret"<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/D/1/1 || Summary of Inaugral Lecture || A brief summary of Dunham's inaugral lecture as Professor of Geology at the University of Durham...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/D/1/6 || "Free Enterprise and the University" || Talk given by Dunham to the Durham University Society<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/D/3/1/1 || Correspondence || Correspondence to and from Dunham during the time he was George A Miller Visiting at the...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/D/3/1/2 || Economic Geology || Includes lecture "The Search for Mineral Wealth", lecture notes and exam papers from Dunham's...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/E/1 || Bibliography || A Bibliography of Kingsley Dunham's publications can be viewed by clicking on the URL button below<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/E/2 || Published material || This is by no means complete. The items have been roughly sorted by date and have not been...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/E/3/5 || Drafts, papers and correspondence relating to "Distributary channels and related sediments in the... || This paper does not seem to have been published<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/E/3/8 || "Die Entstehung von niedrig temperierten Blei - Zink und Eisenmineralisationen in Nordengland... || Typescript in German produced in Vienna in 1944. This is presumambly a German translation of...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/E/3/14 || "Geology in a Real World" || Published as "Geology in the Real World" in a collection of papers presented at the Dunham-Durham...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/E/3/15 || "Rocks, Minerals and Future Landscape" || Later titled "The Geological Basis of Landscape" this was intended to be a chapter in a book but...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/E/3/19 || "Preliminary Note on the Stones of Durham" by Anthony Johnson and Kingsley Dunham || Published in the Transactions of the Architectural and Archaeological Society of Durham and...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/E/3/20 || Corrected proof of "The paragenesis of sylvine, carnallite, polyhalite, and kieserite in Eskdale... || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/E/3/21 || "The Barytes Deposits at Closehouse, Lunedale, Yorkshire" by J A Hill and K C Dunham || Draft of paper published in the Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society Vol 36, Part 3...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/F/1/1/15 || BA Anniversary Meeting, York: Final Programme || Celebrating 150 years of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Dunham was Vice...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/F/2/2 || Testimonial, 18th International Geological Congress, Excursion A-1, First party || Expressing appreciation to Dunham for his labours in planning and conducting the excursion<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/F/4/2 || Menus || Large number of menus relating to numerous events attended and trips made by Dunham<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/1/2 || Fourth Sir Julius Wernher Memorial Lecture: "The Future of Mineral Exploration" || Copy of the Bulletin of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy which included the lecture...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/1/3 || Annual Dinner: Menu, seating plan and copy of Dunham's reply to the High Commissioner for Australia || Dunham was the IMM President<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/2/2/1 || 'Visits to the Institute of the Earth Sciences in Russia' by K C Dunham || Report by Dunham along with draft programme<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/2/5/1 || Letter informing Dunham that he has been elected a member of Council || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/2/5/6 || Report on the 150th Anniversary of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences || By Dunham who was the Society's Foreign Secretary<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/4/1 || File relating to evidence given by Dunham to Sub Committee F (Energy, Transport, Technology and... || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/5 || Council for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE) || Dunham was Chairman from 1973-1975<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/6/10 || Letter to Dunham re Silverband Mines from Laporte Chemicals Ltd || Writer's signature is unclear<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/11/1 || File: Mineral Development Committee - Final Report, Draft 1 || With annotations and corrections by Kingsley Dunham<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/11/2 || Report of the Mineral Development Committee: Confidential Proof || With notes and corrections by Dunham<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/13/29 || File: Public Inquiry in to the proposed designation of North Pennine Area as being an Area of... || Dunham objected on behalf of Weardale Minerals Ltd<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/15/47 || Glebe Mines Ltd: Report re Hope Level Mine || This report written by J D Willson [sic] and borrowed from Dunham by B L Hodge who returned it...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/15/48 || Glebe Mines Ltd: Letter re Longstone Edge Borehole No 4 || B L Hodge to K C Dunham<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/15/49 || Glebe Mines Ltd: Drilling details, summarized log and detailed log, Longstone Edge Borehole No 4 || Sent to Dunham by B L Hodge<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/15/55 || Glebe Mines Ltd: Letter re valuation of ore reserves || P G L Vipan to K C Dunham<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/20/11 || Handwritten report by K C Dunham on the Ilmenite-Rutile deposits near Tengani, Port Herald... || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/22 || British Association for the Advancement of Science || Dunham was a member and President from 1972-1973<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/G/24/1 || United Kingdom Metal Mining Association || Concerns a report by Dunham on the symposium on the future of non-ferrous mining in Great Britain<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/I/1/2/2 || Potrait photographs of Kingsley Dunham || <br />
|-<br />
| KCD/I/1/2/3 || Photograph of field trip || Location and date of field trip unknown. There is an inscription which reads "To Professor Dunham...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/I/1/2/4 || Photographs featuring Dunham || Several photographs showing Dunham with others and on his own<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/I/1/2/6 || Photographs Dunham-Durham Reunion || A meeting over four days at the University of Durham to commemerate Dunham's 75th birthday and...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/I/1/2/8 || Photograph of the Wairakei Geothermal Area, New Mexico || Photograph taken by Dunham<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/I/2/1 || Framed copy of geological map of New Mexico || Geology by N H Darton (US Geological Survey), 1927<br />
|-<br />
| || || Revised by K C Dunham, 1934<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/I/3/1 || Pieces of ecclesiastical masonary || 1) "Part of the disintegrated pinnacle north of centre, Nevill Screen (This was the top pinnacle...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/I/3/2 || Document Case: Royal Society Tercentenary || Inscribed "Royal Society Tercentenary Celebrations, London 1960" and "K C Dunham"<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/I/3/3 || Piece of Weardale Granite (Foliated Muscovite Granite), Rookhope Boring, Northern Pennines || In a plastic bag attached to a card explaining that the existence of this subsurface granite was...<br />
|-<br />
| KCD/I/3/4 || Copy of a pencil sketch of Kingsley Dunham || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Sir Kingsley Charles Dunham 1910-2001 ==<br />
<br />
'''Extract with permission of the author from: Cooper A.H. Yorkshire geology as seen through the eyes of notable British Geological Survey geologists 1862-200046-67 in Myerscough, R and Wallace, V. Famous Geologists of Yorkshire. York. ISBN 978-1-906604-58-5. [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/514376/1/Cooper%202016%20Yorkshire%20geology%20by%20notable%20British%20Geological%20Survey%20geologists%20NORA.pdf PDF on NORA]'''<br />
<br />
The son of an estate manager, Kingsley Dunham gained his education at Durham Johnston School, moving on to Hatfield College at Durham University. A talented musician he gained an organ scholarship and played the organ at his college. He had intended to read Chemistry, but came under the spell of Professor Arthur Holmes a renowned geologist and changed to a degree in geology. On graduation he continued with Arthur Holmes supervising his PhD (gained in 1932) on the distribution of vein minerals in the Northern Pennine Orefield, a topic he studied for the rest of his life. After a brief spell at Harvard University and the New Mexico Bureau of Mines he returned to England in 1934 to join the Geological Survey. <br />
<br />
He worked initially around Chepstow, then in south Cumbria investigating the hematite ores of that area. During the Second World War, he was engaged on detailed investigations of the mineral resources of his former field area, the Northern Pennines (with the help of a Canadian Army drilling rig and crew). During the war he identified a forthcoming shortage of the mineral fluorspar, essential for iron ore smelting and helped look for further resources to support the war effort. While based in London he was also a Captain in the Home Guard in charge of E company, 4th Battalion. His wartime work in northern England culminated in the publication of The Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield, Volume 1, 1948 an encyclopaedic account of the origin and development of the mineral field between the Tyne Valley and Stainmore. He was awarded an Honorary D.Sc. by Durham University in 1946 and became Chief Petrographer of the Survey in 1948.<br />
<br />
When offered the post of Professor in 1950, he could not resist a move back to his former department at Durham. During this time he expanded the department and worked with industry on both the North Pennines and the Permian evaporites of north-east England. In 1967 he accepted the post as Director of the Geological Survey (then called the Institute of Geological Sciences after being attached to NERC). His time as Director saw great expansion of the Geological Survey with staff numbers around 1200. He was a prolific author of more than 100 papers and was presented with numerous scientific accolades with the civil accolade of a knighthood in 1972. He retired in 1975, but never gave up his studies of the Pennines and in 1985, with A A Wilson, published the Geology of the North Pennine Orefield Volume. 2 covering the area north of Settle to Stainmore; he also revised Volume 1, which was republished in 1990. His son Ansell Dunham born in 1938 was also a geologist, the Professor of Industrial Mineralogy at Hull University. Sadly both his wife and son died in 1998 followed by Sir Kingsley a few years later in 2001. <br />
<br />
== Kingsley Charles Dunham as Director of the Survey ==<br />
<br />
'''Extract from: From: Wilson, H.E. Down to earth - one hundred and fifty years of the British Geological Survey. Edinburgh:Scottish Academic Press, 1985. [In all directions: developments under Sir Henry's fourteen successors In all directions: developments under Sir Henry's fourteen successors]'''<br />
<br />
He was succeeded by Kingsley Charles Dunham who had left the Survey in 1950 for the Chair of Geology in Durham. Dunham was a very extrovert character who had been much involved in geological 'politics' over the previous decade as a member of the Geological Survey Board, President of the Geological Society, a member of the Council for Scientific Policy, and a council member of the Royal Society. He became Director at the time when the 'white heat of technical innovation', as propounded by Prime Minister Harold Wilson, was at its peak and, for a few years, Government funding of scientific projects allowed a dramatic increase in scientific work, including geological research.<br />
<br />
The assimilation of the home and overseas surveys continued, a number of outside groups, particularly in geophysics, were incorporated, and the effects of commissioned research began to be significant in the early years of the Dunham era.<br />
<br />
In 1968 Steve Buchan was made Deputy Director and the new Divisional organisation of IGS had four field divisions — two in England and Wales, one in Scotland and Northern Ireland and one Overseas — and three specialist divisions — Geochemical, Geophysical and Mineral Resources, — plus Museum, Hydrogeological, Palaentological and Petrographical Departments and, a legacy from Overseas Geological Surveys, an Editorial and Publications Unit. At this stage Overseas Division and Mineral Resources Division were headed by Senior Principal Scientific Officers, the old District Geologist grade having been incorporated into the Scientific Civil Service grading.<br />
<br />
Since the end of DSIR the Geological Survey Board had disappeared but for five years there was an outside 'buffer' between the Director and NERC in the form of a Geology and Geophysics Advisory Committee, until it was abolished in 1970. In 1971 Dunham established a Director's Advisory Committee of representatives from Industry, the Universities and Government Departments, to monitor IGS programmes. This group of distinguished and influential people was a useful forum for discussion but had no teeth, and no influence with NERC, who were,increasingly intolerant of outside advice.<br />
<br />
In 1969 the Head of Overseas Division was raised to Assistant Director rank and in 1972 a seventh AD post was approved as Head of a new Special Services Division, which included the four separate departments mentioned above, while the Head of Mineral Resources Division became an Assistant Director in 1973, when a new Mineral Statistics and Economics Unit was formed to join the existing Mineral Intelligence and Mineral Assessment Units.<br />
<br />
In 1974 the two Continental Shelf Units were transferred from their Field Divisions to the Geophysics Division, now retitled Continental Shelf and Geophysics, but this only lasted until 1976 when the Shelf Units and Marine Geophysics were transferred to a new Continental Shelf Division. At the same time the Special Services Division was broken up. Hydrogeology and the remaining geophysical units became Geophysics and Hydrogeology Division, Petrology was transferred to the Geochemistry and Petrography Division, and the Museum joined Mineral Resources in a retitled Minerals Strategy and Museum Division.<br />
<br />
The euphoria of the early years of Dunham's directorate began to cool with the implementation of the Rothschild 'reforms' and by 1973 he was spelling out, in his Annual Report, the dangers of the new system of commissioned research as applied to IGS:<br />
<br />
The transfer of additional programmes could only bring under their (outside Departmental sponsors) control parts of the basic or "strategic" work of the Institute, a possibility not really contemplated in the White Paper.<br />
<br />
In his final report, for 1975, Dunham said: 'it is important that this process should not be carried so far that the whole health of the organisation is threatened, as it would be if the whole programme had to be devoted to short term ad hoc investigations' — and, the first published comment on the new dispensation, the complexities of financing call for an excessive emphasis upon financial rather than technical control, and upon administrative direction rather than on scientific leadership'.<br />
<br />
Dunham was a good Director whose initial enthusiasm for a much more comprehensive organisation was quenched by the realisation that the commercial outlook forced upon his extended Survey was going to be painful, if not traumatic.<br />
<br />
Dunham was succeeded in 1976 by Austin Woodland who had been Deputy Director since 1971. Woodland was a traditional field geologist who had spent many of his early years mapping the South Wales Coalfield and whose evidence was important in the enquiry into the Aberfan disaster in the sixties. He was not wholly sympathetic with some of the directions in which the Institute had expanded over the previous decade and left NERC headquarters in no doubt about his views.<br />
[[Category:Pioneers of the British Geological Survey]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=John_Graham_Comrie_Anderson&diff=59415
John Graham Comrie Anderson
2024-02-29T15:41:42Z
<p>Scotfot: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Timeline ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Date !! Details<br />
|-<br />
| 1910 || Born<br />
|-<br />
| 1935-1937|| Glasgow University<br />
|-<br />
| 1935|| PhD<br />
|-<br />
| 1936-1937|| Temporary lecturer, St. Andrews<br />
|-<br />
| 1937|| Appointed to the Geological Survey in Edinburgh<br />
|-<br />
| 1945|| D.Sc. Glasgow<br />
|-<br />
| 1949|| Chair of Geology, University College, Cardiff<br />
|-<br />
| 2002|| Died<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Biographies and obituaries ==<br />
<br />
[https://geologyglasgow.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/017_070__anderson_1485103769.pdf Professor John Graham Comrie Anderson, 1910-2002] Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 114, 275-278.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pioneers of the British Geological Survey]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=John_Graham_Comrie_Anderson&diff=59414
John Graham Comrie Anderson
2024-02-29T15:23:20Z
<p>Scotfot: Created page with "== Timeline == {| class="wikitable" ! Date !! Details |- | 1910 || Born |- | 1935-1937|| Glasgow University |- | 1935|| PhD |- | 1936-1937|| Temporary lecturer, St. Andrews |- | 1937|| Appointed to the Geological Survey in Edinburgh |- | 1945|| D.Sc. Glasgow |- | 1949|| Chair of Geology, University College, Cardiff |- | 2002|| Died |} == Biographies and obituaries == [https://geologyglasgow.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/017_070__anderson_1485103769.pdf Professor J..."</p>
<hr />
<div>== Timeline ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Date !! Details<br />
|-<br />
| 1910 || Born<br />
|-<br />
| 1935-1937|| Glasgow University<br />
|-<br />
| 1935|| PhD<br />
|-<br />
| 1936-1937|| Temporary lecturer, St. Andrews<br />
|-<br />
| 1937|| Appointed to the Geological Survey in Edinburgh<br />
|-<br />
| 1945|| D.Sc. Glasgow<br />
|-<br />
| 1949|| Chair of Geology, University College, Cardiff<br />
|-<br />
| 2002|| Died<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Biographies and obituaries ==<br />
<br />
[https://geologyglasgow.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/017_070__anderson_1485103769.pdf Professor John Graham Comrie Anderson, 1910-2002]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pioneers of the British Geological Survey]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Archibald_Geikie&diff=59138
Archibald Geikie
2024-01-19T16:13:29Z
<p>Scotfot: /* Timeline */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pioneers}}<br />
== Images ==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:P255071.jpg<br />
File:P575781.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Timeline ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Date !! Details<br />
|-<br />
| 1835 || Born December 28th in Edinburgh. Educated at Edinburgh High School and University.<br />
|-<br />
| 1855 || Joined Geological Survey of Scotland.<br />
|-<br />
| 1860 || Accompanied Murchison to north-west and central Highlands.<br />
|-<br />
| || Early survey work with H.H. Howell in Haddington. Then mapped area in Midlothian west of the coalfield, from Arthur’s Seat and the Pentlands to Bathgate Hills and north into Fife.<br />
|-<br />
| 1861 || Geologist.<br />
|-<br />
| || Joint paper with Murchison to Geological Society “On the altered rocks of the Western Islands of Scotland and the North-west and Central Highlands”. Interpretation generally accepted till 1878 when controversy reopened. “Chronology of the Trap Rocks of Scotland"<br />
|-<br />
| 1862 || Important paper to Glasgow Geological Society “The Glacial Drift of Scotland” (1863).<br />
|-<br />
| 1865 || “Scenery of Scotland” (3 editions).<br />
|-<br />
| || Mapped large areas of Old Red Sandstone in Midlothian, Lanark, Ayr, Fife, Perth and Kinross.<br />
|-<br />
| || Made series of traverses in basin of Moray Firth, Caithness, Orkney, Shetland. Results embodied in “Old Red Sandstone of Europe” (T.R.S.E. 1878).<br />
|-<br />
| 1867 || Director for Scotland. 12th April, 1867. <br />
From [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176034 Geikie's autobiography]: <br />
My dear Geikie, <br />
<br />
I this day received the official authority appointing you Director of the Scottish Survey from 1st April <br />
(never mind the day !).... <br />
<br />
Yours very truly, <br />
<br />
Rod. I. Murchison. <br />
|-<br />
| || Important paper to Royal Society suggesting Tertiary age of basaltic plateaux of Ireland, West of Scotland and Iceland. Visited the Auvergne, Eifel district and South Italy.<br />
|-<br />
| 1871 || Elected to newly-founded Murchison Professorship of Geology and Mineralogy at Edinburgh; resigned 1881.<br />
|-<br />
| 1879 || Paper to Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh “Carboniferous Volcanic Rocks of the Firth of Forth”.<br />
|-<br />
| || Visited lava fields in Idaho on Pacific slope of US. (prior to lectures at Lowell Institute, Boston). Suggested similar origin for Tertiary volcanic plateaux of west. Europe.<br />
|-<br />
| 1882 || Director-General<br />
|-<br />
| 1884 || Geikie published new work and views (Peach and Horne) in “Nature” November 13th.<br />
|-<br />
| 1888 || Memoir to Royal Society of Edinburgh “History of volcanic action during Tertiary Period in British Isles” (results of 25 years of work).<br />
|-<br />
| 1901 || Retired.<br />
|-<br />
| 1924 || Died 10th November.<br />
|-<br />
| 1861 || “Life of Edward Forbes” (with Wilson).<br />
|-<br />
| 1869 || “Memoir of J.D. Forbes”.<br />
|-<br />
| || “Life of Murchison”.<br />
|-<br />
| 1880 || “Text book of Geology”.<br />
|-<br />
| 1887 || “Geological sketches at home and abroad”.<br />
|-<br />
| 1895 || “Life of Ramsay”.<br />
|-<br />
| 1897 || “Ancient volcanoes of Great Britain”.<br />
|-<br />
| 1904 || “Scottish reminiscences” and “Primers on geology and physical geology. Class book of geology “Field Geology”.<br />
|-<br />
| 1897 || Lectures at John Hopkins University, Baltimore, afterwards published as “Founders of Geology”.<br />
|-<br />
| || Later works “Landscape in History”, and “Love of Nature among the Romans”.<br />
|-<br />
| || President Geological Society 1891,1892,1907; President British Association 1892; President of Royal Society 1908-1913; Trustee B.M.; Member of 1851 Exhibition Commissioners; Member of Council of British School of Rome; Governor of Harrow School 1892-1922;<br />
|-<br />
| || F.R.S. 1865; Knighted 1891; K.C.B. 1907; O.M.1913; and Officier de la Legion d’Honneur; Associe Etranger de l’Institut de France; etc. Hon. Degrees from Edinburgh, Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin, Glasgow, Aberdeen, St. Andrews, Durham, Birmingham, Sheffield, L<br />
|-<br />
| || Gold Medals from: Geological Society; Royal Geographical Society of Scotland; Royal Society of Edinburgh; Royal Society of London; Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Biographies and obituaries ==<br />
<br />
[[Geological Survey under Sir Archibald Geikie, 1882–1901|V. The Geological Survey under Sir Archibald Geikie, 1882–1901]] From: Flett, J.S. 1937. The History of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office.<br />
<br />
[[1882 Geikie's accession - Geological Survey of Great Britain (by E.B. Bailey)|1882 Geikie's accession]] From: Bailey, Sir Edward. Geological Survey of Great Britain. London: Thomas Murby, 1952. <br />
<br />
Times November 12th 1924<br />
<br />
Geological Magazine (1890) p. 49<br />
<br />
Geological Magazine (1924) p.515<br />
<br />
Proceedings Royal Society B. XCIX (1926) p. i.<br />
<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Geikie Archibald Geikie] — Wikipedia article<br />
<br />
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Geikie,_Sir_Archibald Geikie, Sir Archibald.] Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 552–553.<br />
<br />
Oldroyd, David. Geikie, Sir Archibald (1835-1924), geologist and historian. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/33364<br />
<br />
[https://www.rse.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf Geikie, Sir Archibald. 28/12/1835-10/11/1924] Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1783–2002). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X.<br />
<br />
[https://www.haslemeremuseum.co.uk/collections/geology/geikie/geikie1.html Sir Archibald Geikie Collection]. Haslemere Educational Museum. [Includes comprehensive timeline].<br />
<br />
== Publications ==<br />
<br />
[https://envirolib.apps.nerc.ac.uk/olibcgi?infile=authk.glue&style=authk&nh=20&calling_page=hitlist.glu&key=72479 142 works listed in the BGS Library catalogue]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Date !! Details<br />
|-<br />
| 1963 || Memoir: East Berwick (1963).<br />
|-<br />
| 1869 || Memoir: Turnberry Castle (1869).<br />
|-<br />
| 1900 || Memoir: Fife & Kinross (1900).<br />
|-<br />
| 1902 || Memoir: Eest Fife (1902).<br />
|-<br />
| 1866 || Contibuted to Memoir: E. Lothian. (1866).<br />
|-<br />
| 1861 || Contibuted to Memoir: Edinburgh etc. (1861).<br />
|-<br />
| 1869 || Contibuted to Memoir: Peebles. (1869).<br />
|-<br />
| 1869 || Contibuted to Memoir: Ayr. (1869).<br />
|-<br />
| 1869 || Contibuted to Memoir: Girvan. (1869).<br />
|-<br />
| 1872 || Contibuted to Memoir: N. Ayrshire. (1872).<br />
|-<br />
| 1873 || Contibuted to Memoir: Central Lanarkshire. (1873).<br />
|-<br />
| 1873 || Contibuted to Memoir: Stranraer. (1873).<br />
|-<br />
| 1873 || Contibuted to Memoir: Whithorn, Burrow Head. (1873).<br />
|-<br />
| 1871 || Contibuted to Memoir: Sanquhar. (1871).<br />
|-<br />
| 1877 || Contibuted to Memoir: Dumfries. (1877).<br />
|-<br />
| 1903 || Contibuted to Memoir: N. Arran. (1903).<br />
|-<br />
| 1879 || Contibuted to Memoir: Airdrie etc. (1879).<br />
|-<br />
| 1907 || Contibuted to Memoir: N.W. Highlands. (1907). Editor.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== BGS archives ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Ref No !! Title !! Description<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/6/242 || A Geikie: Minute of appointment. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/7/197 || A Geikie: Minute of promotion. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/7/478,519 || A Geikie: Letters to R I Murchison on various Survey matters. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/7/519 || A Geikie: Letter on display of collections in Edinburgh. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/8/ || A Geikie: Letter on accommodation in Edinburgh. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/8/116, 140, 157, 173 || A Geikie: Letters to R.I. Murchison on various Survey matters. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/8/116,157 || A Geikie: Letter on accommodation in Edinburgh. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/8/172-3 || A Geikie: Letter on extra leave. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/8/273-5 || A Geikie: Letter on appointment as Professor. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/14/158 || A Geikie: Letters about his appointment and promotion || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/15/148 || A Geikie: Letters about the appointment and promotion of Geikie || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/15/199, 201, 224 || A Geikie: Letters to R I Murchison on various Survey matters. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/15/224 || A Geikie: Letter on sale of maps || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/15/? || A Geikie: Manuscript song sung by Geikie at an Annual Dinner || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/16/148 || A Geikie: Letter concerning Geikie's visit to the Lipari Islands || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/17/38 || A Geikie: Letters about the appointment and promotion of Geikie || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/23/80,82,95-96,105 || A Geikie: Letters on need for a Porter in Edinburgh. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/24/15 || A Geikie: Letters on a vacancy. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/24/61,67,74 || A Geikie: Letters on a lack of space in Edinburgh. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/24/217,226 || A Geikie: Letters on the porter's salary. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/24/271-3 || A Geikie: Letters on leave of absence. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/24/309-313 || A Geikie: Letters on chemical apparatus. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/25/48 || A Geikie: Staff changes. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/25/64,68 || A Geikie: Time for completion of survey of Scotland. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/26 || Original letters sent to Director. [Series 'D'] || Correspondence of A. Geikie.<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/27 || Original letters sent to Director. [Series 'D'] || Correspondence of A.Geikie.<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR || Directors Papers || The following records form the personal and scientific papers of the Director's of the Survey...<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/Ft/A/2 || Correspondence on range of issues: letters to Bromehead, C.Davidson, H.Dewey, Fairley, A.Geikie... || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/Ge || Archibald Geikie || Geikie was born in 1835. He joined the Survey in 1855 and became Director for Scotland in 1867...<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/Ge/A/5 || Correspondence on various matters: letters to J.Craik, J.Evans, F.H.Hatch, J.Horne, D.R.Irvine, B... || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/Ge/A/7 || Correspondence, minutes and papers of A. Geikie on range of issues including statement on... || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/St/A/27 || (1) Sir A Geikie (2) Prestwich: Particulars in the life of Sir Andrew Ramsay || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/GL/Bw || Henry William Bristow || Bristow joined the Survey at the outset in 1845 as one of six field staff. He worked on the...<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/GL/Bw/29/156 || A Geikie: Progress in Scotland. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/GL/Ht/1 || Correspondence with other geologists. Letters to Dakyns, A.Geikie, F.W.Rudler, and W.Ussher as... || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/GL/Rd || Clement Reid || Clement Reid joined the Survey in 1874. He was the author of 'The Pliocene Deposits of Britain...<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/GX/Ha/1 || Letters to J Geikie and three printed items || "The Lament o' St Giles's Bells", "Early Flint Tools" by "Naturalist" and pages 3-6 of a paper on...<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/GX/Wa/1 || Letters from A R Wallace to J Geikie || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/MG/C/12/67 || W.H. Flower: Mentioned in letter from W.J. Wharton to A. Geikie. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/MG/C/12/117 || R.H. Jones: Letter to A. Geikie about asbestos from Canada. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/MG/C/12/142 || W. Miller: Letter to A. Geikie about specimens from British Honduras. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/MG/C/12/222 || W.J. Wharton: Letter to A. Geikie about specimens from China. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/MG/P/4/50 || Letter to F.W. Rudler with a letter from A. Geikie to Rudler. || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Other archives ==<br />
<br />
[https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/?terms=archibald%20geikie Listing on Archives Hub]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pioneers of the British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
== Archibald Geikie ==<br />
Geikie was born in 1835. He joined the Survey in 1855 and became Director for Scotland in 1867. He was also the first Professor of Geology at the University of Edinburgh. His primary responsibility upon appointment as Director was to complete the mapping of the British Isles and wind up the Survey. He was keen to complete the mapping of Scotland and transferred staff from the England and Wales districts to Scotland for this purpose. Although H.H.Howell was appointed Director for Scotland, he worked mainly in the North of England and Geikie continued to supervise all survey work in Scotland. When Howell retired in 1899, Geikie did not appoint a successor. Geikie began a series of stratigraphical memoirs, intended to be a comprehensive investigation of the rocks of a specific formation such as the Jurassic or Cretaceous. This differed from the usual regional memoirs which described the geology of an area and marked a significant departure in Survey publications. The first of these memoirs was 'The Pliocene Deposits of Britain' by C.Reid, in 1890. Geikie also contributed to the science of petrography and microscopic petrology within the Survey and set up a basic chemical laboratory in Edinburgh to undertake rock slicing and analysis. He appointed petrologists to the staff including J.J.H.Teall, F.H.Hatch, W.W.Watts and J.S.Hyland. Geikie also encouraged photography within the Survey and collected a large series of photographs of Scotland which were drawn on for memoirs and his own book 'The Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain' published in 1897.<br />
<br />
During the last six months of his directorship, a Committee was established to enquire into the organisation and staff of the Geological Survey & Museum and report on its progress. It was chaired by J L Wharton and among other things it reorganised the staffing structure of the Survey to provide improved promotional opportunities to geologists.<br />
<br />
== Sir Archibald Geikie, K.C.B., P.R.S., &c., Honorary Member, 1863; President, 1893-1896. ==<br />
<br />
'''Extract from: History of the Geological Society of Glasgow 1858-1908, with biographical notes of prominent members. Glasgow: Published by the Society, 1908. (Public domain copied from Internet Archive)'''<br />
<br />
The roll of Presidents of the Geological Society for the West of Scotland would have been woefully incomplete had it not included Sir Archibald Geikie. For, though he was born and educated in Edinburgh, and his two chief Scottish appointments were held in that city, he has made most important contributions to the geology of the Glasgow area, and many passages in his "Reminiscences" and in his " Scenery of Scotland " suggest that the western lochs and islands hold his deepest attachments. That he may be regarded as belonging to Western Scotland by geological and geographical sympathy may be inferred from his fondness for its scenery which he has so eloquently described and interpreted with unequalled insight. <br />
<br />
Sir Archibald Geikie was born in Edinburgh on the 28th December, 1835. He was the eldest son of James Stuart Geikie, his younger brother being Professor James Geikie. He was educated at the Edinburgh High School and University, and a charming essay on his first geological excursion shows that his interests in geology were early roused. His original geological work was begun in the Island of Arran, and was described in some articles that attracted the attention of Hugh Miller, by whose influence Geikie was appointed at the end of his University course and at the age of twenty to the Geological Survey of Scotland. Most of his official surveys were in the southern Uplands, Ayrshire, and the neighbourhood of Glasgow. His intimate personal knowledge of our area enabled him to draw from it many striking illustrations in his text-book and in his monumental work on " The Ancient Volcanoes of the British Isles." His name is familiar to us at the foot of several of the maps of the Glasgow district. His researches were by no means confined to the area of his official duties. He explored the Western Highlands and Islands, especially studying their extinct volcanoes and the Old Red Sandstone. He accompanied Sir Roderick Murchison in some of his Scottish journeys, and in 1861 was associated as joint author in two of Murchison's most famous Scottish papers, those on "The Coincidence of Stratification and Foliation " in the rocks of the Durness-Eriboll area, and on " The Sequence of Rocks in the South-western Highlands in comparison with that of the Grampians." <br />
<br />
In 1871 Sir Archibald Geikie was appointed Murchison Professor of Geology and Mineralogy at the University of Edinburgh, and in the same year he married a daughter of Mons. Pignatel, of Lyons. He had meanwhile, in 1867, been appointed Director of the Geological Survey for Scotland, and, after the retirement of Sir Andrew Ramsay in 1882, was naturally selected as Director-General of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland. He promptly began energetic and needed reforms. He secured the removal of some members of the staff whose work had been unsatisfactory, and attracted to it some of the most promising British geologists. On his retirement in 1901 it was universally recognised that he had greatly raised the status of theSurvey, and secured its permanent establishment. <br />
<br />
In 1903 his administrative ability found fresh scope as secretary of the Royal Society, and he has recently been elected its president. In 1906-7 he received the high compliment especially significant as it came from the most expert body of geologists in the British Isles of re-election as President of the Geological Society for a second term of office, so that he might preside at the Centenary of the Society. He had been President of the Society in 1891 and 1892, and President of the British Association at Edinburgh in 1892. The wide range of his work and influence naturally secured widespread recognition ; he has received honorary degrees from all four Scotch Universities, and from Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin ; he is an honorary correspondent of the chief foreign scientific Academies, including the Institutes of France and Rome, the Academies of Belgium, Berlin, Christiania, Gottingen, Munich, New York, Philadelphia,. Stockholm, Turin, Vienna. He has received the chief medals at the disposal of the Geological Society, the Royal Society, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and others from foreign societies and Academies. <br />
<br />
Sir Archibald Geikie's connection with the Society dates from 1862, when he read his important memoir "On the Phenomena of the Glacial Drift of Scotland," which occupies the second and larger part of the first volume of our Transactions. He is the senior honorary member of the Society, having been elected early in 1863. He was President from 1893 to 1896, and gave to the Society as his. presidential address a graphic history of " The Latest Volcanoes of the British Isles." <br />
<br />
It is impossible in a brief notice even to mention the various branches of geology and geography which Sir Archibald Greikie has advanced, and it would be unfitting to estimate the value of his work while it is still in progress. His writings are voluminous, and they are always original and suggestive. He has written more books than any other living British geologist, and his work covers an unusually wide range; his best-known researches are connected with physical geology, especially with denudation, glaciation, and volcanic action, with the formation of the Old Red Sandstone and the evolution of scenery; in a book which should be in every Scotchman's library he has followed Scottish scenery back to its geological causes, and in some illuminating essays he has traced the psychological influences of geographical conditions and landscape upon the character and literature of the British race. <br />
<br />
The following papers by Sir Archibald Geikie have been published in the Society's Transactions : <br />
<br />
"On the Phenomena of the Glacial Drift of Scotland." Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow, vol. i., part ii., 1863, pp. 8-190. Map. <br />
<br />
"Lecture on the Origin of the Present Scenery of Scotland." Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow, vol. ii., part i., 1865, pp. 4-12. <br />
<br />
"On the Order of Succession among the Silurian Rocks of Scotland." Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow, vol. iii., part i., 1868, pp. 74-95. <br />
<br />
"On Modern Denudation." Ibid., pp. 153-190. <br />
<br />
"The Latest Volcanoes of the British Isles." Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow, vol. x., part ii., 1896, pp. 179-197. <br />
<br />
"Recent Researches into the History of the Deposits known as Old Red Sandstone." Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow, vol. v., part ii., pp. 276-281.<br />
<br />
== Archibald Geikie as Director-General of the Survey ==<br />
<br />
'''Extract from: From: Wilson, H.E. Down to earth - one hundred and fifty years of the British Geological Survey. Edinburgh:Scottish Academic Press, 1985. [In all directions: developments under Sir Henry's fourteen successors In all directions: developments under Sir Henry's fourteen successors]'''<br />
<br />
When Ramsay retired in 1881 Geikie (1835-1924) was appointed Director-General and moved to London. His arrogance — already well known to his Edinburgh staff — was immediately evident when he declared that he would continue to supervise Scotland, so no local Director was appointed there. In the following year, however, H.H. Howell was appointed Director in Scotland though he continued working in Newcastle until 1884.<br />
<br />
Geikie was clearly under some pressure from the Government to complete the 'Geological Survey' as soon as possible, and some of his behaviour must have been occasioned by what he saw as his duty. His first priority was to complete the mapping of England and Wales which had been promised for 1884 and, while this was accomplished, most of the field survey was on the one-inch scale and little effort was devoted to the sheet memoirs.<br />
<br />
In Scotland the Midland Valley had been largely covered by six-inch scale mapping and work was now proceeding in the Highlands where Geikie directed that the field men were to work on one-inch maps to expedite the Survey. (He gave the same instructions for the drift survey in Hampshire which provoked the Whitaker Memorials in 1884 (p.103). In Scotland it is said that field men bought their own six-inch maps and transferred lines to the one-inch sheets provided.<br />
<br />
In Ireland Hull and his men were on the last lap of the primary survey, conducted almost entirely on the six-inch scale, and here only the internecine battle between Hull and G.H.Kinahan disturbed the progress in Hume Street.<br />
<br />
With Howell's move to Scotland in 1884 Geikie transferred five of his English field staff to Edinburgh, including three who were to make international reputations in the Highlands — W.Gunn, C.T.Clough and G.Barrow. The disposition of his field staff was then as follows:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| | <br />
| | 1881 <br />
| | 1885<br />
|-<br />
| | England<br />
| | 23<br />
| | 12<br />
|-<br />
| | Scotland<br />
| | 10<br />
| | 13<br />
|-<br />
| | Ireland<br />
| | 10<br />
| | 9<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
When Bristow retired as Director for England and Wales in 1888 Howell was made Senior Director for Great Britain, though he remained in Edinburgh and Geikie presided in Jermyn Street. Poor Howell can have had only a frustrating time — he was not allowed to interfere in the Highlands, which Geikie kept to himself, and in the South of England W. Whitaker and H.B. Woodward seem to have reported directly to the great man. Howell was only allowed to finish off the work in the North of England and supervise the part-time activities of Peach and Horne in the Southern Uplands.<br />
<br />
Hull retired in 1890 and the Dublin office was reduced to a holding operation with Nolan retained as Senior Geologist and most of the staff pensioned off or transferred to Scotland. Geikie had now reduced his senior staff to one Director, (Howell, immured in the Sheriffs Court in Edinburgh), two district Surveyors (Whitaker and Peach) and one Senior Geologist. Megalomania had taken over.<br />
<br />
There is no doubt that Geikie was a remarkable character — he toured extensively every year and his literary output was prodigious, though his staff tended to regard much of this as plagiarism. He apparently regarded the right to publish the findings of his staff as a kind of 'droit de seigneur'.<br />
<br />
When Howell retired at the age of 65 in 1899, Geikie was left with no Directors and only two District Surveyors as against three Directors and four District Surveyors when he was appointed. He was then sixty-four and apparently impregnable — but among his staff of seventeen Geologists and seventeen Assistant Geologists feelings were running high. Not only was promotion to higher rank blocked, but of the Assistant Geologists some had been 'Temporary' for as long as twenty-five years, with no assurance of a pension, or, indeed, of continued employment after the end of the next month, while some had been 'Assistants' for thirty-five years.<br />
<br />
How this small number of staff were able to influence parliamentary opinion is not clear, but questions were asked and a 'Memorial' was presented by the staff — including, apparently, the most senior of Geikie's lieutenants — to the President of the Board of Education, asking for an enquiry. In April 1900 the President appointed a committee to:<br />
<br />
::enquire into the organisation and staff of the Geological Survey and Museum of Practical Geology: to report on the progress of the survey since 1881 [the date of Geikie's assumption of the Directorship General]:- to suggest the changes in staff and the arrangements necessary for bringing the Survey in its more general features to a speedy and satisfactory termination, having regard especially to its economic importance; and further, to report on the desirability or otherwise of tranferring the Survey to another public department.<br />
<br />
The Committee was chaired by J. L. Wharton, MP, and included W. T. Blanford, former Director of the Geological Survey of India, and Charles Lapworth, Professor at Birmingham and at this time perhaps the most respected British geologist. Clearly they were not appointed to whitewash Geikie — it is interesting to speculate who was 'out to get him', apart from his staff — and in the result the Committee reported at the end of September 1900, accepting the grievances of the staff and recommending a package of reforms.<br />
<br />
The post of Director-General was to be abolished, the head of the organisation to be the Director: 'England and Wales' and 'Scotland' should each have an 'Assistant to the Director'; there should be seven District Geologists, five in charge of field units and two Specialists (Palaeontologist and Petrographer); all lower graded scientific staff should be Geologists, on a graded pay-scale and there should be a substantial increase in pay and allowances.<br />
<br />
One can imagine the glee and satisfaction of the staff — and the fury of Archie G. , publicly humiliated by this criticism of his stewardship. In fairness he was under some pressure to complete the 'Survey' and wind down the organisation, and he had strongly supported an appeal by his temporary Assistant Geologists for establishment and promotion, sent to the Treasury in 1896, but his whole style of management had been autocratic and dictatorial and there were few tears when he finally retired in February of the following year, 1901. With the accession to the Directorship of Jethro Justinian Teal! (1849-1924) and the promotion to the posts of Assistants to the Director of H B Woodward (1848-1914) in England and John Horne (1848-1928) in Scotland the organisational shape of the Survey was set for over half a century. Each Assistant to the Director — the rank was changed to Assistant Director within a few years because of its 'ambiguity' — had two District Geologists under him and Teall set great store on team efforts, recasting the annual ''Summary of Progress'' to record work on a District basis. He also accepted, as appendices to the Summary, short papers on original topics by his staff.</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Archibald_Geikie&diff=59137
Archibald Geikie
2024-01-19T16:11:32Z
<p>Scotfot: /* Timeline */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pioneers}}<br />
== Images ==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:P255071.jpg<br />
File:P575781.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Timeline ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Date !! Details<br />
|-<br />
| 1835 || Born December 28th in Edinburgh. Educated at Edinburgh High School and University.<br />
|-<br />
| 1855 || Joined Geological Survey of Scotland.<br />
|-<br />
| 1860 || Accompanied Murchison to north-west and central Highlands.<br />
|-<br />
| || Early survey work with H.H. Howell in Haddington. Then mapped area in Midlothian west of the coalfield, from Arthur’s Seat and the Pentlands to Bathgate Hills and north into Fife.<br />
|-<br />
| 1861 || Geologist.<br />
|-<br />
| || Joint paper with Murchison to Geological Society “On the altered rocks of the Western Islands of Scotland and the North-west and Central Highlands”. Interpretation generally accepted till 1878 when controversy reopened. “Chronology of the Trap Rocks of Scotland"<br />
|-<br />
| 1862 || Important paper to Glasgow Geological Society “The Glacial Drift of Scotland” (1863).<br />
|-<br />
| 1865 || “Scenery of Scotland” (3 editions).<br />
|-<br />
| || Mapped large areas of Old Red Sandstone in Midlothian, Lanark, Ayr, Fife, Perth and Kinross.<br />
|-<br />
| || Made series of traverses in basin of Moray Firth, Caithness, Orkney, Shetland. Results embodied in “Old Red Sandstone of Europe” (T.R.S.E. 1878).<br />
|-<br />
| 1867 || Director for Scotland. 12th April, 1867. <br />
From Geikie's autobiography: <br />
My dear Geikie, <br />
<br />
I this day received the official authority appointing you Director of the Scottish Survey from 1st April <br />
(never mind the day !).... <br />
<br />
Yours very truly, <br />
<br />
Rod. I. Murchison. <br />
|-<br />
| || Important paper to Royal Society suggesting Tertiary age of basaltic plateaux of Ireland, West of Scotland and Iceland. Visited the Auvergne, Eifel district and South Italy.<br />
|-<br />
| 1871 || Elected to newly-founded Murchison Professorship of Geology and Mineralogy at Edinburgh; resigned 1881.<br />
|-<br />
| 1879 || Paper to Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh “Carboniferous Volcanic Rocks of the Firth of Forth”.<br />
|-<br />
| || Visited lava fields in Idaho on Pacific slope of US. (prior to lectures at Lowell Institute, Boston). Suggested similar origin for Tertiary volcanic plateaux of west. Europe.<br />
|-<br />
| 1882 || Director-General<br />
|-<br />
| 1884 || Geikie published new work and views (Peach and Horne) in “Nature” November 13th.<br />
|-<br />
| 1888 || Memoir to Royal Society of Edinburgh “History of volcanic action during Tertiary Period in British Isles” (results of 25 years of work).<br />
|-<br />
| 1901 || Retired.<br />
|-<br />
| 1924 || Died 10th November.<br />
|-<br />
| 1861 || “Life of Edward Forbes” (with Wilson).<br />
|-<br />
| 1869 || “Memoir of J.D. Forbes”.<br />
|-<br />
| || “Life of Murchison”.<br />
|-<br />
| 1880 || “Text book of Geology”.<br />
|-<br />
| 1887 || “Geological sketches at home and abroad”.<br />
|-<br />
| 1895 || “Life of Ramsay”.<br />
|-<br />
| 1897 || “Ancient volcanoes of Great Britain”.<br />
|-<br />
| 1904 || “Scottish reminiscences” and “Primers on geology and physical geology. Class book of geology “Field Geology”.<br />
|-<br />
| 1897 || Lectures at John Hopkins University, Baltimore, afterwards published as “Founders of Geology”.<br />
|-<br />
| || Later works “Landscape in History”, and “Love of Nature among the Romans”.<br />
|-<br />
| || President Geological Society 1891,1892,1907; President British Association 1892; President of Royal Society 1908-1913; Trustee B.M.; Member of 1851 Exhibition Commissioners; Member of Council of British School of Rome; Governor of Harrow School 1892-1922;<br />
|-<br />
| || F.R.S. 1865; Knighted 1891; K.C.B. 1907; O.M.1913; and Officier de la Legion d’Honneur; Associe Etranger de l’Institut de France; etc. Hon. Degrees from Edinburgh, Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin, Glasgow, Aberdeen, St. Andrews, Durham, Birmingham, Sheffield, L<br />
|-<br />
| || Gold Medals from: Geological Society; Royal Geographical Society of Scotland; Royal Society of Edinburgh; Royal Society of London; Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Biographies and obituaries ==<br />
<br />
[[Geological Survey under Sir Archibald Geikie, 1882–1901|V. The Geological Survey under Sir Archibald Geikie, 1882–1901]] From: Flett, J.S. 1937. The History of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office.<br />
<br />
[[1882 Geikie's accession - Geological Survey of Great Britain (by E.B. Bailey)|1882 Geikie's accession]] From: Bailey, Sir Edward. Geological Survey of Great Britain. London: Thomas Murby, 1952. <br />
<br />
Times November 12th 1924<br />
<br />
Geological Magazine (1890) p. 49<br />
<br />
Geological Magazine (1924) p.515<br />
<br />
Proceedings Royal Society B. XCIX (1926) p. i.<br />
<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Geikie Archibald Geikie] — Wikipedia article<br />
<br />
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Geikie,_Sir_Archibald Geikie, Sir Archibald.] Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 552–553.<br />
<br />
Oldroyd, David. Geikie, Sir Archibald (1835-1924), geologist and historian. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/33364<br />
<br />
[https://www.rse.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf Geikie, Sir Archibald. 28/12/1835-10/11/1924] Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1783–2002). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X.<br />
<br />
[https://www.haslemeremuseum.co.uk/collections/geology/geikie/geikie1.html Sir Archibald Geikie Collection]. Haslemere Educational Museum. [Includes comprehensive timeline].<br />
<br />
== Publications ==<br />
<br />
[https://envirolib.apps.nerc.ac.uk/olibcgi?infile=authk.glue&style=authk&nh=20&calling_page=hitlist.glu&key=72479 142 works listed in the BGS Library catalogue]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Date !! Details<br />
|-<br />
| 1963 || Memoir: East Berwick (1963).<br />
|-<br />
| 1869 || Memoir: Turnberry Castle (1869).<br />
|-<br />
| 1900 || Memoir: Fife & Kinross (1900).<br />
|-<br />
| 1902 || Memoir: Eest Fife (1902).<br />
|-<br />
| 1866 || Contibuted to Memoir: E. Lothian. (1866).<br />
|-<br />
| 1861 || Contibuted to Memoir: Edinburgh etc. (1861).<br />
|-<br />
| 1869 || Contibuted to Memoir: Peebles. (1869).<br />
|-<br />
| 1869 || Contibuted to Memoir: Ayr. (1869).<br />
|-<br />
| 1869 || Contibuted to Memoir: Girvan. (1869).<br />
|-<br />
| 1872 || Contibuted to Memoir: N. Ayrshire. (1872).<br />
|-<br />
| 1873 || Contibuted to Memoir: Central Lanarkshire. (1873).<br />
|-<br />
| 1873 || Contibuted to Memoir: Stranraer. (1873).<br />
|-<br />
| 1873 || Contibuted to Memoir: Whithorn, Burrow Head. (1873).<br />
|-<br />
| 1871 || Contibuted to Memoir: Sanquhar. (1871).<br />
|-<br />
| 1877 || Contibuted to Memoir: Dumfries. (1877).<br />
|-<br />
| 1903 || Contibuted to Memoir: N. Arran. (1903).<br />
|-<br />
| 1879 || Contibuted to Memoir: Airdrie etc. (1879).<br />
|-<br />
| 1907 || Contibuted to Memoir: N.W. Highlands. (1907). Editor.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== BGS archives ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Ref No !! Title !! Description<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/6/242 || A Geikie: Minute of appointment. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/7/197 || A Geikie: Minute of promotion. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/7/478,519 || A Geikie: Letters to R I Murchison on various Survey matters. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/7/519 || A Geikie: Letter on display of collections in Edinburgh. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/8/ || A Geikie: Letter on accommodation in Edinburgh. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/8/116, 140, 157, 173 || A Geikie: Letters to R.I. Murchison on various Survey matters. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/8/116,157 || A Geikie: Letter on accommodation in Edinburgh. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/8/172-3 || A Geikie: Letter on extra leave. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/8/273-5 || A Geikie: Letter on appointment as Professor. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/14/158 || A Geikie: Letters about his appointment and promotion || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/15/148 || A Geikie: Letters about the appointment and promotion of Geikie || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/15/199, 201, 224 || A Geikie: Letters to R I Murchison on various Survey matters. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/15/224 || A Geikie: Letter on sale of maps || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/15/? || A Geikie: Manuscript song sung by Geikie at an Annual Dinner || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/16/148 || A Geikie: Letter concerning Geikie's visit to the Lipari Islands || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/17/38 || A Geikie: Letters about the appointment and promotion of Geikie || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/23/80,82,95-96,105 || A Geikie: Letters on need for a Porter in Edinburgh. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/24/15 || A Geikie: Letters on a vacancy. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/24/61,67,74 || A Geikie: Letters on a lack of space in Edinburgh. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/24/217,226 || A Geikie: Letters on the porter's salary. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/24/271-3 || A Geikie: Letters on leave of absence. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/24/309-313 || A Geikie: Letters on chemical apparatus. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/25/48 || A Geikie: Staff changes. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/25/64,68 || A Geikie: Time for completion of survey of Scotland. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/26 || Original letters sent to Director. [Series 'D'] || Correspondence of A. Geikie.<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DC/A/C/27 || Original letters sent to Director. [Series 'D'] || Correspondence of A.Geikie.<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR || Directors Papers || The following records form the personal and scientific papers of the Director's of the Survey...<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/Ft/A/2 || Correspondence on range of issues: letters to Bromehead, C.Davidson, H.Dewey, Fairley, A.Geikie... || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/Ge || Archibald Geikie || Geikie was born in 1835. He joined the Survey in 1855 and became Director for Scotland in 1867...<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/Ge/A/5 || Correspondence on various matters: letters to J.Craik, J.Evans, F.H.Hatch, J.Horne, D.R.Irvine, B... || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/Ge/A/7 || Correspondence, minutes and papers of A. Geikie on range of issues including statement on... || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/St/A/27 || (1) Sir A Geikie (2) Prestwich: Particulars in the life of Sir Andrew Ramsay || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/GL/Bw || Henry William Bristow || Bristow joined the Survey at the outset in 1845 as one of six field staff. He worked on the...<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/GL/Bw/29/156 || A Geikie: Progress in Scotland. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/GL/Ht/1 || Correspondence with other geologists. Letters to Dakyns, A.Geikie, F.W.Rudler, and W.Ussher as... || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/GL/Rd || Clement Reid || Clement Reid joined the Survey in 1874. He was the author of 'The Pliocene Deposits of Britain...<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/GX/Ha/1 || Letters to J Geikie and three printed items || "The Lament o' St Giles's Bells", "Early Flint Tools" by "Naturalist" and pages 3-6 of a paper on...<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/GX/Wa/1 || Letters from A R Wallace to J Geikie || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/MG/C/12/67 || W.H. Flower: Mentioned in letter from W.J. Wharton to A. Geikie. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/MG/C/12/117 || R.H. Jones: Letter to A. Geikie about asbestos from Canada. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/MG/C/12/142 || W. Miller: Letter to A. Geikie about specimens from British Honduras. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/MG/C/12/222 || W.J. Wharton: Letter to A. Geikie about specimens from China. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/MG/P/4/50 || Letter to F.W. Rudler with a letter from A. Geikie to Rudler. || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Other archives ==<br />
<br />
[https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/?terms=archibald%20geikie Listing on Archives Hub]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pioneers of the British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
== Archibald Geikie ==<br />
Geikie was born in 1835. He joined the Survey in 1855 and became Director for Scotland in 1867. He was also the first Professor of Geology at the University of Edinburgh. His primary responsibility upon appointment as Director was to complete the mapping of the British Isles and wind up the Survey. He was keen to complete the mapping of Scotland and transferred staff from the England and Wales districts to Scotland for this purpose. Although H.H.Howell was appointed Director for Scotland, he worked mainly in the North of England and Geikie continued to supervise all survey work in Scotland. When Howell retired in 1899, Geikie did not appoint a successor. Geikie began a series of stratigraphical memoirs, intended to be a comprehensive investigation of the rocks of a specific formation such as the Jurassic or Cretaceous. This differed from the usual regional memoirs which described the geology of an area and marked a significant departure in Survey publications. The first of these memoirs was 'The Pliocene Deposits of Britain' by C.Reid, in 1890. Geikie also contributed to the science of petrography and microscopic petrology within the Survey and set up a basic chemical laboratory in Edinburgh to undertake rock slicing and analysis. He appointed petrologists to the staff including J.J.H.Teall, F.H.Hatch, W.W.Watts and J.S.Hyland. Geikie also encouraged photography within the Survey and collected a large series of photographs of Scotland which were drawn on for memoirs and his own book 'The Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain' published in 1897.<br />
<br />
During the last six months of his directorship, a Committee was established to enquire into the organisation and staff of the Geological Survey & Museum and report on its progress. It was chaired by J L Wharton and among other things it reorganised the staffing structure of the Survey to provide improved promotional opportunities to geologists.<br />
<br />
== Sir Archibald Geikie, K.C.B., P.R.S., &c., Honorary Member, 1863; President, 1893-1896. ==<br />
<br />
'''Extract from: History of the Geological Society of Glasgow 1858-1908, with biographical notes of prominent members. Glasgow: Published by the Society, 1908. (Public domain copied from Internet Archive)'''<br />
<br />
The roll of Presidents of the Geological Society for the West of Scotland would have been woefully incomplete had it not included Sir Archibald Geikie. For, though he was born and educated in Edinburgh, and his two chief Scottish appointments were held in that city, he has made most important contributions to the geology of the Glasgow area, and many passages in his "Reminiscences" and in his " Scenery of Scotland " suggest that the western lochs and islands hold his deepest attachments. That he may be regarded as belonging to Western Scotland by geological and geographical sympathy may be inferred from his fondness for its scenery which he has so eloquently described and interpreted with unequalled insight. <br />
<br />
Sir Archibald Geikie was born in Edinburgh on the 28th December, 1835. He was the eldest son of James Stuart Geikie, his younger brother being Professor James Geikie. He was educated at the Edinburgh High School and University, and a charming essay on his first geological excursion shows that his interests in geology were early roused. His original geological work was begun in the Island of Arran, and was described in some articles that attracted the attention of Hugh Miller, by whose influence Geikie was appointed at the end of his University course and at the age of twenty to the Geological Survey of Scotland. Most of his official surveys were in the southern Uplands, Ayrshire, and the neighbourhood of Glasgow. His intimate personal knowledge of our area enabled him to draw from it many striking illustrations in his text-book and in his monumental work on " The Ancient Volcanoes of the British Isles." His name is familiar to us at the foot of several of the maps of the Glasgow district. His researches were by no means confined to the area of his official duties. He explored the Western Highlands and Islands, especially studying their extinct volcanoes and the Old Red Sandstone. He accompanied Sir Roderick Murchison in some of his Scottish journeys, and in 1861 was associated as joint author in two of Murchison's most famous Scottish papers, those on "The Coincidence of Stratification and Foliation " in the rocks of the Durness-Eriboll area, and on " The Sequence of Rocks in the South-western Highlands in comparison with that of the Grampians." <br />
<br />
In 1871 Sir Archibald Geikie was appointed Murchison Professor of Geology and Mineralogy at the University of Edinburgh, and in the same year he married a daughter of Mons. Pignatel, of Lyons. He had meanwhile, in 1867, been appointed Director of the Geological Survey for Scotland, and, after the retirement of Sir Andrew Ramsay in 1882, was naturally selected as Director-General of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland. He promptly began energetic and needed reforms. He secured the removal of some members of the staff whose work had been unsatisfactory, and attracted to it some of the most promising British geologists. On his retirement in 1901 it was universally recognised that he had greatly raised the status of theSurvey, and secured its permanent establishment. <br />
<br />
In 1903 his administrative ability found fresh scope as secretary of the Royal Society, and he has recently been elected its president. In 1906-7 he received the high compliment especially significant as it came from the most expert body of geologists in the British Isles of re-election as President of the Geological Society for a second term of office, so that he might preside at the Centenary of the Society. He had been President of the Society in 1891 and 1892, and President of the British Association at Edinburgh in 1892. The wide range of his work and influence naturally secured widespread recognition ; he has received honorary degrees from all four Scotch Universities, and from Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin ; he is an honorary correspondent of the chief foreign scientific Academies, including the Institutes of France and Rome, the Academies of Belgium, Berlin, Christiania, Gottingen, Munich, New York, Philadelphia,. Stockholm, Turin, Vienna. He has received the chief medals at the disposal of the Geological Society, the Royal Society, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and others from foreign societies and Academies. <br />
<br />
Sir Archibald Geikie's connection with the Society dates from 1862, when he read his important memoir "On the Phenomena of the Glacial Drift of Scotland," which occupies the second and larger part of the first volume of our Transactions. He is the senior honorary member of the Society, having been elected early in 1863. He was President from 1893 to 1896, and gave to the Society as his. presidential address a graphic history of " The Latest Volcanoes of the British Isles." <br />
<br />
It is impossible in a brief notice even to mention the various branches of geology and geography which Sir Archibald Greikie has advanced, and it would be unfitting to estimate the value of his work while it is still in progress. His writings are voluminous, and they are always original and suggestive. He has written more books than any other living British geologist, and his work covers an unusually wide range; his best-known researches are connected with physical geology, especially with denudation, glaciation, and volcanic action, with the formation of the Old Red Sandstone and the evolution of scenery; in a book which should be in every Scotchman's library he has followed Scottish scenery back to its geological causes, and in some illuminating essays he has traced the psychological influences of geographical conditions and landscape upon the character and literature of the British race. <br />
<br />
The following papers by Sir Archibald Geikie have been published in the Society's Transactions : <br />
<br />
"On the Phenomena of the Glacial Drift of Scotland." Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow, vol. i., part ii., 1863, pp. 8-190. Map. <br />
<br />
"Lecture on the Origin of the Present Scenery of Scotland." Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow, vol. ii., part i., 1865, pp. 4-12. <br />
<br />
"On the Order of Succession among the Silurian Rocks of Scotland." Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow, vol. iii., part i., 1868, pp. 74-95. <br />
<br />
"On Modern Denudation." Ibid., pp. 153-190. <br />
<br />
"The Latest Volcanoes of the British Isles." Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow, vol. x., part ii., 1896, pp. 179-197. <br />
<br />
"Recent Researches into the History of the Deposits known as Old Red Sandstone." Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow, vol. v., part ii., pp. 276-281.<br />
<br />
== Archibald Geikie as Director-General of the Survey ==<br />
<br />
'''Extract from: From: Wilson, H.E. Down to earth - one hundred and fifty years of the British Geological Survey. Edinburgh:Scottish Academic Press, 1985. [In all directions: developments under Sir Henry's fourteen successors In all directions: developments under Sir Henry's fourteen successors]'''<br />
<br />
When Ramsay retired in 1881 Geikie (1835-1924) was appointed Director-General and moved to London. His arrogance — already well known to his Edinburgh staff — was immediately evident when he declared that he would continue to supervise Scotland, so no local Director was appointed there. In the following year, however, H.H. Howell was appointed Director in Scotland though he continued working in Newcastle until 1884.<br />
<br />
Geikie was clearly under some pressure from the Government to complete the 'Geological Survey' as soon as possible, and some of his behaviour must have been occasioned by what he saw as his duty. His first priority was to complete the mapping of England and Wales which had been promised for 1884 and, while this was accomplished, most of the field survey was on the one-inch scale and little effort was devoted to the sheet memoirs.<br />
<br />
In Scotland the Midland Valley had been largely covered by six-inch scale mapping and work was now proceeding in the Highlands where Geikie directed that the field men were to work on one-inch maps to expedite the Survey. (He gave the same instructions for the drift survey in Hampshire which provoked the Whitaker Memorials in 1884 (p.103). In Scotland it is said that field men bought their own six-inch maps and transferred lines to the one-inch sheets provided.<br />
<br />
In Ireland Hull and his men were on the last lap of the primary survey, conducted almost entirely on the six-inch scale, and here only the internecine battle between Hull and G.H.Kinahan disturbed the progress in Hume Street.<br />
<br />
With Howell's move to Scotland in 1884 Geikie transferred five of his English field staff to Edinburgh, including three who were to make international reputations in the Highlands — W.Gunn, C.T.Clough and G.Barrow. The disposition of his field staff was then as follows:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| | <br />
| | 1881 <br />
| | 1885<br />
|-<br />
| | England<br />
| | 23<br />
| | 12<br />
|-<br />
| | Scotland<br />
| | 10<br />
| | 13<br />
|-<br />
| | Ireland<br />
| | 10<br />
| | 9<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
When Bristow retired as Director for England and Wales in 1888 Howell was made Senior Director for Great Britain, though he remained in Edinburgh and Geikie presided in Jermyn Street. Poor Howell can have had only a frustrating time — he was not allowed to interfere in the Highlands, which Geikie kept to himself, and in the South of England W. Whitaker and H.B. Woodward seem to have reported directly to the great man. Howell was only allowed to finish off the work in the North of England and supervise the part-time activities of Peach and Horne in the Southern Uplands.<br />
<br />
Hull retired in 1890 and the Dublin office was reduced to a holding operation with Nolan retained as Senior Geologist and most of the staff pensioned off or transferred to Scotland. Geikie had now reduced his senior staff to one Director, (Howell, immured in the Sheriffs Court in Edinburgh), two district Surveyors (Whitaker and Peach) and one Senior Geologist. Megalomania had taken over.<br />
<br />
There is no doubt that Geikie was a remarkable character — he toured extensively every year and his literary output was prodigious, though his staff tended to regard much of this as plagiarism. He apparently regarded the right to publish the findings of his staff as a kind of 'droit de seigneur'.<br />
<br />
When Howell retired at the age of 65 in 1899, Geikie was left with no Directors and only two District Surveyors as against three Directors and four District Surveyors when he was appointed. He was then sixty-four and apparently impregnable — but among his staff of seventeen Geologists and seventeen Assistant Geologists feelings were running high. Not only was promotion to higher rank blocked, but of the Assistant Geologists some had been 'Temporary' for as long as twenty-five years, with no assurance of a pension, or, indeed, of continued employment after the end of the next month, while some had been 'Assistants' for thirty-five years.<br />
<br />
How this small number of staff were able to influence parliamentary opinion is not clear, but questions were asked and a 'Memorial' was presented by the staff — including, apparently, the most senior of Geikie's lieutenants — to the President of the Board of Education, asking for an enquiry. In April 1900 the President appointed a committee to:<br />
<br />
::enquire into the organisation and staff of the Geological Survey and Museum of Practical Geology: to report on the progress of the survey since 1881 [the date of Geikie's assumption of the Directorship General]:- to suggest the changes in staff and the arrangements necessary for bringing the Survey in its more general features to a speedy and satisfactory termination, having regard especially to its economic importance; and further, to report on the desirability or otherwise of tranferring the Survey to another public department.<br />
<br />
The Committee was chaired by J. L. Wharton, MP, and included W. T. Blanford, former Director of the Geological Survey of India, and Charles Lapworth, Professor at Birmingham and at this time perhaps the most respected British geologist. Clearly they were not appointed to whitewash Geikie — it is interesting to speculate who was 'out to get him', apart from his staff — and in the result the Committee reported at the end of September 1900, accepting the grievances of the staff and recommending a package of reforms.<br />
<br />
The post of Director-General was to be abolished, the head of the organisation to be the Director: 'England and Wales' and 'Scotland' should each have an 'Assistant to the Director'; there should be seven District Geologists, five in charge of field units and two Specialists (Palaeontologist and Petrographer); all lower graded scientific staff should be Geologists, on a graded pay-scale and there should be a substantial increase in pay and allowances.<br />
<br />
One can imagine the glee and satisfaction of the staff — and the fury of Archie G. , publicly humiliated by this criticism of his stewardship. In fairness he was under some pressure to complete the 'Survey' and wind down the organisation, and he had strongly supported an appeal by his temporary Assistant Geologists for establishment and promotion, sent to the Treasury in 1896, but his whole style of management had been autocratic and dictatorial and there were few tears when he finally retired in February of the following year, 1901. With the accession to the Directorship of Jethro Justinian Teal! (1849-1924) and the promotion to the posts of Assistants to the Director of H B Woodward (1848-1914) in England and John Horne (1848-1928) in Scotland the organisational shape of the Survey was set for over half a century. Each Assistant to the Director — the rank was changed to Assistant Director within a few years because of its 'ambiguity' — had two District Geologists under him and Teall set great store on team efforts, recasting the annual ''Summary of Progress'' to record work on a District basis. He also accepted, as appendices to the Summary, short papers on original topics by his staff.</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Applied_Geology_Mapping_%E2%80%93_a_catalogue_of_the_available_maps_and_reports&diff=59136
Applied Geology Mapping – a catalogue of the available maps and reports
2024-01-17T14:49:43Z
<p>Scotfot: /* 25 Southampton */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:BGS AGM Map.jpg|thumbnail|index to areas covered by the applied geology maps]]<br />
<br />
==Introduction (2022) ==<br />
The following contents are taken from a published catalogue of the Applied Geology Mapping. It was issued in the late 1990s.<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
These reports draw together information on geological resources and constraints, which are of significance to the particular area, and present it as a convenient guide to planners, developers, civil engineers and others interested in land use.<br />
<br />
The text is usually written as far as possible in non-technical terms and highlights the main geologically-related problems and constraints which planners and developers need to be aware of when considering land use and development. Such constraints to development include natural factors such as:<br />
* geological faults<br />
* ground instability<br />
* high groundwater levels<br />
<br />
and problems relating to human activity, for example:<br />
<br />
* subsidence caused by mining<br />
* waste disposal<br />
* landfill gas<br />
* land use of worked ground<br />
* risks related to leachate<br />
<br />
Some of the thematic maps are available separate to the reports and these are priced at £9.<br />
<br />
Figure 1 is an index to areas covered by the applied geology maps.: <br />
<br />
==Northumbria==<br />
===8 Newcastle===<br />
<br />
No thematic maps have been produced; however four open file reports are available:<br />
* Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheets NZ05NW, NE, SW and SE Edmondbyers and Hedley on the Hill: part of 1:50 000 sheet 20 (Newcastle upon Tyne). Mills, D A C. WA/DM/82/53. Price code A.<br />
* Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheets NZ15NW, NE, SW and SE Chopwell, Rowlands Gill, Consett and Stanley: part of 1:50 000 sheet 20 (Newcastle upon Tyne). Mills, D A C. WA/DM/82/54.1Price code A.<br />
* Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet] NZ25NW, NE, SW and SE Kibblesworth, Birtley, Craghead and Chester-le-Street: part of 1:50 000 sheet 20 (Newcastle upon Tyne) and sheet 21 (Sunderland). Cox, F C. WA/DM/83/28. /Price code A.<br />
* Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheets 26NW, NE, SW, SE Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead: part of 1:50 000 sheets 14 (Morpeth), 15 (Tynemouth), 20 (Newcastle upon Tyne) and 21<br />
* (Sunderland). Richardson, G. WA/DM/83/30. Price code A.<br />
<br />
===17 Northumberland===<br />
====Cramlington-Killingworth-Wide Open====<br />
<br />
Two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: NZ27, Cramlington, Killingworth and Wide Open SE Northumberland. Jackson, I, Lawrence, D J L and Frost, D V. WA/DM/85/14. Price code A + 2 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Structure contours<br />
* Shallow coal workings.<br />
<br />
Twelve thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are also available separate to the report.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Location of boreholes and shafts (all available for sheets: NZ27NE/ NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
====Ponteland-Morpeth District====<br />
<br />
Thirteen thematic maps, dyeline printed, two maps at the scale of 1:25 000, and 11 at the scale of 1:10 000, are available separate to the open file report: Geology of the onteland-Morpeth district: 1:10 000 sheets NZ17NE, SE and NZ18NE, SE: parts of 1:50 000 sheets 9 (Rothbury) and 14 (Morpeth). WA/DM/86/6 £8.50.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:25 000 are:<br />
* Structure contours<br />
* Shallow coal workings.<br />
* Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:10 000 are:<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness (both are available for sheets: NZ17NE/SE, NZ18 NE/SE)<br />
* Borehole and shaft locations (available for sheets: NZ17SE, NZ18NE/SE).<br />
<br />
===40 Morpeth-Bedlington-Ashington===<br />
<br />
Ten thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Geology and land‑use planning: Morpeth–Bedlington–Ashington. Part 1 Land Use Planning 1:25 000 sheets NZ28 and NZ38: parts of 1:50 000 geological sheets 9 (Rothbury), 10 (Newbiggin), 14 (Morpeth) and 15 (Tynemouth). Jackson, I, and Lawrence, D J D. WA/90/14. £50.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Shallow mining<br />
* Made & disturbed ground<br />
* Borehole & shaft sites<br />
* Engineering geology<br />
* Mineral & water resources & extraction (excluding coal)<br />
* Geological factors for consideration in land-use planning<br />
<br />
Another report connected with the thematic mapping ;project is: Geology and land-use planning: Morpeth-Bedlington-Ashington. Part 2 Geology. 1:10 000 sheets NZ28NW,NE,SW,SE and NZ38NW,SW. Parts of 1:50 000 geological sheets 9 (Rothbury), 10 (Newbiggin), 14 (Morpeth) and 15 (Tynemouth). WA/90/19. £25.<br />
<br />
==Lake District==<br />
<br />
===29 Dearham & Gilcrux–West Cumbria===<br />
<br />
Three thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: The applied geological mapping of the Dearham and Gilcrux area, Cumbria: 1:10 000 sheets NYO3NE and 13NW: Part of 1:50 000 sheets 22 (Maryport) and 23 (Cockermouth). Young, B, and Armstrong, M. WAJ89/70.VE12.50.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Mineralisation<br />
* Shallow coal workings<br />
* Structure ,contours.<br />
* In addition there are three thematic maps available separate to the report.<br />
* Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Location of boreholes and shafts<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness (all available for sheets: NY03NE, NY13NW).<br />
<br />
====Workington & Maryport–West Cumbria====<br />
<br />
Nine thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available separate to the open file report: Geology of Workington and Maryport: 1:10 000 sheets NY02NW, 03NW, SW; NX92NE and part of 93SE: parts of 1:50 000 sheets 22 (Maryport) and 28 (Whitehaven). Barnes, R 13, Young, B, Frost, D V, and Land, D H. WA/88/3. £9.50.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Location of boreholes and shafts (all available for sheets, NY03NW/ SW, NY02NW and NX92NE (part of)).<br />
<br />
===45 Great Broughton & Lamplugh area, Cumbria===<br />
<br />
Nine thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the two open file reports which are only available as a combined package for £90 + VAT: Geology and land-use planning: Great Broughton-Lamplugh area, Cumbria Part 1. Geology. Young, B. and Boland, M P. WA/92/54.<br />
<br />
Geology and land-use planning: Great Broughton-Lamplugh area, Cumbria Part 2. Land-use planning. Boland, M P, and Young, B. WA/92/55.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Aspects of ground stability<br />
* Made and disturbed ground<br />
* Borehole and shaft sites<br />
* Mineral resources and extraction (excluding coal)<br />
* Geological factors for consideration in land-use planning (all available for NY02SE, NY02NE, and NY03SE).<br />
<br />
A limited number of maps are available separate to the report.<br />
<br />
==Yorkshire==<br />
===14 South Humberside===<br />
<br />
Eighteen thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 available separate to the open file report: South Humberside project. Geology of parts of sheets TA11, 12, and 21. Williamson, I. T. WA/VG/83/7. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Known boreholes<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Total drift thickness<br />
* Thickness of post glacial marine or established alluvium<br />
* Distribution of made-ground or fill (all available for sheets TAll, TA21 and TA12).<br />
<br />
===19 South-east Leeds===<br />
====Morley====<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000, are available with the open file report:<br />
<br />
Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheets. Sheet SE22NE Morley. Part of 1:50 000 sheets 77 (Huddersfield) and 78 (Wakefield). Burgess, I. C. WA/DM/83/1. Price code A + 4 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Distribution of drift deposits<br />
* Constructional materials resources<br />
* Underground mining.<br />
<br />
====Castleford====<br />
<br />
Seven thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000, are available with the open file report: SE42NW (Castleford): part of 1:50 000 sheet 78 (Wakefield). Giles, J R A. WA/DM/87/68. Price code I + 7 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Thickness of drift deposits<br />
* Distribution of drift deposits<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Borehole locations<br />
* Underground and opencast coal mining<br />
* Sand and gravel resources<br />
* Underground sand mining.<br />
<br />
====Normanton====<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available with the open file report: SE32SE,<br />
<br />
Normanton: part of 1:50 000 sheet 78 (Wakefield). Giles, J R A, and Williamson, I T. WA/DM/87/26. Price code I + 4 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of drift deposits<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Borehole locations<br />
* Underground and opencast mining.<br />
<br />
====Oulton====<br />
<br />
Six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available with the open file report: Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet SE32NE Ou1ton: part of 1:50 000 sheet 78 (Wakefield). Giles, J R A, and Williamson, I T. WA/DM/85/3irPrice code J + 8 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of drift deposits<br />
* Thickness of drift deposits<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Borehole locations<br />
* Underground and opencast mining<br />
* Sand and gravel resources<br />
<br />
Two Figures are also available: a representative vertical section and generalized horizontal section.<br />
<br />
====Rothwell====<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available with the open file report: Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet SE32NW Rothwell: part of 1:50 000 sheet 78 (Wakefield). Williamson, I. T, and Giles, J. R. A. WA/DM/84/1. Price code A + 4 maps.* Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Distribution of drift deposits<br />
* Borehole locations<br />
* Underground and opencast mining<br />
<br />
An open file report is also available which summarises the results for the whole area: Geology and land-use planning: Morley–Rothwell–Castleford. 1:10 000 sheets SE22NE; SE32NW,NE,SE; and SE42NW: Part of 1:50 000 sheet 78 (Wakefield), Giles, J R A. WA/88/33. £7.50.<br />
<br />
No thematic maps accompany this report.<br />
<br />
===39 Garforth–Castleford–Pontefract===<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps, dyeline printed, twelve at the scale of 1:25 000, two at the scale of 1:10 000, are available with the open file report: A geological basis for land-use planning: Garforth–Castleford–Pontefract. 1:10 000 sheets SE42NW,NE,SW,SE, SE43SW and SE52SW, parts of 1:50 000 geological sheets 70 (Leeds) and 78 (Wakefield). Barclay, W J, Ellison, R A, and Northmore, K J. WA/90/3070.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Made ground<br />
* Engineering geology of the solid rocks<br />
* Engineering geology of the superficial deposits<br />
* Geomorphology<br />
* Hydrogeology<br />
* Shallow coal mining & opencast coal extraction<br />
* Deep coal mining<br />
* Mineral resources & workings (solid rocks)<br />
* Mineral resources & workings (superficial deposits)<br />
* Sub-Permian incrop.<br />
<br />
Theme of the maps at 1:10 000 is:<br />
* Basal Permian sand (available for Castleford–Pontefract Area, as parts of SE42NE/NW/SE/SW and Garforth–Kippax Area, SE43SW.<br />
<br />
===46 Leeds===<br />
<br />
Eight thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Leeds: A geological background for planning and development. Lake, R D, Northmore, K J, Dean, M T, and Tragheim, D G. WA/92/1. £75.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of borehole sites<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Distribution of superficial deposits and levels of natural rock-head beneath<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Deep coal mining<br />
* Quarrying and shallow mining<br />
* Engineering geology of the solid rocks<br />
* Engineering geology of the superficial deposits (all available for SE23NW/NE/SE, SE33NW/NE/SW/SE)<br />
* A limited number of maps are available separate to the report.<br />
<br />
==North West England==<br />
<br />
===8 Crosby–Bootle–Aintree===<br />
<br />
Twelve thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available with the open file report: Aspects of the drift geology of the Crosby, Bootle, Aintree area –[SJ39NW and SJ39NE]: part of 1:50 000 sheets 83 (Formby) and 84 (Wigan). Nutt, M J C, and Lowe, D J. WA/VG/86/2. Price code H + 12 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Borehole and trial pit locations 'Distribution of superficial (drift deposits)<br />
* Distribution of made ground and fill 'Distribution of peat (70.3 m thick)<br />
* Indurate rock-head contours<br />
* Thickness (Isopachytes) of superficial deposits (all available for sheets: SJ39NE/NW).<br />
<br />
===48 Wigan===<br />
<br />
Ten thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: A geological background for planning and development in Wigan. Volume 1: A geological foundation for planning; Volume 2: A user's guide to Wigan's ground conditions. Editors: Forster, A. Arrick, A, Culshaw, M G, and Johnston, M. WN/95/3. £95.<br />
<br />
Area covered by the report: Parts of sheets SD50, 51, 60, 61, 70 and SJ 59, 69, 79. Themes of the maps, all at 1:25 000, are:<br />
* Distribution of pits, boreholes and site investigations<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Natural superficial deposits<br />
* Hydrogeology<br />
* Mineral resources<br />
* Distribution of made and worked ground<br />
* Previous and present industrial land use<br />
* Engineering geology<br />
* Shallow mining<br />
* Key geological factors relevant to planning and development.<br />
<br />
Maps are available separate to the report<br />
<br />
===49 Bradford===<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps, colour printed, five at the scales 1:50 000 and 1:25 000 and four at the scale of 1:100 000 are available with the open file report: A geological background for planning and development in the City of Bradford Metropolitan District. Volume 1: A guide to the use of earth science information in planning and developmen Volume 2: A technical guide to ground conditions. Editors: Waters, C N, Northmore, K, Prig, and Marker, B R. WA/96/1. £110.<br />
<br />
Area covered by the report: Parts of sheets SD93, 94 and SE02, 03, 04, 05, 12, 13, 14, 22, 23, 24<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:50 000 scale are:<br />
* Earth science factors relevant to planning and development<br />
* Mineral resources and surface mineral workings<br />
* Slope steepness and landslips<br />
* Engineering ground conditions of bedrock and superficial deposits<br />
* Water resources and flooding.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 scale are:<br />
* Bedrock geology map (2 sheets)<br />
* Superficial deposits map (sheets)<br />
* Mined ground and shafts map.<br />
<br />
Theme of the maps at 1:100 000 scale is:<br />
* Engineering ground conditions of the bedrock and superficial deposits (4 maps on 1 sheet).<br />
<br />
==East Midlands==<br />
===34 Nottingham===<br />
<br />
Sixteen thematic maps, mostly black and white printed, some colour printed, at the scales of 1:50 000 and 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Nottingham: a geological background for planning and development. Charsley, T J, Rathbone, P A, and Lowe, D J. WA/90/1.<br />
<br />
£65.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:50 000 scale are:<br />
* Distribution of records (boreholes & trial pits)<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Distribution and thickness of drift deposits<br />
* Geomorphology slopes and drainage<br />
* Mineral resources mining & quarrying (excluding coal) (colour printed)<br />
* Underground colliery-based coal mining<br />
* Hydrogeology & flood limits (colour printed)<br />
* Engineering geology of superficial (drift) deposits<br />
* Engineering geology of bedrock materials.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 scale:<br />
* Distribution of made and disturbed ground (available for sheets: SK54, SK64, SK53, and SK63)<br />
* Coal: Opencast mining, shafts & shallow mining (available for sheet SK54)<br />
* Coal & gypsum: Opencast mining, shafts & shallow mining (available for sheet SK53)<br />
* Caves (available for sheets: SK53 (Parts of) and SK54 (Parts of)).<br />
<br />
Another report connected with the thematic mapping project is: The engineering geology of the Nottingham area. Forster, A. WN/89/4. Price code B + 4 maps.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Central England==<br />
<br />
===4 Brierley Hill===<br />
<br />
Three thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available separate to the open file report, now in its second edition: Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet SO98NW Brierley Hill 2nd edition. Part of 1:50 000 sheet 167 (Dudley). Wilson, D, and Waters, C N. WA/91/66 rice code B.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Undermined land and faults<br />
* Mine shafts<br />
* Opencast coal potential.<br />
<br />
===23 Aldridge–Brownhills===<br />
<br />
Sixteen thematic maps, dyeline printed and transparent dyeline overlays, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available separate to the open file report: Aldridge-Brownhills project. Geological report. Wilson, A A, Lowe, D J, Price, WA/VG/84/1. Price code K.<br />
<br />
Themes of the dyeline printed maps are:<br />
* Mining base map<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Potential sand and gravel resources.<br />
<br />
The following overlays showing workings in individual coal seams are available* Bottom Robins<br />
* Wyrley Yard<br />
* Charles<br />
* Brooch<br />
* Eight Foot<br />
* Yard<br />
* Bass<br />
* Cinder<br />
* Shallow<br />
* Deep<br />
* Bottom (Shallow & Deep).<br />
<br />
An overlay showing surface workings for brickclay, clay, ironstone and limestone is also available.<br />
<br />
Dyeline printed maps and overlays available for SK00SW/SE (part).<br />
<br />
===27 Coventry===<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps, black & white printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: geology of the Coventry area. Description of 1:25 000 sheets SP27/37 and 28/38 (excluding SP38NE). Old, R A, Bridge, D McC, and Rees, J G. WA/89/29 £55.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
*Bedrock geology<br />
*Drift thickness and lithology<br />
*Sub drift contours<br />
*Sand and gravel resources (Urban areas excluded)<br />
*Underground mining and coal resources<br />
*Made ground surface mineral workings & groundwater resources<br />
*Borehole & trial pit locations (all available for sheets: SP27/37 and SP28/38 (excluding SP38NE)).<br />
<br />
===42 Stoke-on-Trent===<br />
<br />
Twelve thematic maps, mainly colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Stoke-on-Trent: A geological background for planning and development. Wilson, A A, Rees, J G, Crofts, R G, Howard, A S, Buchanan, J G, and Waine, P J. WA/91/1. £90.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of records (boreholes, shafts and trial pits)<br />
* Thickness of superficial deposits<br />
* Distribution and engineering geology of superficial deposits & geomorphology<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Surface mineral resources<br />
* Mining<br />
* Slope steepness<br />
* Engineering geology of bedrock<br />
* Resources<br />
* Ground stability constraints<br />
* Constraints caused by leachates and gases (available for part SJ84/94 and part SJ85/95).<br />
<br />
A limited number of maps are also available separate to the report.<br />
<br />
Another report connected with the thematic mapping (project is: Engineering geology of the Stoke-on-Trent area. Waine, P J, Hallam, J R, and Culshaw, M G. WN/90/11. Price code G.<br />
<br />
===44 Black Country===<br />
<br />
Fifteen thematic maps, colour printed, at the scales of 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 are available with the open file report: A geological background for planning and development in the Black Country. Powell, J H, Glover, B W, and Waters, C N. WA/92/33. £95.00.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:50 000 are:<br />
* Distribution of records<br />
* Slope steepness and selected geomorphological features<br />
* Hydrogeology<br />
* Engineering geology of superficial (drift) deposits<br />
* Engineering geology of bedrock (solid) materials (all available for sheets: part SO88NE/SE, part SO89NE/SE, SO98NW/ NE/SW/SE, SO99NW/NE/SW/SE, SPO8NW/SW and SPO9NW/SW).<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:25 000 area:<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Distribution and thickness of superficial (drift) deposits<br />
* Distribution of made and worked ground<br />
* Surface mineral resources and quarrying<br />
* Underground mining (all available for the north and south of the study area).<br />
<br />
Another report connected with the thematic mapping project is:<br />
* Engineering geology of the Birmingham—West (Black Country) area. Forster, A. WN/91/15. Price code L.<br />
<br />
==East Anglia==<br />
<br />
===43 South West Essex===<br />
<br />
Twelve thematic maps, colour printed, at the scales of 1:25 000 and 1:100 000 are available with the open file report: S W Essex – M25 Corridor: Applied geology for planning and development. Moorlock, B S P, and Smith, A. WA/91/28V68.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:100 000 are:<br />
* Constraints and mineral resources (available for sheets: TQ57NE, TQ58NE/SE, TQ59SW, TQ67NW/NE, TQ68NW/NE/SW/SE, and TQ69SW/SE)<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:25 000 are:<br />
* South-west Essex – M25 Corridor: Solid & drift geology<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Worked ground<br />
* Artificial ground<br />
* Bedrock resources: Potential bulk minerals in bedrock<br />
* Superficial resources<br />
* Slope steepness<br />
* Engineering geology of bedrock<br />
* Engineering geology of superficial deposits<br />
* Hydrogeology.<br />
<br />
A limited number of maps are available separate to the report.<br />
<br />
Other reports connected with the thematic mapping project are:<br />
* S W Essex – M25 Corridor: Engineering geology. Culshaw, M G, and Crummy, J A. WN/90/2. Price code K.<br />
* S W Essex - M25 Corridor: Geology. WA/91/27. Price code O.<br />
<br />
===50 South Essex===<br />
<br />
Forty one applied geology maps and sections are available in a wallet as part 11 of the open file report: South Essex geological and geotechnical survey. Cratchley, C R, and others. WN/EG/75/20. £120.<br />
<br />
The parts of this report and a number of appendices are separately bound as follows:<br />
* Part 1: Introduction<br />
* Part 2. Geology<br />
* Part 3: Engineering geology<br />
** Appendix A: Sample test results<br />
** Appendix B: Consolidation and triaxial test results<br />
* Part 4: Computing<br />
* Part 5: Geophysics<br />
** Appendix A: Resistivity surveys<br />
** Appendix B: Seismic reflection surveys<br />
** Appendix C: Laboratory and in situ acoustic measurements<br />
* Part 6: Palaeontology<br />
* Part 7: Mineralogy<br />
* Part 8: Borehole logs<br />
* Part 9: Dutch cone graphs<br />
* Part 10: Particle size analysis graphs<br />
* Part 11: Maps and sections<br />
* Part 12: Summary<br />
<br />
The report was prepared for the DOE in connection with the third London Airport planned for Maplin Sands and the area covered by the report approximates to that shown on 1:50 000 scale sheet 258/259 Southend & Foulness.<br />
<br />
Part 11, maps and sections, is available separately at a cost of £100<br />
<br />
The four principal maps, colour printed, from the above report are available as a special package for £25. The sheets, at the 1:25 000 scale, are:<br />
* Engineering geology map of South Essex, Sheet 1 (western part)<br />
* Engineering geology map of South Essex, Sheet 2 (eastern part)<br />
* Landslip and slope map<br />
* Engineering planning map<br />
<br />
==South West England==<br />
<br />
===6 Exeter===<br />
<br />
Two thematic maps, at the scale of 1:50 000 are available with the open file report: Geology of Exeter and its environs: geological report for the DOE. Bristow, C R, Edwards, R A, Scrivener, R C, and Williams, B J. WA/VG/85/7. Price code L.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Quaternary ('Drift').<br />
<br />
===20 West Wiltshire & South-east Avon===<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps at the scale of 1:25 000 and four thematic maps at the scale of 1:10 000, all dyeline printed, are available with the open file report: Environmental geology study: Parts of West Wiltshire and South-east Avon. Forster, A, Hobbs, P R N, Monkhouse, R.A.Wyatt, R J. WA/VG/85/8. £100 (inclusive of maps) + £3.40 for postage & packing.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 are:<br />
* Solid lithostratigraphy<br />
* Drift deposits: Extent, lithology and thickness<br />
* Location of made ground and infilled land<br />
* Inferred distribution of Great Oolite freestones<br />
* Inferred distribution of Fuller's Earth<br />
* Groundwater<br />
* Ground conditions in relation to groundwater<br />
* Geotechnical properties of bedrock<br />
* Distribution of landslip and cambered strata<br />
* Distribution of slope angle<br />
* Location of shafts<br />
* Extent of underground mining<br />
* Location of geotechnical data sources (site investigation) boreholes and wells<br />
* Solid lithostratigraphy landslip and cambered data.<br />
<br />
Theme of the maps at 1:10 000 is:<br />
* Engineering properties of superficial deposits (available for sheets: ST76NE/NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
==South of England==<br />
<br />
===2 Bournemouth-Poole===<br />
<br />
====Corfe Mullen–Lytchett Minster====<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Geology of sheets SY99NE and SY99SE and parts of SY99NW and SY99SW. Corfe Mullen–Lytchett Minster, Dorset: part of 1:50 000 sheet 329 (Bournemouth). Bristow, C R, and Freshney, E C. WA/VG/81. Price Code L + 4 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Areas of made ground<br />
* Location of sand and gravel and clay<br />
* Areas underlain by mixed sand and clay sequences<br />
* Map showing the location of the BGS-registered boreholes in the district.<br />
<br />
====Bournemouth–Poole–Wimborne====<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Geology of sheet SZ09 (Bournemouth–Poole–Wimborne, Dorset) part 1:50 000 sheet 329 (Bournemouth). Freshney, E C, Bristow, C R, and Williams, B J. WA/VG/85/1. Price [?] + 4 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Areas of made ground<br />
* Location of sand, gravel and clay pits<br />
* Areas underlain by mixed sand and clay sequences<br />
* Map showing the location of BGS-registered boreholes.<br />
<br />
====Hurn–Christchurch====<br />
<br />
Three thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: SZ19, Hurn–Christchurch, part of 1:50 000 sheet 329 (Bournemouth). Freshney, E C, Bristow, C R, and Williams, B J. WA/VG/84/9. Price code L + 3 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Areas of steep slopes within mixed sand and clay sequences 'Areas of made ground<br />
* Borehole sites for sheets SZ19NW, NE, SW and SE.<br />
<br />
An open file report is also available which summarises the results for the three areas: Geology of the Poole–Bournemouth area, part of 1:50 000 sheet 329 (Bournemouth). Bristow, C R, and Freshney, E C. WANG/86/5. Price code M. No thematic maps accompanyOis report.<br />
<br />
===15 Fareham & Havant===<br />
<br />
No thematic maps have been produced; however two open file reports are available.<br />
<br />
South-east Hampshire project: SU60NE,SE; SU61SE, SU70NW,NE,SW,SE; SU71SW, SZ69NE; SZ79NW,NE. Havant and surrounding areas. Wyatt, R J, Lake, R D, and Berry, F G. WA/VG/V/6. Price code H.<br />
<br />
Geological report on 1:10 000 sheets SU40NE,SE; SU50NW,NE,SW,SE; SU51NW,NE,SW,SE; SU52SW; SU60NW,SW; SU61SW; SZ59E and SZ69NW. The south-east Hampshire district: Part of 1:50 000 sheets 315 (Southampton), 316 (Fareham) and 331 (Portsmouth). Lake, R D, Mathers, S J, Thornton, M H, and Zalasiewicz, J A. WA/VG/85/4. Price code L.<br />
<br />
===20 West Wiltshire & South-east Avon===<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps at the scale of 1:25 000 and four thematic maps at the scale of 1:10 000, all dyeline printed, are available with the open file report: Environmental geology study: Parts of West Wiltshire and South-east Avon. Forster, A, Hobb P R N, Monkhouse, R A, Wyatt, R J. WANG/85/8.V£100 (inclusive of maps) + £3.40 for postage & packing.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 are:<br />
* Solid lithostratigraphy<br />
* Drift deposits: Extent, lithology and thickness<br />
* Location of made ground and infilled land<br />
* Inferred distribution of Great Oolite freestones<br />
* Inferred distribution of Fuller's Earth<br />
* Groundwater<br />
* Ground conditions in relation to groundwater<br />
* Geotechnical properties of bedrock<br />
* Distribution of landslip and cambered strata<br />
* Distribution of slope angle<br />
* Location of shafts<br />
* Extent of underground mining<br />
* Location of geotechnical data sources (site investigation) boreholes and wells<br />
* Solid lithostratigraphy landslip and cambered data.<br />
<br />
Theme of the maps at 1:10 000 is:<br />
* Engineering properties of superficial deposits (available for sheets: ST76NE/NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
===25 Southampton===<br />
<br />
Sixty-two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scales of 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 are available in separate volumes with the open file report. Applied geological mapping:<br />
<br />
Southampton area. Volume 1, Main Report and Appendix. Edwards, R A, Scrivener, R C, and Forster, A. WO/87/2. Price code G.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 scale are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Sand and gravel resources<br />
* Distribution of worked ground<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Distribution of boreholes (all available for sheets: Part SU22/32, SU42/52, SU21/31, SU41/51, SU20/30, SU40/50).<br />
* Sand and gravel resources of the area around Beaulieu and Fawley (Part SU30/40, SZ39/49).<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:50 000 are:<br />
* Clay resources 'Distribution of aquifers<br />
* Distribution of standard penetration test data<br />
* Distribution of particle size analysis<br />
* Distribution of consolidation test data<br />
* Distribution of shear strength test data 'Distribution of chemical analyses<br />
* Distribution of water test data (including analyses) 'Distribution of sulphate test data<br />
* Engineering geology of solid deposits<br />
* Engineering geology of superficial deposits 'Distribution of slope angle and landslip<br />
* Sites of special scientific interest (SSSI).<br />
<br />
Other reports connected with the thematic mapping project are: Mapping techniques, using computer storage and presentation for applied geological mapping in the Southampton area. Loudon, T V, and Mennim, K C. W0/87J/3./Price code A.<br />
<br />
Computer database of geological, borehole and geotechnical information for applied geological mapping of the Southampton area. Laxton, J L. W0/87/4. Price code A.:<br />
<br />
==Wales==<br />
<br />
===3 Bridgend===<br />
<br />
Eight thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available for both Llantrisant and Bridgend with the open file report: Planning for development: Thematic geology maps, Bridgend area (ST08SW and SE, pts NW, NE; SS87NW, NE; SS88SW, SE; SS97NW, NE; SS98SW, SE). Wilson, D, and Smith, M. WA/VG/85/2. Price code C + 16 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Unconsolidated geology<br />
* Boreholes and rockhead information<br />
* Mining activities<br />
* Ground conditions<br />
* Mineral resources [Solid]<br />
* Mineral resources [unconsolidated deposits]<br />
* Hydrogeology.<br />
<br />
===24 Deeside===<br />
<br />
Seven thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Deeside (North Wales) thematic geological mapping. Campbell, S D G, and Hains, B A. WA/88/2. Price code P + 7 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Superficial (unconsolidated) deposits<br />
* Boreholes rockhead & thickness of superficial deposits<br />
* Mining: coal/metalliferous<br />
* Resources (bedrock) except coal/metalliferous<br />
* Resources – sand & gravel<br />
* Hydrogeology & water supply.<br />
<br />
Area covered by the project: SJ26NW/NE/SW/SE and SJ27SW Parts of SJ17NE, SJ27NW/NE/SE, SJ36NW/SW, SJ37SW, SJ17SE, SJ16NE/SE.<br />
<br />
===35 Wrexham===<br />
<br />
Ten thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Applied mapping in the Wrexham area: geology and fland-use planning. Haines, B A. WA/91/4. £55.<br />
<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Mining activities – coal/metalliferous<br />
* Bedrock resources – except coal/metalliferous<br />
* Sand & gravel resources<br />
* Engineering geology – solid<br />
* Engineering geology – drift<br />
* Geological factors for consideration in land-use planning.<br />
<br />
Other reports connected with the thematic mapping project are: Applied geological mapping in the Wrexham area: computing techniques. Loudon, T V, Clifton, A W, Giles, J R A, Holmes, K A, Laxton, J L, and Mennim, K C. WO/91/1. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Engineering geology of the Wrexham area. Waine, P J, Culshaw, M G, and Hallam, J R. WN/90/10. Price code J.<br />
<br />
==Scotland==<br />
<br />
===Grampian & Highland===<br />
<br />
====11 Aberdeen====<br />
<br />
Sixteen thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Aberdeen project. Smith, C G. WA/HI/86/1. Price code H.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Solid geology (both available for sheets NJ70, NJ71, NJ72, NJ80/90, NJ81/91, NJ82/92, N069/79, NO89/99).<br />
<br />
====18 Peterhead====<br />
<br />
Eighty-four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Peterhead project. Peacock, J D. WA/HI/83/1. Price code E.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Solid geology (both available for sheets: NJ85NE/NW/SE/SW, NJ86NW/SE/SW, NJ93NE/ NW/SE/SW, NJ94NE/NW/SE/SW, NJ95NE/NW/SE/SW, NJ96NE/NW/SE/SW, NKO3NE/NW/SE/SW, NK04NE /NW/SE/SW, NK05NE/NW/SE/SW, NK06NW/SE/SW, NK13NW, NK14NW/SW, NK15SW).<br />
<br />
===Central Scotland (Tayside & Fife, Central & Lothian, & Strathclyde)===<br />
<br />
====1 Glenrothes====<br />
<br />
Twenty-two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available as a set separate to the report described below.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Boresites<br />
* Unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Lithology of the unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Engineering properties of the unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Thickness of the unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Depth to water in unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Sand and gravel thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Bedrock lithology<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Shallow undermining<br />
* Natural landslip potential<br />
* Opencast workings<br />
* Hard rock aggregate resources<br />
* Limestone resources<br />
* Brick and tile clay<br />
* Mudstone for brickmaking<br />
* Hydrogeology<br />
* Underground storage potential<br />
* Sand and gravel potential<br />
* Foundation conditions<br />
* Groundwater resources.<br />
<br />
Five thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are also available with the report: Environmental geology of the Glenrothes district, Fife Region. Description of 1:25 000 sheet N020. Nickless, E F P. London: HMSO, 54pp., figs., 5 maps in pocket. IGS Report 82/15. (ISBN 0 11 884262 5) £14.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Development potential<br />
* Priority areas for on-site investigation<br />
* Resources: surface, opencast<br />
* Resources: buried, opencast<br />
* Resources: buried, mine or pump.<br />
<br />
====5 South-east Edinburgh====<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available as a set separate to the open file<br />
<br />
ort: Environmental geology maps of SE Edinburgh. Floyd, J D et al. WA/SL/83/5. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Boresites<br />
* Site investigation<br />
* Unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Lithology of the unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Thickness of the unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Bedrock lithology<br />
* Hydrogeology<br />
* Opencast coal sites<br />
* Mine and shaft sites<br />
* Shallow undermining (within 50 m of the surface)<br />
* Sand and gravel potential<br />
* Groundwater resource potential.<br />
<br />
====7 Falkirk-Grangemouth====<br />
<br />
Sixty-four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Falkirk and Grangemouth project. Forsyth, I H, Browne, M A E, and Jones, S M. WA/NL/82/3. Price code L.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Solid geology (all available for sheets: NS86NE/NW, NS87NE/ NW/SE/SW, NS88SE/SW, NS96NE/NW, NS97NE/ NW/SE/SW, NS98SE/SW<br />
* Drift thickness (available for sheets: NS86NW, NS87NE/NW/SE, NS88SE/SW, NS96NE/NW, NS97NE/NW/SE/SW, NS98SE/SW)<br />
* Rockhead contours (available for sheet NS88SE)<br />
* Fireclay resources (available for sheet NS87NW).<br />
<br />
====9 Upper Forth Estuary====<br />
<br />
Eight thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:50 000 are available with the published report: Engineering geology of the Upper Forth Estuary. Gostelow, T P, and Browne, M A E, 1986. London: HMSO, iv, 56pp., figs., 8 maps in pocket. BGS Report Vol.16 No.8 (ISBN 0 11 884385 0). £40.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Engineering geology of the solid rocks<br />
* Drift thickness contours (depth to rockhead)<br />
* Contours to upper surface of glacial deposits<br />
* Distribution of mine workings<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Engineering classification of surface sediments<br />
* Geotechnical cross-section<br />
* Geotechnical planning map for heavy structures.<br />
<br />
====10 Glasgow (phase 1)====<br />
<br />
Five thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 and thirty six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open-file report: Account accompanying environmental geology maps of Glasgow (National Grid sheet NS66). Forsyth,, I H, McMillan, A A, Browne, M A E, and Ball, A F. WA/NL/83/1. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:25 000 are:<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Bedrock lithology<br />
* Mining excluding coal<br />
* Hydrogeology (all available for sheet NS66).<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:10 000 are:<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Geomorphology<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Current mining<br />
* Mining within 30 m rockhead<br />
* Drift lithology: engineering (all available for sheets: NS66NE/ NW/SE/SW.)<br />
<br />
====10 Glasgow (phase 2)====<br />
<br />
Thirty two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 560 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Account accompanying environmental geology maps of Glasgow (National Grid sheet NS56). Forsyth, I H, McMillan, A A, Browne, M A E, and Ball, D F. WA/LS/84/2. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift thickness contours<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Geomorphology<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Mining excluding coal<br />
* Mining within 30 m rockhead<br />
* Drift lithology – engineering (all available for sheets NS56NE/NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
====10 Glasgow (phase 3)====<br />
<br />
Forty six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set for sheets: NS55NE/NW, NS57SE/SW, NS65NE/NW. The maps are separate to the open file report: Account accompanying environmental geology maps of Glasgow (parts of National Grid sheets NS55,57,65): Glasgow phase 3. Forsyth, I H, Paterson, I B, and Hall, I H S. WA/LS/85/2. Price code A. Themes of the maps are the same as for phase 2 however 'Mining excluding coal' was not produced for sheets NS65NE/NW.<br />
<br />
====12 Greenock====<br />
<br />
Forty-four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file<br />
<br />
report: Planning for development: Greenock project. Paterson, I B, Hall, I H S, and Cameron, I B. WA/NL/82/2. Price code G.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Solid geology (both available for sheets: NS16NE/SE, NS17SE, NS26NW/SW, NS27NE/ NW/SE/SW, NS28NE/NWSE/SW, NS36NE, NS37NE/ NW/SE/SW, NS38NE/NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
====13 Hamilton====<br />
<br />
Fifty-six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Hamilton project. Davies, A, McAdam, A D, McMillan, A A, and Monro, S K. WA/SL/82/3. Price code H.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Solid geology (both available for sheets: NS65NE/NW/SE/SW, NS73NE/NW/SE/SW, NS74NE/NW/SE/SW, and NS75NE/NW/SE/SW)<br />
* Mining information (available for sheets: NS65NE/NW/ SE/SW, NS73NE/SE/SW, NS74NE/NW/SE, and NS75NE/ NW/SE/SW)<br />
* Drift thickness (available for sheets: NS65NE/NW/SE/SW, NS74NE, and NS75NE/NW/SE/ SW)<br />
* Rockhead contours (available for sheet NS74NE).<br />
<br />
====16 Wishaw====<br />
<br />
Seven thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Wishaw project. Paterson, I B, and Hall, I H S. WA/NL/83/7. Price<br />
<br />
code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Shafts & adits<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Man-made deposits<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Mining information.<br />
<br />
====21 Fife–Cowdenbeath====<br />
<br />
Twenty-five thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 560 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Fife Phase 1 (Cowdenbeath-Lochgelly). Browne, M A E, Ross, D L, Thomas, C W, McAdam, A D, and Armstrong, M. WA/LS/85/1, Price code B.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Bedrock lithology<br />
* Qualitative drift thickness<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Shafts and adits (available for sheets: NT18NE, NT19NE/SE, NT29NW/ SW).<br />
<br />
====22 Fife–Kirkcaldy====<br />
<br />
Thirty thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Fife (Phase 2) Kirkcaldy. McAdam, A D, Hall, I H S, Ross, D L, MacPherson, K A T, and Smith, E P. WA/88/32. Price code F.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps showing:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Shafts & adits (available for each quarter sheet: NO30SW, NT29NE/SE, NT39NE/NW/SW).<br />
<br />
====26 Airdrie–Coatbridge====<br />
<br />
Twenty-seven thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Report accompanying the Thematic geology maps of the Airdrie and Coatbridge district (NS 76). Cameron, A B, Forsyth, I H, McMillan, A A, and Ball, D F. WA/LS/86/1. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Mining information (coal and ironstone)<br />
* Mining within 30 m of rockhead (coal and ironstone)<br />
* Shafts & adits (all available for sheets: NS76NE/NW/SE/SW)<br />
* Mining excluding coal and ironstone (available for sheets: NS 76NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
====31 Clyde Valley====<br />
<br />
Six thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:50 000 are available with the open file report: Geology for land us planning: drift deposits of the Clyde Valley, Vol.1: Planning Report; Vol.2: Details of procedures and technical data; Vol.3: Thematic maps. Browne, M A E, and McMillan, A A. WA/89/78. £15.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Surface distribution of quaternary deposits<br />
* Quaternary profiles (both available for each of the Dumbarton, Glasgow, and Motherwell sheets).<br />
<br />
====32 Bathgate====<br />
<br />
Forty-two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file Cameron, Geology for land use planning: Bathgate. Cameron, I B, Aitken, A M, Ross, D L. WA/89/19. Ell Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Shafts & adits<br />
* Mining information (coal & ironstone)<br />
* Shallow mining (coal & ironstone)<br />
* Mining other than coal & ironstone (all available for sheets: NS96NE/NW/SE/SW, NS97SE/SW).<br />
<br />
====33 Motherwell====<br />
<br />
Thirty-six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Geology for land use planning: Motherwell. Paterson, I B, McMillan, A A, and MacPherson, K A T. WA/89/31. Price code H.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Shafts & adits<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Shallow mining (all available for sheets: NS74NE/NW, NS75NE/NW/SE/ SW).<br />
<br />
====36 Dunfermline–Fife====<br />
<br />
Forty thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1.10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file<br />
<br />
eport: Geology for land-use planning: Dunfermline. Hall, I H S, McAdam, A D, Monro, S K, and Smith, E P. WA/89/49. Price code H.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Shafts and adits<br />
* Mining information (all available for s: NS98NE, NTO8NE/NW/SE/SW, NT19SW, 18NW/SW.<br />
<br />
====37 Hamilton-Wishaw====<br />
<br />
Forty-two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Geology for land-use planning: Hamilton–Wishaw. Paterson, I B, MacPherson, K A T, Armstrong, M, and Smith, E P. WA/90/30. Price code M.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Shafts & adits<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Shallow mining (all available for sheets: NS65NE (Parts of)/SE, NS85NE/ NW/SE/SW, and NS84NW).<br />
<br />
====38 Falkirk–Grangemouth====<br />
<br />
Thirty-six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file ort: Geology for land-use planning: Falkirk–angemouth. Aitken, A M, Browne, M A E, Ross, D L, -and Smith, R A. WA/90/56. Price code L.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Shafts & adits<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Shallow mining (all available for sheets: NS87NE, NS88SE, NS97NE/ NW, NS98SE (Parts of)/SW).<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Geology for land-use planning: Stirling. Monro, S K, Cameron, I B, and Hall, I H S. WA/91/25. £67.50.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology & thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Geological factors relevant to land-use planning.<br />
<br />
====47 Livingston====<br />
<br />
Five thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:50 000 are available with the open file report: Geology fland use planning: Livingston. McAdam, A D, Smith, R A, and Ross, D L. WA/92/37. £35.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Geological factors relevant to land use planning (all available for sheets: NT06NW/NE, NT07NW/NE/SW/SE and parts of NT08SW/SE).<br />
<br />
A limited number of maps are available separate to the report.</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Applied_Geology_Mapping_%E2%80%93_a_catalogue_of_the_available_maps_and_reports&diff=59135
Applied Geology Mapping – a catalogue of the available maps and reports
2024-01-17T11:15:01Z
<p>Scotfot: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:BGS AGM Map.jpg|thumbnail|index to areas covered by the applied geology maps]]<br />
<br />
==Introduction (2022) ==<br />
The following contents are taken from a published catalogue of the Applied Geology Mapping. It was issued in the late 1990s.<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
These reports draw together information on geological resources and constraints, which are of significance to the particular area, and present it as a convenient guide to planners, developers, civil engineers and others interested in land use.<br />
<br />
The text is usually written as far as possible in non-technical terms and highlights the main geologically-related problems and constraints which planners and developers need to be aware of when considering land use and development. Such constraints to development include natural factors such as:<br />
* geological faults<br />
* ground instability<br />
* high groundwater levels<br />
<br />
and problems relating to human activity, for example:<br />
<br />
* subsidence caused by mining<br />
* waste disposal<br />
* landfill gas<br />
* land use of worked ground<br />
* risks related to leachate<br />
<br />
Some of the thematic maps are available separate to the reports and these are priced at £9.<br />
<br />
Figure 1 is an index to areas covered by the applied geology maps.: <br />
<br />
==Northumbria==<br />
===8 Newcastle===<br />
<br />
No thematic maps have been produced; however four open file reports are available:<br />
* Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheets NZ05NW, NE, SW and SE Edmondbyers and Hedley on the Hill: part of 1:50 000 sheet 20 (Newcastle upon Tyne). Mills, D A C. WA/DM/82/53. Price code A.<br />
* Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheets NZ15NW, NE, SW and SE Chopwell, Rowlands Gill, Consett and Stanley: part of 1:50 000 sheet 20 (Newcastle upon Tyne). Mills, D A C. WA/DM/82/54.1Price code A.<br />
* Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet] NZ25NW, NE, SW and SE Kibblesworth, Birtley, Craghead and Chester-le-Street: part of 1:50 000 sheet 20 (Newcastle upon Tyne) and sheet 21 (Sunderland). Cox, F C. WA/DM/83/28. /Price code A.<br />
* Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheets 26NW, NE, SW, SE Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead: part of 1:50 000 sheets 14 (Morpeth), 15 (Tynemouth), 20 (Newcastle upon Tyne) and 21<br />
* (Sunderland). Richardson, G. WA/DM/83/30. Price code A.<br />
<br />
===17 Northumberland===<br />
====Cramlington-Killingworth-Wide Open====<br />
<br />
Two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: NZ27, Cramlington, Killingworth and Wide Open SE Northumberland. Jackson, I, Lawrence, D J L and Frost, D V. WA/DM/85/14. Price code A + 2 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Structure contours<br />
* Shallow coal workings.<br />
<br />
Twelve thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are also available separate to the report.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Location of boreholes and shafts (all available for sheets: NZ27NE/ NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
====Ponteland-Morpeth District====<br />
<br />
Thirteen thematic maps, dyeline printed, two maps at the scale of 1:25 000, and 11 at the scale of 1:10 000, are available separate to the open file report: Geology of the onteland-Morpeth district: 1:10 000 sheets NZ17NE, SE and NZ18NE, SE: parts of 1:50 000 sheets 9 (Rothbury) and 14 (Morpeth). WA/DM/86/6 £8.50.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:25 000 are:<br />
* Structure contours<br />
* Shallow coal workings.<br />
* Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:10 000 are:<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness (both are available for sheets: NZ17NE/SE, NZ18 NE/SE)<br />
* Borehole and shaft locations (available for sheets: NZ17SE, NZ18NE/SE).<br />
<br />
===40 Morpeth-Bedlington-Ashington===<br />
<br />
Ten thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Geology and land‑use planning: Morpeth–Bedlington–Ashington. Part 1 Land Use Planning 1:25 000 sheets NZ28 and NZ38: parts of 1:50 000 geological sheets 9 (Rothbury), 10 (Newbiggin), 14 (Morpeth) and 15 (Tynemouth). Jackson, I, and Lawrence, D J D. WA/90/14. £50.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Shallow mining<br />
* Made & disturbed ground<br />
* Borehole & shaft sites<br />
* Engineering geology<br />
* Mineral & water resources & extraction (excluding coal)<br />
* Geological factors for consideration in land-use planning<br />
<br />
Another report connected with the thematic mapping ;project is: Geology and land-use planning: Morpeth-Bedlington-Ashington. Part 2 Geology. 1:10 000 sheets NZ28NW,NE,SW,SE and NZ38NW,SW. Parts of 1:50 000 geological sheets 9 (Rothbury), 10 (Newbiggin), 14 (Morpeth) and 15 (Tynemouth). WA/90/19. £25.<br />
<br />
==Lake District==<br />
<br />
===29 Dearham & Gilcrux–West Cumbria===<br />
<br />
Three thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: The applied geological mapping of the Dearham and Gilcrux area, Cumbria: 1:10 000 sheets NYO3NE and 13NW: Part of 1:50 000 sheets 22 (Maryport) and 23 (Cockermouth). Young, B, and Armstrong, M. WAJ89/70.VE12.50.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Mineralisation<br />
* Shallow coal workings<br />
* Structure ,contours.<br />
* In addition there are three thematic maps available separate to the report.<br />
* Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Location of boreholes and shafts<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness (all available for sheets: NY03NE, NY13NW).<br />
<br />
====Workington & Maryport–West Cumbria====<br />
<br />
Nine thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available separate to the open file report: Geology of Workington and Maryport: 1:10 000 sheets NY02NW, 03NW, SW; NX92NE and part of 93SE: parts of 1:50 000 sheets 22 (Maryport) and 28 (Whitehaven). Barnes, R 13, Young, B, Frost, D V, and Land, D H. WA/88/3. £9.50.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Location of boreholes and shafts (all available for sheets, NY03NW/ SW, NY02NW and NX92NE (part of)).<br />
<br />
===45 Great Broughton & Lamplugh area, Cumbria===<br />
<br />
Nine thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the two open file reports which are only available as a combined package for £90 + VAT: Geology and land-use planning: Great Broughton-Lamplugh area, Cumbria Part 1. Geology. Young, B. and Boland, M P. WA/92/54.<br />
<br />
Geology and land-use planning: Great Broughton-Lamplugh area, Cumbria Part 2. Land-use planning. Boland, M P, and Young, B. WA/92/55.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Aspects of ground stability<br />
* Made and disturbed ground<br />
* Borehole and shaft sites<br />
* Mineral resources and extraction (excluding coal)<br />
* Geological factors for consideration in land-use planning (all available for NY02SE, NY02NE, and NY03SE).<br />
<br />
A limited number of maps are available separate to the report.<br />
<br />
==Yorkshire==<br />
===14 South Humberside===<br />
<br />
Eighteen thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 available separate to the open file report: South Humberside project. Geology of parts of sheets TA11, 12, and 21. Williamson, I. T. WA/VG/83/7. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Known boreholes<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Total drift thickness<br />
* Thickness of post glacial marine or established alluvium<br />
* Distribution of made-ground or fill (all available for sheets TAll, TA21 and TA12).<br />
<br />
===19 South-east Leeds===<br />
====Morley====<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000, are available with the open file report:<br />
<br />
Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheets. Sheet SE22NE Morley. Part of 1:50 000 sheets 77 (Huddersfield) and 78 (Wakefield). Burgess, I. C. WA/DM/83/1. Price code A + 4 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Distribution of drift deposits<br />
* Constructional materials resources<br />
* Underground mining.<br />
<br />
====Castleford====<br />
<br />
Seven thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000, are available with the open file report: SE42NW (Castleford): part of 1:50 000 sheet 78 (Wakefield). Giles, J R A. WA/DM/87/68. Price code I + 7 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Thickness of drift deposits<br />
* Distribution of drift deposits<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Borehole locations<br />
* Underground and opencast coal mining<br />
* Sand and gravel resources<br />
* Underground sand mining.<br />
<br />
====Normanton====<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available with the open file report: SE32SE,<br />
<br />
Normanton: part of 1:50 000 sheet 78 (Wakefield). Giles, J R A, and Williamson, I T. WA/DM/87/26. Price code I + 4 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of drift deposits<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Borehole locations<br />
* Underground and opencast mining.<br />
<br />
====Oulton====<br />
<br />
Six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available with the open file report: Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet SE32NE Ou1ton: part of 1:50 000 sheet 78 (Wakefield). Giles, J R A, and Williamson, I T. WA/DM/85/3irPrice code J + 8 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of drift deposits<br />
* Thickness of drift deposits<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Borehole locations<br />
* Underground and opencast mining<br />
* Sand and gravel resources<br />
<br />
Two Figures are also available: a representative vertical section and generalized horizontal section.<br />
<br />
====Rothwell====<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available with the open file report: Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet SE32NW Rothwell: part of 1:50 000 sheet 78 (Wakefield). Williamson, I. T, and Giles, J. R. A. WA/DM/84/1. Price code A + 4 maps.* Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Distribution of drift deposits<br />
* Borehole locations<br />
* Underground and opencast mining<br />
<br />
An open file report is also available which summarises the results for the whole area: Geology and land-use planning: Morley–Rothwell–Castleford. 1:10 000 sheets SE22NE; SE32NW,NE,SE; and SE42NW: Part of 1:50 000 sheet 78 (Wakefield), Giles, J R A. WA/88/33. £7.50.<br />
<br />
No thematic maps accompany this report.<br />
<br />
===39 Garforth–Castleford–Pontefract===<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps, dyeline printed, twelve at the scale of 1:25 000, two at the scale of 1:10 000, are available with the open file report: A geological basis for land-use planning: Garforth–Castleford–Pontefract. 1:10 000 sheets SE42NW,NE,SW,SE, SE43SW and SE52SW, parts of 1:50 000 geological sheets 70 (Leeds) and 78 (Wakefield). Barclay, W J, Ellison, R A, and Northmore, K J. WA/90/3070.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Made ground<br />
* Engineering geology of the solid rocks<br />
* Engineering geology of the superficial deposits<br />
* Geomorphology<br />
* Hydrogeology<br />
* Shallow coal mining & opencast coal extraction<br />
* Deep coal mining<br />
* Mineral resources & workings (solid rocks)<br />
* Mineral resources & workings (superficial deposits)<br />
* Sub-Permian incrop.<br />
<br />
Theme of the maps at 1:10 000 is:<br />
* Basal Permian sand (available for Castleford–Pontefract Area, as parts of SE42NE/NW/SE/SW and Garforth–Kippax Area, SE43SW.<br />
<br />
===46 Leeds===<br />
<br />
Eight thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Leeds: A geological background for planning and development. Lake, R D, Northmore, K J, Dean, M T, and Tragheim, D G. WA/92/1. £75.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of borehole sites<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Distribution of superficial deposits and levels of natural rock-head beneath<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Deep coal mining<br />
* Quarrying and shallow mining<br />
* Engineering geology of the solid rocks<br />
* Engineering geology of the superficial deposits (all available for SE23NW/NE/SE, SE33NW/NE/SW/SE)<br />
* A limited number of maps are available separate to the report.<br />
<br />
==North West England==<br />
<br />
===8 Crosby–Bootle–Aintree===<br />
<br />
Twelve thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available with the open file report: Aspects of the drift geology of the Crosby, Bootle, Aintree area –[SJ39NW and SJ39NE]: part of 1:50 000 sheets 83 (Formby) and 84 (Wigan). Nutt, M J C, and Lowe, D J. WA/VG/86/2. Price code H + 12 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Borehole and trial pit locations 'Distribution of superficial (drift deposits)<br />
* Distribution of made ground and fill 'Distribution of peat (70.3 m thick)<br />
* Indurate rock-head contours<br />
* Thickness (Isopachytes) of superficial deposits (all available for sheets: SJ39NE/NW).<br />
<br />
===48 Wigan===<br />
<br />
Ten thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: A geological background for planning and development in Wigan. Volume 1: A geological foundation for planning; Volume 2: A user's guide to Wigan's ground conditions. Editors: Forster, A. Arrick, A, Culshaw, M G, and Johnston, M. WN/95/3. £95.<br />
<br />
Area covered by the report: Parts of sheets SD50, 51, 60, 61, 70 and SJ 59, 69, 79. Themes of the maps, all at 1:25 000, are:<br />
* Distribution of pits, boreholes and site investigations<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Natural superficial deposits<br />
* Hydrogeology<br />
* Mineral resources<br />
* Distribution of made and worked ground<br />
* Previous and present industrial land use<br />
* Engineering geology<br />
* Shallow mining<br />
* Key geological factors relevant to planning and development.<br />
<br />
Maps are available separate to the report<br />
<br />
===49 Bradford===<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps, colour printed, five at the scales 1:50 000 and 1:25 000 and four at the scale of 1:100 000 are available with the open file report: A geological background for planning and development in the City of Bradford Metropolitan District. Volume 1: A guide to the use of earth science information in planning and developmen Volume 2: A technical guide to ground conditions. Editors: Waters, C N, Northmore, K, Prig, and Marker, B R. WA/96/1. £110.<br />
<br />
Area covered by the report: Parts of sheets SD93, 94 and SE02, 03, 04, 05, 12, 13, 14, 22, 23, 24<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:50 000 scale are:<br />
* Earth science factors relevant to planning and development<br />
* Mineral resources and surface mineral workings<br />
* Slope steepness and landslips<br />
* Engineering ground conditions of bedrock and superficial deposits<br />
* Water resources and flooding.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 scale are:<br />
* Bedrock geology map (2 sheets)<br />
* Superficial deposits map (sheets)<br />
* Mined ground and shafts map.<br />
<br />
Theme of the maps at 1:100 000 scale is:<br />
* Engineering ground conditions of the bedrock and superficial deposits (4 maps on 1 sheet).<br />
<br />
==East Midlands==<br />
===34 Nottingham===<br />
<br />
Sixteen thematic maps, mostly black and white printed, some colour printed, at the scales of 1:50 000 and 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Nottingham: a geological background for planning and development. Charsley, T J, Rathbone, P A, and Lowe, D J. WA/90/1.<br />
<br />
£65.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:50 000 scale are:<br />
* Distribution of records (boreholes & trial pits)<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Distribution and thickness of drift deposits<br />
* Geomorphology slopes and drainage<br />
* Mineral resources mining & quarrying (excluding coal) (colour printed)<br />
* Underground colliery-based coal mining<br />
* Hydrogeology & flood limits (colour printed)<br />
* Engineering geology of superficial (drift) deposits<br />
* Engineering geology of bedrock materials.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 scale:<br />
* Distribution of made and disturbed ground (available for sheets: SK54, SK64, SK53, and SK63)<br />
* Coal: Opencast mining, shafts & shallow mining (available for sheet SK54)<br />
* Coal & gypsum: Opencast mining, shafts & shallow mining (available for sheet SK53)<br />
* Caves (available for sheets: SK53 (Parts of) and SK54 (Parts of)).<br />
<br />
Another report connected with the thematic mapping project is: The engineering geology of the Nottingham area. Forster, A. WN/89/4. Price code B + 4 maps.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Central England==<br />
<br />
===4 Brierley Hill===<br />
<br />
Three thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available separate to the open file report, now in its second edition: Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet SO98NW Brierley Hill 2nd edition. Part of 1:50 000 sheet 167 (Dudley). Wilson, D, and Waters, C N. WA/91/66 rice code B.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Undermined land and faults<br />
* Mine shafts<br />
* Opencast coal potential.<br />
<br />
===23 Aldridge–Brownhills===<br />
<br />
Sixteen thematic maps, dyeline printed and transparent dyeline overlays, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available separate to the open file report: Aldridge-Brownhills project. Geological report. Wilson, A A, Lowe, D J, Price, WA/VG/84/1. Price code K.<br />
<br />
Themes of the dyeline printed maps are:<br />
* Mining base map<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Potential sand and gravel resources.<br />
<br />
The following overlays showing workings in individual coal seams are available* Bottom Robins<br />
* Wyrley Yard<br />
* Charles<br />
* Brooch<br />
* Eight Foot<br />
* Yard<br />
* Bass<br />
* Cinder<br />
* Shallow<br />
* Deep<br />
* Bottom (Shallow & Deep).<br />
<br />
An overlay showing surface workings for brickclay, clay, ironstone and limestone is also available.<br />
<br />
Dyeline printed maps and overlays available for SK00SW/SE (part).<br />
<br />
===27 Coventry===<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps, black & white printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: geology of the Coventry area. Description of 1:25 000 sheets SP27/37 and 28/38 (excluding SP38NE). Old, R A, Bridge, D McC, and Rees, J G. WA/89/29 £55.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
*Bedrock geology<br />
*Drift thickness and lithology<br />
*Sub drift contours<br />
*Sand and gravel resources (Urban areas excluded)<br />
*Underground mining and coal resources<br />
*Made ground surface mineral workings & groundwater resources<br />
*Borehole & trial pit locations (all available for sheets: SP27/37 and SP28/38 (excluding SP38NE)).<br />
<br />
===42 Stoke-on-Trent===<br />
<br />
Twelve thematic maps, mainly colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Stoke-on-Trent: A geological background for planning and development. Wilson, A A, Rees, J G, Crofts, R G, Howard, A S, Buchanan, J G, and Waine, P J. WA/91/1. £90.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of records (boreholes, shafts and trial pits)<br />
* Thickness of superficial deposits<br />
* Distribution and engineering geology of superficial deposits & geomorphology<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Surface mineral resources<br />
* Mining<br />
* Slope steepness<br />
* Engineering geology of bedrock<br />
* Resources<br />
* Ground stability constraints<br />
* Constraints caused by leachates and gases (available for part SJ84/94 and part SJ85/95).<br />
<br />
A limited number of maps are also available separate to the report.<br />
<br />
Another report connected with the thematic mapping (project is: Engineering geology of the Stoke-on-Trent area. Waine, P J, Hallam, J R, and Culshaw, M G. WN/90/11. Price code G.<br />
<br />
===44 Black Country===<br />
<br />
Fifteen thematic maps, colour printed, at the scales of 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 are available with the open file report: A geological background for planning and development in the Black Country. Powell, J H, Glover, B W, and Waters, C N. WA/92/33. £95.00.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:50 000 are:<br />
* Distribution of records<br />
* Slope steepness and selected geomorphological features<br />
* Hydrogeology<br />
* Engineering geology of superficial (drift) deposits<br />
* Engineering geology of bedrock (solid) materials (all available for sheets: part SO88NE/SE, part SO89NE/SE, SO98NW/ NE/SW/SE, SO99NW/NE/SW/SE, SPO8NW/SW and SPO9NW/SW).<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:25 000 area:<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Distribution and thickness of superficial (drift) deposits<br />
* Distribution of made and worked ground<br />
* Surface mineral resources and quarrying<br />
* Underground mining (all available for the north and south of the study area).<br />
<br />
Another report connected with the thematic mapping project is:<br />
* Engineering geology of the Birmingham—West (Black Country) area. Forster, A. WN/91/15. Price code L.<br />
<br />
==East Anglia==<br />
<br />
===43 South West Essex===<br />
<br />
Twelve thematic maps, colour printed, at the scales of 1:25 000 and 1:100 000 are available with the open file report: S W Essex – M25 Corridor: Applied geology for planning and development. Moorlock, B S P, and Smith, A. WA/91/28V68.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:100 000 are:<br />
* Constraints and mineral resources (available for sheets: TQ57NE, TQ58NE/SE, TQ59SW, TQ67NW/NE, TQ68NW/NE/SW/SE, and TQ69SW/SE)<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:25 000 are:<br />
* South-west Essex – M25 Corridor: Solid & drift geology<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Worked ground<br />
* Artificial ground<br />
* Bedrock resources: Potential bulk minerals in bedrock<br />
* Superficial resources<br />
* Slope steepness<br />
* Engineering geology of bedrock<br />
* Engineering geology of superficial deposits<br />
* Hydrogeology.<br />
<br />
A limited number of maps are available separate to the report.<br />
<br />
Other reports connected with the thematic mapping project are:<br />
* S W Essex – M25 Corridor: Engineering geology. Culshaw, M G, and Crummy, J A. WN/90/2. Price code K.<br />
* S W Essex - M25 Corridor: Geology. WA/91/27. Price code O.<br />
<br />
===50 South Essex===<br />
<br />
Forty one applied geology maps and sections are available in a wallet as part 11 of the open file report: South Essex geological and geotechnical survey. Cratchley, C R, and others. WN/EG/75/20. £120.<br />
<br />
The parts of this report and a number of appendices are separately bound as follows:<br />
* Part 1: Introduction<br />
* Part 2. Geology<br />
* Part 3: Engineering geology<br />
** Appendix A: Sample test results<br />
** Appendix B: Consolidation and triaxial test results<br />
* Part 4: Computing<br />
* Part 5: Geophysics<br />
** Appendix A: Resistivity surveys<br />
** Appendix B: Seismic reflection surveys<br />
** Appendix C: Laboratory and in situ acoustic measurements<br />
* Part 6: Palaeontology<br />
* Part 7: Mineralogy<br />
* Part 8: Borehole logs<br />
* Part 9: Dutch cone graphs<br />
* Part 10: Particle size analysis graphs<br />
* Part 11: Maps and sections<br />
* Part 12: Summary<br />
<br />
The report was prepared for the DOE in connection with the third London Airport planned for Maplin Sands and the area covered by the report approximates to that shown on 1:50 000 scale sheet 258/259 Southend & Foulness.<br />
<br />
Part 11, maps and sections, is available separately at a cost of £100<br />
<br />
The four principal maps, colour printed, from the above report are available as a special package for £25. The sheets, at the 1:25 000 scale, are:<br />
* Engineering geology map of South Essex, Sheet 1 (western part)<br />
* Engineering geology map of South Essex, Sheet 2 (eastern part)<br />
* Landslip and slope map<br />
* Engineering planning map<br />
<br />
==South West England==<br />
<br />
===6 Exeter===<br />
<br />
Two thematic maps, at the scale of 1:50 000 are available with the open file report: Geology of Exeter and its environs: geological report for the DOE. Bristow, C R, Edwards, R A, Scrivener, R C, and Williams, B J. WA/VG/85/7. Price code L.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Quaternary ('Drift').<br />
<br />
===20 West Wiltshire & South-east Avon===<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps at the scale of 1:25 000 and four thematic maps at the scale of 1:10 000, all dyeline printed, are available with the open file report: Environmental geology study: Parts of West Wiltshire and South-east Avon. Forster, A, Hobbs, P R N, Monkhouse, R.A.Wyatt, R J. WA/VG/85/8. £100 (inclusive of maps) + £3.40 for postage & packing.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 are:<br />
* Solid lithostratigraphy<br />
* Drift deposits: Extent, lithology and thickness<br />
* Location of made ground and infilled land<br />
* Inferred distribution of Great Oolite freestones<br />
* Inferred distribution of Fuller's Earth<br />
* Groundwater<br />
* Ground conditions in relation to groundwater<br />
* Geotechnical properties of bedrock<br />
* Distribution of landslip and cambered strata<br />
* Distribution of slope angle<br />
* Location of shafts<br />
* Extent of underground mining<br />
* Location of geotechnical data sources (site investigation) boreholes and wells<br />
* Solid lithostratigraphy landslip and cambered data.<br />
<br />
Theme of the maps at 1:10 000 is:<br />
* Engineering properties of superficial deposits (available for sheets: ST76NE/NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
==South of England==<br />
<br />
===2 Bournemouth-Poole===<br />
<br />
====Corfe Mullen–Lytchett Minster====<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Geology of sheets SY99NE and SY99SE and parts of SY99NW and SY99SW. Corfe Mullen–Lytchett Minster, Dorset: part of 1:50 000 sheet 329 (Bournemouth). Bristow, C R, and Freshney, E C. WA/VG/81. Price Code L + 4 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Areas of made ground<br />
* Location of sand and gravel and clay<br />
* Areas underlain by mixed sand and clay sequences<br />
* Map showing the location of the BGS-registered boreholes in the district.<br />
<br />
====Bournemouth–Poole–Wimborne====<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Geology of sheet SZ09 (Bournemouth–Poole–Wimborne, Dorset) part 1:50 000 sheet 329 (Bournemouth). Freshney, E C, Bristow, C R, and Williams, B J. WA/VG/85/1. Price [?] + 4 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Areas of made ground<br />
* Location of sand, gravel and clay pits<br />
* Areas underlain by mixed sand and clay sequences<br />
* Map showing the location of BGS-registered boreholes.<br />
<br />
====Hurn–Christchurch====<br />
<br />
Three thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: SZ19, Hurn–Christchurch, part of 1:50 000 sheet 329 (Bournemouth). Freshney, E C, Bristow, C R, and Williams, B J. WA/VG/84/9. Price code L + 3 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Areas of steep slopes within mixed sand and clay sequences 'Areas of made ground<br />
* Borehole sites for sheets SZ19NW, NE, SW and SE.<br />
<br />
An open file report is also available which summarises the results for the three areas: Geology of the Poole–Bournemouth area, part of 1:50 000 sheet 329 (Bournemouth). Bristow, C R, and Freshney, E C. WANG/86/5. Price code M. No thematic maps accompanyOis report.<br />
<br />
===15 Fareham & Havant===<br />
<br />
No thematic maps have been produced; however two open file reports are available.<br />
<br />
South-east Hampshire project: SU60NE,SE; SU61SE, SU70NW,NE,SW,SE; SU71SW, SZ69NE; SZ79NW,NE. Havant and surrounding areas. Wyatt, R J, Lake, R D, and Berry, F G. WA/VG/V/6. Price code H.<br />
<br />
Geological report on 1:10 000 sheets SU40NE,SE; SU50NW,NE,SW,SE; SU51NW,NE,SW,SE; SU52SW; SU60NW,SW; SU61SW; SZ59E and SZ69NW. The south-east Hampshire district: Part of 1:50 000 sheets 315 (Southampton), 316 (Fareham) and 331 (Portsmouth). Lake, R D, Mathers, S J, Thornton, M H, and Zalasiewicz, J A. WA/VG/85/4. Price code L.<br />
<br />
===20 West Wiltshire & South-east Avon===<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps at the scale of 1:25 000 and four thematic maps at the scale of 1:10 000, all dyeline printed, are available with the open file report: Environmental geology study: Parts of West Wiltshire and South-east Avon. Forster, A, Hobb P R N, Monkhouse, R A, Wyatt, R J. WANG/85/8.V£100 (inclusive of maps) + £3.40 for postage & packing.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 are:<br />
* Solid lithostratigraphy<br />
* Drift deposits: Extent, lithology and thickness<br />
* Location of made ground and infilled land<br />
* Inferred distribution of Great Oolite freestones<br />
* Inferred distribution of Fuller's Earth<br />
* Groundwater<br />
* Ground conditions in relation to groundwater<br />
* Geotechnical properties of bedrock<br />
* Distribution of landslip and cambered strata<br />
* Distribution of slope angle<br />
* Location of shafts<br />
* Extent of underground mining<br />
* Location of geotechnical data sources (site investigation) boreholes and wells<br />
* Solid lithostratigraphy landslip and cambered data.<br />
<br />
Theme of the maps at 1:10 000 is:<br />
* Engineering properties of superficial deposits (available for sheets: ST76NE/NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
===25 Southampton===<br />
<br />
Sixty-two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scales of 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 are available in separate volumes w*th the open file report. Applied geological mapping:<br />
<br />
outhampton area. Volume 1, Main Report and Appendix. Edwards, R A, Scrivener, R C, and Forster, A. WO/87/2. Price code G.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 scale are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Sand and gravel resources<br />
* Distribution of worked ground<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Distribution of boreholes (all available for sheets: Part SU22/32, SU42/52, SU21/31, SU41/51, SU20/30, SU40/50).<br />
* Sand and gravel resources of the area around Beaulieu and Fawley (Part SU30/40, SZ39/49).<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:50 000 are:<br />
* Clay resources 'Distribution of aquifers<br />
* Distribution of standard penetration test data<br />
* Distribution of particle size analysis<br />
* Distribution of consolidation test data<br />
* Distribution of shear strength test data 'Distribution of chemical analyses<br />
* Distribution of water test data (including analyses) 'Distribution of sulphate test data<br />
* Engineering geology of solid deposits<br />
* Engineering geology of superficial deposits 'Distribution of slope angle and landslip<br />
* Sites of special scientific interest (SSSI).<br />
<br />
Other reports connected with the thematic mapping project are: Mapping techniques, using computer storage and presentation for applied geological mapping in the Southampton area. Loudon, T V, and Mennim, K C. W0/87J/3./Price code A.<br />
<br />
Computer database of geological, borehole and geotechnical information for applied geological mapping of the Southampton area. Laxton, J L. W0/87/4. Price code A.:<br />
<br />
==Wales==<br />
<br />
===3 Bridgend===<br />
<br />
Eight thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available for both Llantrisant and Bridgend with the open file report: Planning for development: Thematic geology maps, Bridgend area (ST08SW and SE, pts NW, NE; SS87NW, NE; SS88SW, SE; SS97NW, NE; SS98SW, SE). Wilson, D, and Smith, M. WA/VG/85/2. Price code C + 16 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Unconsolidated geology<br />
* Boreholes and rockhead information<br />
* Mining activities<br />
* Ground conditions<br />
* Mineral resources [Solid]<br />
* Mineral resources [unconsolidated deposits]<br />
* Hydrogeology.<br />
<br />
===24 Deeside===<br />
<br />
Seven thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Deeside (North Wales) thematic geological mapping. Campbell, S D G, and Hains, B A. WA/88/2. Price code P + 7 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Superficial (unconsolidated) deposits<br />
* Boreholes rockhead & thickness of superficial deposits<br />
* Mining: coal/metalliferous<br />
* Resources (bedrock) except coal/metalliferous<br />
* Resources – sand & gravel<br />
* Hydrogeology & water supply.<br />
<br />
Area covered by the project: SJ26NW/NE/SW/SE and SJ27SW Parts of SJ17NE, SJ27NW/NE/SE, SJ36NW/SW, SJ37SW, SJ17SE, SJ16NE/SE.<br />
<br />
===35 Wrexham===<br />
<br />
Ten thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Applied mapping in the Wrexham area: geology and fland-use planning. Haines, B A. WA/91/4. £55.<br />
<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Mining activities – coal/metalliferous<br />
* Bedrock resources – except coal/metalliferous<br />
* Sand & gravel resources<br />
* Engineering geology – solid<br />
* Engineering geology – drift<br />
* Geological factors for consideration in land-use planning.<br />
<br />
Other reports connected with the thematic mapping project are: Applied geological mapping in the Wrexham area: computing techniques. Loudon, T V, Clifton, A W, Giles, J R A, Holmes, K A, Laxton, J L, and Mennim, K C. WO/91/1. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Engineering geology of the Wrexham area. Waine, P J, Culshaw, M G, and Hallam, J R. WN/90/10. Price code J.<br />
<br />
==Scotland==<br />
<br />
===Grampian & Highland===<br />
<br />
====11 Aberdeen====<br />
<br />
Sixteen thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Aberdeen project. Smith, C G. WA/HI/86/1. Price code H.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Solid geology (both available for sheets NJ70, NJ71, NJ72, NJ80/90, NJ81/91, NJ82/92, N069/79, NO89/99).<br />
<br />
====18 Peterhead====<br />
<br />
Eighty-four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Peterhead project. Peacock, J D. WA/HI/83/1. Price code E.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Solid geology (both available for sheets: NJ85NE/NW/SE/SW, NJ86NW/SE/SW, NJ93NE/ NW/SE/SW, NJ94NE/NW/SE/SW, NJ95NE/NW/SE/SW, NJ96NE/NW/SE/SW, NKO3NE/NW/SE/SW, NK04NE /NW/SE/SW, NK05NE/NW/SE/SW, NK06NW/SE/SW, NK13NW, NK14NW/SW, NK15SW).<br />
<br />
===Central Scotland (Tayside & Fife, Central & Lothian, & Strathclyde)===<br />
<br />
====1 Glenrothes====<br />
<br />
Twenty-two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available as a set separate to the report described below.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Boresites<br />
* Unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Lithology of the unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Engineering properties of the unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Thickness of the unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Depth to water in unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Sand and gravel thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Bedrock lithology<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Shallow undermining<br />
* Natural landslip potential<br />
* Opencast workings<br />
* Hard rock aggregate resources<br />
* Limestone resources<br />
* Brick and tile clay<br />
* Mudstone for brickmaking<br />
* Hydrogeology<br />
* Underground storage potential<br />
* Sand and gravel potential<br />
* Foundation conditions<br />
* Groundwater resources.<br />
<br />
Five thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are also available with the report: Environmental geology of the Glenrothes district, Fife Region. Description of 1:25 000 sheet N020. Nickless, E F P. London: HMSO, 54pp., figs., 5 maps in pocket. IGS Report 82/15. (ISBN 0 11 884262 5) £14.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Development potential<br />
* Priority areas for on-site investigation<br />
* Resources: surface, opencast<br />
* Resources: buried, opencast<br />
* Resources: buried, mine or pump.<br />
<br />
====5 South-east Edinburgh====<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available as a set separate to the open file<br />
<br />
ort: Environmental geology maps of SE Edinburgh. Floyd, J D et al. WA/SL/83/5. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Boresites<br />
* Site investigation<br />
* Unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Lithology of the unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Thickness of the unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Bedrock lithology<br />
* Hydrogeology<br />
* Opencast coal sites<br />
* Mine and shaft sites<br />
* Shallow undermining (within 50 m of the surface)<br />
* Sand and gravel potential<br />
* Groundwater resource potential.<br />
<br />
====7 Falkirk-Grangemouth====<br />
<br />
Sixty-four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Falkirk and Grangemouth project. Forsyth, I H, Browne, M A E, and Jones, S M. WA/NL/82/3. Price code L.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Solid geology (all available for sheets: NS86NE/NW, NS87NE/ NW/SE/SW, NS88SE/SW, NS96NE/NW, NS97NE/ NW/SE/SW, NS98SE/SW<br />
* Drift thickness (available for sheets: NS86NW, NS87NE/NW/SE, NS88SE/SW, NS96NE/NW, NS97NE/NW/SE/SW, NS98SE/SW)<br />
* Rockhead contours (available for sheet NS88SE)<br />
* Fireclay resources (available for sheet NS87NW).<br />
<br />
====9 Upper Forth Estuary====<br />
<br />
Eight thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:50 000 are available with the published report: Engineering geology of the Upper Forth Estuary. Gostelow, T P, and Browne, M A E, 1986. London: HMSO, iv, 56pp., figs., 8 maps in pocket. BGS Report Vol.16 No.8 (ISBN 0 11 884385 0). £40.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Engineering geology of the solid rocks<br />
* Drift thickness contours (depth to rockhead)<br />
* Contours to upper surface of glacial deposits<br />
* Distribution of mine workings<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Engineering classification of surface sediments<br />
* Geotechnical cross-section<br />
* Geotechnical planning map for heavy structures.<br />
<br />
====10 Glasgow (phase 1)====<br />
<br />
Five thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 and thirty six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open-file report: Account accompanying environmental geology maps of Glasgow (National Grid sheet NS66). Forsyth,, I H, McMillan, A A, Browne, M A E, and Ball, A F. WA/NL/83/1. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:25 000 are:<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Bedrock lithology<br />
* Mining excluding coal<br />
* Hydrogeology (all available for sheet NS66).<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:10 000 are:<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Geomorphology<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Current mining<br />
* Mining within 30 m rockhead<br />
* Drift lithology: engineering (all available for sheets: NS66NE/ NW/SE/SW.)<br />
<br />
====10 Glasgow (phase 2)====<br />
<br />
Thirty two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 560 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Account accompanying environmental geology maps of Glasgow (National Grid sheet NS56). Forsyth, I H, McMillan, A A, Browne, M A E, and Ball, D F. WA/LS/84/2. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift thickness contours<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Geomorphology<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Mining excluding coal<br />
* Mining within 30 m rockhead<br />
* Drift lithology – engineering (all available for sheets NS56NE/NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
====10 Glasgow (phase 3)====<br />
<br />
Forty six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set for sheets: NS55NE/NW, NS57SE/SW, NS65NE/NW. The maps are separate to the open file report: Account accompanying environmental geology maps of Glasgow (parts of National Grid sheets NS55,57,65): Glasgow phase 3. Forsyth, I H, Paterson, I B, and Hall, I H S. WA/LS/85/2. Price code A. Themes of the maps are the same as for phase 2 however 'Mining excluding coal' was not produced for sheets NS65NE/NW.<br />
<br />
====12 Greenock====<br />
<br />
Forty-four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file<br />
<br />
report: Planning for development: Greenock project. Paterson, I B, Hall, I H S, and Cameron, I B. WA/NL/82/2. Price code G.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Solid geology (both available for sheets: NS16NE/SE, NS17SE, NS26NW/SW, NS27NE/ NW/SE/SW, NS28NE/NWSE/SW, NS36NE, NS37NE/ NW/SE/SW, NS38NE/NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
====13 Hamilton====<br />
<br />
Fifty-six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Hamilton project. Davies, A, McAdam, A D, McMillan, A A, and Monro, S K. WA/SL/82/3. Price code H.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Solid geology (both available for sheets: NS65NE/NW/SE/SW, NS73NE/NW/SE/SW, NS74NE/NW/SE/SW, and NS75NE/NW/SE/SW)<br />
* Mining information (available for sheets: NS65NE/NW/ SE/SW, NS73NE/SE/SW, NS74NE/NW/SE, and NS75NE/ NW/SE/SW)<br />
* Drift thickness (available for sheets: NS65NE/NW/SE/SW, NS74NE, and NS75NE/NW/SE/ SW)<br />
* Rockhead contours (available for sheet NS74NE).<br />
<br />
====16 Wishaw====<br />
<br />
Seven thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Wishaw project. Paterson, I B, and Hall, I H S. WA/NL/83/7. Price<br />
<br />
code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Shafts & adits<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Man-made deposits<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Mining information.<br />
<br />
====21 Fife–Cowdenbeath====<br />
<br />
Twenty-five thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 560 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Fife Phase 1 (Cowdenbeath-Lochgelly). Browne, M A E, Ross, D L, Thomas, C W, McAdam, A D, and Armstrong, M. WA/LS/85/1, Price code B.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Bedrock lithology<br />
* Qualitative drift thickness<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Shafts and adits (available for sheets: NT18NE, NT19NE/SE, NT29NW/ SW).<br />
<br />
====22 Fife–Kirkcaldy====<br />
<br />
Thirty thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Fife (Phase 2) Kirkcaldy. McAdam, A D, Hall, I H S, Ross, D L, MacPherson, K A T, and Smith, E P. WA/88/32. Price code F.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps showing:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Shafts & adits (available for each quarter sheet: NO30SW, NT29NE/SE, NT39NE/NW/SW).<br />
<br />
====26 Airdrie–Coatbridge====<br />
<br />
Twenty-seven thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Report accompanying the Thematic geology maps of the Airdrie and Coatbridge district (NS 76). Cameron, A B, Forsyth, I H, McMillan, A A, and Ball, D F. WA/LS/86/1. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Mining information (coal and ironstone)<br />
* Mining within 30 m of rockhead (coal and ironstone)<br />
* Shafts & adits (all available for sheets: NS76NE/NW/SE/SW)<br />
* Mining excluding coal and ironstone (available for sheets: NS 76NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
====31 Clyde Valley====<br />
<br />
Six thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:50 000 are available with the open file report: Geology for land us planning: drift deposits of the Clyde Valley, Vol.1: Planning Report; Vol.2: Details of procedures and technical data; Vol.3: Thematic maps. Browne, M A E, and McMillan, A A. WA/89/78. £15.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Surface distribution of quaternary deposits<br />
* Quaternary profiles (both available for each of the Dumbarton, Glasgow, and Motherwell sheets).<br />
<br />
====32 Bathgate====<br />
<br />
Forty-two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file Cameron, Geology for land use planning: Bathgate. Cameron, I B, Aitken, A M, Ross, D L. WA/89/19. Ell Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Shafts & adits<br />
* Mining information (coal & ironstone)<br />
* Shallow mining (coal & ironstone)<br />
* Mining other than coal & ironstone (all available for sheets: NS96NE/NW/SE/SW, NS97SE/SW).<br />
<br />
====33 Motherwell====<br />
<br />
Thirty-six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Geology for land use planning: Motherwell. Paterson, I B, McMillan, A A, and MacPherson, K A T. WA/89/31. Price code H.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Shafts & adits<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Shallow mining (all available for sheets: NS74NE/NW, NS75NE/NW/SE/ SW).<br />
<br />
====36 Dunfermline–Fife====<br />
<br />
Forty thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1.10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file<br />
<br />
eport: Geology for land-use planning: Dunfermline. Hall, I H S, McAdam, A D, Monro, S K, and Smith, E P. WA/89/49. Price code H.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Shafts and adits<br />
* Mining information (all available for s: NS98NE, NTO8NE/NW/SE/SW, NT19SW, 18NW/SW.<br />
<br />
====37 Hamilton-Wishaw====<br />
<br />
Forty-two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Geology for land-use planning: Hamilton–Wishaw. Paterson, I B, MacPherson, K A T, Armstrong, M, and Smith, E P. WA/90/30. Price code M.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Shafts & adits<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Shallow mining (all available for sheets: NS65NE (Parts of)/SE, NS85NE/ NW/SE/SW, and NS84NW).<br />
<br />
====38 Falkirk–Grangemouth====<br />
<br />
Thirty-six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file ort: Geology for land-use planning: Falkirk–angemouth. Aitken, A M, Browne, M A E, Ross, D L, -and Smith, R A. WA/90/56. Price code L.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Shafts & adits<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Shallow mining (all available for sheets: NS87NE, NS88SE, NS97NE/ NW, NS98SE (Parts of)/SW).<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Geology for land-use planning: Stirling. Monro, S K, Cameron, I B, and Hall, I H S. WA/91/25. £67.50.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology & thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Geological factors relevant to land-use planning.<br />
<br />
====47 Livingston====<br />
<br />
Five thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:50 000 are available with the open file report: Geology fland use planning: Livingston. McAdam, A D, Smith, R A, and Ross, D L. WA/92/37. £35.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Geological factors relevant to land use planning (all available for sheets: NT06NW/NE, NT07NW/NE/SW/SE and parts of NT08SW/SE).<br />
<br />
A limited number of maps are available separate to the report.</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Applied_Geology_Mapping_%E2%80%93_a_catalogue_of_the_available_maps_and_reports&diff=59134
Applied Geology Mapping – a catalogue of the available maps and reports
2024-01-16T15:16:39Z
<p>Scotfot: /* Bournemouth-Poole */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:BGS AGM Map.jpg|thumbnail|index to areas covered by the applied geology maps]]<br />
<br />
==Introduction (2022) ==<br />
The following contents are taken from a published catalogue of the Applied Geology Mapping. It was issued in the late 1990s.<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
These reports draw together information on geological resources and constraints, which are of significance to the particular area, and present it as a convenient guide to planners, developers, civil engineers and others interested in land use.<br />
<br />
The text is usually written as far as possible in non-technical terms and highlights the main geologically-related problems and constraints which planners and developers need to be aware of when considering land use and development. Such constraints to development include natural factors such as:<br />
* geological faults<br />
* ground instability<br />
* high groundwater levels<br />
<br />
and problems relating to human activity, for example:<br />
<br />
* subsidence caused by mining<br />
* waste disposal<br />
* landfill gas<br />
* land use of worked ground<br />
* risks related to leachate<br />
<br />
Some of the thematic maps are available separate to the reports and these are priced at £9.<br />
<br />
Figure 1 is an index to areas covered by the applied geology maps.: <br />
<br />
==Northumbria==<br />
===8 Newcastle===<br />
<br />
No thematic maps have been produced; however four open file reports are available:<br />
* Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheets NZ05NW, NE, SW and SE Edmondbyers and Hedley on the Hill: part of 1:50 000 sheet 20 (Newcastle upon Tyne). Mills, D A C. WA/DM/82/53. Price code A.<br />
* Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheets NZ15NW, NE, SW and SE Chopwell, Rowlands Gill, Consett and Stanley: part of 1:50 000 sheet 20 (Newcastle upon Tyne). Mills, D A C. WA/DM/82/54.1Price code A.<br />
* Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet] NZ25NW, NE, SW and SE Kibblesworth, Birtley, Craghead and Chester-le-Street: part of 1:50 000 sheet 20 (Newcastle upon Tyne) and sheet 21 (Sunderland). Cox, F C. WA/DM/83/28. /Price code A.<br />
* Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheets 26NW, NE, SW, SE Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead: part of 1:50 000 sheets 14 (Morpeth), 15 (Tynemouth), 20 (Newcastle upon Tyne) and 21<br />
* (Sunderland). Richardson, G. WA/DM/83/30. Price code A.<br />
<br />
===17 Northumberland===<br />
====Cramlington-Killingworth-Wide Open====<br />
<br />
Two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: NZ27, Cramlington, Killingworth and Wide Open SE Northumberland. Jackson, I, Lawrence, D J L and Frost, D V. WA/DM/85/14. Price code A + 2 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Structure contours<br />
* Shallow coal workings.<br />
<br />
Twelve thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are also available separate to the report.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Location of boreholes and shafts (all available for sheets: NZ27NE/ NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
====Ponteland-Morpeth District====<br />
<br />
Thirteen thematic maps, dyeline printed, two maps at the scale of 1:25 000, and 11 at the scale of 1:10 000, are available separate to the open file report: Geology of the onteland-Morpeth district: 1:10 000 sheets NZ17NE, SE and NZ18NE, SE: parts of 1:50 000 sheets 9 (Rothbury) and 14 (Morpeth). WA/DM/86/6 £8.50.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:25 000 are:<br />
* Structure contours<br />
* Shallow coal workings.<br />
* Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:10 000 are:<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness (both are available for sheets: NZ17NE/SE, NZ18 NE/SE)<br />
* Borehole and shaft locations (available for sheets: NZ17SE, NZ18NE/SE).<br />
<br />
===40 Morpeth-Bedlington-Ashington===<br />
<br />
Ten thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Geology and land‑use planning: Morpeth–Bedlington–Ashington. Part 1 Land Use Planning 1:25 000 sheets NZ28 and NZ38: parts of 1:50 000 geological sheets 9 (Rothbury), 10 (Newbiggin), 14 (Morpeth) and 15 (Tynemouth). Jackson, I, and Lawrence, D J D. WA/90/14. £50.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Shallow mining<br />
* Made & disturbed ground<br />
* Borehole & shaft sites<br />
* Engineering geology<br />
* Mineral & water resources & extraction (excluding coal)<br />
* Geological factors for consideration in land-use planning<br />
<br />
Another report connected with the thematic mapping ;project is: Geology and land-use planning: Morpeth-Bedlington-Ashington. Part 2 Geology. 1:10 000 sheets NZ28NW,NE,SW,SE and NZ38NW,SW. Parts of 1:50 000 geological sheets 9 (Rothbury), 10 (Newbiggin), 14 (Morpeth) and 15 (Tynemouth). WA/90/19. £25.<br />
<br />
==Lake District==<br />
<br />
===29 Dearham & Gilcrux–West Cumbria===<br />
<br />
Three thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: The applied geological mapping of the Dearham and Gilcrux area, Cumbria: 1:10 000 sheets NYO3NE and 13NW: Part of 1:50 000 sheets 22 (Maryport) and 23 (Cockermouth). Young, B, and Armstrong, M. WAJ89/70.VE12.50.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Mineralisation<br />
* Shallow coal workings<br />
* Structure ,contours.<br />
* In addition there are three thematic maps available separate to the report.<br />
* Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Location of boreholes and shafts<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness (all available for sheets: NY03NE, NY13NW).<br />
<br />
====Workington & Maryport–West Cumbria====<br />
<br />
Nine thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available separate to the open file report: Geology of Workington and Maryport: 1:10 000 sheets NY02NW, 03NW, SW; NX92NE and part of 93SE: parts of 1:50 000 sheets 22 (Maryport) and 28 (Whitehaven). Barnes, R 13, Young, B, Frost, D V, and Land, D H. WA/88/3. £9.50.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Location of boreholes and shafts (all available for sheets, NY03NW/ SW, NY02NW and NX92NE (part of)).<br />
<br />
===45 Great Broughton & Lamplugh area, Cumbria===<br />
<br />
Nine thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the two open file reports which are only available as a combined package for £90 + VAT: Geology and land-use planning: Great Broughton-Lamplugh area, Cumbria Part 1. Geology. Young, B. and Boland, M P. WA/92/54.<br />
<br />
Geology and land-use planning: Great Broughton-Lamplugh area, Cumbria Part 2. Land-use planning. Boland, M P, and Young, B. WA/92/55.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Aspects of ground stability<br />
* Made and disturbed ground<br />
* Borehole and shaft sites<br />
* Mineral resources and extraction (excluding coal)<br />
* Geological factors for consideration in land-use planning (all available for NY02SE, NY02NE, and NY03SE).<br />
<br />
A limited number of maps are available separate to the report.<br />
<br />
==Yorkshire==<br />
===14 South Humberside===<br />
<br />
Eighteen thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 available separate to the open file report: South Humberside project. Geology of parts of sheets TA11, 12, and 21. Williamson, I. T. WA/VG/83/7. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Known boreholes<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Total drift thickness<br />
* Thickness of post glacial marine or established alluvium<br />
* Distribution of made-ground or fill (all available for sheets TAll, TA21 and TA12).<br />
<br />
===19 South-east Leeds===<br />
====Morley====<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000, are available with the open file report:<br />
<br />
Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheets. Sheet SE22NE Morley. Part of 1:50 000 sheets 77 (Huddersfield) and 78 (Wakefield). Burgess, I. C. WA/DM/83/1. Price code A + 4 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Distribution of drift deposits<br />
* Constructional materials resources<br />
* Underground mining.<br />
<br />
====Castleford====<br />
<br />
Seven thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000, are available with the open file report: SE42NW (Castleford): part of 1:50 000 sheet 78 (Wakefield). Giles, J R A. WA/DM/87/68. Price code I + 7 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Thickness of drift deposits<br />
* Distribution of drift deposits<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Borehole locations<br />
* Underground and opencast coal mining<br />
* Sand and gravel resources<br />
* Underground sand mining.<br />
<br />
====Normanton====<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available with the open file report: SE32SE,<br />
<br />
Normanton: part of 1:50 000 sheet 78 (Wakefield). Giles, J R A, and Williamson, I T. WA/DM/87/26. Price code I + 4 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of drift deposits<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Borehole locations<br />
* Underground and opencast mining.<br />
<br />
====Oulton====<br />
<br />
Six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available with the open file report: Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet SE32NE Ou1ton: part of 1:50 000 sheet 78 (Wakefield). Giles, J R A, and Williamson, I T. WA/DM/85/3irPrice code J + 8 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of drift deposits<br />
* Thickness of drift deposits<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Borehole locations<br />
* Underground and opencast mining<br />
* Sand and gravel resources<br />
<br />
Two Figures are also available: a representative vertical section and generalized horizontal section.<br />
<br />
====Rothwell====<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available with the open file report: Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet SE32NW Rothwell: part of 1:50 000 sheet 78 (Wakefield). Williamson, I. T, and Giles, J. R. A. WA/DM/84/1. Price code A + 4 maps.* Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Distribution of drift deposits<br />
* Borehole locations<br />
* Underground and opencast mining<br />
<br />
An open file report is also available which summarises the results for the whole area: Geology and land-use planning: Morley–Rothwell–Castleford. 1:10 000 sheets SE22NE; SE32NW,NE,SE; and SE42NW: Part of 1:50 000 sheet 78 (Wakefield), Giles, J R A. WA/88/33. £7.50.<br />
<br />
No thematic maps accompany this report.<br />
<br />
===39 Garforth–Castleford–Pontefract===<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps, dyeline printed, twelve at the scale of 1:25 000, two at the scale of 1:10 000, are available with the open file report: A geological basis for land-use planning: Garforth–Castleford–Pontefract. 1:10 000 sheets SE42NW,NE,SW,SE, SE43SW and SE52SW, parts of 1:50 000 geological sheets 70 (Leeds) and 78 (Wakefield). Barclay, W J, Ellison, R A, and Northmore, K J. WA/90/3070.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Made ground<br />
* Engineering geology of the solid rocks<br />
* Engineering geology of the superficial deposits<br />
* Geomorphology<br />
* Hydrogeology<br />
* Shallow coal mining & opencast coal extraction<br />
* Deep coal mining<br />
* Mineral resources & workings (solid rocks)<br />
* Mineral resources & workings (superficial deposits)<br />
* Sub-Permian incrop.<br />
<br />
Theme of the maps at 1:10 000 is:<br />
* Basal Permian sand (available for Castleford–Pontefract Area, as parts of SE42NE/NW/SE/SW and Garforth–Kippax Area, SE43SW.<br />
<br />
===46 Leeds===<br />
<br />
Eight thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Leeds: A geological background for planning and development. Lake, R D, Northmore, K J, Dean, M T, and Tragheim, D G. WA/92/1. £75.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of borehole sites<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Distribution of superficial deposits and levels of natural rock-head beneath<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Deep coal mining<br />
* Quarrying and shallow mining<br />
* Engineering geology of the solid rocks<br />
* Engineering geology of the superficial deposits (all available for SE23NW/NE/SE, SE33NW/NE/SW/SE)<br />
* A limited number of maps are available separate to the report.<br />
<br />
==North West England==<br />
<br />
===8 Crosby–Bootle–Aintree===<br />
<br />
Twelve thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available with the open file report: Aspects of the drift geology of the Crosby, Bootle, Aintree area –[SJ39NW and SJ39NE]: part of 1:50 000 sheets 83 (Formby) and 84 (Wigan). Nutt, M J C, and Lowe, D J. WA/VG/86/2. Price code H + 12 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Borehole and trial pit locations 'Distribution of superficial (drift deposits)<br />
* Distribution of made ground and fill 'Distribution of peat (70.3 m thick)<br />
* Indurate rock-head contours<br />
* Thickness (Isopachytes) of superficial deposits (all available for sheets: SJ39NE/NW).<br />
<br />
===48 Wigan===<br />
<br />
Ten thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: A geological background for planning and development in Wigan. Volume 1: A geological foundation for planning; Volume 2: A user's guide to Wigan's ground conditions. Editors: Forster, A. Arrick, A, Culshaw, M G, and Johnston, M. WN/95/3. £95.<br />
<br />
Area covered by the report: Parts of sheets SD50, 51, 60, 61, 70 and SJ 59, 69, 79. Themes of the maps, all at 1:25 000, are:<br />
* Distribution of pits, boreholes and site investigations<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Natural superficial deposits<br />
* Hydrogeology<br />
* Mineral resources<br />
* Distribution of made and worked ground<br />
* Previous and present industrial land use<br />
* Engineering geology<br />
* Shallow mining<br />
* Key geological factors relevant to planning and development.<br />
<br />
Maps are available separate to the report<br />
<br />
===49 Bradford===<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps, colour printed, five at the scales 1:50 000 and 1:25 000 and four at the scale of 1:100 000 are available with the open file report: A geological background for planning and development in the City of Bradford Metropolitan District. Volume 1: A guide to the use of earth science information in planning and developmen Volume 2: A technical guide to ground conditions. Editors: Waters, C N, Northmore, K, Prig, and Marker, B R. WA/96/1. £110.<br />
<br />
Area covered by the report: Parts of sheets SD93, 94 and SE02, 03, 04, 05, 12, 13, 14, 22, 23, 24<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:50 000 scale are:<br />
* Earth science factors relevant to planning and development<br />
* Mineral resources and surface mineral workings<br />
* Slope steepness and landslips<br />
* Engineering ground conditions of bedrock and superficial deposits<br />
* Water resources and flooding.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 scale are:<br />
* Bedrock geology map (2 sheets)<br />
* Superficial deposits map (sheets)<br />
* Mined ground and shafts map.<br />
<br />
Theme of the maps at 1:100 000 scale is:<br />
* Engineering ground conditions of the bedrock and superficial deposits (4 maps on 1 sheet).<br />
<br />
==East Midlands==<br />
===34 Nottingham===<br />
<br />
Sixteen thematic maps, mostly black and white printed, some colour printed, at the scales of 1:50 000 and 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Nottingham: a geological background for planning and development. Charsley, T J, Rathbone, P A, and Lowe, D J. WA/90/1.<br />
<br />
£65.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:50 000 scale are:<br />
* Distribution of records (boreholes & trial pits)<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Distribution and thickness of drift deposits<br />
* Geomorphology slopes and drainage<br />
* Mineral resources mining & quarrying (excluding coal) (colour printed)<br />
* Underground colliery-based coal mining<br />
* Hydrogeology & flood limits (colour printed)<br />
* Engineering geology of superficial (drift) deposits<br />
* Engineering geology of bedrock materials.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 scale:<br />
* Distribution of made and disturbed ground (available for sheets: SK54, SK64, SK53, and SK63)<br />
* Coal: Opencast mining, shafts & shallow mining (available for sheet SK54)<br />
* Coal & gypsum: Opencast mining, shafts & shallow mining (available for sheet SK53)<br />
* Caves (available for sheets: SK53 (Parts of) and SK54 (Parts of)).<br />
<br />
Another report connected with the thematic mapping project is: The engineering geology of the Nottingham area. Forster, A. WN/89/4. Price code B + 4 maps.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Central England==<br />
<br />
===4 Brierley Hill===<br />
<br />
Three thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available separate to the open file report, now in its second edition: Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet SO98NW Brierley Hill 2nd edition. Part of 1:50 000 sheet 167 (Dudley). Wilson, D, and Waters, C N. WA/91/66 rice code B.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Undermined land and faults<br />
* Mine shafts<br />
* Opencast coal potential.<br />
<br />
===23 Aldridge–Brownhills===<br />
<br />
Sixteen thematic maps, dyeline printed and transparent dyeline overlays, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available separate to the open file report: Aldridge-Brownhills project. Geological report. Wilson, A A, Lowe, D J, Price, WA/VG/84/1. Price code K.<br />
<br />
Themes of the dyeline printed maps are:<br />
* Mining base map<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Potential sand and gravel resources.<br />
<br />
The following overlays showing workings in individual coal seams are available* Bottom Robins<br />
* Wyrley Yard<br />
* Charles<br />
* Brooch<br />
* Eight Foot<br />
* Yard<br />
* Bass<br />
* Cinder<br />
* Shallow<br />
* Deep<br />
* Bottom (Shallow & Deep).<br />
<br />
An overlay showing surface workings for brickclay, clay, ironstone and limestone is also available.<br />
<br />
Dyeline printed maps and overlays available for SK00SW/SE (part).<br />
<br />
===27 Coventry===<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps, black & white printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: geology of the Coventry area. Description of 1:25 000 sheets SP27/37 and 28/38 (excluding SP38NE). Old, R A, Bridge, D McC, and Rees, J G. WA/89/29 £55.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
*Bedrock geology<br />
*Drift thickness and lithology<br />
*Sub drift contours<br />
*Sand and gravel resources (Urban areas excluded)<br />
*Underground mining and coal resources<br />
*Made ground surface mineral workings & groundwater resources<br />
*Borehole & trial pit locations (all available for sheets: SP27/37 and SP28/38 (excluding SP38NE)).<br />
<br />
===42 Stoke-on-Trent===<br />
<br />
Twelve thematic maps, mainly colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Stoke-on-Trent: A geological background for planning and development. Wilson, A A, Rees, J G, Crofts, R G, Howard, A S, Buchanan, J G, and Waine, P J. WA/91/1. £90.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Distribution of records (boreholes, shafts and trial pits)<br />
* Thickness of superficial deposits<br />
* Distribution and engineering geology of superficial deposits & geomorphology<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Surface mineral resources<br />
* Mining<br />
* Slope steepness<br />
* Engineering geology of bedrock<br />
* Resources<br />
* Ground stability constraints<br />
* Constraints caused by leachates and gases (available for part SJ84/94 and part SJ85/95).<br />
<br />
A limited number of maps are also available separate to the report.<br />
<br />
Another report connected with the thematic mapping (project is: Engineering geology of the Stoke-on-Trent area. Waine, P J, Hallam, J R, and Culshaw, M G. WN/90/11. Price code G.<br />
<br />
===44 Black Country===<br />
<br />
Fifteen thematic maps, colour printed, at the scales of 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 are available with the open file report: A geological background for planning and development in the Black Country. Powell, J H, Glover, B W, and Waters, C N. WA/92/33. £95.00.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:50 000 are:<br />
* Distribution of records<br />
* Slope steepness and selected geomorphological features<br />
* Hydrogeology<br />
* Engineering geology of superficial (drift) deposits<br />
* Engineering geology of bedrock (solid) materials (all available for sheets: part SO88NE/SE, part SO89NE/SE, SO98NW/ NE/SW/SE, SO99NW/NE/SW/SE, SPO8NW/SW and SPO9NW/SW).<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:25 000 area:<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Distribution and thickness of superficial (drift) deposits<br />
* Distribution of made and worked ground<br />
* Surface mineral resources and quarrying<br />
* Underground mining (all available for the north and south of the study area).<br />
<br />
Another report connected with the thematic mapping project is:<br />
* Engineering geology of the Birmingham—West (Black Country) area. Forster, A. WN/91/15. Price code L.<br />
<br />
==East Anglia==<br />
<br />
===43 South West Essex===<br />
<br />
Twelve thematic maps, colour printed, at the scales of 1:25 000 and 1:100 000 are available with the open file report: S W Essex – M25 Corridor: Applied geology for planning and development. Moorlock, B S P, and Smith, A. WA/91/28V68.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:100 000 are:<br />
* Constraints and mineral resources (available for sheets: TQ57NE, TQ58NE/SE, TQ59SW, TQ67NW/NE, TQ68NW/NE/SW/SE, and TQ69SW/SE)<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:25 000 are:<br />
* South-west Essex – M25 Corridor: Solid & drift geology<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Worked ground<br />
* Artificial ground<br />
* Bedrock resources: Potential bulk minerals in bedrock<br />
* Superficial resources<br />
* Slope steepness<br />
* Engineering geology of bedrock<br />
* Engineering geology of superficial deposits<br />
* Hydrogeology.<br />
<br />
A limited number of maps are available separate to the report.<br />
<br />
Other reports connected with the thematic mapping project are:<br />
* S W Essex – M25 Corridor: Engineering geology. Culshaw, M G, and Crummy, J A. WN/90/2. Price code K.<br />
* S W Essex - M25 Corridor: Geology. WA/91/27. Price code O.<br />
<br />
===50 South Essex===<br />
<br />
Forty one applied geology maps and sections are available in a wallet as part 11 of the open file report: South Essex geological and geotechnical survey. Cratchley, C R, and others. WN/EG/75/20. £120.<br />
<br />
The parts of this report and a number of appendices are separately bound as follows:<br />
* Part 1: Introduction<br />
* Part 2. Geology<br />
* Part 3: Engineering geology<br />
** Appendix A: Sample test results<br />
** Appendix B: Consolidation and triaxial test results<br />
* Part 4: Computing<br />
* Part 5: Geophysics<br />
** Appendix A: Resistivity surveys<br />
** Appendix B: Seismic reflection surveys<br />
** Appendix C: Laboratory and in situ acoustic measurements<br />
* Part 6: Palaeontology<br />
* Part 7: Mineralogy<br />
* Part 8: Borehole logs<br />
* Part 9: Dutch cone graphs<br />
* Part 10: Particle size analysis graphs<br />
* Part 11: Maps and sections<br />
* Part 12: Summary<br />
<br />
The report was prepared for the DOE in connection with the third London Airport planned for Maplin Sands and the area covered by the report approximates to that shown on 1:50 000 scale sheet 258/259 Southend & Foulness.<br />
<br />
Part 11, maps and sections, is available separately at a cost of £100<br />
<br />
The four principal maps, colour printed, from the above report are available as a special package for £25. The sheets, at the 1:25 000 scale, are:<br />
* Engineering geology map of South Essex, Sheet 1 (western part)<br />
* Engineering geology map of South Essex, Sheet 2 (eastern part)<br />
* Landslip and slope map<br />
* Engineering planning map<br />
<br />
==South West England==<br />
<br />
===6 Exeter===<br />
<br />
Two thematic maps, at the scale of 1:50 000 are available with the open file report: Geology of Exeter and its environs: geological report for the DOE. Bristow, C R, Edwards, R A, Scrivener, R C, and Williams, B J. WA/VG/85/7. Price code L.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Quaternary ('Drift').<br />
<br />
===20 West Wiltshire & South-east Avon===<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps at the scale of 1:25 000 and four thematic maps at the scale of 1:10 000, all dyeline printed, are available with the open file report: Environmental geology study: Parts of West Wiltshire and South-east Avon. Forster, A, Hobbs, P R N, Monkhouse, R.A.Wyatt, R J. WA/VG/85/8. £100 (inclusive of maps) + £3.40 for postage & packing.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 are:<br />
* Solid lithostratigraphy<br />
* Drift deposits: Extent, lithology and thickness<br />
* Location of made ground and infilled land<br />
* Inferred distribution of Great Oolite freestones<br />
* Inferred distribution of Fuller's Earth<br />
* Groundwater<br />
* Ground conditions in relation to groundwater<br />
* Geotechnical properties of bedrock<br />
* Distribution of landslip and cambered strata<br />
* Distribution of slope angle<br />
* Location of shafts<br />
* Extent of underground mining<br />
* Location of geotechnical data sources (site investigation) boreholes and wells<br />
* Solid lithostratigraphy landslip and cambered data.<br />
<br />
Theme of the maps at 1:10 000 is:<br />
* Engineering properties of superficial deposits (available for sheets: ST76NE/NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
==South of England==<br />
<br />
===2 Bournemouth-Poole===<br />
<br />
====Corfe Mullen–Lytchett Minster====<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Geology of sheets SY99NE and SY99SE and parts of SY99NW and SY99SW. Corfe Mullen–Lytchett Minster, Dorset: part of 1:50 000 sheet 329 (Bournemouth). Bristow, C R, and Freshney, E C. WA/VG/81. Price Code L + 4 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Areas of made ground<br />
* Location of sand and gravel and clay<br />
* Areas underlain by mixed sand and clay sequences<br />
* Map showing the location of the BGS-registered boreholes in the district.<br />
<br />
====Bournemouth–Poole–Wimborne====<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Geology of sheet SZ09 (Bournemouth–Poole–Wimborne, Dorset) part 1:50 000 sheet 329 (Bournemouth). Freshney, E C, Bristow, C R, and Williams, B J. WA/VG/85/1. Price [?] + 4 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Areas of made ground<br />
* Location of sand, gravel and clay pits<br />
* Areas underlain by mixed sand and clay sequences<br />
* Map showing the location of BGS-registered boreholes.<br />
<br />
====Hurn–Christchurch====<br />
<br />
Three thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: SZ19, Hurn–Christchurch, part of 1:50 000 sheet 329 (Bournemouth). Freshney, E C, Bristow, C R, and Williams, B J. WA/VG/84/9. Price code L + 3 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Areas of steep slopes within mixed sand and clay sequences 'Areas of made ground<br />
* Borehole sites for sheets SZ19NW, NE, SW and SE.<br />
<br />
An open file report is also available which summarises the results for the three areas: Geology of the Poole–Bournemouth area, part of 1:50 000 sheet 329 (Bournemouth). Bristow, C R, and Freshney, E C. WANG/86/5. Price code M. No thematic maps accompanyOis report.<br />
<br />
===15 Fareham & Havant===<br />
<br />
No thematic maps have been produced; however two open file reports are available.<br />
<br />
South-east Hampshire project: SU60NE,SE; SU61SE, SU70NW,NE,SW,SE; SU71SW, SZ69NE; SZ79NW,NE. Havant and surrounding areas. Wyatt, R J, Lake, R D, and Berry, F G. WA/VG/V/6. Price code H.<br />
<br />
Geological report on 1:10 000 sheets SU40NE,SE; SU50NW,NE,SW,SE; SU51NW,NE,SW,SE; SU52SW; SU60NW,SW; SU61SW; SZ59E and SZ69NW. The south-east Hampshire district: Part of 1:50 000 sheets 315 (Southampton), 316 (Fareham) and 331 (Portsmouth). Lake, R D, Mathers, S J, Thornton, M H, and Zalasiewicz, J A. WA/VG/85/4. Price code L.<br />
<br />
===20 West Wiltshire & South-east Avon===<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps at the scale of 1:25 000 and four thematic maps at the scale of 1:10 000, all dyeline printed, are available with the open file report: Environmental geology study: Parts of West Wiltshire and South-east Avon. Forster, A, Hobb P R N, Monkhouse, R A, Wyatt, R J. WANG/85/8.V£100 (inclusive of maps) + £3.40 for postage & packing.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 are:<br />
* Solid lithostratigraphy<br />
* Drift deposits: Extent, lithology and thickness<br />
* Location of made ground and infilled land<br />
* Inferred distribution of Great Oolite freestones<br />
* Inferred distribution of Fuller's Earth<br />
* Groundwater<br />
* Ground conditions in relation to groundwater<br />
* Geotechnical properties of bedrock<br />
* Distribution of landslip and cambered strata<br />
* Distribution of slope angle<br />
* Location of shafts<br />
* Extent of underground mining<br />
* Location of geotechnical data sources (site investigation) boreholes and wells<br />
* Solid lithostratigraphy landslip and cambered data.<br />
<br />
Theme of the maps at 1:10 000 is:<br />
* Engineering properties of superficial deposits (available for sheets: ST76NE/NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
===25 Southampton===<br />
<br />
Sixty-two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scales of 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 are available in separate volumes w*th the open file report. Applied geological mapping:<br />
<br />
outhampton area. Volume 1, Main Report and Appendix. Edwards, R A, Scrivener, R C, and Forster, A. WO/87/2. Price code G.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:25 000 scale are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Sand and gravel resources<br />
* Distribution of worked ground<br />
* Distribution of made ground<br />
* Distribution of boreholes (all available for sheets: Part SU22/32, SU42/52, SU21/31, SU41/51, SU20/30, SU40/50).<br />
* Sand and gravel resources of the area around Beaulieu and Fawley (Part SU30/40, SZ39/49).<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at 1:50 000 are:<br />
* Clay resources 'Distribution of aquifers<br />
* Distribution of standard penetration test data<br />
* Distribution of particle size analysis<br />
* Distribution of consolidation test data<br />
* Distribution of shear strength test data 'Distribution of chemical analyses<br />
* Distribution of water test data (including analyses) 'Distribution of sulphate test data<br />
* Engineering geology of solid deposits<br />
* Engineering geology of superficial deposits 'Distribution of slope angle and landslip<br />
* Sites of special scientific interest (SSSI).<br />
<br />
Other reports connected with the thematic mapping project are: Mapping techniques, using computer storage and presentation for applied geological mapping in the Southampton area. Loudon, T V, and Mennim, K C. W0/87J/3./Price code A.<br />
<br />
Computer database of geological, borehole and geotechnical information for applied geological mapping of the Southampton area. Laxton, J L. W0/87/4. Price code A.:<br />
<br />
==Wales==<br />
<br />
===3 Bridgend===<br />
<br />
Eight thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available for both Llantrisant and Bridgend with the open file report: Planning for development: Thematic geology maps, Bridgend area (ST08SW and SE, pts NW, NE; SS87NW, NE; SS88SW, SE; SS97NW, NE; SS98SW, SE). Wilson, D, and Smith, M. WA/VG/85/2. Price code C + 16 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Unconsolidated geology<br />
* Boreholes and rockhead information<br />
* Mining activities<br />
* Ground conditions<br />
* Mineral resources [Solid]<br />
* Mineral resources [unconsolidated deposits]<br />
* Hydrogeology.<br />
<br />
===24 Deeside===<br />
<br />
Seven thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Deeside (North Wales) thematic geological mapping. Campbell, S D G, and Hains, B A. WA/88/2. Price code P + 7 maps.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Superficial (unconsolidated) deposits<br />
* Boreholes rockhead & thickness of superficial deposits<br />
* Mining: coal/metalliferous<br />
* Resources (bedrock) except coal/metalliferous<br />
* Resources – sand & gravel<br />
* Hydrogeology & water supply.<br />
<br />
Area covered by the project: SJ26NW/NE/SW/SE and SJ27SW Parts of SJ17NE, SJ27NW/NE/SE, SJ36NW/SW, SJ37SW, SJ17SE, SJ16NE/SE.<br />
<br />
===35 Wrexham===<br />
<br />
Ten thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Applied mapping in the Wrexham area: geology and fland-use planning. Haines, B A. WA/91/4. £55.<br />
<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Rockhead elevation<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Mining activities – coal/metalliferous<br />
* Bedrock resources – except coal/metalliferous<br />
* Sand & gravel resources<br />
* Engineering geology – solid<br />
* Engineering geology – drift<br />
* Geological factors for consideration in land-use planning.<br />
<br />
Other reports connected with the thematic mapping project are: Applied geological mapping in the Wrexham area: computing techniques. Loudon, T V, Clifton, A W, Giles, J R A, Holmes, K A, Laxton, J L, and Mennim, K C. WO/91/1. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Engineering geology of the Wrexham area. Waine, P J, Culshaw, M G, and Hallam, J R. WN/90/10. Price code J.<br />
<br />
==Scotland==<br />
<br />
===Grampian & Highland===<br />
<br />
====11 Aberdeen====<br />
<br />
Sixteen thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Aberdeen project. Smith, C G. WA/HI/86/1. Price code H.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Solid geology (both available for sheets NJ70, NJ71, NJ72, NJ80/90, NJ81/91, NJ82/92, N069/79, NO89/99).<br />
<br />
====18 Peterhead====<br />
<br />
Eighty-four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Peterhead project. Peacock, J D. WA/HI/83/1. Price code E.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Solid geology (both available for sheets: NJ85NE/NW/SE/SW, NJ86NW/SE/SW, NJ93NE/ NW/SE/SW, NJ94NE/NW/SE/SW, NJ95NE/NW/SE/SW, NJ96NE/NW/SE/SW, NKO3NE/NW/SE/SW, NK04NE /NW/SE/SW, NK05NE/NW/SE/SW, NK06NW/SE/SW, NK13NW, NK14NW/SW, NK15SW).<br />
<br />
===Central Scotland (Tayside & Fife, Central & Lothian, & Strathclyde)===<br />
<br />
====1 Glenrothes====<br />
<br />
Twenty-two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available as a set separate to the report described below.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Boresites<br />
* Unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Lithology of the unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Engineering properties of the unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Thickness of the unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Depth to water in unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Sand and gravel thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Bedrock lithology<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Shallow undermining<br />
* Natural landslip potential<br />
* Opencast workings<br />
* Hard rock aggregate resources<br />
* Limestone resources<br />
* Brick and tile clay<br />
* Mudstone for brickmaking<br />
* Hydrogeology<br />
* Underground storage potential<br />
* Sand and gravel potential<br />
* Foundation conditions<br />
* Groundwater resources.<br />
<br />
Five thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are also available with the report: Environmental geology of the Glenrothes district, Fife Region. Description of 1:25 000 sheet N020. Nickless, E F P. London: HMSO, 54pp., figs., 5 maps in pocket. IGS Report 82/15. (ISBN 0 11 884262 5) £14.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Development potential<br />
* Priority areas for on-site investigation<br />
* Resources: surface, opencast<br />
* Resources: buried, opencast<br />
* Resources: buried, mine or pump.<br />
<br />
====5 South-east Edinburgh====<br />
<br />
Fourteen thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available as a set separate to the open file<br />
<br />
ort: Environmental geology maps of SE Edinburgh. Floyd, J D et al. WA/SL/83/5. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Boresites<br />
* Site investigation<br />
* Unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Lithology of the unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Thickness of the unconsolidated deposits<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Bedrock lithology<br />
* Hydrogeology<br />
* Opencast coal sites<br />
* Mine and shaft sites<br />
* Shallow undermining (within 50 m of the surface)<br />
* Sand and gravel potential<br />
* Groundwater resource potential.<br />
<br />
====7 Falkirk-Grangemouth====<br />
<br />
Sixty-four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Falkirk and Grangemouth project. Forsyth, I H, Browne, M A E, and Jones, S M. WA/NL/82/3. Price code L.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Solid geology (all available for sheets: NS86NE/NW, NS87NE/ NW/SE/SW, NS88SE/SW, NS96NE/NW, NS97NE/ NW/SE/SW, NS98SE/SW<br />
* Drift thickness (available for sheets: NS86NW, NS87NE/NW/SE, NS88SE/SW, NS96NE/NW, NS97NE/NW/SE/SW, NS98SE/SW)<br />
* Rockhead contours (available for sheet NS88SE)<br />
* Fireclay resources (available for sheet NS87NW).<br />
<br />
====9 Upper Forth Estuary====<br />
<br />
Eight thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:50 000 are available with the published report: Engineering geology of the Upper Forth Estuary. Gostelow, T P, and Browne, M A E, 1986. London: HMSO, iv, 56pp., figs., 8 maps in pocket. BGS Report Vol.16 No.8 (ISBN 0 11 884385 0). £40.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Engineering geology of the solid rocks<br />
* Drift thickness contours (depth to rockhead)<br />
* Contours to upper surface of glacial deposits<br />
* Distribution of mine workings<br />
* Drift geology<br />
* Engineering classification of surface sediments<br />
* Geotechnical cross-section<br />
* Geotechnical planning map for heavy structures.<br />
<br />
====10 Glasgow (phase 1)====<br />
<br />
Five thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 and thirty six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open-file report: Account accompanying environmental geology maps of Glasgow (National Grid sheet NS66). Forsyth,, I H, McMillan, A A, Browne, M A E, and Ball, A F. WA/NL/83/1. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:25 000 are:<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Bedrock lithology<br />
* Mining excluding coal<br />
* Hydrogeology (all available for sheet NS66).<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps at the scale of 1:10 000 are:<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Geomorphology<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Current mining<br />
* Mining within 30 m rockhead<br />
* Drift lithology: engineering (all available for sheets: NS66NE/ NW/SE/SW.)<br />
<br />
====10 Glasgow (phase 2)====<br />
<br />
Thirty two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 560 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Account accompanying environmental geology maps of Glasgow (National Grid sheet NS56). Forsyth, I H, McMillan, A A, Browne, M A E, and Ball, D F. WA/LS/84/2. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift thickness contours<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Geomorphology<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Mining excluding coal<br />
* Mining within 30 m rockhead<br />
* Drift lithology – engineering (all available for sheets NS56NE/NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
====10 Glasgow (phase 3)====<br />
<br />
Forty six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set for sheets: NS55NE/NW, NS57SE/SW, NS65NE/NW. The maps are separate to the open file report: Account accompanying environmental geology maps of Glasgow (parts of National Grid sheets NS55,57,65): Glasgow phase 3. Forsyth, I H, Paterson, I B, and Hall, I H S. WA/LS/85/2. Price code A. Themes of the maps are the same as for phase 2 however 'Mining excluding coal' was not produced for sheets NS65NE/NW.<br />
<br />
====12 Greenock====<br />
<br />
Forty-four thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file<br />
<br />
report: Planning for development: Greenock project. Paterson, I B, Hall, I H S, and Cameron, I B. WA/NL/82/2. Price code G.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Solid geology (both available for sheets: NS16NE/SE, NS17SE, NS26NW/SW, NS27NE/ NW/SE/SW, NS28NE/NWSE/SW, NS36NE, NS37NE/ NW/SE/SW, NS38NE/NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
====13 Hamilton====<br />
<br />
Fifty-six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Hamilton project. Davies, A, McAdam, A D, McMillan, A A, and Monro, S K. WA/SL/82/3. Price code H.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Solid geology (both available for sheets: NS65NE/NW/SE/SW, NS73NE/NW/SE/SW, NS74NE/NW/SE/SW, and NS75NE/NW/SE/SW)<br />
* Mining information (available for sheets: NS65NE/NW/ SE/SW, NS73NE/SE/SW, NS74NE/NW/SE, and NS75NE/ NW/SE/SW)<br />
* Drift thickness (available for sheets: NS65NE/NW/SE/SW, NS74NE, and NS75NE/NW/SE/ SW)<br />
* Rockhead contours (available for sheet NS74NE).<br />
<br />
====16 Wishaw====<br />
<br />
Seven thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Wishaw project. Paterson, I B, and Hall, I H S. WA/NL/83/7. Price<br />
<br />
code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Shafts & adits<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Man-made deposits<br />
* Rockhead contours<br />
* Superficial deposits<br />
* Mining information.<br />
<br />
====21 Fife–Cowdenbeath====<br />
<br />
Twenty-five thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 560 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Fife Phase 1 (Cowdenbeath-Lochgelly). Browne, M A E, Ross, D L, Thomas, C W, McAdam, A D, and Armstrong, M. WA/LS/85/1, Price code B.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Bedrock lithology<br />
* Qualitative drift thickness<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Shafts and adits (available for sheets: NT18NE, NT19NE/SE, NT29NW/ SW).<br />
<br />
====22 Fife–Kirkcaldy====<br />
<br />
Thirty thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Planning for development: Fife (Phase 2) Kirkcaldy. McAdam, A D, Hall, I H S, Ross, D L, MacPherson, K A T, and Smith, E P. WA/88/32. Price code F.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps showing:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Shafts & adits (available for each quarter sheet: NO30SW, NT29NE/SE, NT39NE/NW/SW).<br />
<br />
====26 Airdrie–Coatbridge====<br />
<br />
Twenty-seven thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Report accompanying the Thematic geology maps of the Airdrie and Coatbridge district (NS 76). Cameron, A B, Forsyth, I H, McMillan, A A, and Ball, D F. WA/LS/86/1. Price code A.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Solid geology<br />
* Mining information (coal and ironstone)<br />
* Mining within 30 m of rockhead (coal and ironstone)<br />
* Shafts & adits (all available for sheets: NS76NE/NW/SE/SW)<br />
* Mining excluding coal and ironstone (available for sheets: NS 76NW/SE/SW).<br />
<br />
====31 Clyde Valley====<br />
<br />
Six thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:50 000 are available with the open file report: Geology for land us planning: drift deposits of the Clyde Valley, Vol.1: Planning Report; Vol.2: Details of procedures and technical data; Vol.3: Thematic maps. Browne, M A E, and McMillan, A A. WA/89/78. £15.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Surface distribution of quaternary deposits<br />
* Quaternary profiles (both available for each of the Dumbarton, Glasgow, and Motherwell sheets).<br />
<br />
====32 Bathgate====<br />
<br />
Forty-two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file Cameron, Geology for land use planning: Bathgate. Cameron, I B, Aitken, A M, Ross, D L. WA/89/19. Ell Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Shafts & adits<br />
* Mining information (coal & ironstone)<br />
* Shallow mining (coal & ironstone)<br />
* Mining other than coal & ironstone (all available for sheets: NS96NE/NW/SE/SW, NS97SE/SW).<br />
<br />
====33 Motherwell====<br />
<br />
Thirty-six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Geology for land use planning: Motherwell. Paterson, I B, McMillan, A A, and MacPherson, K A T. WA/89/31. Price code H.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Shafts & adits<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Shallow mining (all available for sheets: NS74NE/NW, NS75NE/NW/SE/ SW).<br />
<br />
====36 Dunfermline–Fife====<br />
<br />
Forty thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1.10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file<br />
<br />
eport: Geology for land-use planning: Dunfermline. Hall, I H S, McAdam, A D, Monro, S K, and Smith, E P. WA/89/49. Price code H.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Shafts and adits<br />
* Mining information (all available for s: NS98NE, NTO8NE/NW/SE/SW, NT19SW, 18NW/SW.<br />
<br />
====37 Hamilton-Wishaw====<br />
<br />
Forty-two thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 1:10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file report: Geology for land-use planning: Hamilton–Wishaw. Paterson, I B, MacPherson, K A T, Armstrong, M, and Smith, E P. WA/90/30. Price code M.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Shafts & adits<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Shallow mining (all available for sheets: NS65NE (Parts of)/SE, NS85NE/ NW/SE/SW, and NS84NW).<br />
<br />
====38 Falkirk–Grangemouth====<br />
<br />
Thirty-six thematic maps, dyeline printed, at the scale of 10 000 are available as a set separate to the open file ort: Geology for land-use planning: Falkirk–angemouth. Aitken, A M, Browne, M A E, Ross, D L, -and Smith, R A. WA/90/56. Price code L.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Shafts & adits<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Shallow mining (all available for sheets: NS87NE, NS88SE, NS97NE/ NW, NS98SE (Parts of)/SW).<br />
<br />
Four thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:25 000 are available with the open file report: Geology for land-use planning: Stirling. Monro, S K, Cameron, I B, and Hall, I H S. WA/91/25. £67.50.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology & thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Geological factors relevant to land-use planning.<br />
<br />
====47 Livingston====<br />
<br />
Five thematic maps, colour printed, at the scale of 1:50 000 are available with the open file report: Geology fland use planning: Livingston. McAdam, A D, Smith, R A, and Ross, D L. WA/92/37. £35.<br />
<br />
Themes of the maps are:<br />
* Drift lithology<br />
* Drift thickness<br />
* Bedrock geology<br />
* Mining information<br />
* Geological factors relevant to land use planning (all available for sheets: NT06NW/NE, NT07NW/NE/SW/SE and parts of NT08SW/SE).<br />
<br />
A limited number of maps are available separate to the report.</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Bannock_Burn_-_an_excursion&diff=58864
Bannock Burn - an excursion
2023-09-03T14:28:34Z
<p>Scotfot: /* Locality 2.5 [NS 7447 8763] to [NS 7443 8767] Hurlet Limestone and shoreward facies of the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones. */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{EGSStirling}}<br />
<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_01.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 2.1 Map of late Viséan rocks exposed in the upper Bannock Burn near Todholes, showing localities for Excursion 2. Adapted from Francis et al. (1970, fig. 13).]]<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_02.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 2.2 Vertical sections of late Viséan rocks exposed in the Bannock Burn, (A) near Todholes and (B) near Touchadam Quarry. Adapted from Francis et al. (1970, fig. 15).]]<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_01.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 2.1 Locality 2.1. Colonial coral (Siphonodendron sp.) in Todholes Limestone, Lawmuir Formation. ]]<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_PLA_00_06.jpg|thumbnail|Plate S.6 Disconformity between Kirkwood Formation and the overlying Lawmuir Formation. Outlines of clamp kilns in foreground; Lewis Hill Quartz-dolerite Sill forms crags in background. See Excursion 2.]]<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_02.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 2.2 Locality 2.4. Coarse-grained volcaniclastic detritus in Kirkwood Formation.]]<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_03.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 2.3 Locality 2.5. Waterfalls in the Bannock Burn, formed by the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones, Lawmuir Formation.]]<br />
<br />
== Excursion 2 Bannock Burn ==<br />
<br />
By Bill Read<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| | ''Purpose:''<br />
| | To view the deeply weathered top of the basaltic lava pile of the Clyde Plateau Volcanic Formation (Strathclyde Group); to examine the overlying Kirkwood Formation derived from the reworking of weathered lava, and its relationship to the marine sedimentary rocks in the cyclically deposited Lawmuir Formation above; to inspect the Lower Limestone Formation (Clackmannan Group) including the Hurlet, Inchinnan and Blackhall limestone cycles.<br />
|-<br />
| | ''Logistics:''<br />
| | This excursion is on land belonging to Sauchie Estates Ltd, Cultenhove Farm, Sauchieburn Estate, Stirlingshire and Todholes Farm. Care should be taken whilst traversing round the numerous small waterfalls in the burn and whilst crossing fences. '''''A 3-tonne maximum load limit applies to the local access roads, so that this excursion is not suitable for coach parties'''''. Leave the centre of Stirling, drive south to the Bannockburn Heritage Centre and turn right at [NS 798 905] onto the road to Howietoun Fishery. Turn right at the junction at [NS 7862 8790] and then at the junction with the Carronbridge road at [NS 7694 8744]. The car park is at [NS 7600 8782].<br />
|-<br />
| | ''Maps''<br />
| | OS 1:50,000 Sheet 57 Stirling & the Trossachs; OS 1:25,000 Stirling & Ochil Hills West; BGS 1:50,000 Sheet 39W Stirling; locality map [[Media:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_01.jpg|(Figure 2.1)]].<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
[[Media:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_01.jpg|(Figure 2.1)]] is a geological map of the Bannock Burn near Todholes Farm. The stream section displays the deeply weathered top of the basaltic lava pile of the Clyde Plateau Volcanic Formation overlain by the diachronous Kirkwood Formation. This consists of bedded and cross-stratified volcaniclastic detritus derived from the lavas, which were progressively buried by younger deltaic and marine sediments during the late Viséan. Repeated marine transgressions gradually deposited sediments that covered the old lava landmass.<br />
<br />
The overlying cyclically deposited Lawmuir Formation (Paterson & Hall, 1986) also has a diachronous base, but this formation contains marine limestones and broadly resembles the overlying Lower Limestone Formation (Clackmannan Group). In the thicker basinal sequences of the Clackmannan Syncline to the east, quartzose fluviodeltaic sands represent regressive intervals with lowered sea levels, which alternated with the transgressive intervals represented by the marine limestones. However, these sandstones are absent from the basin-margin Todholes and Touchadam sections. [[Media:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_02.jpg|(Figure 2.2)]] illustrates two vertical sections down from the Hurlet Limestone through the Lawmuir and Kirkwood formations at Todholes (A) and farther downstream around Touchadam Quarry (B) [NS 7600 9055], 4km NNE along strike. The two basin-margin sections show considerable changes in thickness and lithology.<br />
<br />
Limestones in the Lawmuir Formation, formerly designated alphabetically in downward order (Dinham & Haldane, 1932, pp. 14–16), have been renamed the Bannock Burn White (E), the Touchadam (F) and the Todholes (G) limestones. The Hurlet Limestone (formerly Murrayshall Limestone or D) marks the base of the Lower Limestone Formation. It was deposited during a major marine transgression that finally submerged almost all of the old subaerial lava pile. Both it and the overlying Inchinnan Limestone (C) were extensively quarried locally for lime and are generally seen only as loose blocks.<br />
<br />
== Locality 2.1 [NS 7532 8779] to [NS 7501 8768] Kirkwood Formation and lateral attenuation of the Todholes Limestone. ==<br />
<br />
From the car park, walk NW to the ford at [NS 7574 8810], 700m east of Todholes Farm, where the minor road to North Third Reservoir crosses the Bannock Burn. Pass through the gate immediately south of the ford on the left (SW) side of the road and walk south-westwards, parallel to the burn, keeping on the south side of a high drystone wall, to join the stream at [NS 7542 8778]. Walk upstream, noting on the way a landslip on the path at [NS 7542 8781]. This is the type locality of the Todholes Limestone, which crops out in the burn at the downstream end of the locality. Here it is a continuous bed, 0.7m thick, of dark-grey, crystalline limestone containing a varied marine fauna, including simple corals, the compound coral ''Siphonodendron ''[[Media:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_01.jpg|(Plate 2.1)]] and the large brachiopod ''Gigantoproductus''. This fauna resembles that of the Hollybush Limestone of the Paisley district, with which the Todholes Limestone has been correlated (Francis ''et al''., 1970, p. 181). Farther upstream, in a rather inaccessible exposure about 300m to the west [NS 7503 8773], the Todholes Limestone is reduced to a discontinuous bed of nodules, which is underlain by the following succession:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
| | <br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | LAWMUIR FORMATION<br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, dark-grey, poorly bedded at top; articulate brachiopods<br />
| | 0.15<br />
|- <br />
|| Siltstone, dark-grey, ferruginous<br />
|| 0.15<br />
|- <br />
|| Ironstone, sideritic, silty<br />
|| 0.01<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, pale-grey, grading down into greenish-grey volcaniclastic detritus of silt and sand grade, which contains a nodular, sideritic bed 0.4m thick<br />
| | 1.58<br />
|-<br />
| | (Erosional unconformity, truncating beds below)<br />
| | <br />
|-<br />
| | KIRKWOOD FORMATION<br />
| | <br />
|-<br />
| | Volcaniclastic detritus, grey, greenish-grey and dull purple, generally upward-fining, cross-stratified with easterly-dipping foresets; contains rounded pebbles of decomposed basalt in lenses and towards base<br />
| | 5.50<br />
|}<br />
The unconformity between these two formations is well seen between [NS 7505 8772 and 7503 8773] [[Media:EGS_STIRL_PLA_00_06.jpg|(Plate S.6)]]. The Todholes Limestone, 45–55cm thick, crops out in the burn and rises above the volcaniclastic beds at [NS 7521 8771]. Its surface is slightly karstified and weathers black. Mudstone can be seen above and below. The basal bed is definitely not an ash-fall tuff but a water-sorted deposit derived from the reworking of decomposed bole-like material on top of the lava pile. The beds in the Lawmuir Formation above the now-discontinuous nodular Todholes Limestone are more accessible in the south bank at [NS 7501 8768], where the following section is exposed:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
| | <br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | Sandstone, greenish-grey, chloritic, mostly fine-grained, upward-coarsening, with argillaceous siltstone laminae towards base; root traces at top<br />
| | 0.84<br />
|-<br />
| | Siltstone, greenish-grey, argillaceous, with sandy laminae towards top<br />
| | 1.40<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, olive-green with grains of volcaniclastic detritus, grading down into dark-grey mudstone with silty, micaceous laminae<br />
| | 1.75<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, dark-grey, mostly fissile, with harder silty and sideritic beds towards top; articulate brachiopods at base<br />
| | 1.02<br />
|- <br />
|| TODHOLES LIMESTONE, dark-grey, fine-grained, in nodules<br />
|| 0.15<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
The limestone cannot be recognised farther upstream and it presumably dies out less than 200m to the west. On the south side of the last exposure, the overlying Touchadam and Bannock Burn White limestones are exposed intermittently. Above them lie extensive opencast workings in the Hurlet Limestone, which continue upstream for the rest of the section, appearing initially on the south side of the stream and then extending to both sides farther west. Talus from these old workings obscures the beds immediately below the Hurlet Limestone over most of the section. Several primitive, horseshoe-shaped clamp kilns show that at least some of the limestone was burnt on site.<br />
<br />
== Locality 2.2 [NS 7495 8765] to [NS 7493 8766] Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones. ==<br />
<br />
The two limestones lie very close together, but are of markedly different lithology (see below). They crop out in, and immediately upstream from, a waterfall [NS 7494 8765], which is the type section of the former limestone. Here the following section is exposed:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
| | <br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, blackish-grey, locally carbonaceous, fissile, silty towards top, with thin beds and nodules of pyritous, sideritic, ironstone<br />
| | 2.62<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone, dark-grey, fine-grained, pyritous<br />
|| 0.10<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone, dark-grey<br />
|| 0.15<br />
|- <br />
|| BANNOCK BURN WHITE LIMESTONE, mottled pale- and dark-grey yellowish-weathering and dolomitised at the top, which locally contains carbonaceous root traces; pale-grey and crystalline below, locally pseudobrecciated; abundant crinoid columnals, articulate brachiopods, bryozoa, etc. (junction at [NS 7492 8764], above small waterfall)<br />
|| 1.03<br />
|-<br />
| | TOUCHADAM LIMESTONE, dark-grey, fine-grained, argillaceous, flaggy; divided into five layers by thin beds of dark-grey, calcareous mudstone; crinoid ossicles and abundant articulate brachiopods. (Cut by small NW–SE fault)<br />
| | 1.88<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, mostly dark-grey, fissile; paler and more silty towards base, which contains a thin sideritic limestone up to 0.07 m thick, with shell fragments<br />
| | 1.01<br />
|- <br />
|| Sandstone, grey, mostly fine-grained, sideritic<br />
|| 0.10<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, pale-grey, silty and sandy, poorly bedded, with sideritic concretions<br />
| | 1.83<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The Touchadam Limestone contains fragments of goniatites in exposures farther west and probably correlates with the lower part of the Blackbyre Limestone of the Paisley district. The overlying Bannock Burn White Limestone almost certainly correlates with the upper part of the Blackbyre Limestone (Wilson, 1989) and with the combined White Nodular Limestone and Coral Limestone of the Corrie Burn section some 11km to the SW (Robertson & Haldane, 1937, p. 18). The non-marine Baldernock Limestone lies at this stratigraphical horizon on the south side of the Campsie Fells (Dinham & Haldane, 1932, pp. 14–16). A widespread fall in sea level took place shortly after the Bannock Burn White Limestone had been deposited, so that its top was exposed, dolomitised and locally colonised by vegetation. The roots at the top of this limestone mark the horizon of the Hurlet Coal of the Central Coalfield. Walk upstream, noting in passing the excellent exposures of Touchadam Limestone and its capping of dark-grey, fissile mudstone.<br />
<br />
== Locality 2.3 [NS 7483 8761] Lower Limestone Formation and Midland Valley Sill-complex. ==<br />
<br />
Cross the burn and the old opencast workings in the Hurlet Limestone to the south and climb to the foot of the cliff. This locality lies on the SW (upthrow) side of a small NW–SE fault, which also truncates a broad platform of the Touchadam Limestone at water level. The exposure detailed below shows strata in the lower part of the Lower Limestone Formation, between the Hurlet Limestone and the ochreous bed that marks the horizon of the Blackhall Limestone, immediately below the quartz-dolerite sill. This limestone has been metamorphosed locally. The strata between the Hurlet and Blackhall limestones are much thinner in this section than they are farther east in the Clackmannan Syncline (Francis ''et al''., 1970, figs. 15 & 16), indicating that the area above the old lava pile continued to be an area of reduced subsidence (basin margin), even towards the end of the Viséan Epoch.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
| | <br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | Dolerite, medium-grained and columnar-jointed at top, but finer grained, platy and amygdaloidal at chilled base<br />
| | 3.20<br />
|-<br />
| | Horizon of BLACKHALL LIMESTONE. Soft, yellowish-brown, ochreous bed containing a thin intercalation of hard-baked, pale-grey mudstone with shell fragments<br />
| | 1.12<br />
|- <br />
|| Wedge of fine-grained dolerite (basalt), which thins to west<br />
| align=right| 0.76<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone, pale-grey, baked hard and bleached<br />
| | 0.30<br />
|- <br />
|| Alternating beds of pale whitish-grey and brownish-grey sandstone, mostly fine-grained and ripple-laminated, in upward-coarsening sequences, and dark-grey, micaceous<br />
| | <br />
|- <br />
|| siltstone and silty mudstone, containing drifted plant scraps<br />
| | 8.66<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone, dark-grey, silty, micaceous<br />
| | 0.15<br />
|-<br />
| | Gap, obscured by talus. Trenching revealed collapsed workings in the INCHINNAN LIMESTONE (which was originally about 1m thick) underlain by a 0.10m-thick coal and 0.25m of seatclay (mudstone reworked by roots)<br />
| | 1.65<br />
|-<br />
| | Sandstone, whitish-grey and brownish-grey, mostly fine-grained, with silty micaceous laminae; roots at top<br />
| | 0.69<br />
|-<br />
| | Gap, obscured by talus, down to approximate level of the worked-out<br />
| | <br />
|- <br />
|| HURLET LIMESTONE. (Outcrops about 12m to the west along the strike suggest that most of this gap is occupied by alternating beds of sandstone and siltstone, similar to those seen above the Inchinnan Limestone)<br />
|| 10.00<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
The limestone beds in the above section represent widespread marine transgressions, which may be traced over the greater part of the Midland Valley of Scotland and into the north of England. The repeated upward-coarsening sequences of sandy strata between the limestone beds probably represent minor, local delta-lobes that were built out during periods of lowered sea level and occasionally colonised by vegetation. These sandy beds die out south-westwards, towards Glasgow. Return downhill and cross the burn to Locality 2.4, just beyond a substantial fence at [NS 7482 8765].<br />
<br />
== Locality 2.4 [NS 7481 8766] to [NS 7458 8769] Kirkwood Formation and shoreward facies of basal Lawmuir Formation. ==<br />
<br />
Within this locality the deeply weathered top of the Clyde Plateau Volcanic Formation is exposed, together with the overlying Kirkwood Formation and the basal Lawmuir Formation, in a small inlier. At the east end of the inlier, strata just below the horizon of the Todholes Limestone are exposed dipping SSE at 14°, but there is no trace of that limestone anywhere within the inlier and it has probably died out. The cross-stratified, decomposed, reworked, volcaniclastic detritus of the Kirkwood Formation is well exposed in the stream bed and in both banks [[Media:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_02.jpg|(Plate 2.2)]]. It is mostly yellowish-green in colour and tends to become coarser towards the base, ranging from a silty mudstone to a conglomerate containing rounded pebbles of weathered lava. The basal Kirkwood Formation is difficult to distinguish in some places from the in-situ bole-like material produced by the deep tropical weathering of the topmost lavas. However, the Kirkwood Formation is here obviously much thinner than in the exposures farther downstream. Tuff, containing blocks, may be seen above the lava at [NS 7465 8768], where another fence crosses the stream. The following section in the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones can be seen at [NS 7457 8766]:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|- <br />
| | <br />
|| Thickness (m)<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone<br />
|| 2.40<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone<br />
|| 0.15<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone<br />
|| 0.10<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone, fossiliferous, nodular<br />
|| 1.10<br />
|- <br />
|| Nodular limestone, shelly<br />
|| 0.10<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone<br />
|| 0.65<br />
|- <br />
|| Calcareous mudstone<br />
|| 0.35<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone<br />
|| 0.50<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone<br />
|| 0.30<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone<br />
|| 0.50<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone<br />
|| 0.10<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone<br />
| | 0.30<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Continue upstream, past a good exposure of the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones in the north bank where fossils may be collected from loose material, and cross a small NNE–SSW fault with an easterly down-throw which brings up strata close to the horizon of the Todholes Limestone, to reach Locality 2.5 at a prominent waterfall at [NS 7448 8767].<br />
<br />
== Locality 2.5 [NS 7447 8763] to [NS 7443 8767] Hurlet Limestone and shoreward facies of the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones. ==<br />
<br />
The Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones form the prominent waterfall at this locality [[Media:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_03.jpg|(Plate 2.3)]]. Here the Touchadam Limestone has thinned to 0.49m and is separated from the overlying Bannock Burn White Limestone by some 0.75m of calcareous mudstone containing abundant brachiopods. The Bannock Burn White Limestone has not thinned perceptibly and remains more than 1 m thick. Its weathered, decalcified and dolomitised top contrasts with its unweathered, highly fossiliferous, lower portion. The beds below the Touchadam Limestone are exposed below the waterfall and are similar to those already described in Localities 2.1 and 2.2. The chief interest lies in the beds above the Bannock Burn White Limestone, which are better exposed upstream from the waterfall than anywhere else in the Todholes section. The following section through these beds is exposed in the north bank, between [NS 7445 8766] and [NS 7443 8763]:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
| | <br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | HURLET LIMESTONE, dark-grey, crinoidal; argillaceous towards base, which is decomposed locally to an ochreous bed<br />
| | 0.37<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, dark-grey, fissile; top calcareous with abundant articulate brachiopods, but base ferruginous with ''Lingula''<br />
| | 0.61<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, dark-grey, fissile and ferruginous with silty, sideritic ironstone beds up to 0.03m thick; decomposed pyrite concretions and selenite crystals; basal 0.10m is contorted, whereas the beds immediately above and below are unaffected<br />
| | 1.58<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, dark-grey, fissile, with sideritic nodules and beds of dark-grey, argillaceous limestone up to 0.10m thick; fragmental marine shells at base<br />
| | 1.83<br />
|-<br />
| | (Irregular top of BANNOCK BURN WHITE LIMESTONE)<br />
| | <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
Only the base of the Hurlet Limestone is preserved at the top of this section, but a loose block of similar limestone that lies in the stream indicates that the Hurlet Limestone was at least 1m thick. There is no trace of the Hurlet Coal. Upstream the section is truncated by a NE–SW fault with a throw of about 3m down to the SE.<br />
<br />
If time is still available, visitors have two choices. They may either examine a set of faulted exposures, mostly in the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones, farther upstream, or they may return to their cars, drive north past the North Third Reservoir, and visit the Touchadam section, illustrated in [[File:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_02.jpg|(Figure 2.2)]]. In the Touchadam section, the Bannock Burn White Limestone has been almost entirely replaced by a pale-grey mudstone, locally derived from volcaniclastic detritus ([[File:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_02.jpg|(Figure 2.2)]]; Francis ''et al''., 1970, pp. 170–2, fig. 14). Before leaving the west end of the Todholes section, the visitor should climb out of the immediate valley of the upper Bannock Burn in order to see the view to the NE. Here a component of the Midland Valley Sill-complex (intruded into the marine mudstones above the Blackhall Limestone) is seen forming the impressive cliffs of Sauchie Craig. North of the prominent gap in these cliffs at Windy Yet, the sill transgresses down into sedimentary rocks below the Inchinnan Limestone, before rising upwards in a dyke-like body along the plane of the Wallstale Fault. This proves that the fault was formed before the dolerite was intruded.<br />
{{EGwalks}}<br />
[[Category:Edinburgh Geological Society]]<br />
[[Category:5. Midland Valley of Scotland]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Bannock_Burn_-_an_excursion&diff=58863
Bannock Burn - an excursion
2023-09-03T14:28:05Z
<p>Scotfot: /* Locality 2.5 [NS 7447 8763] to [NS 7443 8767] Hurlet Limestone and shoreward facies of the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones. */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{EGSStirling}}<br />
<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_01.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 2.1 Map of late Viséan rocks exposed in the upper Bannock Burn near Todholes, showing localities for Excursion 2. Adapted from Francis et al. (1970, fig. 13).]]<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_02.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 2.2 Vertical sections of late Viséan rocks exposed in the Bannock Burn, (A) near Todholes and (B) near Touchadam Quarry. Adapted from Francis et al. (1970, fig. 15).]]<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_01.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 2.1 Locality 2.1. Colonial coral (Siphonodendron sp.) in Todholes Limestone, Lawmuir Formation. ]]<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_PLA_00_06.jpg|thumbnail|Plate S.6 Disconformity between Kirkwood Formation and the overlying Lawmuir Formation. Outlines of clamp kilns in foreground; Lewis Hill Quartz-dolerite Sill forms crags in background. See Excursion 2.]]<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_02.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 2.2 Locality 2.4. Coarse-grained volcaniclastic detritus in Kirkwood Formation.]]<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_03.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 2.3 Locality 2.5. Waterfalls in the Bannock Burn, formed by the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones, Lawmuir Formation.]]<br />
<br />
== Excursion 2 Bannock Burn ==<br />
<br />
By Bill Read<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| | ''Purpose:''<br />
| | To view the deeply weathered top of the basaltic lava pile of the Clyde Plateau Volcanic Formation (Strathclyde Group); to examine the overlying Kirkwood Formation derived from the reworking of weathered lava, and its relationship to the marine sedimentary rocks in the cyclically deposited Lawmuir Formation above; to inspect the Lower Limestone Formation (Clackmannan Group) including the Hurlet, Inchinnan and Blackhall limestone cycles.<br />
|-<br />
| | ''Logistics:''<br />
| | This excursion is on land belonging to Sauchie Estates Ltd, Cultenhove Farm, Sauchieburn Estate, Stirlingshire and Todholes Farm. Care should be taken whilst traversing round the numerous small waterfalls in the burn and whilst crossing fences. '''''A 3-tonne maximum load limit applies to the local access roads, so that this excursion is not suitable for coach parties'''''. Leave the centre of Stirling, drive south to the Bannockburn Heritage Centre and turn right at [NS 798 905] onto the road to Howietoun Fishery. Turn right at the junction at [NS 7862 8790] and then at the junction with the Carronbridge road at [NS 7694 8744]. The car park is at [NS 7600 8782].<br />
|-<br />
| | ''Maps''<br />
| | OS 1:50,000 Sheet 57 Stirling & the Trossachs; OS 1:25,000 Stirling & Ochil Hills West; BGS 1:50,000 Sheet 39W Stirling; locality map [[Media:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_01.jpg|(Figure 2.1)]].<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
[[Media:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_01.jpg|(Figure 2.1)]] is a geological map of the Bannock Burn near Todholes Farm. The stream section displays the deeply weathered top of the basaltic lava pile of the Clyde Plateau Volcanic Formation overlain by the diachronous Kirkwood Formation. This consists of bedded and cross-stratified volcaniclastic detritus derived from the lavas, which were progressively buried by younger deltaic and marine sediments during the late Viséan. Repeated marine transgressions gradually deposited sediments that covered the old lava landmass.<br />
<br />
The overlying cyclically deposited Lawmuir Formation (Paterson & Hall, 1986) also has a diachronous base, but this formation contains marine limestones and broadly resembles the overlying Lower Limestone Formation (Clackmannan Group). In the thicker basinal sequences of the Clackmannan Syncline to the east, quartzose fluviodeltaic sands represent regressive intervals with lowered sea levels, which alternated with the transgressive intervals represented by the marine limestones. However, these sandstones are absent from the basin-margin Todholes and Touchadam sections. [[Media:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_02.jpg|(Figure 2.2)]] illustrates two vertical sections down from the Hurlet Limestone through the Lawmuir and Kirkwood formations at Todholes (A) and farther downstream around Touchadam Quarry (B) [NS 7600 9055], 4km NNE along strike. The two basin-margin sections show considerable changes in thickness and lithology.<br />
<br />
Limestones in the Lawmuir Formation, formerly designated alphabetically in downward order (Dinham & Haldane, 1932, pp. 14–16), have been renamed the Bannock Burn White (E), the Touchadam (F) and the Todholes (G) limestones. The Hurlet Limestone (formerly Murrayshall Limestone or D) marks the base of the Lower Limestone Formation. It was deposited during a major marine transgression that finally submerged almost all of the old subaerial lava pile. Both it and the overlying Inchinnan Limestone (C) were extensively quarried locally for lime and are generally seen only as loose blocks.<br />
<br />
== Locality 2.1 [NS 7532 8779] to [NS 7501 8768] Kirkwood Formation and lateral attenuation of the Todholes Limestone. ==<br />
<br />
From the car park, walk NW to the ford at [NS 7574 8810], 700m east of Todholes Farm, where the minor road to North Third Reservoir crosses the Bannock Burn. Pass through the gate immediately south of the ford on the left (SW) side of the road and walk south-westwards, parallel to the burn, keeping on the south side of a high drystone wall, to join the stream at [NS 7542 8778]. Walk upstream, noting on the way a landslip on the path at [NS 7542 8781]. This is the type locality of the Todholes Limestone, which crops out in the burn at the downstream end of the locality. Here it is a continuous bed, 0.7m thick, of dark-grey, crystalline limestone containing a varied marine fauna, including simple corals, the compound coral ''Siphonodendron ''[[Media:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_01.jpg|(Plate 2.1)]] and the large brachiopod ''Gigantoproductus''. This fauna resembles that of the Hollybush Limestone of the Paisley district, with which the Todholes Limestone has been correlated (Francis ''et al''., 1970, p. 181). Farther upstream, in a rather inaccessible exposure about 300m to the west [NS 7503 8773], the Todholes Limestone is reduced to a discontinuous bed of nodules, which is underlain by the following succession:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
| | <br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | LAWMUIR FORMATION<br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, dark-grey, poorly bedded at top; articulate brachiopods<br />
| | 0.15<br />
|- <br />
|| Siltstone, dark-grey, ferruginous<br />
|| 0.15<br />
|- <br />
|| Ironstone, sideritic, silty<br />
|| 0.01<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, pale-grey, grading down into greenish-grey volcaniclastic detritus of silt and sand grade, which contains a nodular, sideritic bed 0.4m thick<br />
| | 1.58<br />
|-<br />
| | (Erosional unconformity, truncating beds below)<br />
| | <br />
|-<br />
| | KIRKWOOD FORMATION<br />
| | <br />
|-<br />
| | Volcaniclastic detritus, grey, greenish-grey and dull purple, generally upward-fining, cross-stratified with easterly-dipping foresets; contains rounded pebbles of decomposed basalt in lenses and towards base<br />
| | 5.50<br />
|}<br />
The unconformity between these two formations is well seen between [NS 7505 8772 and 7503 8773] [[Media:EGS_STIRL_PLA_00_06.jpg|(Plate S.6)]]. The Todholes Limestone, 45–55cm thick, crops out in the burn and rises above the volcaniclastic beds at [NS 7521 8771]. Its surface is slightly karstified and weathers black. Mudstone can be seen above and below. The basal bed is definitely not an ash-fall tuff but a water-sorted deposit derived from the reworking of decomposed bole-like material on top of the lava pile. The beds in the Lawmuir Formation above the now-discontinuous nodular Todholes Limestone are more accessible in the south bank at [NS 7501 8768], where the following section is exposed:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
| | <br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | Sandstone, greenish-grey, chloritic, mostly fine-grained, upward-coarsening, with argillaceous siltstone laminae towards base; root traces at top<br />
| | 0.84<br />
|-<br />
| | Siltstone, greenish-grey, argillaceous, with sandy laminae towards top<br />
| | 1.40<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, olive-green with grains of volcaniclastic detritus, grading down into dark-grey mudstone with silty, micaceous laminae<br />
| | 1.75<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, dark-grey, mostly fissile, with harder silty and sideritic beds towards top; articulate brachiopods at base<br />
| | 1.02<br />
|- <br />
|| TODHOLES LIMESTONE, dark-grey, fine-grained, in nodules<br />
|| 0.15<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
The limestone cannot be recognised farther upstream and it presumably dies out less than 200m to the west. On the south side of the last exposure, the overlying Touchadam and Bannock Burn White limestones are exposed intermittently. Above them lie extensive opencast workings in the Hurlet Limestone, which continue upstream for the rest of the section, appearing initially on the south side of the stream and then extending to both sides farther west. Talus from these old workings obscures the beds immediately below the Hurlet Limestone over most of the section. Several primitive, horseshoe-shaped clamp kilns show that at least some of the limestone was burnt on site.<br />
<br />
== Locality 2.2 [NS 7495 8765] to [NS 7493 8766] Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones. ==<br />
<br />
The two limestones lie very close together, but are of markedly different lithology (see below). They crop out in, and immediately upstream from, a waterfall [NS 7494 8765], which is the type section of the former limestone. Here the following section is exposed:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
| | <br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, blackish-grey, locally carbonaceous, fissile, silty towards top, with thin beds and nodules of pyritous, sideritic, ironstone<br />
| | 2.62<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone, dark-grey, fine-grained, pyritous<br />
|| 0.10<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone, dark-grey<br />
|| 0.15<br />
|- <br />
|| BANNOCK BURN WHITE LIMESTONE, mottled pale- and dark-grey yellowish-weathering and dolomitised at the top, which locally contains carbonaceous root traces; pale-grey and crystalline below, locally pseudobrecciated; abundant crinoid columnals, articulate brachiopods, bryozoa, etc. (junction at [NS 7492 8764], above small waterfall)<br />
|| 1.03<br />
|-<br />
| | TOUCHADAM LIMESTONE, dark-grey, fine-grained, argillaceous, flaggy; divided into five layers by thin beds of dark-grey, calcareous mudstone; crinoid ossicles and abundant articulate brachiopods. (Cut by small NW–SE fault)<br />
| | 1.88<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, mostly dark-grey, fissile; paler and more silty towards base, which contains a thin sideritic limestone up to 0.07 m thick, with shell fragments<br />
| | 1.01<br />
|- <br />
|| Sandstone, grey, mostly fine-grained, sideritic<br />
|| 0.10<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, pale-grey, silty and sandy, poorly bedded, with sideritic concretions<br />
| | 1.83<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The Touchadam Limestone contains fragments of goniatites in exposures farther west and probably correlates with the lower part of the Blackbyre Limestone of the Paisley district. The overlying Bannock Burn White Limestone almost certainly correlates with the upper part of the Blackbyre Limestone (Wilson, 1989) and with the combined White Nodular Limestone and Coral Limestone of the Corrie Burn section some 11km to the SW (Robertson & Haldane, 1937, p. 18). The non-marine Baldernock Limestone lies at this stratigraphical horizon on the south side of the Campsie Fells (Dinham & Haldane, 1932, pp. 14–16). A widespread fall in sea level took place shortly after the Bannock Burn White Limestone had been deposited, so that its top was exposed, dolomitised and locally colonised by vegetation. The roots at the top of this limestone mark the horizon of the Hurlet Coal of the Central Coalfield. Walk upstream, noting in passing the excellent exposures of Touchadam Limestone and its capping of dark-grey, fissile mudstone.<br />
<br />
== Locality 2.3 [NS 7483 8761] Lower Limestone Formation and Midland Valley Sill-complex. ==<br />
<br />
Cross the burn and the old opencast workings in the Hurlet Limestone to the south and climb to the foot of the cliff. This locality lies on the SW (upthrow) side of a small NW–SE fault, which also truncates a broad platform of the Touchadam Limestone at water level. The exposure detailed below shows strata in the lower part of the Lower Limestone Formation, between the Hurlet Limestone and the ochreous bed that marks the horizon of the Blackhall Limestone, immediately below the quartz-dolerite sill. This limestone has been metamorphosed locally. The strata between the Hurlet and Blackhall limestones are much thinner in this section than they are farther east in the Clackmannan Syncline (Francis ''et al''., 1970, figs. 15 & 16), indicating that the area above the old lava pile continued to be an area of reduced subsidence (basin margin), even towards the end of the Viséan Epoch.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
| | <br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | Dolerite, medium-grained and columnar-jointed at top, but finer grained, platy and amygdaloidal at chilled base<br />
| | 3.20<br />
|-<br />
| | Horizon of BLACKHALL LIMESTONE. Soft, yellowish-brown, ochreous bed containing a thin intercalation of hard-baked, pale-grey mudstone with shell fragments<br />
| | 1.12<br />
|- <br />
|| Wedge of fine-grained dolerite (basalt), which thins to west<br />
| align=right| 0.76<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone, pale-grey, baked hard and bleached<br />
| | 0.30<br />
|- <br />
|| Alternating beds of pale whitish-grey and brownish-grey sandstone, mostly fine-grained and ripple-laminated, in upward-coarsening sequences, and dark-grey, micaceous<br />
| | <br />
|- <br />
|| siltstone and silty mudstone, containing drifted plant scraps<br />
| | 8.66<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone, dark-grey, silty, micaceous<br />
| | 0.15<br />
|-<br />
| | Gap, obscured by talus. Trenching revealed collapsed workings in the INCHINNAN LIMESTONE (which was originally about 1m thick) underlain by a 0.10m-thick coal and 0.25m of seatclay (mudstone reworked by roots)<br />
| | 1.65<br />
|-<br />
| | Sandstone, whitish-grey and brownish-grey, mostly fine-grained, with silty micaceous laminae; roots at top<br />
| | 0.69<br />
|-<br />
| | Gap, obscured by talus, down to approximate level of the worked-out<br />
| | <br />
|- <br />
|| HURLET LIMESTONE. (Outcrops about 12m to the west along the strike suggest that most of this gap is occupied by alternating beds of sandstone and siltstone, similar to those seen above the Inchinnan Limestone)<br />
|| 10.00<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
The limestone beds in the above section represent widespread marine transgressions, which may be traced over the greater part of the Midland Valley of Scotland and into the north of England. The repeated upward-coarsening sequences of sandy strata between the limestone beds probably represent minor, local delta-lobes that were built out during periods of lowered sea level and occasionally colonised by vegetation. These sandy beds die out south-westwards, towards Glasgow. Return downhill and cross the burn to Locality 2.4, just beyond a substantial fence at [NS 7482 8765].<br />
<br />
== Locality 2.4 [NS 7481 8766] to [NS 7458 8769] Kirkwood Formation and shoreward facies of basal Lawmuir Formation. ==<br />
<br />
Within this locality the deeply weathered top of the Clyde Plateau Volcanic Formation is exposed, together with the overlying Kirkwood Formation and the basal Lawmuir Formation, in a small inlier. At the east end of the inlier, strata just below the horizon of the Todholes Limestone are exposed dipping SSE at 14°, but there is no trace of that limestone anywhere within the inlier and it has probably died out. The cross-stratified, decomposed, reworked, volcaniclastic detritus of the Kirkwood Formation is well exposed in the stream bed and in both banks [[Media:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_02.jpg|(Plate 2.2)]]. It is mostly yellowish-green in colour and tends to become coarser towards the base, ranging from a silty mudstone to a conglomerate containing rounded pebbles of weathered lava. The basal Kirkwood Formation is difficult to distinguish in some places from the in-situ bole-like material produced by the deep tropical weathering of the topmost lavas. However, the Kirkwood Formation is here obviously much thinner than in the exposures farther downstream. Tuff, containing blocks, may be seen above the lava at [NS 7465 8768], where another fence crosses the stream. The following section in the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones can be seen at [NS 7457 8766]:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|- <br />
| | <br />
|| Thickness (m)<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone<br />
|| 2.40<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone<br />
|| 0.15<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone<br />
|| 0.10<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone, fossiliferous, nodular<br />
|| 1.10<br />
|- <br />
|| Nodular limestone, shelly<br />
|| 0.10<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone<br />
|| 0.65<br />
|- <br />
|| Calcareous mudstone<br />
|| 0.35<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone<br />
|| 0.50<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone<br />
|| 0.30<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone<br />
|| 0.50<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone<br />
|| 0.10<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone<br />
| | 0.30<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Continue upstream, past a good exposure of the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones in the north bank where fossils may be collected from loose material, and cross a small NNE–SSW fault with an easterly down-throw which brings up strata close to the horizon of the Todholes Limestone, to reach Locality 2.5 at a prominent waterfall at [NS 7448 8767].<br />
<br />
== Locality 2.5 [NS 7447 8763] to [NS 7443 8767] Hurlet Limestone and shoreward facies of the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones. ==<br />
<br />
The Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones form the prominent waterfall at this locality [[Media:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_03.jpg|(Plate 2.3)]]. Here the Touchadam Limestone has thinned to 0.49m and is separated from the overlying Bannock Burn White Limestone by some 0.75m of calcareous mudstone containing abundant brachiopods. The Bannock Burn White Limestone has not thinned perceptibly and remains more than 1 m thick. Its weathered, decalcified and dolomitised top contrasts with its unweathered, highly fossiliferous, lower portion. The beds below the Touchadam Limestone are exposed below the waterfall and are similar to those already described in Localities 2.1 and 2.2. The chief interest lies in the beds above the Bannock Burn White Limestone, which are better exposed upstream from the waterfall than anywhere else in the Todholes section. The following section through these beds is exposed in the north bank, between [NS 7445 8766] and [NS 7443 8763]:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
| | <br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | HURLET LIMESTONE, dark-grey, crinoidal; argillaceous towards base, which is decomposed locally to an ochreous bed<br />
| | 0.37<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, dark-grey, fissile; top calcareous with abundant articulate brachiopods, but base ferruginous with ''Lingula''<br />
| | 0.61<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, dark-grey, fissile and ferruginous with silty, sideritic ironstone beds up to 0.03m thick; decomposed pyrite concretions and selenite crystals; basal 0.10m is contorted, whereas the beds immediately above and below are unaffected<br />
| | 1.58<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, dark-grey, fissile, with sideritic nodules and beds of dark-grey, argillaceous limestone up to 0.10m thick; fragmental marine shells at base<br />
| | 1.83<br />
|-<br />
| | (Irregular top of BANNOCK BURN WHITE LIMESTONE)<br />
| | <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
Only the base of the Hurlet Limestone is preserved at the top of this section, but a loose block of similar limestone that lies in the stream indicates that the Hurlet Limestone was at least 1m thick. There is no trace of the Hurlet Coal. Upstream the section is truncated by a NE–SW fault with a throw of about 3m down to the SE.<br />
<br />
If time is still available, visitors have two choices. They may either examine a set of faulted exposures, mostly in the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones, farther upstream, or they may return to their cars, drive north past the North Third Reservoir, and visit the Touchadam section, illustrated in [[Media:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_02.jpg|(Figure 2.2)]]. In the Touchadam section, the Bannock Burn White Limestone has been almost entirely replaced by a pale-grey mudstone, locally derived from volcaniclastic detritus ([[Media:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_02.jpg|(Figure 2.2)]]; Francis ''et al''., 1970, pp. 170–2, fig. 14). Before leaving the west end of the Todholes section, the visitor should climb out of the immediate valley of the upper Bannock Burn in order to see the view to the NE. Here a component of the Midland Valley Sill-complex (intruded into the marine mudstones above the Blackhall Limestone) is seen forming the impressive cliffs of Sauchie Craig. North of the prominent gap in these cliffs at Windy Yet, the sill transgresses down into sedimentary rocks below the Inchinnan Limestone, before rising upwards in a dyke-like body along the plane of the Wallstale Fault. This proves that the fault was formed before the dolerite was intruded.<br />
{{EGwalks}}<br />
[[Category:Edinburgh Geological Society]]<br />
[[Category:5. Midland Valley of Scotland]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Bannock_Burn_-_an_excursion&diff=58862
Bannock Burn - an excursion
2023-09-03T14:27:14Z
<p>Scotfot: /* Locality 2.5 [NS 7447 8763] to [NS 7443 8767] Hurlet Limestone and shoreward facies of the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones. */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{EGSStirling}}<br />
<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_01.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 2.1 Map of late Viséan rocks exposed in the upper Bannock Burn near Todholes, showing localities for Excursion 2. Adapted from Francis et al. (1970, fig. 13).]]<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_02.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 2.2 Vertical sections of late Viséan rocks exposed in the Bannock Burn, (A) near Todholes and (B) near Touchadam Quarry. Adapted from Francis et al. (1970, fig. 15).]]<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_01.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 2.1 Locality 2.1. Colonial coral (Siphonodendron sp.) in Todholes Limestone, Lawmuir Formation. ]]<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_PLA_00_06.jpg|thumbnail|Plate S.6 Disconformity between Kirkwood Formation and the overlying Lawmuir Formation. Outlines of clamp kilns in foreground; Lewis Hill Quartz-dolerite Sill forms crags in background. See Excursion 2.]]<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_02.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 2.2 Locality 2.4. Coarse-grained volcaniclastic detritus in Kirkwood Formation.]]<br />
[[File:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_03.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 2.3 Locality 2.5. Waterfalls in the Bannock Burn, formed by the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones, Lawmuir Formation.]]<br />
<br />
== Excursion 2 Bannock Burn ==<br />
<br />
By Bill Read<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| | ''Purpose:''<br />
| | To view the deeply weathered top of the basaltic lava pile of the Clyde Plateau Volcanic Formation (Strathclyde Group); to examine the overlying Kirkwood Formation derived from the reworking of weathered lava, and its relationship to the marine sedimentary rocks in the cyclically deposited Lawmuir Formation above; to inspect the Lower Limestone Formation (Clackmannan Group) including the Hurlet, Inchinnan and Blackhall limestone cycles.<br />
|-<br />
| | ''Logistics:''<br />
| | This excursion is on land belonging to Sauchie Estates Ltd, Cultenhove Farm, Sauchieburn Estate, Stirlingshire and Todholes Farm. Care should be taken whilst traversing round the numerous small waterfalls in the burn and whilst crossing fences. '''''A 3-tonne maximum load limit applies to the local access roads, so that this excursion is not suitable for coach parties'''''. Leave the centre of Stirling, drive south to the Bannockburn Heritage Centre and turn right at [NS 798 905] onto the road to Howietoun Fishery. Turn right at the junction at [NS 7862 8790] and then at the junction with the Carronbridge road at [NS 7694 8744]. The car park is at [NS 7600 8782].<br />
|-<br />
| | ''Maps''<br />
| | OS 1:50,000 Sheet 57 Stirling & the Trossachs; OS 1:25,000 Stirling & Ochil Hills West; BGS 1:50,000 Sheet 39W Stirling; locality map [[Media:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_01.jpg|(Figure 2.1)]].<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
[[Media:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_01.jpg|(Figure 2.1)]] is a geological map of the Bannock Burn near Todholes Farm. The stream section displays the deeply weathered top of the basaltic lava pile of the Clyde Plateau Volcanic Formation overlain by the diachronous Kirkwood Formation. This consists of bedded and cross-stratified volcaniclastic detritus derived from the lavas, which were progressively buried by younger deltaic and marine sediments during the late Viséan. Repeated marine transgressions gradually deposited sediments that covered the old lava landmass.<br />
<br />
The overlying cyclically deposited Lawmuir Formation (Paterson & Hall, 1986) also has a diachronous base, but this formation contains marine limestones and broadly resembles the overlying Lower Limestone Formation (Clackmannan Group). In the thicker basinal sequences of the Clackmannan Syncline to the east, quartzose fluviodeltaic sands represent regressive intervals with lowered sea levels, which alternated with the transgressive intervals represented by the marine limestones. However, these sandstones are absent from the basin-margin Todholes and Touchadam sections. [[Media:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_02.jpg|(Figure 2.2)]] illustrates two vertical sections down from the Hurlet Limestone through the Lawmuir and Kirkwood formations at Todholes (A) and farther downstream around Touchadam Quarry (B) [NS 7600 9055], 4km NNE along strike. The two basin-margin sections show considerable changes in thickness and lithology.<br />
<br />
Limestones in the Lawmuir Formation, formerly designated alphabetically in downward order (Dinham & Haldane, 1932, pp. 14–16), have been renamed the Bannock Burn White (E), the Touchadam (F) and the Todholes (G) limestones. The Hurlet Limestone (formerly Murrayshall Limestone or D) marks the base of the Lower Limestone Formation. It was deposited during a major marine transgression that finally submerged almost all of the old subaerial lava pile. Both it and the overlying Inchinnan Limestone (C) were extensively quarried locally for lime and are generally seen only as loose blocks.<br />
<br />
== Locality 2.1 [NS 7532 8779] to [NS 7501 8768] Kirkwood Formation and lateral attenuation of the Todholes Limestone. ==<br />
<br />
From the car park, walk NW to the ford at [NS 7574 8810], 700m east of Todholes Farm, where the minor road to North Third Reservoir crosses the Bannock Burn. Pass through the gate immediately south of the ford on the left (SW) side of the road and walk south-westwards, parallel to the burn, keeping on the south side of a high drystone wall, to join the stream at [NS 7542 8778]. Walk upstream, noting on the way a landslip on the path at [NS 7542 8781]. This is the type locality of the Todholes Limestone, which crops out in the burn at the downstream end of the locality. Here it is a continuous bed, 0.7m thick, of dark-grey, crystalline limestone containing a varied marine fauna, including simple corals, the compound coral ''Siphonodendron ''[[Media:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_01.jpg|(Plate 2.1)]] and the large brachiopod ''Gigantoproductus''. This fauna resembles that of the Hollybush Limestone of the Paisley district, with which the Todholes Limestone has been correlated (Francis ''et al''., 1970, p. 181). Farther upstream, in a rather inaccessible exposure about 300m to the west [NS 7503 8773], the Todholes Limestone is reduced to a discontinuous bed of nodules, which is underlain by the following succession:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
| | <br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | LAWMUIR FORMATION<br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, dark-grey, poorly bedded at top; articulate brachiopods<br />
| | 0.15<br />
|- <br />
|| Siltstone, dark-grey, ferruginous<br />
|| 0.15<br />
|- <br />
|| Ironstone, sideritic, silty<br />
|| 0.01<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, pale-grey, grading down into greenish-grey volcaniclastic detritus of silt and sand grade, which contains a nodular, sideritic bed 0.4m thick<br />
| | 1.58<br />
|-<br />
| | (Erosional unconformity, truncating beds below)<br />
| | <br />
|-<br />
| | KIRKWOOD FORMATION<br />
| | <br />
|-<br />
| | Volcaniclastic detritus, grey, greenish-grey and dull purple, generally upward-fining, cross-stratified with easterly-dipping foresets; contains rounded pebbles of decomposed basalt in lenses and towards base<br />
| | 5.50<br />
|}<br />
The unconformity between these two formations is well seen between [NS 7505 8772 and 7503 8773] [[Media:EGS_STIRL_PLA_00_06.jpg|(Plate S.6)]]. The Todholes Limestone, 45–55cm thick, crops out in the burn and rises above the volcaniclastic beds at [NS 7521 8771]. Its surface is slightly karstified and weathers black. Mudstone can be seen above and below. The basal bed is definitely not an ash-fall tuff but a water-sorted deposit derived from the reworking of decomposed bole-like material on top of the lava pile. The beds in the Lawmuir Formation above the now-discontinuous nodular Todholes Limestone are more accessible in the south bank at [NS 7501 8768], where the following section is exposed:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
| | <br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | Sandstone, greenish-grey, chloritic, mostly fine-grained, upward-coarsening, with argillaceous siltstone laminae towards base; root traces at top<br />
| | 0.84<br />
|-<br />
| | Siltstone, greenish-grey, argillaceous, with sandy laminae towards top<br />
| | 1.40<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, olive-green with grains of volcaniclastic detritus, grading down into dark-grey mudstone with silty, micaceous laminae<br />
| | 1.75<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, dark-grey, mostly fissile, with harder silty and sideritic beds towards top; articulate brachiopods at base<br />
| | 1.02<br />
|- <br />
|| TODHOLES LIMESTONE, dark-grey, fine-grained, in nodules<br />
|| 0.15<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
The limestone cannot be recognised farther upstream and it presumably dies out less than 200m to the west. On the south side of the last exposure, the overlying Touchadam and Bannock Burn White limestones are exposed intermittently. Above them lie extensive opencast workings in the Hurlet Limestone, which continue upstream for the rest of the section, appearing initially on the south side of the stream and then extending to both sides farther west. Talus from these old workings obscures the beds immediately below the Hurlet Limestone over most of the section. Several primitive, horseshoe-shaped clamp kilns show that at least some of the limestone was burnt on site.<br />
<br />
== Locality 2.2 [NS 7495 8765] to [NS 7493 8766] Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones. ==<br />
<br />
The two limestones lie very close together, but are of markedly different lithology (see below). They crop out in, and immediately upstream from, a waterfall [NS 7494 8765], which is the type section of the former limestone. Here the following section is exposed:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
| | <br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, blackish-grey, locally carbonaceous, fissile, silty towards top, with thin beds and nodules of pyritous, sideritic, ironstone<br />
| | 2.62<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone, dark-grey, fine-grained, pyritous<br />
|| 0.10<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone, dark-grey<br />
|| 0.15<br />
|- <br />
|| BANNOCK BURN WHITE LIMESTONE, mottled pale- and dark-grey yellowish-weathering and dolomitised at the top, which locally contains carbonaceous root traces; pale-grey and crystalline below, locally pseudobrecciated; abundant crinoid columnals, articulate brachiopods, bryozoa, etc. (junction at [NS 7492 8764], above small waterfall)<br />
|| 1.03<br />
|-<br />
| | TOUCHADAM LIMESTONE, dark-grey, fine-grained, argillaceous, flaggy; divided into five layers by thin beds of dark-grey, calcareous mudstone; crinoid ossicles and abundant articulate brachiopods. (Cut by small NW–SE fault)<br />
| | 1.88<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, mostly dark-grey, fissile; paler and more silty towards base, which contains a thin sideritic limestone up to 0.07 m thick, with shell fragments<br />
| | 1.01<br />
|- <br />
|| Sandstone, grey, mostly fine-grained, sideritic<br />
|| 0.10<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, pale-grey, silty and sandy, poorly bedded, with sideritic concretions<br />
| | 1.83<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The Touchadam Limestone contains fragments of goniatites in exposures farther west and probably correlates with the lower part of the Blackbyre Limestone of the Paisley district. The overlying Bannock Burn White Limestone almost certainly correlates with the upper part of the Blackbyre Limestone (Wilson, 1989) and with the combined White Nodular Limestone and Coral Limestone of the Corrie Burn section some 11km to the SW (Robertson & Haldane, 1937, p. 18). The non-marine Baldernock Limestone lies at this stratigraphical horizon on the south side of the Campsie Fells (Dinham & Haldane, 1932, pp. 14–16). A widespread fall in sea level took place shortly after the Bannock Burn White Limestone had been deposited, so that its top was exposed, dolomitised and locally colonised by vegetation. The roots at the top of this limestone mark the horizon of the Hurlet Coal of the Central Coalfield. Walk upstream, noting in passing the excellent exposures of Touchadam Limestone and its capping of dark-grey, fissile mudstone.<br />
<br />
== Locality 2.3 [NS 7483 8761] Lower Limestone Formation and Midland Valley Sill-complex. ==<br />
<br />
Cross the burn and the old opencast workings in the Hurlet Limestone to the south and climb to the foot of the cliff. This locality lies on the SW (upthrow) side of a small NW–SE fault, which also truncates a broad platform of the Touchadam Limestone at water level. The exposure detailed below shows strata in the lower part of the Lower Limestone Formation, between the Hurlet Limestone and the ochreous bed that marks the horizon of the Blackhall Limestone, immediately below the quartz-dolerite sill. This limestone has been metamorphosed locally. The strata between the Hurlet and Blackhall limestones are much thinner in this section than they are farther east in the Clackmannan Syncline (Francis ''et al''., 1970, figs. 15 & 16), indicating that the area above the old lava pile continued to be an area of reduced subsidence (basin margin), even towards the end of the Viséan Epoch.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
| | <br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | Dolerite, medium-grained and columnar-jointed at top, but finer grained, platy and amygdaloidal at chilled base<br />
| | 3.20<br />
|-<br />
| | Horizon of BLACKHALL LIMESTONE. Soft, yellowish-brown, ochreous bed containing a thin intercalation of hard-baked, pale-grey mudstone with shell fragments<br />
| | 1.12<br />
|- <br />
|| Wedge of fine-grained dolerite (basalt), which thins to west<br />
| align=right| 0.76<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone, pale-grey, baked hard and bleached<br />
| | 0.30<br />
|- <br />
|| Alternating beds of pale whitish-grey and brownish-grey sandstone, mostly fine-grained and ripple-laminated, in upward-coarsening sequences, and dark-grey, micaceous<br />
| | <br />
|- <br />
|| siltstone and silty mudstone, containing drifted plant scraps<br />
| | 8.66<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone, dark-grey, silty, micaceous<br />
| | 0.15<br />
|-<br />
| | Gap, obscured by talus. Trenching revealed collapsed workings in the INCHINNAN LIMESTONE (which was originally about 1m thick) underlain by a 0.10m-thick coal and 0.25m of seatclay (mudstone reworked by roots)<br />
| | 1.65<br />
|-<br />
| | Sandstone, whitish-grey and brownish-grey, mostly fine-grained, with silty micaceous laminae; roots at top<br />
| | 0.69<br />
|-<br />
| | Gap, obscured by talus, down to approximate level of the worked-out<br />
| | <br />
|- <br />
|| HURLET LIMESTONE. (Outcrops about 12m to the west along the strike suggest that most of this gap is occupied by alternating beds of sandstone and siltstone, similar to those seen above the Inchinnan Limestone)<br />
|| 10.00<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
The limestone beds in the above section represent widespread marine transgressions, which may be traced over the greater part of the Midland Valley of Scotland and into the north of England. The repeated upward-coarsening sequences of sandy strata between the limestone beds probably represent minor, local delta-lobes that were built out during periods of lowered sea level and occasionally colonised by vegetation. These sandy beds die out south-westwards, towards Glasgow. Return downhill and cross the burn to Locality 2.4, just beyond a substantial fence at [NS 7482 8765].<br />
<br />
== Locality 2.4 [NS 7481 8766] to [NS 7458 8769] Kirkwood Formation and shoreward facies of basal Lawmuir Formation. ==<br />
<br />
Within this locality the deeply weathered top of the Clyde Plateau Volcanic Formation is exposed, together with the overlying Kirkwood Formation and the basal Lawmuir Formation, in a small inlier. At the east end of the inlier, strata just below the horizon of the Todholes Limestone are exposed dipping SSE at 14°, but there is no trace of that limestone anywhere within the inlier and it has probably died out. The cross-stratified, decomposed, reworked, volcaniclastic detritus of the Kirkwood Formation is well exposed in the stream bed and in both banks [[Media:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_02.jpg|(Plate 2.2)]]. It is mostly yellowish-green in colour and tends to become coarser towards the base, ranging from a silty mudstone to a conglomerate containing rounded pebbles of weathered lava. The basal Kirkwood Formation is difficult to distinguish in some places from the in-situ bole-like material produced by the deep tropical weathering of the topmost lavas. However, the Kirkwood Formation is here obviously much thinner than in the exposures farther downstream. Tuff, containing blocks, may be seen above the lava at [NS 7465 8768], where another fence crosses the stream. The following section in the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones can be seen at [NS 7457 8766]:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|- <br />
| | <br />
|| Thickness (m)<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone<br />
|| 2.40<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone<br />
|| 0.15<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone<br />
|| 0.10<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone, fossiliferous, nodular<br />
|| 1.10<br />
|- <br />
|| Nodular limestone, shelly<br />
|| 0.10<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone<br />
|| 0.65<br />
|- <br />
|| Calcareous mudstone<br />
|| 0.35<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone<br />
|| 0.50<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone<br />
|| 0.30<br />
|- <br />
|| Mudstone<br />
|| 0.50<br />
|- <br />
|| Limestone<br />
|| 0.10<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone<br />
| | 0.30<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Continue upstream, past a good exposure of the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones in the north bank where fossils may be collected from loose material, and cross a small NNE–SSW fault with an easterly down-throw which brings up strata close to the horizon of the Todholes Limestone, to reach Locality 2.5 at a prominent waterfall at [NS 7448 8767].<br />
<br />
== Locality 2.5 [NS 7447 8763] to [NS 7443 8767] Hurlet Limestone and shoreward facies of the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones. ==<br />
<br />
The Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones form the prominent waterfall at this locality [[Media:EGS_STIRL_PLA_02_03.jpg|(Plate 2.3)]]. Here the Touchadam Limestone has thinned to 0.49m and is separated from the overlying Bannock Burn White Limestone by some 0.75m of calcareous mudstone containing abundant brachiopods. The Bannock Burn White Limestone has not thinned perceptibly and remains more than 1 m thick. Its weathered, decalcified and dolomitised top contrasts with its unweathered, highly fossiliferous, lower portion. The beds below the Touchadam Limestone are exposed below the waterfall and are similar to those already described in Localities 2.1 and 2.2. The chief interest lies in the beds above the Bannock Burn White Limestone, which are better exposed upstream from the waterfall than anywhere else in the Todholes section. The following section through these beds is exposed in the north bank, between [NS 7445 8766] and [NS 7443 8763]:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
| | <br />
| | Thickness (m)<br />
|-<br />
| | HURLET LIMESTONE, dark-grey, crinoidal; argillaceous towards base, which is decomposed locally to an ochreous bed<br />
| | 0.37<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, dark-grey, fissile; top calcareous with abundant articulate brachiopods, but base ferruginous with ''Lingula''<br />
| | 0.61<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, dark-grey, fissile and ferruginous with silty, sideritic ironstone beds up to 0.03m thick; decomposed pyrite concretions and selenite crystals; basal 0.10m is contorted, whereas the beds immediately above and below are unaffected<br />
| | 1.58<br />
|-<br />
| | Mudstone, dark-grey, fissile, with sideritic nodules and beds of dark-grey, argillaceous limestone up to 0.10m thick; fragmental marine shells at base<br />
| | 1.83<br />
|-<br />
| | (Irregular top of BANNOCK BURN WHITE LIMESTONE)<br />
| | <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
Only the base of the Hurlet Limestone is preserved at the top of this section, but a loose block of similar limestone that lies in the stream indicates that the Hurlet Limestone was at least 1m thick. There is no trace of the Hurlet Coal. Upstream the section is truncated by a NE–SW fault with a throw of about 3m down to the SE.<br />
<br />
If time is still available, visitors have two choices. They may either examine a set of faulted exposures, mostly in the Bannock Burn White and Touchadam limestones, farther upstream, or they may return to their cars, drive north past the North Third Reservoir, and visit the Touchadam section, illustrated in [[File:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_02.jpg|(Figure 2.2)]]. In the Touchadam section, the Bannock Burn White Limestone has been almost entirely replaced by a pale-grey mudstone, locally derived from volcaniclastic detritus ([[File:EGS_STIRL_FIG_02_02.jpg|(Figure 2.2)]]; Francis ''et al''., 1970, pp. 170–2, fig. 14). Before leaving the west end of the Todholes section, the visitor should climb out of the immediate valley of the upper Bannock Burn in order to see the view to the NE. Here a component of the Midland Valley Sill-complex (intruded into the marine mudstones above the Blackhall Limestone) is seen forming the impressive cliffs of Sauchie Craig. North of the prominent gap in these cliffs at Windy Yet, the sill transgresses down into sedimentary rocks below the Inchinnan Limestone, before rising upwards in a dyke-like body along the plane of the Wallstale Fault. This proves that the fault was formed before the dolerite was intruded.<br />
{{EGwalks}}<br />
[[Category:Edinburgh Geological Society]]<br />
[[Category:5. Midland Valley of Scotland]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=British_Geological_Survey_reports_%E2%80%93_their_characteristics_and_history&diff=58848
British Geological Survey reports – their characteristics and history
2023-08-03T21:33:22Z
<p>Scotfot: /* Commissioned Reports (CR) */</p>
<hr />
<div>In addition to formal publications BGS has created many thousands of unpublished reports, this page describes the various report series that have been produced from c. 1950 to the present day. In most cases only a few copies were created for deposit in the various Records Offices and Libraries. They can be regarded as 'grey literature' works produced outside of traditional publishing and distribution.<br />
<br />
== 1950–1988 ==<br />
During this period every Programme, Group or even Unit created their own Technical reports and each series was numbered independently, often with a simple numerical numbering system e.g. 1–26.<br />
<br />
== 1988–2000 == <br />
A major reorganization took place in 1988. Two changes occurred:<br />
# A unified cross-BGS report system was started. The reports were called 'Technical reports' a small number of 'Research reports' were also issued. Technical Reports were designed for the rapid communication of results from project-based work. Research Reports are those that have been prepared to full publication standard, presenting interpreted results and offering dissertations of high scientific merit. Technical and Research reports were both organized according to 'Activity' rather than Programme/Group/Unit and all reports has a similar numbering system. Sample report designations: Technical report number – WA/88/1. Research report – SA/89/1. ([https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/data/publications/pubs.cfc?method=listResults&topic=RP&series=RE&pageSize=100 Research Reports can be viewed here]). <br />
# All pre-1988 reports were renumbered aligning with the new system according to 'Activity' and to accommodate the large number of previous report series, by 'Subactivity'. The latter is not a feature of the 1988 onwards report system, Subactivity was applied only these pre-1988 legacy reports. Sample report number WB/MG/68/1.<br />
<br />
Reports can be open (available to the public) (no designation), 'R' Restricted - restricted to BGS staff only and 'C' Confidential, the reports and in many cases, the metadata about the reports are confidential. The 'R' & 'C' designations are suffixes to the report number.<br />
<br />
== 2000– ==<br />
The previous Activity code basis of numbering reports was dropped. A new system of numbering was created and reports became digital. The Technical reports and Research reports were combined into single Year/number sequences and classed as<br />
Research Reports, Open Reports, Internal Reports and Commissioned Reports. Those that are available to the public are available in [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/ NORA] for download (the NERC Open Research Archive), and eventually in the BGS Publications viewer.<br />
<br />
=== Research Reports (RR) ===<br />
These are non-confidential reports with high levels of quality assurance (QA) including external peer review. They are should be fully interpreted accounts of work completed as part of BGS National Capability. Research reports will normally carry an ISBN. An example designation is RR/99/008.<br />
<br />
=== Internal Reports (IR) ===<br />
This series comprises confidential reports only written to inform BGS colleagues, They are available to BGS staff only. They include reports such as overseas visit reports or software development reports. Internal reports will not carry an ISBN. Prior to 2008 IR reports were either 'Open' for the public or 'Restricted' to BGS staff only. The latter have a 'R' suffix e.g. IR/07/xxxR. From 2008 IR reports became an entirely confidential report series. In 2007, Reports that would have been made available to the public in the IR series started to come out in the new series 'Open Reports'<br />
<br />
=== Commissioned Reports (CR) ===<br />
This series includes reports written as the result of an external commission to BGS. It is a current series. Reports can be:<br />
* Confidential - the default, using a designation in the form: CR/01/xxx. Confidential reports have highly restricted access, to the metadata about the report and the report itself.<br />
* A few very early CR reports also had a "C" Confidential suffix.<br />
* Open-file - Called CRN, they have a 'N' Suffix to the number e.g. CR/01/063N, where N = non-confidential<br />
* Previously confidential reports can be subsequently released as open-file CR reports, the CR number remains the same but the N suffix is added.<br />
* Since 2008, some open reports written as the result of a commission are included in the Open Reports (OR) series.<br />
<br />
=== Open Reports (OR) ===<br />
These are non-confidential reports written to inform BGS colleagues and/or clients. They will have less-rigorous QA than RRs. The series includes some reports that would have previously been issued in the IR series, such as reports on field mapping of 1:10 000 sheets, palaeontological analyses and laboratory analyses, i.e. work carried out as part of BGS National Capability. In addition, ORs will include non-confidential commissioned reports, i.e. those previously classified pre-2008 as CRNs (CR/07/xxxN). Open reports will not normally carry an ISBN although, exceptionally, high-profile ORs may be allocated an ISBN if production values are high enough. Sample designation of a Open Report: OR/12/079.<br />
<br />
==Activity codes applied to 1988–2000 Technical reports and the renumbered 1950–1988 reports ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Activity !! Technical reports prefix !! Research reports - prefix<br />
|-<br />
| Activity A - Onshore Geology || WA || SA<br />
|-<br />
| Activity B - Marine Geology || WB || SB<br />
|-<br />
| Activity C - Overseas Geology || WC || SC<br />
|-<br />
| Activity D - Hydrogeology || WD || SD<br />
|-<br />
| Activity E - Fluid Processes || WE || None produced<br />
|-<br />
| Activity F - Mineral Resources || WF || SF<br />
|-<br />
| Activity G - Mineralogy & Petrology || WG || SG<br />
|-<br />
| Activity H - Stratigraphy || WH || SH<br />
|-<br />
| Activity I - Analytical Geochemistry (Previously Analytical & Applied Geochemistry) || WI || SI<br />
|-<br />
| Activity J - Energy Resources || WJ || None produced<br />
|-<br />
| Activity K - Regional Geophysics || WK || None produced<br />
|-<br />
| Activity L - Global Seismology || WL || None produced<br />
|-<br />
| Activity M - Geomagnetism || WM || None produced<br />
|-<br />
| Activity N - Engineering Geology || WN || None produced<br />
|-<br />
| Activity O - Information & Data Resources (Includes Marketing) || WO || None produced<br />
|-<br />
| Activity P - Applied Geochemistry - > Geochemistry || WP || SP<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Subactivity codes for renumbered pre 1988 Technical reports ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| '''Subactivity''' || '''Activity''' || '''Date''' || '''Comment''' || '''BGS Library shelf location'''<br />
|-<br />
| || '''Activity A - Onshore Geology''' || || || <br />
|-<br />
| CG || Coalfield Geology Reports || 01-JAN-1954 31-DEC-1956 || || <br />
|-<br />
| DM || Geological Notes and Local Details for 1:10 000 sheets || 01-JAN-1980 || || 90030/1<br />
|-<br />
| HI || Land Survey, Scotland (Highlands and Islands) || 01-JAN-1978 31-DEC-1986 || Includes some Bulk Industrial Minerals : Scotland reports || <br />
|-<br />
| KB || Deep Geology Research Group || 01-JAN-1980 || Numbered 80/1 to 88/9, some titles confidential || 90248, 90208/1<br />
|-<br />
| LD || Land Survey, Southern Uplands and Lake District || 01-JAN-1984 31-DEC-1986 || Includes Land Survey, Southern Uplands and Lake District || 90030/2<br />
|-<br />
| LE || Land Survey, England, miscellaneous || 01-JAN-1978 || Includes Special Reports and Occasional Papers; also includes Southern England South W || 90224, 90245<br />
|-<br />
| LN || Land Survey, Northern Ireland || 01-JAN-1963 || || 90204<br />
|-<br />
| LR || Land Survey, Northern Ireland, Special Reports || 01-JAN-1976 || || <br />
|-<br />
| LS || Land Survey, Scotland, miscellaneous || 01-JAN-1954 || Includes Reports, Central Scotland Research Programme || 90225<br />
|-<br />
| LW || Land Survey, Wales || || || <br />
|-<br />
| NE || Land Survey, Northern England || 01-JAN-1984 31-DEC-1984 || Other reports included with 'Geological Notes and Local Details', old 'DM' series || <br />
|-<br />
| NL || Land Survey, Scotland (North Lowlands) || 01-JAN-1977 31-DEC-1983 || Continued in LS series. Last number NL 83/7 || <br />
|-<br />
| SL || Land Survey, Scotland (Southern Uplands) || 01-JAN-1976 31-DEC-1984 || Includes some Bulk Industrial Minerals: Scotland reports Last number SL 84/1; continued in LS series || <br />
|-<br />
| VG || Geological Reports for DOE: Land Use Planning and miscellaneous || 01-JAN-1981 || Allocated numbers 81/1 to 87/1 || 90222/1, 90222/4, 90225<br />
|-<br />
| || '''Activity B - Marine Geology''' || || || <br />
|-<br />
| MC || Marine Geophysics, Cruise Reports || 01-JAN-1968 31-DEC-1969 || || 90218<br />
|-<br />
| MD || Marine Geophysics Computer Data Reports || 01-JAN-1980 31-DEC-1984 || From May 1986 onwards all included in Marine Reports series (SB) || 90214/1<br />
|-<br />
| MG || Marine Geophysics Reports || 01-JAN-1968 31-DEC-1985 || Superseded by Marine Reports || 90245/1, 90214, 90212/1<br />
|-<br />
| MI || Marine Geology Internal Reports || 01-JAN-1972 30-APR-1986 || Superseded by Marine Reports series (SB), May 1986 onwards || 90227/1, 90227/3<br />
|-<br />
| MM || Marine Geology Unit, Miscellaneous Reports || 01-JAN-1978 31-DEC-1980 || From May 1986 all included in Marine Reports (SB) || 90227/2<br />
|-<br />
| MP || Marine Geophysics Computer Program Reports || 01-JAN-1972 30-APR-1986 || From May 1986 onwards all included in Marine Reports series (SB) || 90214/2<br />
|-<br />
| MR || Marine Reports || 01-MAY-1986 || Supersede previous Marine Geology (SB/SBL) and Marine Geophysics (SB/SBG) series || 90227/3<br />
|-<br />
| MU || Marine Geophysics, UK Gravity measurements || 01-JAN-1974 31-DEC-1982 || || 90245/1<br />
|-<br />
| || '''Activity C - Overseas Geology''' || || || <br />
|-<br />
| CR || Overseas Geology, Cordillera Real Geological Research Project || 01-JAN-1987 || || <br />
|-<br />
| EB || Overseas Directorate, Eastern Bolivia Mineral Exploration Project, 'Proyecto PreCambrico' || 01-JAN-1979 31-DEC-1982 || Numbered 1 to 26 || 90240/2<br />
|-<br />
| HP || Overseas Geology || 01-JAN-1987 || Previously OG series || 90240, 90240/3, 90240/5<br />
|-<br />
| NS || Overseas Geology, North Sumatra Geochemical and Mineral Exploration Project Report Series || 01-JAN-1984 31-DEC-1987 || || <br />
|-<br />
| OG || Overseas Geology || 01-JAN-1960 31-DEC-1986 || Superseded by MP series Numbered 1 to 39 (1983), then OG 83/1 etc., continuing as MP 87/1 etc. || 90240, 90240/3, 90240/5<br />
|-<br />
| PR || Overseas Geology, Photogeological Reports || 01-JAN-1963 31-DEC-1969 || Numbered 1 to 43, with gaps || 90238<br />
|-<br />
| || '''Activity D - Hydrogeology''' || || || <br />
|-<br />
| IB || Hydrogeology Unit, Indo-British Betwa Groundwater Project Reports || 01-JAN-1979 31-DEC-1980 || Numbered 80/1 to 80/8 || 90206/2<br />
|-<br />
| OS || Hydrogeology Unit, Overseas Reports || 01-JAN-1975 || Masters held by Carol Cordery or by authors (Dr. Herbert, August 1988). Numbered 75/1 to 87/16 || 90206/5<br />
|-<br />
| SC || Hydrogeology in Scotland Reports || 01-JAN-1979 || Supersede Hydrogeological Unit Reports, Scotland. Numbered 79/1 to 87/4 || 90206/1, 90206/6<br />
|-<br />
| ST || Hydrogeology Reports, Special Topics || 01-JAN-1952 31-DEC-1985 || Numbered 52/1 to 85/4 (last number) || 90247, 90206/4<br />
|-<br />
| SU || Hydrogeological Unit, Well Siting Survey Reports || 01-JAN-1977 31-DEC-1981 || Accompanied by borehole location maps. Discontinued. Numbered 77/1 to 81/3 || 90206/8<br />
|-<br />
| WD || Hydrogeology Research Group Reports || 01-JAN-1950 || Formerly Hydrogeology Unit, previously Hydrogeological Dept. Numbered 50/1 to 87/8 || 90206/3, 90206/7, 90206/9<br />
|-<br />
| || '''Activity E - Fluid Processes''' || || || <br />
|-<br />
| FI || Fluid Processes Research Group Internal Reports || 01-JAN-1985 31-DEC-1987 || Formerly Fluid Processes Unit. previously Environmental Protection Unit. Supersedes ENPU Internal Reports Series, superseded by Technical Report Series (WE\) || 90247 <br />
|-<br />
| EI || Environmental Protection Unit Internal Report Series || 01-DEC-1980 31-DEC-1984 || Superseded by FLPU Internal Report Series.Also included, some reports of unknown date. || 90247<br />
|-<br />
| EN || Environmental Protection Unit || 01-DEC-1980 31-DEC-1982 || Superseded by FLPU series. Also included, some reports of unknown date. || 90247<br />
|-<br />
| FL || Fluid Processes Research Group || 01-JAN-1983 || Formerly Fluid Processes Unit, previously Environmental Protection Unit. Supersedes ENPU series. || 90247<br />
|-<br />
| FP || Fluid Processes Research Group Internal Reports || 01-JAN-1985 31-DEC-1987 || Formerly Fluid Processes Unit, previously Environmental Protection Unit. Supersedes ENPU Internal Reports Series, superseded by Technical Report Series (WE/) || 90247<br />
|-<br />
| || '''Activity F - Mineral Resources''' || || || <br />
|-<br />
| AG || (See WI for description) || || || <br />
|-<br />
| MB || Mineral Briefs || 01-JAN-1977 31-DEC-1984 || By country. Numbered 1 to 24 (last number) || 90242/1<br />
|-<br />
| MI || Mineral Resources Division: Mineral Intelligence Reports || 01-JAN-1959 31-DEC-1968 || Formerly Mineral Intelligence Reports of the Overseas Geological Surveys, N Superseded by MI/MSER. Numbered 1 to 76 || 90241<br />
|-<br />
| MM || Mineral Resources, miscellaneous || || || <br />
|-<br />
| MN || Mineral Resources: Industrial Minerals || 01-JAN-1978 31-DEC-1987 || Including unpublished reports of former Mineral Assessment Unit.Published reports appear in the Mineral Assessment Report Series. Allocated numbers 78/1 to 87/1 || 90222/2<br />
|-<br />
| MR || Mineral Reconnaissance Programme Reports || 01-JAN-1975 || Numbered 1 to 92 || 90237/1<br />
|-<br />
| SC || Mineral resources, Scotland (Bulk Industrial Minerals) || 01-JAN-1978 || Includes Central Scotland Mineral Portfolio || 90222/2, 90222/3<br />
|-<br />
| SE || Mineral Intelligence Statistics and Economics, Mineral Stra Research Unit Reports || 01-JAN-1979 31-DEC-1983 || Five reports, numbered from 12 to 45 (last number) || 90241/1<br />
|-<br />
| SG || UKAEA Salisbury Office Government Reports on Beryllium || 1958 - 1962 || || <br />
|-<br />
| SR || Mineral Resources Division (formerly of the Overseas Geological Surveys):Special Reports (Laboratory investigations) || 01-JAN-1960 31-DEC-1968 || Continued separately as PM/AM and AC. Numbered from 1 to 291. Terminated || 90242<br />
|-<br />
| || '''Activity G - Mineralogy & Petrology''' || || || <br />
|-<br />
| AM || Applied Mineralogy Unit Reports || 01-JAN-1968 31-DEC-1984 || Formerly Mineralogy Unit. Previous reports appear under MD/SR. Series continues as PM, 1985 onwards. Numbered 1 to 328 || 90239<br />
|-<br />
| PE || Petrology Unit: Petrographic Reports (London) || 01-JAN-1965 31-DEC-1984 || Previously Petrographical Reports, in bound volumes. Series continues as PM, 1985 onwards Numbered 1 to 271 || <br />
|-<br />
| PL || Petrology Unit: Petrographic Reports (Leeds) || 01-JAN-1965 31-DEC-1984 || Series continues as PM, 1985 onwards. Numbered 72/1 to 81/30 || <br />
|-<br />
| PH || Mineralogy and Petrology Research Group || 01-JAN-1985 || Numbered PM 85/1 onwards || 90249<br />
|-<br />
| PS || Petrology Unit: Petrographic Reports (Scotland) || 01-JAN-1976 31-DEC-1984 || Series continues as PM, 1985 onwards. Numbered 5000 to 5027 || <br />
|-<br />
| || '''Activity H - Stratigraphy''' || || || <br />
|-<br />
| OA || Palaeontological reports for former Overseas Geological Surveys (1960-1964) by the British Museum (Natural History) || 01-JAN-1960 31-DEC-1964 || Numbered 52 to 217 || 90242<br />
|-<br />
| OB || Palaeontological reports for former Overseas Geological Surveys (1965) by the British Museum (Natural History) || 01-JAN-1965 31-DEC-1965 || Numbered 1 to 30 || 90242<br />
|-<br />
| PD || Biostratigraphical Research Group Reports || || || <br />
|-<br />
| PI || Palaeontological Reports (Leeds) || || || <br />
|-<br />
| PL || Biostratigraphy Research Group Reports || || || <br />
|-<br />
| PS || Palaeontological Reports (London) || || || <br />
|-<br />
| SS || Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Research Group Reports || 01-JAN-1990 || || <br />
|-<br />
| || '''Activity I - Analytical Geochemistry (Previously Analytical & Applied Geochemistry)''' || || || <br />
|-<br />
| AC || Analytical Chemistry Research Group || 01-JAN-1968 || Formerly Analytical Chemistry Unit or Analytical and Ceramics Unit. Previous reports included in MD/SR (Activity F,Accno. add. .7). Numbered 1 to 131, then 84/2 onwards || 90244<br />
|-<br />
| AD || Atomic Energy Division: Age determination reports || 01-JAN-1956 31-DEC-1962 || Numbered 1 to 22. Terminated || 90211<br />
|-<br />
| AG || Mineral Resources and Applied Geochemistry. Research Group || 01-JAN-1950 31-DEC-1986 || Formerly Metalliferous Minerals and Applied Geochemistry Unit and, previously, Atomic Energy Division, GSGB. Also includes Radiology and Rare Minerals Unit. Numbered 1 to 342, with gaps. || 90213, 90237/3, 90246<br />
|-<br />
| GE || Current Reviews of Geochemical Exploration - Computer Unit Bulletin IGS || || || 90237<br />
|-<br />
| IG || Geochronology and Isotope Geochemistry Research Group || 01-JAN-1970 31-DEC-1983 || Formerly Isotope Geology Unit.Numbered 70/1 to 83/13, with gaps || <br />
|-<br />
| || '''Activity J - Energy Resources''' || || || <br />
|-<br />
| GE || Geothermal Energy Research Programme || 01-JAN-1978 || Includes General reports, Low Enthalpy reports, Hot Dry Rock reports || 90208/1<br />
|-<br />
| HC || Hydrocarbons || 01-JAN-1986 || || <br />
|-<br />
| || '''Activity K - Regional Geophysics''' || || || <br />
|-<br />
| AG || Regional Geophysics Research Group: Applied Geophysics Series || 01-JAN-1970 31-DEC-1984 || Formerly Applied Geophysics Unit: Applied Geophysics Series. Superseded by GP/RGRG series. Numbered 1 to 161 || 90212/4<br />
|-<br />
| GC || Regional Geophysics Research Group: Applied Geophysics Computer Reports || 01-JAN-1976 31-DEC-1979 || Formerly Applied Geophysics Unit. ?Terminated || <br />
|-<br />
| GD || Geophysical Division Reports || 01-JAN-1958 31-DEC-1962 || Terminated || 90212/2<br />
|-<br />
| GO || Regional Geophysics Research Group: Geophysics Overseas Series || 01-JAN-1950 31-DEC-1970 || Formerly Applied Geophysics Unit: Geophysics Overseas Series. Subsequently included in GP/GPA and then GP/RGRG? Numbered 1C to 44C || <br />
|-<br />
| RG || Geophysics Directorate Reports: Regional Geophysics Research Group || 11-JAN-1984 || Continuation of GP/GPA (Applied Geophysics) series. Numbered la (1984), then 85/1 to 87/26 (with gaps) || 90212/5<br />
|-<br />
| || '''Activity L - Global Seismology''' || || || <br />
|-<br />
| GS || Global Seismology Research Group Reports || 01-JAN-1969 || Numbered 1 to 348, with gaps || 90226<br />
|-<br />
| VS || Global Seismology Unit: Volnet Station Bulletins || 01-JAN-1983 31-DEC-1984 || Monthly issues. || 90226/1<br />
|-<br />
| || '''Activity M - Geomagnetism''' || || || <br />
|-<br />
| ES || Geomagnetism Research Group: preliminary magnetic results (Eskdalemuir) || 01-JAN-1980 || From 1980, monthly issues || <br />
|-<br />
| YTA GM || Geomagnetism Research Group Reports || 01-JAN-1969 || Numbered 1 to 29, then 83/13 to 87/25 || <br />
|-<br />
| HA || Geomagnetism Research Group: preliminary magnetic results (Hartland) || 01-JAN-1981 || From 1980, monthly issues || <br />
|-<br />
| LE || Geomagnetism Research Group: preliminary magnetic results (Lerwick) || 01-JAN-1980 || From 1980, monthly issues || <br />
|-<br />
| || '''Activity N - Engineering Geology''' || || || <br />
|-<br />
| EG || Engineering Geology Unit Reports || 01-JAN-1970 31-DEC-1984 || Superseded by EG/RRP. Numbered 69/1 to 84/6 || 90223<br />
|-<br />
| GL || Engineering Geology Unit: Geophysics Laboratory Report Series || 01-JAN-1969 31-DEC-1980 || Numbered 1 to 128, then 80/22 to 80/94 with large gaps || <br />
|-<br />
| OS || Engineering Geology Unit: Overseas Reports || 01-JAN-1972 31-DEC-1974 || 3 reports notified by Overseas Directorate || <br />
|-<br />
| RM || Engineering Geology Unit: Rock Mechanics Report Series || || || <br />
|-<br />
| RR || Engineering Geology and Reservoir Rock Properties Research Group || 01-JAN-1985 || Formerly CS21 Research Group Supersedes EG series.. Numbered 85/1 to 86/9 (last number) || <br />
|-<br />
| SC || Engineering Geology, Scotland || || Few reports only, discontinued || Ish<br />
|-<br />
| || '''Activity O - Information & Data Resources (Includes Marketing)''' || || || <br />
|-<br />
| IB || Information Sources (Bibliographic) || || || <br />
|-<br />
| IC || Information Systems - Computer Applications Reports || || || 90236, 90236/2<br />
|-<br />
| ID || Information Sources and Technology || || || 90236<br />
|-<br />
| IS || Information Systems || || || <br />
|-<br />
| || '''Activity P - Applied Geochemistry - > Geochemistry''' || NOV 1944- || Older reports held under Activity I || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:History of the British Geological Survey]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=History_of_the_Geological_Survey_in_Scotland&diff=58847
History of the Geological Survey in Scotland
2023-08-01T17:57:14Z
<p>Scotfot: /* Field Staff */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''From: Wilson, R.B. A history of the Geological Survey in Scotland. NERC, IGS, 1977.'''<br />
<br />
[[File:WilsonHistory_01.jpg|thumbnail|Front cover. From: Wilson, R.B. A history of the Geological Survey in Scotland. NERC, IGS, 1977.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:WilsonHistory_02.jpg|thumbnail|No.1 India Buildings, Victoria Street.. From: Wilson, R.B. A history of the Geological Survey in Scotland. NERC, IGS, 1977.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:WilsonHistory_03.jpg|thumbnail|Map of Edinburgh showing sites of offices. From: Wilson, R.B. A history of the Geological Survey in Scotland. NERC, IGS, 1977.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:WilsonHistory_04.jpg|thumbnail|Assistant Directors, Scotland. Sir A. Geikie H. H. Howell, Dr J. Horne, Sir y. S. Flett, Dr W. Gibson, Dr M. Macgregor, T. H. Whithead, Dr A. G. MacGregor, Dr G. H. Mitchell, J. A. Robbie, R. A. Eden. From: Wilson, R.B. A history of the Geological Survey in Scotland. NERC, IGS, 1977.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:WilsonHistory_05.jpg|thumbnail|Murchison House. From: Wilson, R.B. A history of the Geological Survey in Scotland. NERC, IGS, 1977.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P585010.jpg|thumbnail|Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (1792-1871). Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (1792-1871) was born at Tarradale, Rosshire and was educated at Durham Grammar School and the Royal Military College, Great Marlow. He obtained a commission in the army and served under Wellington in the Peninsular War. On leaving the army after the war he became interested in geology and geography and from 1825 until his death he published 111 scientific papers or books and 13 others in joint authorship. His most famous works are the Silurian System, published in 1839, and Siluria in 1854. He travelled extensively in Europe studying geology, his most celebrated trip being to Russia in 1841 on the invitation of Emperor Nicholas. He was responsible for naming and defining the Silurian and Permian systems of rocks in the stratigraphical column and also the Devonian System in conjuction with Sedgwick. He served as Director-General of the Geological Survey of Great Britain from 1855 until his death during which period the Geological Survey in Scotland was formally constituted. From: Wilson, R.B. A history of the Geological Survey in Scotland. NERC, IGS, 1977.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P008736.jpg|thumbnail|Scottish Survey staff in 1958. Back Row D. I. Smith, G. I. Lumsden, R . B. Wilsoll, I. H. Forsyth, W. G. E. Graham, W. A Read, E. H. Frallcis, G. A. Goodlet,N. S. Crichton. Centre Row P. Skea, W. Fisher, D. J. P. Cairns, A. Davies, J. McCall, P. J. Brand, D. K. Graham, G. S. Johnstone, W. Mykura, W. Tulloch, M. Armstrong, R. W. Lucas, R. Turnbull, D. R. Rintoul. Seated J. Paterson, E. F. Inkster, W. Manson, J. Knox, A. G. MacGregor, G. H. Mitchell, T. R. M. Lawrie, J. Phemister, Miss S. M. France, Mrs. E. B. Tupman. From: Wilson, R.B. A history of the Geological Survey in Scotland. NERC, IGS, 1977.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P008752.jpg|thumbnail|Scottish Survey staff in 1868. Standing, (left to right) I. Geikie, J. Horne, J. Croll, C. R. Campbell, B. N. Peach, D. R. Irvine, T. M. Skae, and R. L. jack. Seated, E. Hull and A. Geikie. From: Wilson, R.B. A history of the Geological Survey in Scotland. NERC, IGS, 1977.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P225820.jpg|thumbnail|Horne, B. N. Peach and C. T. Clough in the field. From: Wilson, R.B. A history of the Geological Survey in Scotland. NERC, IGS, 1977.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P008746.jpg|thumbnail|Southpark, 19 Grange Terrace in 1930. From: Wilson, R.B. A history of the Geological Survey in Scotland. NERC, IGS, 1977.]]<br />
<br />
== A History of the Geological Survey in Scotland ==<br />
<br />
=== Introduction ===<br />
<br />
The Geological Survey of Great Britain has its origins in the early work of the Ordnance Survey and in the research of eminent members of the Geological Society of London. In the early part of the 19th century accurate maps of the British Isles were being produced by the Ordnance Survey. In some areas the surveyors coloured their maps to depict the boundaries of the various rock formations observed, but the geology thus shown was of a very general nature. The value of accurate geological information was becoming apparent not only as a basis for research but as an aid in assessing the national mineral wealth and in formulating land utilisation policies. Consequently in 1835 the Geological Survey of Great Britain was established by the government for the purpose of producing geological maps of the country to be based on the Ordnance Survey maps as they became available. At the same time it was expected that accompanying memoirs would be published explaining in detail the geology shown on the maps.<br />
<br />
== Field Staff ==<br />
<br />
=== The early years ===<br />
<br />
For the first 4 years H. T. De la Beche, a Vice-President of the Geological Society, was the only geologist on the staff. Previously he had been engaged in making a geological map of Devon and he now continued this work in an official capacity. After 1839 the number of staff gradually increased but for the first 20 years the work was confined to southern Britain, limited by the availability of Ordnance Survey maps.<br />
<br />
In the 1850s maps of Scotland began to be published, on the scale of 6 inches to one mile, the first of them being of the Lothians area. In the autumn of 1854, A. C. Ramsay, a Scot from Glasgow who had joined the Survey in England in 1841, began mapping the geology of the Dunbar area. He spent about 3 months surveying the Carboniferous and Old Red Sandstone rocks there and then returned to London.<br />
<br />
He never resumed the task but the following year two men were appointed to continue the work. One was H. H. Howell who had joined the staff in England 5 years previously, at the age of 16, and the other was Archibald Geikie, then aged 20 and already a recognised geologist.<br />
<br />
These two proceeded to survey large tracts of Berwickshire, the Lothians and Fife and by 1859 the geological sheet of the Edinburgh district, on the one-inchto-one-mile scale, was published in a hand-coloured edition. Also, many 6-inch sheets of the coalfields had been prepared and were available for public consultation. The first memoir, which described the Edinburgh district, appeared in 1861. In the economic field, as early as 1858, Geikie was able to show the main outcrops of oil-shale in West Lothian to James Young who was then founding the oil-shale industry in the area.<br />
<br />
In 1861 Howell returned to England and was replaced by two recruits from Edinburgh. These were James Geikie, the younger brother of Archibald, and John Young who held a medical degree but had become interested in geology. B. N. Peach, son of the famous naturalist C. W. Peach, joined in 1862. Young remained in the Survey till 1866 when he resigned to become Professor of Natural History at Glasgow. He was the first of many throughout the history of the Survey who, after gaining experience as field geologists, left to take up academic posts or joined geological surveys overseas.<br />
<br />
About 1861 it was decided to map the superficial deposits in addition to the solid rocks and to show them on published maps. These 'drift' deposits, which blanket much of Scotland and are composed of clay, sand and gravel, were laid down in relatively recent times during and after the melting of the Ice Age glaciers. This addition to the maps made them more useful, especially for agricultural purposes, but it entailed resurveying ground already covered and slowed the progress of subsequent work.<br />
<br />
R. I. Murchison succeeded De la Beche as Director-General in 1855 and held office until he died in 1871, aged 79 years. Towards the close of his directorship, a Royal Commission inquired into the national coal reserves and, learning that large parts of the coalfields in northern Britain remained to be surveyed, recommended a large increase in staff. Murchison acted upon the recommendation quickly and the resulting influx of recruits led to a radical change in the organisation of the Survey in Scotland.<br />
<br />
=== First Reorganisation ===<br />
<br />
In 1867 the Survey in Scotland was given a separate identity with a headquarters office in Edinburgh and A. Geikie was made Director. Under him, E. Hull, an experienced officer from England, was appointed as District Surveyor, a new supervisory post. Hull left after 2 years to be Director in Ireland and was replaced by J. Geikie. The influence of the Geikie brothers on Scottish geology was considerable. In 1871, Archibald, in addition to his Survey post, became the first Professor of Geology at Edinburgh, a new chair which was founded by Murchison. In 1882, when he went to London to become Director-General, his brother James resigned from the Survey and succeeded him as Professor. The chair was occupied by the Geikies for the first 43 years of its existence.<br />
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Between 1867 and 1870 the Scottish field staff was more than doubled. The recruits included J. Horne, D. R. Irvine, R. L. Jack and H. M. Skae. Jack served for 10 years before leaving to found the Geological Survey in Queensland. Irvine, only 16 years old when he joined, stayed until 1882 when he went to Canada.<br />
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One recruit of the period is worth special mention as he was regarded by many as a genius. J. Croll was the son of a Perthshire crofter and had suffered ill health most of his life. Although self educated he had written many books and papers on science, philosophy and religion. One paper, on the causes of climatic changes during geological history, caught the attention of geologists and Geikie offered him the post as manager of the new office in Edinburgh. About this time recruits had to pass an examination in English and arithmetic before being given permanent employment. Croll failed in arithmetic but as it was acknowledged by Lord Kelvin that he had calculated the precession of the equinoxes over the last 10 million years, his mathematical ability was accepted. Croll managed the day to day administration of the office until he retired in 1881 by which time he was a Fellow of the Royal Society of London and had been honoured by learned bodies at home and abroad. His intellectual ability had a profound influence on the geological theories of many of his colleagues, especially in the field of glacial deposits.<br />
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In the first 20 years of the Survey's activities in Scotland, practically all of the central and southern parts of the country had been surveyed on the 6-inch scale and manuscript copies of the field maps made for public reference. Maps and memoirs of the main coalfield areas had been published and many of the one-inch sheets of non-coalfield areas had appeared. Not all of the sheets had been accompanied by an explanatory memoir however, the principal reason for this omission being lack of time.<br />
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The Survey was under constant pressure to cover as many square miles of ground as possible every year. The government envisaged the mapping as being a simple, progressive operation which only required to be undertaken once, and the sooner the better. The rate of progress made in the first 20 years was only achieved by the geologists being in the field most of the year. What little time remained for indoor work was occupied mainly in making clean copies of the maps and in writing memoirs on the coalfield areas. The preparation of memoirs was made more difficult by the transfer or resignation of men resulting in the loss of their unique knowledge of their mapping areas.<br />
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In 1875 with the southern third of the country disposed of, attention was turned towards the Highlands. For the attack, the Director had a very experienced team comprising J. Geikie, Horne, Irvine, Jack, Peach and Skae. They were soon joined by the recruits J. S. Grant Wilson and J. Linn. For the first few years the work was concerned with the Old Red Sandstone along the southern margin of the Highlands but soon men were stationed at various points around the Grampians, including the Moray Firth area, and were advancing towards the higher ground.<br />
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In 1882 A. Geikie was promoted to Director-General and Howell was made Director in Scotland but Geikie, although now based in London, kept control of Highland work. His ambition was to have the primary survey of Britain completed during his term of office and the Highlands formed a stumbling block. About 1881 he tried a change of policy by having some mapping done on the one-inch scale in order to speed up the surveying. This did not last long as the scale did not allow sufficient detail to be recorded and only some parts of Aberdeenshire were mapped in this manner. His next plan for increasing the annual return of ground covered, was to augment the work force as much as possible.<br />
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In 1884 when the primary survey of England was nearing completion, much of it mapped on the one-inch scale, he transferred G. Barrow, C. T. Clough, J. R. Dakyns, W. Gunn and H. Miller from northern England to the Scottish staff. Most of them later achieved fame in the investigation of Highland geology. Before the end of the century H. M. Cadell, E. H. Cunningham-Craig, E. Greenly, J. B. Hill, L. W. Hinxman and H. Kynaston were recruited to help with the Highland mapping.<br />
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Despite this application of man power, it was not possible to achieve the same rate of progress as had been made in the Lowlands. The nature of the terrain, the prevailing weather and the complexities of the rock types and structures made progress slow. Suffice it to say that there are still parts of the Highlands awaiting primary survey and some of the structural problems are not yet completely solved.<br />
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Although the initial mapping was in the Grampians, it was not long before part of the team was diverted to the North-West Highlands. The nature of the succession and structure of the rocks there had given rise to a controversy, dating from about 1860, between Murchison and Professor Nicol of Aberdeen. Professor Lapworth of Birmingham had also examined the problems and given his interpretation. Geikie considered that if the problem of the NW Highlands was resolved, the solution might be applicable to the difficulties being encountered farther south. To examine the evidence, he sent his most able men, Peach and Horne who were joined later by Clough, Hinxman, Cadell and Gunn. By 1884 it was announced that Murchison's interpretation of a simple succession of strata was untenable. In agreement with Lapworth, it was shown that the uppermost rocks had been pushed many miles over the lower ones along a low-angled thrust fault. This fundamental discovery initiated a survey of the whole belt affected by this structure which stretches from Cape Wrath south to Skye. Subsequently this area, particularly the Assynt district, became a Mecca for visiting geologists from all over the world.<br />
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Considerable physical demands were made on the men engaged on this work. Much of the higher ground was deer forest and access to it was restricted to a short summer season between the time the snows melted and the shooting season began. Full advantage had to be taken of the long daylight hours of midsummer and much of the ground could only be reached on foot. During the 1880s there was a period of particularly bad summers in the Highlands. In 1886, in order to save time climbing before starting the day's work, a tent was pitched in a high corrie on Ben More Assynt. The experiment had to be abandoned however as drenching rain was continuous and the tent was blown down. The health of even the most seasoned campaigners suffered at this period. In 1887 Peach and Horne did not do much field work as the former had sciatica and the latter suffered from what was described as inflammation. In 1889 Skae died aged 42, Dakyns suffered blindness from exposure and lost the sight of one eye and Miller was ill most of the year.<br />
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As work in the mountains was restricted to the summer, the field seasons were arranged so that lower ground was surveyed during spring and autumn. In addition to the Highland work, other demands on time were being made. Mining operations for oil-shale and coal had been providing much new information which showed that the original maps of Central Scotland were inaccurate in places. In 1892 Grant Wilson started to collect new coalfield information in Fife with a view to revising the map of the area.<br />
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The Southern Uplands presented an even more time-consuming problem. Subsequent to the first survey, which had been done very rapidly, Lapworth had established that graptolites held the key to deciphering the succession of the folded and faulted Lower Palaeozoic rocks in the region. A revision of the Survey's maps was required and between 1888 and 1898 Peach and Horne resurveyed the area, the work being done mainly in winter months. Revised maps were published and the revision was summarised in a memoir which appeared in 1899, dealing with the whole region. This work behind them, Peach and Horne then set about the description of the North-West Highlands. The resulting historic memoir was published in 1907, edited by Geikie in his retirement.<br />
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A new feature of memoirs of this period was the introduction of photographs illustrating geological features. These were the work of R. Lunn who had joined the staff as a boy porter, aged 14, in 1874. He was recruited because a man could not be found to act as porter for the annual salary of k27. Lunn was later promoted to General Assistant and in 1891 he started to take geological photographs in the field. Many of these became well known and prints from the original glass negatives are still in demand.<br />
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Towards the close of the century, large tracts of the Highlands had been surveyed but little or no attention had been paid to the islands. In the 1890s a start was made when A. Harker of Cambridge University was employed to map the volcanic rocks of south Skye and H. B. Woodward, a senior officer of the English Survey, was sent to map the Jurassic rocks of Skye and Raasay.<br />
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Geikie retired from the post of Director-General in 1901. His abiding interest in Scottish geology had not waned. At this period he added two memoirs on Fife to the extensive list of books, memoirs and papers which had flowed from his pen.<br />
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=== Second reorganisation ===<br />
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Two events, which more or less coincided with Geikie's retiral, had a profound effect on the future of the Survey. The first was that in 1901 another Royal Commission reviewed the national coal reserves. Unlike the first one, which had found that many of the coalfields had not been mapped, this one reported that the existing maps were seriously out of date. This situation had to be rectified. A change of policy was adopted which resulted in more than half the staff working in areas of economic importance. In Scotland work in the Highlands was confined to the summer months allowing a full scale revision of the coalfields to be started.<br />
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The other event was the appointment of a government committee to enquire into the organisation and staffing of the Survey. This arose from discontent voiced both outside and within the Survey. In many parts of the country there had been complaints that no satisfactory geological maps were available. This came about partly from the cessation of publication of 6-inch maps in 1881 as all of the staff effort had been concentrated on trying to complete the Survey of the country and partly because the number of staff had been decreasing.<br />
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Between 1867 and 1900 the scientific staff in Great Britain had shrunk from 65 to 41 and the senior posts had not been filled. The number of Directors had fallen from 3 to none and that of District Surveyors from 4 to 2. The promotion prospects of the geologists were almost non-existent, some of them having been Temporary Acting Geologists for over 20 years with no pension rights. The committee found that most of the complaints were justified and recommended improvements which resulted in the conditions of service and promotion prospects of the staff being brought into line with the rest of the Civil Service. At this time the post of Director-General was changed to Director and that of Director was renamed Assistant to the Director. The rank of District Surveyor was replaced by District Geologist and the grade Assistant Geologist was dropped.<br />
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J. J. H. Teall succeeded Geikie in 1901 and instituted a programme of beneficial changes in organisation and policy. He insisted that the field staff return to headquarters in the winter and this resulted in their having more contact with senior officers and colleagues. He introduced colour printing of one-inch maps and caused the resumption of publication of 6-inch maps of selected areas. Numerous draughtsmen were recruited to prepare maps for publication. This freed the geologists from this task and gave them more time to write memoirs. Teall's aim was to publish the map and memoir of an area simultaneously and in some cases this was achieved.<br />
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In Scotland Horne was made Assistant to the Director as he had been 'acting Director' since 1899 when Howell retired. Under him he had Peach and Gunn as the District Geologists. He encouraged them to tackle the widespread Highland areas still under survey so that maps and memoirs could be published in an organised manner. Peach retired in 1905 after 43 years service in a career which had taken him into nearly every part of Scotland and brought him world-wide recognition as an outstanding field geologist. By this time Clough and Hinxman were the District Geologists and the Scottish staff had been augmented by E. M. Anderson, E. B. Bailey, R. G. Carruthers, C. B. Cranipton, G. W. Grabham and H. B. Maufe.<br />
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Work in the Highlands and the Western Isles continued every summer and no less than 13 memoirs on Highland areas appeared during Horne's term of office. A detailed revision of the coalfield areas commenced in 1902. In 1906 the first edition of the memoir on Scottish oil-shales was published, incorporating information gathered by Cade11 although he was no longer on the Survey staff. By 1910 revised maps and detailed memoirs had been published on the Edinburgh and East Lothian districts and the following year the first comprehensive account of the Glasgow area was issued.<br />
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Horne retired in 1911, the last serving member of the team which had mapped the south of Scotland and had begun on the Highlands. He was replaced by J. S. Flett as Assistant Director in Scotland. Flett, an Orcadian, had taken medical and natural history degrees at Edinburgh, having studied geology under J. Geikie. He lectured on geology at Edinburgh before joining the Survey as Petrographer in London in 1901. His forceful personality ensured that work in Scotland progressed rapidly and in an orderly fashion. Resignations and retirals had reduced the staff but the deficit was made up by C. H. Dinham, M. Macgregor, J. E. Richey, H. H. Read and G. V. Wilson being recruited between 1909 and 1914.<br />
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=== 1914-1918 ===<br />
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The First World War called a halt to the normal programme of work. Of the Survey's staff in Scotland, 12 were on active military service, Bailey and Richey being decorated for bravery. Those that remained were engaged on tasks of economic importance. The work on the coalfields was intensified and a widespread search for minerals which were normally imported, was carried out. The Raasay Ironstone which had been discovered by Woodward in 1893 was assessed and as a result was worked by German prisoners of war. The economic importance of the valuable refractory Ayrshire Bauxitic Clay was recognised by Anderson in 1915 and exploitation of the deposit started 2 years later. In addition to numerous small enquiries related to the war effort, major investigations were carried out on projects such as the proposed Mid-Scotland Ship Canal and suitable sites for hydroelectric schemes. All of the staff who served in the armed forces survived and returned to the Survey, but Clough was accidentally killed by a train while working in a railway cutting in 1916.<br />
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=== Between the Wars ===<br />
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The mass of new information which started to accumulate with the pre-war coalfield revision was greatly augmented during the wartime period. The details were published in the new series of Economic Memoirs, the first of which was issued in 1916. Further impetus to the work in the coalfields was given by a wartime committee which once again found the maps of these areas out of date and recommended that the staff should be increased to carry out a satisfactory revision. Recruits to the Scottish field staff in the immediate post-war years were J. K. Allan, D. Haldane, J. Knox, A. G. MacGregor, J. Phemister, G. Ross and J. B. Simpson. W. Q. Kennedy joined later in 1928.<br />
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In 1920 Flett was promoted to Director and was replaced by W. Gibson of the English staff. In that year a regional office was opened in Newcastle, providing easier access to their ground for staff working in north-east England. Carruthers was appointed as District Geologist in charge and Dinham was also posted there from Scotland for a few years. This office was administered by the Assistant Director in Scotland until it closed in 1959.<br />
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In 1919 Bailey and M. Macgregor were the District Geologists in Scotland, each in charge of a field unit with both Highland and Lowland areas of work. Bailey's unit resumed work in the West Highlands and in the Inner Hebrides and was also involved in a revision of Ayrshire. Macgregor's unit returned to mapping in north-east Scotland and continued to work in the Central Coalfield. This concentration of effort on field work did not last long however, as there was a mounting back-log of work for publication, particularly in the coalfield areas. In 1924 and 1925 field work was confined to the Midland Valley in order to finish sheets which had been partly surveyed during coalfield work.<br />
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In 1924 the famous memoir on the Tertiary Igneous Complex of Mull was published, the main contributor being Bailey. The field work had started in 1907 but the extremely complex geology and the war years had delayed the project. Study of the similar complex in Ardnamurchan started in 1920 and the memoir, mainly written by Richey, appeared 10 years later.<br />
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M. Macgregor succeeded Gibson as Assistant Director in Scotland in 1925, occupying the post for 20 years. During his career he became the acknowledged expert on Scottish Carboniferous stratigraphy and his Presidential Address to the Geological Society of Glasgow, published in 1930, was a milestone in the investigation of the subject. In 1926 an Act of Parliament gave the Survey powers of access to the logs and specimens of all boreholes and sinkings over 100 feet deep. Information from boreholes etc. had been collected by the Survey since its formation but the new Act made the task a full time job. In Scotland, W. Manson was entrusted to carry it out and he did so with great efficiency until 1960 when he retired. At present the Survey files in Edinburgh contain the details of over 100 000 boreholes sunk in Scotland, the majority of them in the coalfield areas.<br />
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Fieldwork in the Highlands was resumed in 1926 in a rather dramatic fashion. In the north, only a small part of Sutherland remained to be surveyed but the area was relatively inaccessible. A blitz policy was adopted by having a hutted encampment erected on the ground in the spring for the accommodation of the staff. Richey directed the work of the geologists involved who were Haldane, Phemister, Read and Ross from the Scottish staff and W. Anderson, L. H. Tonks and G. V. Wilson from England. The mapping was completed by the 1st of August.<br />
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The transfer of some staff from England for short summer seasons in the north of Scotland was continued until 1934. Staff involved included S. Buchan, W. Edwards, R. C. B. Jones and J. V. Stephens who helped with the mapping of the Orkneys and Shetlands where work started in 1927. The relatively simple geology of the Orkneys was completed in 3 years and the memoir appeared in 1935. Work was transferred to the Shetlands but the extremely complex geology there and the transfer of some of the staff postponed publication of the results. In 1935 attention was turned to north Skye and work there was still being done in 1939. Scottish staff who took part in surveying these islands included Allan, Haldane, Knox, Phemister and Read directed by Wilson. Work in the West Highlands was also proceeding but fewer staff were involved. Under Richey's direction, Kennedy, A. G. MacGregor and Simpson carried out most of the work.<br />
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Between the wars there was a steady flow of published maps, sheet memoirs and economic memoirs dealing with both Highland and Lowland areas. Some of the areas mapped, however, did not feature in the published material. This arose partly from the ever present pressure from official sources to complete the survey of the country. Consequently, new areas were mapped before the previous work had been written up. The other principal reason was the numerous changes in staff caused by transfer, resignation and retirals. Of the 8 experienced geologists in post after the war only M. Macgregor, Richey and Wilson were on the Scottish staff in 1931 and the last named had been in England for 5 of the intervening years. Notable losses were Bailey and Read who had become professors at Glasgow and Liverpool respectively. E. M. Anderson retired on health grounds in 1928 but continued to do most useful indoor work on a part time basis. He is perhaps best remembered for his book on the Dynamics of Faulting. Dinham, V. A. Eyles and T. Robertson served on the Scottish staff for varying periods before returning to England.<br />
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J. G. C. Anderson was recruited in 1937 and T. R. M. Lawrie was transferred from England in 1939.<br />
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The long-awaited opening of the new headquarters office and museum in South Kensington took place in 1935. In the new museum, a series of exhibits was set out illustrating the geology of the various regions of the country. Scotland was divided into 5 regions and guides to them were written and published in 1935 or the following year. Scottish staff were involved in the preparation of the exhibits and in 1934 Kennedy, A. G. MacGregor and Phemister were engaged on this task. Phemister, who had taken part in early geophysical work by the Survey between 1926 and 1931, was transferred to London in 1935 to be Chief Petrographer. In 1936 A. G. MacGregor spent 4 months in Montserrat and Martinique, in the West Indies, investigating recent volcanic activity on behalf of the Colonial Office.<br />
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=== 1939-1945 ===<br />
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In 1939 Lowland field work was concentrated to the west of Glasgow, in Fife, the Lothians and the Kelso area while north Skye and the Mallaig district were under survey in the summer season. At the outbreak of war this programme was superseded by one devoted to matters of economic or strategic importance. The staff were placed in a reserved occupation and not allowed to join the armed forces.<br />
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Work in the coalfields was intensified and particular attention was paid to areas where coal could be worked by opencast methods. A search for minerals in short supply was carried out and deposits of potash and mica were discovered, assessed and exploited, the latter material being of great importance in aircraft production. There was also an intensive investigation into the resources of baryte, chromite, diatomite, dolomite, peat, limestone, brick clay, sand and gravel, etc. Reports on the reserves of such materials were published in 36 Wartime Pamphlets and in addition 8 reports on the underground water resources of various districts were issued. Enquiries regarding sites for hydroelectric schemes and numerous small matters related to the war effort were also dealt with.<br />
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=== The post-war years ===<br />
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In the period immediately after the Second World War sweeping changes affected the staff in Scotland. M. Macgregor, Richey and Wilson retired, T. H. Whitehead became Assistant Director and A. G. MacGregor and Simpson were promoted to be the District Geologists. Allan resigned to become the Geologist to the newly formed National Coal Board and J. G. C. Anderson and Kennedy left to become professors at Cardiff and Leeds respectively. By 1949 only 4 of the pre-war staff were in post in Scotland and of these Lawrie was seconded to help form a geological survey in Travancore, India.<br />
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To bring the staff up to strength, I. H. Forsyth, E. H. Francis, G. S. Johnstone, G. I. Lumsden, W. Mykura, W. A. Read, W. Tulloch, H. S. Walton, H. E. Wilson and J. E. Wright joined the Survey between 1945 and 1950. In 1952 A. G. MacGregor became the Assistant Director and Knox was promoted to District Geologist. To make up for losses by retirals, resignations and transfers some more recruits joined in the 1950s including M. Armstrong, A. Davies, A. L. Harris, M. F. Howells, F. May and D. I. Smith.<br />
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The post-war recruits were allocated to units with definite boundaries to work within, the eventual arrangement being of two Lowland units and one covering the Highlands and Islands. In the Lowlands the coalfield revision which started before the war was continued and extended. In the 1950s the National Coal Board sank a large number of deep exploratory boreholes and Survey staff examined most of the cores obtained. A vast amount of new information was acquired which resulted in revised maps and descriptions being published. Also at this time the first boreholes to be commissioned by the Survey in Scotland were drilled. These were put down to provide underground information in critical areas where the succession of rocks was poorly known.<br />
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Highland work in the immediate post-war era was mainly concerned with logging the many miles of tunnels excavated during the construction of hydroelectric schemes. The few staff members available also gave advice on the suitability of sites for such projects. In 1950 work on the still unmapped part of the Great Glen area was resumed.<br />
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In 1954 Simpson retired and was replaced by G. H. Mitchell as District Geologist of the South Lowlands Unit. In 1957 Lawrie was promoted to District Geologist of the Highlands and Islands district. This brought the number of District Geologists in Edinburgh up to 3, a repetition of the situation which had existed for a few years in the 1920s. In the following year Knox retired and supervision of the North Lowlands district passed to J. R. Earp.<br />
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In 1959 Mitchell succeeded MacGregor as Assistant Director and R. A. Eden took charge of the South Lowlands Unit. In 1963 Earp returned to England, Lawrie was transferred to the North Lowlands Unit and Johnstone became the District Geologist for the Highlands and Islands. In recent times, J. A. Robbie was transferred from Northern Ireland in 1967 to become Assistant Director on Mitchell's retirement. Since then, the Assistant Director in Scotland has been administratively responsible for staff in Northern Ireland.<br />
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Robbie retired in 1975 and Eden was promoted to Assistant Director. Lumsden replaced Eden in 1970 when the latter was transferred to Continental Shelf work and E. G. Poole succeeded Lawrie in 1973. All through the 1960s to the present there have been numerous minor changes of staff but the net result has been a gradual increase in numbers of the field staff to meet the ever growing commitments.<br />
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In 1965 a major administrative change took place. The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, which had been the parent body of the Survey since 1919, ceased to exist. The Geological Survey of Great Britain was amalgamated with Overseas Geological Surveys to form the Institute of Geological Sciences under the control of the newly formed Natural Environment Research Council. Since the formation of the IGS the number of staff employed increased rapidly by the formation of units working on many branches of earth science. In 1967 the formal grade of Geologist was dropped in favour of Scientific Officer, the former title having been used since 1840. In 1971, following the recommendation of the Fulton Report, the former Experimental Officer class was incorporated into the Scientific Officer class.<br />
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In 1969 a new unit was formally set up in Edinburgh to study the geology of the continental shelf around Scotland. This activity had been initiated by Eden some years previously but the discovery of hydrocarbons under the North Sea lent impetus to the work. The new unit, Continental Shelf II, was composed of Eden as District Geologist with a total staff of 10 appointed to work under him. Subsequently the staff complement has increased considerably. Administratively the unit was originally part of the direct responsibility of the Assistant Director, Scotland but in 1974 it was transferred to the Continental Shelf and Geophysical Division of IGS. Since its inception, the unit has been studying the submarine geology of the area around Scotland by using various sampling and geophysical techniques, and numerous maps and reports have been produced.<br />
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From 1960 to the present the field staff in Scotland have continued to pursue their primary commitment of keeping the geological maps of the country up to date and publishing descriptive matter on the geology. In the South Lowlands district, published works include a map and memoir of the Langholm area and new maps and descriptive papers concerning large parts of Ayrshire, the Douglas, Muirkirk and Sanquhar coalfields. Revision mapping of East Lothian and Berwickshire has also been completed. In the North Lowlands area, large parts of Fife, Perthshire, Kinross and the Central Coalfield have been mapped and memoirs and numerous papers have been published. The Highlands and Islands Unit has continued the primary survey in the Great Glen area but difficulty of access and short field seasons, in addition to other commitments, have hindered progress. The Elgin district was surveyed in 3 years and a descriptive memoir published. The geology of the Shetlands was revised and work on the Outer Hebrides is in progress.<br />
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In recent years the time spent by the staff on advisory work, both for the government and public, and in the collation of new information from boreholes and excavations, has increased steadily. Although these activities reduce the time available for normal mapping programmes, the information gained adds appreciably to the accuracy of future maps as has been shown throughout the history of the Survey. Staff members have acted in an advisory capacity on such projects as sites for dams, reservoirs, power stations, underground storage, major sewage schemes, new towns and buildings of all kinds, quarries, tunnels and routes for major roads and pipe lines. Throughout the last 120 years, the demands on the experience and accumulated information of the Geological Survey in Scotland have never been greater than at the present time.<br />
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== Palaeontology ==<br />
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The services of palaeontologists were called upon almost from the start of the Survey in Scotland. In 1858 J. W. Salter, the Palaeontologist in London, visited East Lothian and Fife to study the fossils and help with the correlation of the Carboniferous strata. In the Edinburgh District Memoir of 1861 he contributed a list of Silurian and Carboniferous fossils found in the area. Up to 1871 palaeontological work was based in London and crates of specimens were sent there for identification. In that year R. Etheridge jun. was appointed to deal with such matters in Scotland because A. Geikie had asked for speedier service in this field. Etheridge jun. worked in the Edinburgh office for 7 years during which time he did an amazing amount of work on Silurian and Carboniferous fossils. He supplied lists of fossils for publication in memoirs and described numerous new species in a great many papers. The specimens he studied were collected mainly by J. Bennie and A. Macconochie, the official Fossil Collectors, both of whom made many significant discoveries during their careers. Etheridge jun. resigned in 1878, eventually becoming Director of the Australian Museum.<br />
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From 1879 to 1905 Peach carried out the palaeontological duties in Scotland in addition to his many field commitments. He relied on outside specialists for identification work but found time to produce his famous monograph on Carboniferous crustacea. For a short period after Peach's retirement the duties were shared by Crampton and Carruthers, the latter conducting his research on zaphrentid corals at this time. In 1907 G. W. Lee joined the staff as palaeontologist. A zoologist by training, he had been working on specimens collected by the Challenger Expedition. His Survey work dealt with Carboniferous fossils initially, including a monograph on bryozoa. During the First World War he was occupied with the Jurassic rocks of Raasay in connection with the exploitation of the ironstone and wrote a memoir on the subject, published in 1920. Lee died in 1928, aged 48, and was replaced by J. Pringle who served in Scotland until 1935 when he returned to London as Chief Palaeontologist. Pringle's work touched on many fields but was mainly concerned with Carboniferous problems, especially the fauna and flora of the Sanquhar Coalfield. He was succeeded by F. W. Anderson who acted as palaeontologist in Edinburgh until 1953 except for the period of the Second World War when he was in the army. His work in Scotland dealt partly with Carboniferous fossils, especially ostracods, and was also concerned with the Jurassic of Skye. In conjunction with J. C. Dunham he wrote a memoir on Northern Skye. He was posted to London on promotion in 1953 and was replaced the following year by R. B. Wilson on transfer from the field staff in England. Wilson has worked mainly on Carboniferous faunas collected from surface exposures and boreholes. In recent years P. J. Brand has identified the faunas obtained from the Coal Measures and D. K. Graham has determined Quaternary forms from the mainland and the continental shelf. At present the work of the Palaeontological Department staff in Scotland includes providing a service to the field staff related to long term field projects and site investigation enquiries, curating the extensive collections of Scottish fossils in their care and conducting specialist research.<br />
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== Petrography ==<br />
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The history of early petrographical research on Scottish rocks by the Survey is obscure. In 1885 it is recorded that transparent thin sections of rocks were sent to London for microscopic investigation and 3 years later sections of English and Irish rocks were being made in Edinburgh. About this time some members of the Scottish field staff began to use petrological microscopes to identify the rocks from their mapping areas. This practice has continued to the present day and over the years many of the field geologists became recognised petrographers.<br />
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Major petrographical studies on the rocks of various parts of Scotland were carried out by the Petrographer in London. Significant contributions to Scottish memoirs were made by Teall, Flett and H. H. Thomas, sometimes in conjunction with field geologists. It was not until 1935 that a geologist on the Scottish staff was appointed to supervise petrographical work in Scotland. In that year A. G. MacGregor, who had previously proposed a petrographical classification of the Scottish Carboniferous basalts, was selected for this task. He continued to serve in this role, in addition to his other duties, until he retired in 1959. In the following year R. W. Elliot was transferred from the London office to carry out petrographical duties in Scotland and remains in post, now supported by a staff of four. As well as supplying the field staff with identification of rocks, the work also involves dealing with rock aggregates for potential use as suitable road metal or for use in the production of concrete.<br />
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== Accommodation ==<br />
<br />
From 1854 to 1867 the geologists working in Scotland were based in London but visits there were infrequent. A. Geikie worked for 6 years before visiting headquarters. The staff worked from their various field quarters all the year round but there was a temporary store in Edinburgh for maps and specimens in the Industrial Museum of Scotland. The name of the museum was changed to that of Science and Art in 1864 and, 3 years later, when the Geological Survey of Scotland was formed, its office was in this Museum in Argyle Square. The property was demolished in 1869 to make way for the new museum building and the Survey moved to No. 1 India Buildings, Victoria Street, a building still in existence. This remained the office until 1879 when the staff moved across the George IV Bridge to accommodation in the Sheriff Court Buildings.<br />
<br />
Although the bulk of the rock and fossil collections were housed in the Museum of Science and Art, later the Royal Scottish Museum, conditions at Sheriff Court became cramped and a move was made in 1906 to 33 George Square. This was a large house built in 1786 for a merchant of the East India Company and had been the home of Sir Noel Paton, a famous Scottish artist. He had built a studio at the foot of the garden connected to the house by a covered pathway and the general collections of the Survey were housed in the studio.<br />
<br />
The influx of recruits after the First World War made conditions at George Square inadequate and some of the staff returned to offices in the Sheriff Court Buildings, the site of which is now occupied by the Scottish National Library. The George Square building was owned by the university which terminated the lease in order to use the property for a student hostel. The building was demolished during the recent reconstruction of George Square by the University. In 1928 the staff from George Square and Sheriff Court moved to Southpark, 19 Grange Terrace, a large Victorian mansion in the southern suburbs of the city. Two large storage annexes for housing the collections were added by 1931 thus releasing space so that the library could be arranged in an orderly fashion. Pressure on office space caused by post-Second World War recruitment and expansion of the collection led to further building on the site in 1954-55. A new rock-store, drawing office, photographic department and some offices were added.<br />
<br />
In the early 1960s office and storage accommodation was again causing concern and in the summer of 1964 DSIR authorised the building of a new office for the Edinburgh staff. The following year NERC, the new parent body, accepted this inherited undertaking and began a search for a suitable location. In 1967 an agreement was reached between the Director, K. C. Dunham, and the University of Edinburgh that a part of the north-west corner of the University's King's Buildings site be leased to IGS.<br />
<br />
About this time the Geomagnetism Unit and the Global Seismology Unit were incorporated into NERC and became component parts of IGS. The former unit was formed by staff engaged on geomagnetism work at Herstmonceux and Hartland Point, administered by the Royal Greenwich Observatory, and in Edinburgh, Eskdalemuir and Lerwick, administered by the Meteorological Office. Staff of the Global Seismology Unit had previously been working at Edinburgh and Eskdalemuir, under the control of the Meteorological Office, and at the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh. Staff of both units had office accommodation at 6 South Oswald Road in Edinburgh.<br />
<br />
The plans for the new building had to provide for these units and also for the Continental Shelf Unit which occupied a building in the Government Training Centre at Granton from 1969. In 1968 it was planned that field staff working in the north of England would be based in the new Scottish headquarters but later, the space originally allocated to them was given to the Marine Geophysics Unit. This unit was formed in 1968 and moved from London to temporary quarters in Edinburgh in 1973, at first at 13 Braefoot Terrace and later overflowing to accommodation at 9 South St David's Street. At a later stage in the planning, accommodation was also provided for that part of the Computer Unit which moved in 1974 from London to temporary accommodation in Edinburgh at the Edinburgh Regional Computing Centre and at King's Buildings. In addition, rooms had to be provided for staff of the Mineral Assessment Unit which started work in Scotland in 1974.<br />
<br />
Increased office accommodation was provided at Grange Terrace in 1968 by converting part of the rock store into three rooms and later, staff were housed in temporary mobile offices in the grounds. Meanwhile plans for the new building were being prepared and in 1970 working drawings were almost complete. The Treasury gave permission in 1971 for work to commence and the building operation started in the autumn. For varying reasons the construction took longer than anticipated but the new building, named Murchison House in 1972, was almost finished in 1975. In the autumn of that year, staff of the Marine Geophysics Unit moved into the top level and they were followed by staff from South Oswald Road later in the year. Those working at Grange Terrace and Granton, however, did not move to Murchison House until 1976, when the Grange Terrace premises were made available for staff primarily engaged on projects related to hydrocarbon geology.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
The information from which this history has been compiled was drawn mainly from the published works and office records of the Survey and the two books, 'The First Hundred Years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain' by J. S. Flett (1937) and 'The Geological Survey of Great Britain' by E. B. Bailey (1952). The author is grateful to many of his Survey colleagues for information and help received.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="2" | '''Directors of the Geological Survey of Great Britain'''<br />
|- <br />
|| 1835-1855<br />
|| Sir H. T. De la Beche<br />
|- <br />
|| 1855-1871<br />
|| Sir R. I. Murchison<br />
|- <br />
|| 1871-1881<br />
|| Sir A. C. Ramsay<br />
|- <br />
|| 1882-1901<br />
|| Sir A. Geikie<br />
|- <br />
|| 1901-1914<br />
|| Sir J. J. H. Teall<br />
|- <br />
|| 1914-1920<br />
|| Sir A. Strahan<br />
|- <br />
|| 1920-1935<br />
|| Sir J. S. Flett<br />
|- <br />
|| 1935-1936<br />
|| Dr B. Smith<br />
|- <br />
|| 1937-1945<br />
|| Sir E. B. Bailey<br />
|- <br />
|| 1945-1950<br />
|| Dr W. F. P. McLintock<br />
|- <br />
|| 1950-1960<br />
|| Sir W. J. Pugh<br />
|- <br />
|| 1960-1967<br />
|| Sir C. J. Stubblefield<br />
|- <br />
|| 1967-1975<br />
|| Sir K. C. Dunham<br />
|- <br />
|| 1976-<br />
|| Dr A. W. Woodland<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="2" | '''Assistant Directors of the Geological Survey in Scotland'''<br />
|- <br />
|| 1867-1882<br />
|| Sir A. Geikie<br />
|- <br />
|| 1882-1899<br />
|| H. H. Howell<br />
|- <br />
|| 1901-1911<br />
|| Dr J. Horne<br />
|- <br />
|| 1911-1920<br />
|| Sir J. S. Flett<br />
|- <br />
|| 1920-1925<br />
|| Dr W. Gibson<br />
|- <br />
|| 1925-1945<br />
|| Dr M. Macgregor<br />
|- <br />
|| 1945-1952<br />
|| T. H. Whitehead<br />
|- <br />
|| 1952-1959<br />
|| Dr A. G. MacGregor<br />
|- <br />
|| 1959-1967<br />
|| Dr G. H. Mitchell<br />
|- <br />
|| 1967-1975<br />
|| J. A. Robbie<br />
|- <br />
|| 1975-<br />
|| R. A. Eden<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[History of the British Geological Survey]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Geology_of_Mull_-_an_outline&diff=58761
Geology of Mull - an outline
2023-07-19T12:11:46Z
<p>Scotfot: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Geology of Mull - Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland ==<br />
<br />
[[File:P915396.jpg|thumbnail|Table 10 Mineralogical and petrographical characteristics of the principal lava types of the Hebridean Igneous Province. ]]<br />
[[File:P915401.jpg|thumbnail|Table 15 The Mull Lava Group. ]]<br />
[[File:P914125.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 7 Upper Cretaceous of the Inner Hebrides Group, exposed at the south-east corner of Beinn Iadain, Morvern (after Mortimore et al., 2001, fig.6.29). The thick sandstones of the Loch Aline White Sandstone and Morvern Greensand formations are obscured beneath steep grassy slopes at X and Y, respectively. Age of the deposits: A Lavas of Paleocene age; B Beinn Iadain Formation, generally assumed to be of Paleocene age; D Judd (1878) recorded Belemnitella (Campanian) from the Chalk, but the exact horizon is uncertain; E Sponges dated as Santonian; F undated, generally considered to be Turonian (but may be Cenomanian; Braley,1990); G probably upper Cenomanian; H probably middle Cenomanian (compare with similar, better dated, site in Northern Ireland); I uncertain, possibly lower Cenomanian; J Lias and Permo-Triassic rocks seen in track section leading to Beinn Iadain ]]<br />
[[File:P914131.png|thumbnail|Figure 13 Hydrothermal circulation in and around the Mull Central Complex. Diagrammatic cross-section showing the hydrothermal mineral zones in the lava succession and the superimposed alteration zones developed about the central complex in response to the circulation of heated meteoric water (based on Walker, 1971;Taylor and Forester, 1971; Bell and Williamson, 2002). From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P914133.png|thumbnail|Dilation axes of the Palaeogene dyke swarms in the Hebridean area. Broader lines indicate the main axes of the regional swarms; broken lines indicate less certain axes (based on Speight et al., 1982, fig. 33.5).The Minch Linear Magnetic Anomaly is also interpreted as a dyke or dyke swarm]]<br />
[[File:P914146.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 27 Principal components of the Mull Central Complex. ]]<br />
[[File:P914147.png|thumbnail|Figure 28 Mull Central Complex: Centre 1, the Glen More Centre and early Caldera]]<br />
[[File:P914148.png|thumbnail|Figure 29 Mull Central Complex: Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre. From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P914149.png|thumbnail|Figure 30 Mull Central Complex: Centre 3, the Loch Bà Centre and the Late Caldera. From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P532641.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 4 Pre-Paleocene strata and Paleocene lavas at Creag a’Ghaill, Gribun, western Mull. Platy-jointed psammites of the Moine, Upper Shiba Psammite Formation (Morar Group) are overlain unconformably by Triassic basal conglomerates and sandstones. Upper Triassic strata consist of calcareous sandstones with carbonate concretions (cornstones), and the overlying sandy limestones of the Rhaetian Penarth Group are cut by basaltic sills of Paleocene age. Upper Cretaceous silicified limestone is largely obscured by scree and Paleocene basalt lavas form the upper cliffs.The top of the upper cliff is about 260 m elevation. (Photomosaic: B G J Upton; P532641.)]]<br />
[[File:P580464.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 13 Tholeiitic basalt lava resting on bedded volcaniclastic deposits, Isle of Staffa. A classic example of a lava divided into a lower, columnar jointed ‘colonnade’ and an upper irregular ‘entablature’ (see text). Scale: the cliff is about 35 m in height (P580464).]]<br />
[[File:P580465.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 15 Trap featuring in the basalt lava succession of Ardmeanach, western Mull (P580465).]]<br />
[[File:P580468.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 18 Plate 18 MacCulloch’s Tree; the cast of a large conifer (Taxodioxylon) encased in columnar basalt lava. Small amounts of charcoal are preserved in places at the margins. Ardmeanach, western Mull (P580468).]]<br />
[[File:P580473.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 22 Quartzite xenolith in basalt sill, Loch Scridain, south-western Mull. Hammer shaft is 30 cm (P580473).]]<br />
<br />
Text compiled from: [https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/Memoirs/docs/B06059.html The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland] British regional geology Fourth Edition by C H Emeleus B R Bell Contributor: D Stephenson<br />
<br />
== Moine Supergroup ==<br />
<br />
Rocks of the Glenfinnan Group are found at many localities around the margins of the Mull Central Complex, for example in the core of the Craignure Anticline and beneath the Mesozoic rocks on the coast south of Gribun. Screens of Moine rocks occur between inclined sheets and other minor intrusions in eastern Mull. Outside of the Mull Central Complex, fragments of Moine lithologies, including megablocks up to 100 m across, are common in vent infills and in other volcaniclastic rocks (Bailey et al., 1924, fig. 29). Numerous xenoliths of severely altered Moine rocks are present in the Loch Scridain Sill-complex. On the Ross of Mull, Moine rocks, possibly of both the Glenfinnan and Morar groups, crop out south of the Loch Assapol Fault where they are intruded by the late-Caledonian, Ross of Mull Pluton. From the distribution of rocks of the Moine Supergroup on Mull, it is evident that the central complex is underlain by, and intruded into, these rocks.<br />
<br />
== Dalradian Supergroup ==<br />
<br />
Grey phyllitic to slaty semipelite and black metalimestone belonging to the Appin Group (possibly the Blair Atholl Subgroup) of the Dalradian form the core of the Loch Don Anticline in eastern Mull. They are separated from Moine rocks on Mull by a continuation of the Great Glen Fault.<br />
<br />
== Caledonian igneous rocks ==<br />
<br />
The Ross of Mull Pluton comprises a number of granitic bodies with a Rb-Sr age of about 414 Ma (Halliday et al., 1979); it intrudes and thermally metamorphoses the Moine metasedimentary rocks of south-west Mull. Cordierite-sillimanite hornfelses have developed from kyanite-bearing pelitic rocks adjacent to the granite and occur as xenoliths. Within the intrusion, the intricate relationships found between quartz-diorite, granite and basic enclaves suggest the co-existence and interaction of basic and silicic magmas.<br />
<br />
Minor intrusions of Caledonian age include various felsic types and lamprophyres. The felsic dykes are most common in the vicinity of the Ross of Mull Pluton, and near the Strontian Pluton east of the Morvern lava pile (Johnstone and Mykura, 1989). The Ross of Mull granites have been extensively quarried (p. 173).<br />
<br />
== Old Red Sandstone ==<br />
<br />
Basaltic and andesitic lavas belonging to the Lower Old Red Sandstone Lorn Plateau Volcanic Formation crop out in the core of the Loch Don Anticline in south-east Mull. Conglomerates and marly sandstones, possibly of similar age, occur on Frank Lockwood’s Island, south-east of Loch Buie in southern Mull.<br />
<br />
== Intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age ==<br />
<br />
Minor intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age are widespread through the southern Highlands and extend into the western Highlands and Islands. There are two main suites: Stephanian tholeiitic rocks and Visean to Early Permian alkali basalts and lamprophyres.<br />
<br />
At Gribun in western Mull, Moine rocks are intruded by a dyke of olivine nephelinite exposed at low water which contains a suite of xenoliths and megacrysts of lower crustal and possibly upper mantle origin (Upton et al., 1998). This dyke is similar to numerous other xenolith-bearing intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age in the western Highlands and Islands and the Midland Valley. The xenoliths and xenocrysts found in these intrusions have furnished valuable information about the nature of the Lower Crust and Upper Mantle at the start of the Mesozoic (e. g. Upton et al., 1998).<br />
<br />
== Triassic ==<br />
<br />
Many of the New Red Sandstone occurrences mentioned below are assigned to the Triassic on grounds of lithology, unconformable relationships with older rocks, or a conformable one with overlying, fossiliferous Jurassic strata. Fossils are rare in all but the highest of these beds. In the Hebridean area, the New Red Sandstone sequences are thought to belong to the Upper Triassic and accumulated during the earliest stages of basin formation (''Steel 1974a, b; Steel et al., 1975'').<br />
<br />
Up to about 60 m of conglomerate, sandstone and cornstone are found at Gribun and on Inch Kenneth in western Mull, where the striking unconformity with the underlying Moine rocks is exposed on the foreshore and in cliff sections (Plate 4). Clasts of Moine rocks, cherty fossiliferous limestone (Cambro-Ordovician Durness Group), red feldspathic sandstone (Torridonian), vein-quartz, quartzite, granite and rare, red andesitic porphyry (?Siluro-Devonian) indicate both local and quite distant provenance for these beds. Upper Triassic miospores have been recovered from beds near the top of the Gribun succession that also contain indistinct bivalve remains. The uppermost beds are sandy limestones of Rhaetian age, which contain fish scales and bivalves (e. g. ''Cardinia'' sp., ''Chlamys valoniensis'', ''Protocardia rhaetica'', ''Rhaetavicula contorta''). In eastern Mull, Triassic conglomerates and sandstones are exposed in the cores of the anticlines that surround the central complex, from Craignure to Loch Don and Loch Spelve. In addition, there are extensive sandstone outcrops on the west shore of Loch Spelve, which extend up Glen Lussa, where the Triassic rocks occur in screens between inclined basic sheets. Clasts in the conglomerates are mainly quartzite and vein-quartz, but pebbles of Moine rocks are abundant locally where these lithologies are in situ nearby. Small outcrops of Triassic strata are also found within the central complex, where their steep dips indicate considerable disturbance by the Paleocene intrusions.<br />
<br />
== Jurassic ==<br />
<br />
=== Lower Jurassic ===<br />
<br />
With the exception of small outcrops of limestone, calcareous mudstone and sandstone on the west coast at Aird na h-Iolaire, and beds of the Blue Lias and Pabay Shale formations at and near Tobermory, Jurassic rocks are restricted to the east and south of the island. They crop out in the cores of anticlines marginal to the Mull Central Complex, from Scallastle Bay almost to Loch Spelve, in many places on the east coast from Loch Don to Loch Buie, and also at Carsaig Bay. The beds range in age from Hettangian through to Bajocian (Mid Jurassic; garantiana Zone) and contain a moderately abundant marine fauna. Near Port nam Marbh, there is a fairly continuous succession from the uppermost 30 m of the Pabay Shale Formation, represented by slightly calcareous siltstones with abundant ''Gryphaea cymbium'' and ''Pecten aequivalvis'', to the Bajocian. At Torosay, the Pabay Shale Formation contains the Torosay Sandstone Member, which is over 20 m thick and is cross-bedded in places (Hesselbo et al., 1998).<br />
<br />
== Middle Jurassic ==<br />
<br />
About 30 m of sandy limestone and calcareous sandstone of the Bearreraig Sandstone Formation are capped by 1 to 2 m of siltstone of the Great Estuarine Group on the east coast at Port na Marbh, south-east Mull. Similar beds crop out fairly continuously beneath the lavas on the west limb of the Loch Don Anticline, and discontinuously on the east limb as far as Duart Bay. On the Ardnamurchan peninsula, Middle Jurassic rocks are limited to massive sandstones and subordinate limestones of the Bearreraig Sandstone Formation exposed in screens amongst the basalt sheets on Maol Buidhe and at Sròn Beag. Despite the effect of thermal metamorphism, typical Aalenian fossils have been obtained from these rocks (Richey and Thomas, 1930).<br />
<br />
=== Upper Jurassic (and upper part of the Callovian) ===<br />
<br />
A small outcrop of baked blue shale just west of Duart Bay has yielded ammonites and other fossils of Kimmeridgian age (mutabilis Zone).<br />
<br />
== Cretaceous ==<br />
<br />
At Gribun, Cenomanian glauconitic sandstone (6 m thick) is overlain by 3 m of white sandstone and 3 m of silicified chalk with flints (possiby Santonian). The chalk is overlain by breccia containing angular pebbles and cobbles of silicified chalk, sandstone with chert nodules, and 2 m of weakly bedded, red mudstone. The beds above the chalk have been formally designated the Gribun Conglomerate Formation by Hancock (2000), but have been equated with the Clach Alasdair Conglomerate Member and Beinn Iadain Mudstone Formation by Mortimore et al. (2001). The succession is overlain by Paleocene lavas (Plate 4). A rich bivalve fauna is known from the glauconitic sandstone, including ''Rhynchonella'', ''Exogyra conica'', and ''Pecten asper''. ''Ostrea'' and ''Pecten'' have been found in the chalk. Glauconitic sandstone occurs at Auchnacraig, south of Loch Don, and also at Carsaig where it reaches about 13 m, its greatest thickness in the district.<br />
<br />
== Palaeogene lava fields and associated sedimentary rocks ==<br />
<br />
=== Lava sequences ===<br />
<br />
==== Mull Lava Group ====<br />
<br />
The Mull Lava Group crops out throughout north and west Mull, together with the coastal parts of south Mull (around the margin of the younger Mull Central Complex) and the various offshore islands to the west, including Ulva, Gometra, the Treshnish Islands and Staffa. The successions of flat-lying lavas form substantial mountains, such as Ben More, and commonly develop strong trap featuring (Plate 15). The lavas on the Morvern peninsula, east of Mull, are considered to belong to the Mull Lava Group, as do the lavas east of Ben Hiant, Ardnamurchan, and probably also the isolated outcrops on the south coast of the Ardnamurchan peninsula. Offshore lavas, which extend beneath the Sea of the Hebrides to the Skerryvore Fault, are most likely part of the Mull Lava Group. These flows are probably contemporaneous with flows of the Eigg Lava Formation, which they join in a northern, submarine extension (Fyfe et al., 1993; (Figure 9); Chapter 5).<br />
<br />
There has been no detailed regional mapping of the Mull Lava Field since the time of the original survey (Bailey et al., 1924). This account therefore relies to some extent on the synthesis of Richey (1961), together with observations made during the last thirty-five years (e. g. Kerr, 1995b). The lava stratigraphy has been rationalised here, in keeping with that used for the other lava sequences (Table 15).<br />
<br />
The remains of the Mull Lava Field as presently exposed, cover an area of about 840 km<sup>2</sup> on Mull and Morvern (Emeleus, 1991). The total preserved thickness of lavas on Mull is estimated to be about 1800 m (including an estimated 900 m of olivine-poor tholeiitic basalt lavas now largely within the Mull Central Complex). On the Morvern peninsula, the sequence is about 460 m thick but the lowest lavas thin towards the north (Bailey et al., 1924) and are overstepped by subsequent flows. A thin, laterally continuous sequence of Upper Cretaceous rocks underlies the lavas of Morvern except in the extreme east and north-east of the lava field, where the flows rest directly on pre-Cretaceous rocks (Triassic sandstones and gneisses of the Moine Supergroup). The marginal portion of the lava field was therefore erupted onto, and possibly terminated against, a land surface with a significant topographical relief. The north-west-trending Assapol Fault, in south-west Mull, defines the present-day south-west margin of the lava field.<br />
<br />
The volcanic succession on Mull (Table 15) is divided into the Staffa Lava Formation at the base, overlain by the Mull Plateau Lava Formation that consists of the Ben More Main Member and the overlying Ben More Pale Member; these were formerly named, respectively as the Staffa, Main and Pale ‘suites’, of the Plateau Group (e. g. Bailey et al., 1924; Richey, 1961). The Mull Central Lava Formation crops out principally within the Mull Central Complex, and consists of olivine-poor tholeiitic basalt lavas.<br />
<br />
The sequence built up by the effusion of lavas, predominantly from north-west-trending fissures now represented by the Mull Dyke Swarm. Pauses in the volcanic activity were more common during eruption of the lower part of the succession. They are marked by the development of laterally discontinuous sequences of conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and coal. However, unlike the lava piles elsewhere in the Hebridean Igneous Province, the current subdivisions of the Mull lavas are based on lithological changes in the lavas and do not always depend on the presence of interflow sedimentary sequences.<br />
<br />
Zeolite minerals are common throughout the lavas. These have been shown to have a depth-related distribution (Walker 1971; (Figure 12), similar to the zonal distribution found in Icelandic lavas. The highest zone is characterised by laumontite and overlies a mesolite zone. Based on comparisons with Icelandic zones, it is estimated that the lavas in the vicinity of Ben More were originally over 2200m in thickness, of which about 1000m is preserved. A distinct zone characterised by carbonate minerals occurs in the lavas near Tobermory and in north-west Morvern, becoming wider northwards towards Ben Hiant on Ardnamurchan. It has been tentatively suggested that the carbonate may have been deposited by circulating heated waters from the Ardnamurchan Central Complex (Walker, 1971). The Mull Central Complex is surrounded by a zone of pneumatolysis, which is superimposed on the depth-related zeolite zones (Figure 13).<br />
<br />
=== Staffa Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The basal part of the volcanic sequence on Mull and locally on Ardnamurchan is marked by the development of a laterally persistent mudstone, the Gribun Mudstone Member, commonly less than 1 m thick, but thicker at several localities. In Morvern it is known locally as the Beinn Iadain Mudstone Formation (Figure 7). Near Feorlin Cottage at Carsaig, Mull, the mudstone occurs within cavities that developed on the surface of chalk (of possible Turonian age). On the Croggan peninsula south of Loch Buie, at An Garradh, the member consists of about 6 m of buff-coloured calcareous mudstone (marl) and is thought to represent a more aluminous equivalent. These features, together with certain petrographical characteristics (for example the presence of quartz grains), suggest that the mudstone is the product of extreme lateritic weathering of a basaltic ash, which was deposited prior to the effusion of the overlying lavas. The quartz grains were possibly derived from Cenomanian sandstones and introduced either by alluvial or aeolian processes.<br />
<br />
At Malcolm’s Point, on the south coast of the Ross of Mull, sedimentary rocks may represent a useful lithostratigraphical marker at the base of the Staffa Lava Formation and above an older, distinctive group of non-columnar flows. The sedimentary sequence comprises a thin carbonaceous mudstone overlain by an upward-fining fluviatile conglomerate–sandstone sequence containing rounded flints (derived from the Turonian Chalk deposits) and more angular fragments of basalt. The sequence is capped by a thin fissile mudstone. The main part of the Staffa Lava Formation comprises a distinctive sequence of tholeiitic basalt flows (defining the Staffa Magma-type or sub-type of Thompson et al. 1986; see Chapter 10). The flows crop out around the sea cliffs of south-west Mull, for example on the Ross of Mull at Malcolm’s Point and Ardtun, at Burg and The Wilderness on the Ardmeanach peninsula, and on Staffa where they overlie hyaloclastite deposits (Plate 13). Flows of the Staffa Lava Formation also crop out at Bloody Bay, north of Tobermory. Significantly, the formation does not occur everywhere at the base of the lava pile; for example it is absent at Beinn na h-Iolaire in west Mull and throughout the Morvern peninsula (Kerr, 1995b).<br />
<br />
Fluvial systems that developed between the eruptions deposited largely clastic sedimentary sequences that are collectively termed the Ardtun Conglomerate Member. These include laterally discontinuous conglomerate–sandstone sequences such as those at Ardtun on the north coast of the Ross of Mull, and laterally equivalent, overbank or lacustrine facies that give rise to siltstone–mudstone–coal–limestone sequences, well preserved on the south coast of the Ross of Mull (Boulter and Kvacek, 1989). The most distinctive field characteristic of flows of the Staffa Lava Formation is the development of typically near-vertical columnar jointing, as exemplified by the Fingal’s Cave Flow on Staffa (Plate 13). The locally restricted nature of most flows, with columnar joints that in some instances are near-horizontal, is suggestive of cooling against steep-sided walls of palaeovalleys that cut through a dissected plateau. On the Ardmeanach peninsula, a pillowed facies indicates that the MacCulloch’s Tree flow erupted into shallow water. The flow is underlain by interbedded hyaloclastite breccias, together with dark mudstones and siltstones that contain fragments of carbonaceous material (wood), in a fine-grained matrix. The preservation of a cast of an upright tree, ‘MacCulloch’s Tree’ (Plate18) is the most remarkable feature of the flow, with columnar jointing becoming severely contorted as it approaches the vertical surface of the trunk.<br />
<br />
=== Mull Plateau Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The most complete and relatively simplest succession occurs at Ben More, where both the Ben More Main Member and the Ben More Pale Member are present (Table 15). This succession has been the subject of detailed geochemical examination (Kerr, 1995a; Chambers and Fitton, 2000; Chapter 10).<br />
<br />
The Ben More Main Member occurs throughout west Mull, as well as on the Morvern peninsula. Reddened, weathered tops to flows, attributable to subaerial weathering, are relatively common, although interflow clastic sedimentary sequences have not been noted to any significant extent. Certain of the reddened deposits on top of flows have been identified as ashy deposits, probably reworked by stream action (Emeleus et al., 1996a). The member is composed of randomly interleaved flows of olivine basalt and hawaiite, together with rarer picrobasalts, mugearites, benmoreites and trachytes. Certain flows, especially the hawaiites and mugearites, are plagioclase macroporphyritic (the Big Feldspar Basalts of Bailey et al., 1924).<br />
<br />
Little detailed information is available about the structure and stratigraphy of the Ben More Main Member. Below, two localities are briefly described, in order to indicate some of the complexities and subtleties that are recognised.<br />
<br />
The sequence of flows that forms the coastal cliffs at Laggan Bay, near Ulva Ferry, banked up against, and eventually overstepped, a thick heterogeneous accumulation of basaltic ashes, volcaniclastic breccias and debris flow deposits. These most likely mark the site of a vent that penetrated the lava pile relatively early in the development of the Ben More Main Member. The majority of the clasts within the breccia are of basalt and hawaiite; however, rare but conspicuous angular fragments of Moine psammite and Turonian flint can be identified, indicating that material from the subjacent crust has been transported upwards by the magmas or eroded from surface outcrops.<br />
<br />
On the west side of the Quinish peninsula, in north Mull, a remarkably well-preserved lava flow crops out for a distance of at least 800 m along the coast between the high and low water lines. The flow preserves both casts (in basalt) and moulds of tree trunks and possibly branches, most of which are flat-lying, and the majority of which trend north-east–south-west. The upper portion of the underlying lava is severely lateritised, representing the soil in which the trees grew. The flow is remarkably well preserved, with surface features and internal structures more typically seen in active volcanic areas, for example, ropy pahoehoe structures, shell-like pahoehoe crusts, and basal or marginal breccias. The remarkable state of preservation of the flow and the presence of fossil trees are taken as clear indication that the Quinish lava was erupted after a significant hiatus in the volcanic activity, and was itself rapidly buried by the succeeding flow.<br />
<br />
The Ben More Pale Member crops out around the summit of Ben More, close to the western margin of the Mull Central Complex and, consequently, has been subjected to intense hydrothermal alteration and metasomatism. It overlies the Ben More Main Member, although no sharp boundary has been identified; rather, there is an interdigitation between the two members, over an interval of a few flows, with the increasing preponderance of pale-weathering flows, up sequence. The pale weathering flows are generally of relatively evolved composition, typified by benmoreites (type locality, first identified by Tilley and Muir, 1964). The lower part of the Ben More Pale Member consists predominantly of mugearite, benmoreite and trachyte. The lavas showing the most evolved compositions are typified in the field by a platy jointing and general fissility, and occur in the middle part of the member. The uppermost part of the member marks a return to significantly less-evolved olivine basalt flows (Kerr, 1995a). Intercalated with the lavas are thin sedimentary deposits; on the north side of Ben More, a benmoreite flow is underlain by 30 to 60 cm of fissile black mudstone containing abundant fragments of benmoreite; a similar deposit at the same stratigraphical level occurs on the east side of A’ Chioch. South of the summit of Ben More, Bailey et al. (1924) recorded about 3 m of brecciated black mudstone with plant remains overlying a mugearite flow.<br />
<br />
=== Mull Central Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The Mull Central Lava Formation consists of tholeiitic basalt flows that crop out in small areas within the Mull Central Complex and possibly around its margins, where they overlie the Mull Plateau Lava Formation. The formation is about 900 m thick, and many of the lavas may have been erupted within a water-filled caldera, forming a thick succession of pillowed flows. This is the South-east Caldera or Early Caldera of Bailey et al. (1924); the structure is about 10 km in diameter, and is thought to have developed as a consequence of the summit collapse of a central vent volcano on a site now occupied by the Mull Central Complex. Subsequent intrusive activity within the central complex has dismembered the intrusions. Another caldera was also recognised, the so-called North-west Caldera (Bailey et al., 1924, plate III), but flows of the Mull Central Lava Formation within this structure are not pillowed. Throughout the formation, intense hydrothermal alteration has led to severe changes to the primary mineralogy of many of the lavas, with the development of abundant secondary epidote and prehnite, commonly replacing primary minerals, but also in fracture-filling vein systems.<br />
<br />
Within the South-east Caldera, Bailey et al. (1924) recognised three zones within the formation (Table 15), but complications due to subsequent structural and intrusive events prevent the thicknesses of these zones being defined. Pillowed flows are restricted to the Outer Zone and Middle Zone. On the basis of the significant thicknesses of pillow lavas still preserved, Bailey et al. (1924) argued that there must have been successive subsidence of the caldera floor.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the lavas of distinctive tholeiitic basalt composition were not always contained by the caldera wall. It is envisaged that some were able to flow outwards, presumably down the flanks of the volcanic superstructure, and possibly to interdigitate with flows of the Mull Plateau Lava Formation that had been erupted from fissure systems.<br />
<br />
== Dykes, dyke swarms and volcanic plugs ==<br />
Numerous dykes of Palaeogene age are present throughout western Scotland and the Hebrides. The dykes commonly occur in parallel, north-west- to north-north-west-trending regional swarms, becoming more numerous and varied in direction near to and within the central complexes (Speight et al., 1982)<br />
<br />
The dykes in and near the central complexes are generally less than 2 m in thickness. However, injection of dykes side by side into the same fissure can result in thick multiple intrusions, which are most common close to the central complexes. Large numbers of multiple dykes also occur close to the Mull Central Complex.<br />
The distribution of the dyke swarms was controlled by a regional north-east–south-west extensional stress field, and the over-riding control on the orientation of the swarms is considered to have been the orientation of lower crustal intrusions that fed the dykes. Locally, subsidiary swarms are orientated approximately north–south, for example in the Outer Hebrides, and between south Skye and Morvern where the subsidiary swarm forms an en échelon link between the Skye and Mull swarms. Echelons of the Cleveland Dyke are up to 25m thick in County Durham and north Yorkshire, some 350 to 400 km from Mull. <br />
<br />
The majority of the dykes in the linear regional swarms are of basaltic or slightly more evolved composition. In and around the central complexes there are, additionally, dykes of silicic, intermediate and, less commonly, ultrabasic composition (Gibb, 1968, 1969). The basaltic dykes of the regional swarms are predominantly of tholeiitic basalt or tholeiitic olivine basalt, or of mildly alkaline olivine basalt. Dyke compositions may remain fairly uniform over considerable distances, as has been well demonstrated in regional dykes that extend across the Southern Uplands and into north Yorkshire (Macdonald et al., 1988).<br />
<br />
Tholeiitic basalts and related, more evolved, lithologies predominate in the Mull Dyke Swarm. However, alkali olivine-dolerites, locally termed ‘crinanites’, are common as far southeast as Loch Fyne, and the swarm contains silicic and intermediate dykes in the vicinity of Oban and on Mull. <br />
<br />
The majority of the plugs are basaltic in composition, but a few of trachyte composition have been recorded. On Mull, a large trachyte plug intrudes lavas and is, itself, intruded by north-west-trending dykes at Druim Buidhe, south-east of Tobermory.<br />
<br />
== Sills and sill-complexes ==<br />
<br />
=== Loch Scridan Sill-complex ===<br />
<br />
The Loch Scridain Sill-complex intrudes the Moine basement, the Mesozoic sedimentary sequence and the overlying Paleocene lavas in south-west Mull, particularly on the Ross of Mull and on the north side of Loch Scridain. The sills are typically betwen 0. 5 and 6 m in thickness but exceptionally exceed 10 m, and commonly have well developed chilled margins. They are of tholeiitic affinity, ranging in composition from tholeiitic basalt, through andesite and dacite, to rhyolite (including glassy variants). Basaltic compositions are the most common, with about 20 per cent of the intrusions being of intermediate composition, and a relatively small number of rhyolitic composition. Many of the sills are xenolithic, with cognate and accidental (upper crustal) material represented; two of the best examples are to be found at Killunaig and Kilfinichen Bay, on the south and north sides of Loch Scridain, respectively (Plate 22). Composite sills occur, commonly involving crystalline and glassy rock types of significantly different compositions as in, for example, the classic xenolithic sill at Rudh’ a’ Chromain on the south side of the Ross of Mull. The sills may be related to the initial stage of the development of the Mull Central Complex (Centre 1 or Glen More Centre, see p. 126; Dagley et al., 1987).<br />
<br />
The sills were described in detail by Bailey et al. (1924). These early studies were concerned mainly with the complex high-temperature mineral assemblages that developed within crustal xenoliths prior to and/or during sill emplacement. More recently, Brearley (1986) described the melting reactions of the Moine basement materials, and Kille et al. (1986) inferred that the sill magmas were actively convecting during emplacement, maintaining high temperatures at the contacts, which resulted in localised thermal erosion of the pelitic Moine wall-rocks.<br />
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The Loch Scridain sills may be divided into three distinct geochemical groups (Preston et al., 1998a; Chapter 10). The basic sills (Group 1) are markedly xenolithic, containing both cognate and crustal types (Plate 22). The cognate xenoliths are of ultrabasic and basic composition, and are most likely of cumulate origin (Preston and Bell, 1997). There are two broad groupings of the crustal xenoliths (Preston et al., 1999):<br />
<br />
siliceous xenoliths derived from psammites of the Moine Supergroup or, less commonly, as in the Rudh’ a’ Chromain Sill, sandstone and conglomerate xenoliths from the local Mesozoic country rocks* aluminous xenoliths, of which there are three types, each dominated by glass produced by melting of the xenolith, hence the term buchite<br />
<br />
The aluminous xenoliths include:* mullite buchites — a mass of mullite needles (3Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.2SiO<sub>2</sub>) set in clear glass and pale lilac in hand-specimen<br />
* cordierite buchites — small crystals of cordierite and mullite needles set in clear glass and virtually black in hand specimen<br />
* plagioclase-rimmed mullite buchites — a core of mullite-rich glass surrounded by a thick rim of white-weathering, coarse-grained plagioclase. (An87–60)<br />
<br />
Clear blue corundum (sapphire) also occurs. Pockets of quenched, isotopically contaminated basic glass with skeletal plagioclase and clinopyroxene occur trapped between the plagioclase crystals. The highly aluminous composition of the buchite glasses is consistent with their derivation from a clay-rich sediment or its metamorphic equivalent, most likely the pelites of the Moine Supergroup (Dempster et al., 1999).<br />
<br />
== Central complexes ==<br />
<br />
Our understanding of the order of intrusive events within the Mull Central Complex is still largely due to Bailey et al. (1924). Subsequent work has been restricted to a small number of studies of some of the main intrusions and a brief summary and field guide by Skelhorn and Longland (1969). Three centres are recognised and numbered sequentially 1, 2 and 3; the first and last are considered to have been related to the development of calderas: Centre 1 to the Early Caldera or Glen More Centre and Centre 3 to the Late Caldera or Loch Bà Centre. Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre, is composed of various cone-sheet and ring-dyke intrusions.<br />
<br />
During formation of the Mull Central Complex, there was a gradual shift of activity from Centre 1 through to Centre 3 (Figure 27). Movement was in a south-east to north-west direction, by a few kilometres, parallel to the trend of the regional dyke swarm. Large annular folds surround the central complex (see p. 150).<br />
<br />
=== Centre 1, the Glen More Centre ===<br />
<br />
Within the Mull Central Complex and partly acting as country rock to the intrusions, are remnants of pillowed basaltic lavas. The relationship between these lavas and the main lava field on Mull (p. 75;(Table 15)) is unclear, although Bailey et al. (1924) concluded that the pillowed material constitutes the stratigraphically youngest part of the lava field and formed within a caldera, hence the Glen More Centre is also referred to as the Early Caldera (Figure 28). The pillowed flows are referred to as being of the ‘Non-Porphyritic Central Magma Type’ or the ‘Central Mull Tholeiites’ (Chapters 6 and 10).<br />
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==== Early granites ====<br />
<br />
The oldest of the main intrusions of the Glen More Centre are the steep-sided granites of Glas Bheinn and Derrynaculean, which possibly form parts of ring-dykes or steep-sided stocks. Emplacement of these granites was, in part, controlled by ring-faults, with central collapse. Brecciation, due either to gas escape or ring-faulting, is common throughout the granites, especially in the Derrynaculean mass. In addition, the Glas Bheinn intrusion was emplaced into the core of the somewhat imperfectly developed marginal Loch Spelve Anticline. Both granites show significant hydrothermal alteration, with primary pyroxene being chloritised or uralitised. Marginal facies of the Glas Bheinn Granite contain partially assimilated siliceous material, most likely derived from country-rock Triassic sandstones.<br />
<br />
==== Explosion breccias ====<br />
<br />
Several masses of explosion breccia occur along the trace of the ring-fault which is used to define the extent of the Early Caldera. The best examples occur within the south-east sector of the bounding fault, on the eastern side of Sgurr Dearg. The breccias contain subangular to rounded fragments of Paleocene lavas, Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, Moine gneisses and a wide variety of coarse-grained igneous rocks (gabbro, granite, etc.). Moine gneisses are generally absent from the breccias inside the main caldera-bounding fault, indicating that the basement lies at a deeper structural level beneath the caldera and that the explosive brecciation occurred at a fairly shallow level in the crust. Fragmented rhyolitic rocks with flow-banded and perlitic textures also occur in the breccias, which were most likely formed by gas streaming from silicic magmas. Surface volcanic deposits related to this explosive activity are not recognised, due to the level of erosion.<br />
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In Coire Mór, on the east side of the central complex, is an outcrop of generally unstratified volcaniclastic breccia containing subangular to rounded blocks of various Paleocene igneous rocks and Pre-Paleocene sedimentary rocks. Also present are large masses of flow-banded rhyolite. Similar material occurs at Barachandroman at the south side of Loch Spelve. The Coire Mór rocks were interpreted by Bailey et al. (1924) as surface accumulations and contemporaneous rhyolite lava flows, but Richey (1961) preferred a model of subsurface gas brecciation, akin to the explosion breccias of Sgurr Dearg.<br />
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==== Early felsites ====<br />
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The flow-banded Beinn Mheadhon, Torness and Creag na h-Iolaire felsites are approximately contemporaneous, and predate the emplacement of the explosion breccias. The Beinn Mheadhon Felsite is located outside the caldera-bounding fault, but the other two are inside (Figure28). The felsites are cut by younger basic intrusions (mainly cone-sheets) which obscure the original geometry.<br />
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==== Early cone-sheets ====<br />
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A set of early cone-sheets was emplaced into the Glas Bheinn and Derrynaculean granites, the explosion breccias and the early felsites. These cone-sheets are predominantly basic, although a small proportion of intermediate and silicic intrusions is also recognised. They dip inwards at approximately 45° towards a focal point below Beinn Chaisgidle and approach an aggregate thickness of 1000 m, with individual sheets up to 10 m thick. Consequently, significant central uplift will have occurred as a result of their emplacement. The main outcrop can be traced in an arcuate belt that runs from Glen Forsa in the north, close to Loch Spelve, and thence across Glen More to Derrynaculean (Figure 28).<br />
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The precise timing of the emplacement of the intermediate and silicic intrusions relative to the dominant basic intrusions is unclear, although it is evident that they did overlap. This is confirmed by the presence of a number of composite (basic–silicic) cone-sheets. Movement of the fault defining the Early Caldera had ceased by the time the early cone-sheets were emplaced.<br />
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==== Gabbros ====<br />
<br />
Gabbros Subsequent to cone-sheet emplacement, two large gabbroic bodies were intruded into the central complex: the Ben Buie Gabbro in the south-west, outside the main ring-fault, and the Beinn Bheag Gabbro inside the fault in the north-east quadrant of the centre. Emplacement of the magmas involved in the formation of the Bein Buie intrusion may have utilised the main ring-fault. However, Skelhorn and Longland (1969) suggested that the Ben Buie mass and possibly the Corra-bheinn Gabbro of Centre 2 were originally circular in plan, and that central subsidence has removed much of the intrusion(s) to a deeper structural level. Furthermore, the inward dips of the mineral layering in the Ben Buie Gabbro increase from about 15° to 20° near the intrusive contacts with earlier rocks, to angles in excess of 35° close to the main ring-fault on the east and north-east sides of the intrusion. The increased dips may have resulted from movement on the fault. The outer, south-eastern, margin of the Ben Buie Gabbro dips outwards at a shallow angle; however, the inward dipping nature of the modal layering of the intrusion may indicate that the base might be at no great depth. The chilled margin of the Ben Buie Gabbro is of tholeiitic basalt composition, akin to that of the Mull cone-sheets, further suggesting a genetic link (Skelhorn et al., 1979). The cumulate nature of the gabbros results in layers ranging in composition from olivine-dominated assemblages (peridotite), through typical olivine-gabbro assemblages, to plagioclase-dominated assemblages (troctolite and bytownite troctolite). Layers rich in chrome-spinel are common in the more ultrabasic lithologies (Henderson and Wood, 1981). Bailey et al. (1924) defined various facies based upon grain-size and mineral proportions within the Beinn Bheag Gabbro, together with a marginal facies veined with silicic material and a brecciated facies. Xenoliths are common throughout the intrusions, both cognate (peridotite, gabbro, troctolite, etc, essentially unaltered and not recrystallised) and granular-textured rocks, interpreted to be the products of thorough recrystallisation of earlier formed parts of the intrusion, or of country rock basaltic lavas. The two gabbro intrusions were subsequently invaded by various cone-sheets, basic through to silicic, which belong to Centre 2 (see below).<br />
<br />
==== Loch Uisg Granite–Gabbro Intrusion ====<br />
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This intrusion consists of two discrete lithologies. The gabbroic component varies between an olivine-gabbro and an olivine-dolerite, whereas the granite has well-developed granophyric texture and is quite severely hydrothermally altered. The junction between the two comprises a zone of hybrid material formed by magma mixing. This asymmetical, composite intrusion appears to have the geometry of a flat-lying sheet emplaced into lavas, although at the western end of Loch Uisg the upper contact of the granite dips steeply to the north. At the eastern end of the intrusion, part of the roof is formed by volcaniclastic breccias, exposed at Barachandroman (see above), within which the more muddy rocks are thermally altered and thoroughly recrystallised. Emplacement of the Loch Uisg intrusion postdates the formation of the annular folds and the development of the explosion breccias of the Glen More Centre. The relationship with the early basic cone-sheets is less clear since the intrusion is cut by some sheets but in turn cuts others. Overall, the intrusion would seem to be a relatively late component of the Glen More Centre.<br />
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=== Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre ===<br />
<br />
After the development of the Glen More Centre, the focus of igneous activity shifted several kilometres towards the north-west, to the area around Beinn Chaisgidle (Figure 29). Centre 2, also known as the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre, is dominated by thin, steeply inclined, outward-dipping ring-dyke intrusions varying in composition from basalt through to rhyolite, and inwardly inclined basalt and dolerite cone-sheets.<br />
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==== Corra-beinn Gabbro ====<br />
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The Corra-beinn Gabbro is the most westerly of the large gabbro masses in Mull, and is mainly, but not wholly, outside the main bounding fault of the Early Caldera. It contains layered structures that dip to the north-east at 25° to 80°. The gabbro may be a late member of Centre 1; however, since it truncates early basic cone-sheets that in turn intrude the Ben Buie Gabbro it is tentatively assigned to Centre 2.<br />
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==== Ring-dykes ====<br />
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The ring-dykes are typically of silicic composition, with steeply inclined margins. Thicknesses vary between 50 and 500 m. They range from relatively coarse-grained rocks such as granite, through to microgranite and rhyolite. Basic ring-dykes are much less common, and vary from gabbro through to dolerite. Some of the ring-dykes are composite, with a range in composition from silicic to basic, but without obvious internal contacts.<br />
<br />
==== Glen More Ring-dyke ====<br />
<br />
The Glen More Ring-dyke is probably the best known example of a steeply inclined, compositionally variable hybrid intrusion in the Hebridean Igneous Province. The ring-dyke crops out from the river in Glen More northwards to the summit of Cruach Choireadail, over a vertical distance of almost 500 m. It grades upwards in composition from olivine-gabbro through dioritic rocks to a somewhat melanocratic microgranite. The primary mineralogy has largely been replaced by secondary, hydrothermal minerals. It is perhaps the most useful of the Centre 2 intrusions to study in order to observe the processes of differentiation and ring-dyke formation. Bailey et al. (1924) and Koomans and Kuenen (1938) interpreted the vertical variation in composition as the product of in-situ differentiation by liquid–crystal fractionation, whereas others (Holmes, 1936; Fenner, 1937) concluded that the dioritic rocks resulted from the mixing of silicic and basic magmas (see Chapter 10).<br />
<br />
==== Cone-sheets ====<br />
<br />
Most commonly, the basic intrusions are inwardly inclined cone-sheets of basalt and dolerite, in some instances veined by remelted parts of the silicic ring-dykes that they intrude. The cone-sheets are usually less than 10 m thick and dip inwards, generally at 20° to 50°, towards a focal point beneath Beinn Chaisgidle. Thus, complicated relationships between typically silicic ring-dykes and the typically basic cone-sheets are found throughout Centre 2; these relationships are well developed in the Allt Molach stream section in Glen More.<br />
<br />
The final intrusive phase unambiguously associated with Centre 2 was the emplacement of the quartz-dolerites that make up the Late Basic Cone-sheets. Emplacement of these cone-sheets continued as the focus of intrusion migrated north-west towards Loch Bà and Centre 3 became established. Consequently, their emplacement also constitutes the earliest phase of intrusive activity associated with the youngest centre.<br />
<br />
=== Centre 3, the Loch Bà Centre ===<br />
<br />
Centre 3, also known as the Loch Bà Centre, was associated with the development of the Late Caldera (Figure 30).<br />
<br />
==== Late Basic Cone-sheets ====<br />
<br />
These cone-sheets were clearly emplaced during the latter stages of the development of Centre 2 and the earlier part of Centre 3, since plutonic intrusions belonging to both the centres truncate, and in turn are intruded by, cone-sheets belonging to this set. Those that are clearly associated with Centre 3 are symmetrically disposed about an axis trending north-west, parallel to the length of Loch Bà (Figure 30). In places, the density of cone-sheet emplacement is very high, with very little country rock preserved. Central uplift must have been significant.<br />
<br />
==== Glen Cannel Granite ====<br />
<br />
This granite was the first major silicic intrusion to be emplaced within Centre 3. The mildly alkaline granite forms an oval, dome-shaped mass with a north-west-trending long axis. The intrusion contains abundant gas cavities (druses) and is preserved predominantly within the subsided block inside the late-stage Loch Bà Ring-dyke. The granite cuts numerous Late Basic Cone-sheets within the central subsided block, but outwith the block, to the south-east, it is cut by similar cone-sheets. Thus, it appears that there was an overlap of the intrusive events, or that different intrusions make up the granite, or that more than one set of cone-sheets exists. The granite is partially roofed by volcaniclastic rocks, masses of quartz-dolerite and intrusive felsites. From the disposition of the felsites along the edges of the granite (Figure 30), they might be regarded as a chilled marginal facies were it not for exposures on the east side of Bìth Bheinn and Creag Dubh, south of Loch Bà, which show that the granite is in sharp intrusive contact with the felsites.<br />
<br />
==== Beinn a’ Ghraig and Knock granites ====<br />
<br />
The Beinn à Ghraig Granite is located outside the Loch Bà Ring-dyke along its north-west margin. It is of similar petrographic type to that of Glen Cannel, but is considered to be younger as it cuts Late Basic Cone-sheets on Beinn a’ Ghraig, but is itself cut by only one or two cone-sheets. The Knock Granite is of similar age, taking the form of a steep-sided, elongate mass, 50 to 300m wide, separated from the north-west margin of the Beinn a’ Ghraig intrusion by a screen of hornfelsed basaltic lavas. Similar, most likely related, granitic, dioritic and hybrid ring-intrusions occur to the north-east of Loch Bà, in the vicinity of Toll Doire, Maol Buidhe and Killbeg. Although the country-rock lavas have been invaded by the Late Basic Cone-sheets, and are hornfelsed, they do not appear to have been significantly folded or faulted. This suggests the relatively passive emplacement of the granitic magmas, probably by a combination of subsidence and stoping.<br />
<br />
==== Loch Bà Ring-dyke ====<br />
<br />
This ring-dyke is the final major silicic intrusion of the Loch Bà Centre. It has an external diameter of about 8 km and a width varying from 400 m down to zero in those areas where the trace of the ring-fault is marked only by brecciation of the country rocks. In general, the ring-dyke walls are close to vertical, although steep outward dips occur along the north-west portion. The Loch Bà Ring-dyke is cut by late members of the north-west-trending regional dyke swarm, but is unique amongst the major intrusions of the Mull Central Complex in being entirely free of cone-sheets.<br />
<br />
The intrusion was first described by Bailey et al. (1924) and its petrology and origin have subsequently been investigated by Walker and Skelhorn (1966) and by Sparks (1988). The later studies recognised the hybrid nature of the intrusion, involving dominant silicic rock (rhyolite with sparse phenocrysts of sodic plagioclase, sanidine, hedenbergite, fayalite, magnetite, ilmenite and zircon) containing inclusions (typically less than 10 cm long) of phenocryst-poor basic material ranging in composition from ferrobasalt through to dacite. The inclusions constitute less than 10 per cent of the ring-dyke, are commonly glassy, and range in shape from rounded to lenticular, the latter with distinctive ragged ends. The rhyolite is partially devitrified with an obvious flow banding and the preservation of fiamme (eutaxitic texture) is indicative of a pyroclastic origin. Given the glassy, hybrid nature of the intrusion, even where it is 400 m wide, and the development of textures typical of welded tuff, it is evident that its emplacement involved mixing of magmas during the eruption of pyroclastic material (Chapter 10). Space for this intrusion was most likely created by the combined action of gas brecciation and central subsidence, by a relatively small distance, of the pre-existing block inside the ring-dyke.<br />
<br />
== Structure of the lava fields ==<br />
<br />
The detailed stratigraphy of the Mull Lava Field has not been determined (Table 10), and therefore only the broad outline of the structure is known. The lavas of north-west Mull, Ulva, the Ardmeanach peninsula and the eastern part of the Ross of Mull, and the thick Ben More succession are generally flat-lying or dip gently, although evolved lavas south-east of Ben More are involved in folding associated with the emplacement of the central complex (see below). Away from the central complex, the base of the lavas crops out in the south at Carsaig Bay, in the west at Gribun and in the north at intervals on the coast between Tobermory and Bloody Bay. This may indicate that the lavas form a broad north-north-west-trending syncline in north-west Mull. Several north-north-west- to north-west-trending faults occur on the island of Ulva, towards the western end of the Ardmeanach peninsula and south of Loch Scridain. On the Ross of Mull, near Ardtun, the Paleocene lava outcrop terminates at the west-north-west-trending Loch Assapol Fault, where they are thrown down against Moine metasedimentary rocks.<br />
<br />
=== Structures associated with the central complexes ===<br />
<br />
One of the most notable structural features of the Hebridean Igneous Province is the set of concentric folds that almost encircle the Glen More and Beinn Chaisgidle centres on Mull (Bailey et al., 1924). The folds are developed in the surrounding older lava sequence and the various subjacent pre-Paleocene rocks. They include the Loch Spelve and Loch Don anticlines and the Duart Bay and Coire Mòr synclines (Figure 27). South of Loch Don, Dalradian metalimestones and phyllites form the core of a north-trending anticline, flanked successively by late-Silurian andesitic lavas, Lower and Middle Jurassic sandstones and mudstones, and Paleocene lavas. These major structures continue to the north and north-west, where Jurassic rocks form the core of the Craignure Anticline as far as Craignure Bay, with Moine rocks exposed in the core between Craignure Bay and Scallastle Bay. Elsewhere, the folding generally involves Paleocene basaltic lavas and, on the eastern flanks of Ben More, mugearites near the top of the lava succession. It is suggested that the folds formed in response to the early intrusive events in the central complex, but their age is not well understood. Furthermore, the area enclosed by the folds is domed and the folds may owe their origin to gravity-driven movement as the dome developed. From evidence in the Loch Don area, it has been suggested that doming and folding were initiated prior to eruption of the Paleocene lavas (Cheeney, 1962;Walker, 1975a), but Bailey (1962) considered the evidence to be inconclusive. Near Sgurr Dearg, the folds are crosscut by, and thus predate, volcaniclastic breccias of the central complex.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
BAILEY, E B. 1962. Early Tertiary fold movements in Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 99, 478–479.<br />
<br />
BAILEY, E B, CLOUGH, C T, WRIGHT, W B, RICHEY, J E, and WILSON, G V. 1924. [https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/Memoirs/docs/B01951.html Tertiary and Post-Tertiary geology of Mull, Loch Aline, and Oban.] Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 44 (Scotland).<br />
<br />
BOULTER, M C, and KVACEK, Z. 1989. The Palaeocene flora of the Isle of Mull. Palaeontological Association Special Papers in Palaeontology, No. 42.<br />
<br />
BREARLEY, A J. 1986. An electron optical study of muscovite breakdown in pelitic xenoliths during pyrometamorphism. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 50, 385–397.<br />
<br />
CHAMBERS, L M, and FITTON, J G. 2000. Geochemical transitions in the ancestral Iceland plume: evidence from the Isle of Mull Tertiary volcano, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 157, 261–263.<br />
<br />
CHEENEY,R F. 1962. Early Tertiary fold movements in Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 99, 227–232.<br />
<br />
DAGLEY, P, MUSSETT, A E, and SKELHORN, A R. 1987. Polarity stratigraphy and duration of the Mull Tertiary igneous activity. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 144, 966–985.<br />
<br />
DEMPSTER, T J, PRESTON, R J, and BELL, B R. 1999. The origin of Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites: evidence from interactions between crustal xenoliths and basaltic magma. Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 156, 41–46.<br />
<br />
EMELEUS, C H, ALLWRIGHT, A E, KERR, A C, and WILLIAMSON, I T. 1996a. Red tuffs in the Palaeocene lava successions of the Inner Hebrides. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 32, 83–89.<br />
<br />
EMELEUS, C H. 1991. Tertiary igneous activity. 455–502 in Geology of Scotland. Third edition. CRAIG,GY (editor).(London:The Geological Society.)<br />
<br />
FENNER, C N. 1937. A view of magmatic differentiation. Journal of Geology, Vol. 45, 158–168.<br />
<br />
FYFE, J A, LONG, D, and EVANS, D. 1993. United Kingdom offshore regional report: the geology of the Malin–Hebrides sea area. (London: HMSO for the British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
HALLIDAY, A N, AFTALION, M, VAN BREEMEN, O, and JOCELYN, J. 1979. Petrogenetic significance of Rb-Sr and U-Pb isotopic systems in the 400 Ma old British Isles granitoids and their hosts. 653–661 in Caledonides of the British Isles — reviewed. HARRIS, A L, HOLLAND, C H, and LEAKE, B E (editors). Special Publication of the Geological Society of London, No. 8.<br />
<br />
HESSELBO, S P, OATES, M J, and JENKYNS, H C. 1998. The lower Lias Group of the Hebrides Basin. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 34, 23–60.<br />
<br />
HOLMES, A. 1936. The idea of contrasted differentiation. Geological Magazine, Vol. 73, 228–238.<br />
<br />
JOHNSTONE, G S, and MYKURA, W. 1989. British Regional Geology: the Northern Highlands of Scotland. (Fourth edition) (Edinburgh: HMSO for British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
KERR, A C. 1995a. The geochemistry of the Mull–Morvern lava succession, NW Scotland: an assessment of mantle sources during plume-related volcanism. Chemical Geology, Vol. 122, 43–58.<br />
<br />
KERR, A C. 1995b. The geochemical stratigraphy, field relations and temporal variation of the Mull–Morvern lava succession, NW Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, Vol. 86, 35–47.<br />
<br />
KILLE, I C, THOMPSON, R N, MORRISON, M A, and THOMPSON, R F. 1986. Field evidence for turbulence during flow of basaltic magma through conduits from southwest Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 123, 693–697.<br />
<br />
KOOMANS C, and KUENEN, P H. 1938. On the differentiation of the Glen More ring-dyke, Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 75, 145–160.<br />
<br />
PRESTON, R J, and BELL, B R. 1997. Cognate gabbroic xenoliths from a tholeiitic subvolcanic sill complex: implications for fractional crystallization and crustal contamination processes. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 61, 329–349.<br />
<br />
PRESTON, R J, BELL, B R, and ROGERS, G. 1998a. The Loch Scridain sill complex, Isle of Mull, Scotland: fractional crystallization, assimilation, magma-mixing and crustal anatexis in sub-volcanic conduits. Journal of Petrology, Vol. 39, 519–550.<br />
<br />
RICHEY, J E, and THOMAS, H H. 1930. The geology of Ardnamurchan, north-west Mull and Coll. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 51 and part of Sheet 52 (Scotland).<br />
<br />
RICHEY, J E. 1961. British Regional Geology, Scotland: the Tertiary volcanic districts. Third edition, revised by MACGREGOR, A G, and ANDERSON, F W.(Edinburgh: HMSO for British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
SKELHORN, R R, and LONGLAND, P J N. 1969. The Tertiary igneous geology of the Isle of Mull. Geologists’ Association Guide, No. 20. (Colchester: Benham &amp; Co.)<br />
<br />
SKELHORN, R R, HENDERSON, P, WALSH, J N, and LONGLAND, P J N. 1979. The chilled margin of the Ben Buie layered gabbro, Isle of Mull. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 15, 161–167.<br />
<br />
SPARKS, R S J. 1988. Petrology of the Loch Ba ring dyke, Mull (NW Scotland): an example of the extreme differentiation of tholeiitic magmas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 100, 446–461.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J. 1974a. New Red Sandstone piedmont and floodplain sedimentation in the Hebridean province, Scotland. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 44, 336–357.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J. 1974b. Cornstone (fossil caliche) — its origin, stratigraphy and sedimentological importance in the New Red Sandstone, western Scotland. Journal of Geology, Vol. 82, 351–369.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J, NICHOLSON, R, and KALANDER, L. 1975. Triassic sedimentation and palaeogeography in central Skye. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 11, 1–13.<br />
<br />
THOMPSON, R N, MORRISON, M A, DICKIN, A P, GIBSON, I L, and HARMON, R S. 1986. Two contrasting styles of interaction between basaltic magma and continental crust in the British Tertiary Volcanic Province. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 91 (B6), 5985–5997.<br />
<br />
UPTON, B G J. 1988. History of Tertiary igneous activity in the N Atlantic borderlands. 429–454 in Early Tertiary volcanism and the opening of the NE Atlantic. MORTON, A C, and PARSON, L M (editors). Geological Society of London Special Publication, No. 39.<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L. 1971. The distribution of amygdale minerals in Mull and Morvern (Western Scotland). 181–194 in Studies in earth sciences: a volume in honour of William Dixon West. MURTY, TVV G R K, and RAO, S S(editors).(New Delhi: Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers.)<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L, and SKELHORN, R R. 1966. Some associations of acid and basic intrusions. Earth Science Reviews, Vol. 2, 93–109.<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L. 1975a. A new concept in the evolution of the British Tertiary intrusive centres. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 131, 121–142.</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Geology_of_Mull_-_an_outline&diff=58760
Geology of Mull - an outline
2023-07-19T12:10:38Z
<p>Scotfot: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Geology of Mull - Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland ==<br />
<br />
[[File:P915396.jpg|thumbnail|Table 10 Mineralogical and petrographical characteristics of the principal lava types of the Hebridean Igneous Province. ]]<br />
[[File:P915401.jpg|thumbnail|Table 15 The Mull Lava Group. ]]<br />
[[File:P914125.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 7 Upper Cretaceous of the Inner Hebrides Group, exposed at the south-east corner of Beinn Iadain, Morvern (after Mortimore et al., 2001, fig.6.29). The thick sandstones of the Loch Aline White Sandstone and Morvern Greensand formations are obscured beneath steep grassy slopes at X and Y, respectively. Age of the deposits: A Lavas of Paleocene age; B Beinn Iadain Formation, generally assumed to be of Paleocene age; D Judd (1878) recorded Belemnitella (Campanian) from the Chalk, but the exact horizon is uncertain; E Sponges dated as Santonian; F undated, generally considered to be Turonian (but may be Cenomanian; Braley,1990); G probably upper Cenomanian; H probably middle Cenomanian (compare with similar, better dated, site in Northern Ireland); I uncertain, possibly lower Cenomanian; J Lias and Permo-Triassic rocks seen in track section leading to Beinn Iadain ]]<br />
[[File:P914131.png|thumbnail|Figure 13 Hydrothermal circulation in and around the Mull Central Complex. Diagrammatic cross-section showing the hydrothermal mineral zones in the lava succession and the superimposed alteration zones developed about the central complex in response to the circulation of heated meteoric water (based on Walker, 1971;Taylor and Forester, 1971; Bell and Williamson, 2002). From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P914133.png|thumbnail|Dilation axes of the Palaeogene dyke swarms in the Hebridean area. Broader lines indicate the main axes of the regional swarms; broken lines indicate less certain axes (based on Speight et al., 1982, fig. 33.5).The Minch Linear Magnetic Anomaly is also interpreted as a dyke or dyke swarm]]<br />
[[File:P914146.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 27 Principal components of the Mull Central Complex. ]]<br />
[[File:P914147.png|thumbnail|Figure 28 Mull Central Complex: Centre 1, the Glen More Centre and early Caldera]]<br />
[[File:P914148.png|thumbnail|Figure 29 Mull Central Complex: Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre. From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P914149.png|thumbnail|Figure 30 Mull Central Complex: Centre 3, the Loch Bà Centre and the Late Caldera. From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P532641.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 4 Pre-Paleocene strata and Paleocene lavas at Creag a’Ghaill, Gribun, western Mull. Platy-jointed psammites of the Moine, Upper Shiba Psammite Formation (Morar Group) are overlain unconformably by Triassic basal conglomerates and sandstones. Upper Triassic strata consist of calcareous sandstones with carbonate concretions (cornstones), and the overlying sandy limestones of the Rhaetian Penarth Group are cut by basaltic sills of Paleocene age. Upper Cretaceous silicified limestone is largely obscured by scree and Paleocene basalt lavas form the upper cliffs.The top of the upper cliff is about 260 m elevation. (Photomosaic: B G J Upton; P532641.)]]<br />
[[File:P580464.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 13 Tholeiitic basalt lava resting on bedded volcaniclastic deposits, Isle of Staffa. A classic example of a lava divided into a lower, columnar jointed ‘colonnade’ and an upper irregular ‘entablature’ (see text). Scale: the cliff is about 35 m in height (P580464).]]<br />
[[File:P580465.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 15 Trap featuring in the basalt lava succession of Ardmeanach, western Mull (P580465).]]<br />
[[File:P580468.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 18 Plate 18 MacCulloch’s Tree; the cast of a large conifer (Taxodioxylon) encased in columnar basalt lava. Small amounts of charcoal are preserved in places at the margins. Ardmeanach, western Mull (P580468).]]<br />
[[File:P580473.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 22 Quartzite xenolith in basalt sill, Loch Scridain, south-western Mull. Hammer shaft is 30 cm (P580473).]]<br />
<br />
Text compiled from: [https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/Memoirs/docs/B06059.html The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland] British regional geology Fourth Edition by C H Emeleus B R Bell Contributor: D Stephenson<br />
<br />
== Moine Supergroup ==<br />
<br />
Rocks of the Glenfinnan Group are found at many localities around the margins of the Mull Central Complex, for example in the core of the Craignure Anticline and beneath the Mesozoic rocks on the coast south of Gribun. Screens of Moine rocks occur between inclined sheets and other minor intrusions in eastern Mull. Outside of the Mull Central Complex, fragments of Moine lithologies, including megablocks up to 100 m across, are common in vent infills and in other volcaniclastic rocks (Bailey et al., 1924, fig. 29). Numerous xenoliths of severely altered Moine rocks are present in the Loch Scridain Sill-complex. On the Ross of Mull, Moine rocks, possibly of both the Glenfinnan and Morar groups, crop out south of the Loch Assapol Fault where they are intruded by the late-Caledonian, Ross of Mull Pluton. From the distribution of rocks of the Moine Supergroup on Mull, it is evident that the central complex is underlain by, and intruded into, these rocks.<br />
<br />
== Dalradian Supergroup ==<br />
<br />
Grey phyllitic to slaty semipelite and black metalimestone belonging to the Appin Group (possibly the Blair Atholl Subgroup) of the Dalradian form the core of the Loch Don Anticline in eastern Mull. They are separated from Moine rocks on Mull by a continuation of the Great Glen Fault.<br />
<br />
== Caledonian igneous rocks ==<br />
<br />
The Ross of Mull Pluton comprises a number of granitic bodies with a Rb-Sr age of about 414 Ma (Halliday et al., 1979); it intrudes and thermally metamorphoses the Moine metasedimentary rocks of south-west Mull. Cordierite-sillimanite hornfelses have developed from kyanite-bearing pelitic rocks adjacent to the granite and occur as xenoliths. Within the intrusion, the intricate relationships found between quartz-diorite, granite and basic enclaves suggest the co-existence and interaction of basic and silicic magmas.<br />
<br />
Minor intrusions of Caledonian age include various felsic types and lamprophyres. The felsic dykes are most common in the vicinity of the Ross of Mull Pluton, and near the Strontian Pluton east of the Morvern lava pile (Johnstone and Mykura, 1989). The Ross of Mull granites have been extensively quarried (p. 173).<br />
<br />
== Old Red Sandstone ==<br />
<br />
Basaltic and andesitic lavas belonging to the Lower Old Red Sandstone Lorn Plateau Volcanic Formation crop out in the core of the Loch Don Anticline in south-east Mull. Conglomerates and marly sandstones, possibly of similar age, occur on Frank Lockwood’s Island, south-east of Loch Buie in southern Mull.<br />
<br />
== Intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age ==<br />
<br />
Minor intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age are widespread through the southern Highlands and extend into the western Highlands and Islands. There are two main suites: Stephanian tholeiitic rocks and Visean to Early Permian alkali basalts and lamprophyres.<br />
<br />
At Gribun in western Mull, Moine rocks are intruded by a dyke of olivine nephelinite exposed at low water which contains a suite of xenoliths and megacrysts of lower crustal and possibly upper mantle origin (Upton et al., 1998). This dyke is similar to numerous other xenolith-bearing intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age in the western Highlands and Islands and the Midland Valley. The xenoliths and xenocrysts found in these intrusions have furnished valuable information about the nature of the Lower Crust and Upper Mantle at the start of the Mesozoic (e. g. Upton et al., 1998).<br />
<br />
== Triassic ==<br />
<br />
Many of the New Red Sandstone occurrences mentioned below are assigned to the Triassic on grounds of lithology, unconformable relationships with older rocks, or a conformable one with overlying, fossiliferous Jurassic strata. Fossils are rare in all but the highest of these beds. In the Hebridean area, the New Red Sandstone sequences are thought to belong to the Upper Triassic and accumulated during the earliest stages of basin formation (''Steel 1974a, b; Steel et al., 1975'').<br />
<br />
Up to about 60 m of conglomerate, sandstone and cornstone are found at Gribun and on Inch Kenneth in western Mull, where the striking unconformity with the underlying Moine rocks is exposed on the foreshore and in cliff sections (Plate 4). Clasts of Moine rocks, cherty fossiliferous limestone (Cambro-Ordovician Durness Group), red feldspathic sandstone (Torridonian), vein-quartz, quartzite, granite and rare, red andesitic porphyry (?Siluro-Devonian) indicate both local and quite distant provenance for these beds. Upper Triassic miospores have been recovered from beds near the top of the Gribun succession that also contain indistinct bivalve remains. The uppermost beds are sandy limestones of Rhaetian age, which contain fish scales and bivalves (e. g. ''Cardinia'' sp., ''Chlamys valoniensis'', ''Protocardia rhaetica'', ''Rhaetavicula contorta''). In eastern Mull, Triassic conglomerates and sandstones are exposed in the cores of the anticlines that surround the central complex, from Craignure to Loch Don and Loch Spelve. In addition, there are extensive sandstone outcrops on the west shore of Loch Spelve, which extend up Glen Lussa, where the Triassic rocks occur in screens between inclined basic sheets. Clasts in the conglomerates are mainly quartzite and vein-quartz, but pebbles of Moine rocks are abundant locally where these lithologies are in situ nearby. Small outcrops of Triassic strata are also found within the central complex, where their steep dips indicate considerable disturbance by the Paleocene intrusions.<br />
<br />
== Jurassic ==<br />
<br />
=== Lower Jurassic ===<br />
<br />
With the exception of small outcrops of limestone, calcareous mudstone and sandstone on the west coast at Aird na h-Iolaire, and beds of the Blue Lias and Pabay Shale formations at and near Tobermory, Jurassic rocks are restricted to the east and south of the island. They crop out in the cores of anticlines marginal to the Mull Central Complex, from Scallastle Bay almost to Loch Spelve, in many places on the east coast from Loch Don to Loch Buie, and also at Carsaig Bay. The beds range in age from Hettangian through to Bajocian (Mid Jurassic; garantiana Zone) and contain a moderately abundant marine fauna. Near Port nam Marbh, there is a fairly continuous succession from the uppermost 30 m of the Pabay Shale Formation, represented by slightly calcareous siltstones with abundant ''Gryphaea cymbium'' and ''Pecten aequivalvis'', to the Bajocian. At Torosay, the Pabay Shale Formation contains the Torosay Sandstone Member, which is over 20 m thick and is cross-bedded in places (Hesselbo et al., 1998).<br />
<br />
== Middle Jurassic ==<br />
<br />
About 30 m of sandy limestone and calcareous sandstone of the Bearreraig Sandstone Formation are capped by 1 to 2 m of siltstone of the Great Estuarine Group on the east coast at Port na Marbh, south-east Mull. Similar beds crop out fairly continuously beneath the lavas on the west limb of the Loch Don Anticline, and discontinuously on the east limb as far as Duart Bay. On the Ardnamurchan peninsula, Middle Jurassic rocks are limited to massive sandstones and subordinate limestones of the Bearreraig Sandstone Formation exposed in screens amongst the basalt sheets on Maol Buidhe and at Sròn Beag. Despite the effect of thermal metamorphism, typical Aalenian fossils have been obtained from these rocks (Richey and Thomas, 1930).<br />
<br />
=== Upper Jurassic (and upper part of the Callovian) ===<br />
<br />
A small outcrop of baked blue shale just west of Duart Bay has yielded ammonites and other fossils of Kimmeridgian age (mutabilis Zone).<br />
<br />
= Cretaceous =<br />
<br />
At Gribun, Cenomanian glauconitic sandstone (6 m thick) is overlain by 3 m of white sandstone and 3 m of silicified chalk with flints (possiby Santonian). The chalk is overlain by breccia containing angular pebbles and cobbles of silicified chalk, sandstone with chert nodules, and 2 m of weakly bedded, red mudstone. The beds above the chalk have been formally designated the Gribun Conglomerate Formation by Hancock (2000), but have been equated with the Clach Alasdair Conglomerate Member and Beinn Iadain Mudstone Formation by Mortimore et al. (2001). The succession is overlain by Paleocene lavas (Plate 4). A rich bivalve fauna is known from the glauconitic sandstone, including ''Rhynchonella'', ''Exogyra conica'', and ''Pecten asper''. ''Ostrea'' and ''Pecten'' have been found in the chalk. Glauconitic sandstone occurs at Auchnacraig, south of Loch Don, and also at Carsaig where it reaches about 13 m, its greatest thickness in the district.<br />
<br />
== Palaeogene lava fields and associated sedimentary rocks ==<br />
<br />
=== Lava sequences ===<br />
<br />
==== Mull Lava Group ====<br />
<br />
The Mull Lava Group crops out throughout north and west Mull, together with the coastal parts of south Mull (around the margin of the younger Mull Central Complex) and the various offshore islands to the west, including Ulva, Gometra, the Treshnish Islands and Staffa. The successions of flat-lying lavas form substantial mountains, such as Ben More, and commonly develop strong trap featuring (Plate 15). The lavas on the Morvern peninsula, east of Mull, are considered to belong to the Mull Lava Group, as do the lavas east of Ben Hiant, Ardnamurchan, and probably also the isolated outcrops on the south coast of the Ardnamurchan peninsula. Offshore lavas, which extend beneath the Sea of the Hebrides to the Skerryvore Fault, are most likely part of the Mull Lava Group. These flows are probably contemporaneous with flows of the Eigg Lava Formation, which they join in a northern, submarine extension (Fyfe et al., 1993; (Figure 9); Chapter 5).<br />
<br />
There has been no detailed regional mapping of the Mull Lava Field since the time of the original survey (Bailey et al., 1924). This account therefore relies to some extent on the synthesis of Richey (1961), together with observations made during the last thirty-five years (e. g. Kerr, 1995b). The lava stratigraphy has been rationalised here, in keeping with that used for the other lava sequences (Table 15).<br />
<br />
The remains of the Mull Lava Field as presently exposed, cover an area of about 840 km<sup>2</sup> on Mull and Morvern (Emeleus, 1991). The total preserved thickness of lavas on Mull is estimated to be about 1800 m (including an estimated 900 m of olivine-poor tholeiitic basalt lavas now largely within the Mull Central Complex). On the Morvern peninsula, the sequence is about 460 m thick but the lowest lavas thin towards the north (Bailey et al., 1924) and are overstepped by subsequent flows. A thin, laterally continuous sequence of Upper Cretaceous rocks underlies the lavas of Morvern except in the extreme east and north-east of the lava field, where the flows rest directly on pre-Cretaceous rocks (Triassic sandstones and gneisses of the Moine Supergroup). The marginal portion of the lava field was therefore erupted onto, and possibly terminated against, a land surface with a significant topographical relief. The north-west-trending Assapol Fault, in south-west Mull, defines the present-day south-west margin of the lava field.<br />
<br />
The volcanic succession on Mull (Table 15) is divided into the Staffa Lava Formation at the base, overlain by the Mull Plateau Lava Formation that consists of the Ben More Main Member and the overlying Ben More Pale Member; these were formerly named, respectively as the Staffa, Main and Pale ‘suites’, of the Plateau Group (e. g. Bailey et al., 1924; Richey, 1961). The Mull Central Lava Formation crops out principally within the Mull Central Complex, and consists of olivine-poor tholeiitic basalt lavas.<br />
<br />
The sequence built up by the effusion of lavas, predominantly from north-west-trending fissures now represented by the Mull Dyke Swarm. Pauses in the volcanic activity were more common during eruption of the lower part of the succession. They are marked by the development of laterally discontinuous sequences of conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and coal. However, unlike the lava piles elsewhere in the Hebridean Igneous Province, the current subdivisions of the Mull lavas are based on lithological changes in the lavas and do not always depend on the presence of interflow sedimentary sequences.<br />
<br />
Zeolite minerals are common throughout the lavas. These have been shown to have a depth-related distribution (Walker 1971; (Figure 12), similar to the zonal distribution found in Icelandic lavas. The highest zone is characterised by laumontite and overlies a mesolite zone. Based on comparisons with Icelandic zones, it is estimated that the lavas in the vicinity of Ben More were originally over 2200m in thickness, of which about 1000m is preserved. A distinct zone characterised by carbonate minerals occurs in the lavas near Tobermory and in north-west Morvern, becoming wider northwards towards Ben Hiant on Ardnamurchan. It has been tentatively suggested that the carbonate may have been deposited by circulating heated waters from the Ardnamurchan Central Complex (Walker, 1971). The Mull Central Complex is surrounded by a zone of pneumatolysis, which is superimposed on the depth-related zeolite zones (Figure 13).<br />
<br />
=== Staffa Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The basal part of the volcanic sequence on Mull and locally on Ardnamurchan is marked by the development of a laterally persistent mudstone, the Gribun Mudstone Member, commonly less than 1 m thick, but thicker at several localities. In Morvern it is known locally as the Beinn Iadain Mudstone Formation (Figure 7). Near Feorlin Cottage at Carsaig, Mull, the mudstone occurs within cavities that developed on the surface of chalk (of possible Turonian age). On the Croggan peninsula south of Loch Buie, at An Garradh, the member consists of about 6 m of buff-coloured calcareous mudstone (marl) and is thought to represent a more aluminous equivalent. These features, together with certain petrographical characteristics (for example the presence of quartz grains), suggest that the mudstone is the product of extreme lateritic weathering of a basaltic ash, which was deposited prior to the effusion of the overlying lavas. The quartz grains were possibly derived from Cenomanian sandstones and introduced either by alluvial or aeolian processes.<br />
<br />
At Malcolm’s Point, on the south coast of the Ross of Mull, sedimentary rocks may represent a useful lithostratigraphical marker at the base of the Staffa Lava Formation and above an older, distinctive group of non-columnar flows. The sedimentary sequence comprises a thin carbonaceous mudstone overlain by an upward-fining fluviatile conglomerate–sandstone sequence containing rounded flints (derived from the Turonian Chalk deposits) and more angular fragments of basalt. The sequence is capped by a thin fissile mudstone. The main part of the Staffa Lava Formation comprises a distinctive sequence of tholeiitic basalt flows (defining the Staffa Magma-type or sub-type of Thompson et al. 1986; see Chapter 10). The flows crop out around the sea cliffs of south-west Mull, for example on the Ross of Mull at Malcolm’s Point and Ardtun, at Burg and The Wilderness on the Ardmeanach peninsula, and on Staffa where they overlie hyaloclastite deposits (Plate 13). Flows of the Staffa Lava Formation also crop out at Bloody Bay, north of Tobermory. Significantly, the formation does not occur everywhere at the base of the lava pile; for example it is absent at Beinn na h-Iolaire in west Mull and throughout the Morvern peninsula (Kerr, 1995b).<br />
<br />
Fluvial systems that developed between the eruptions deposited largely clastic sedimentary sequences that are collectively termed the Ardtun Conglomerate Member. These include laterally discontinuous conglomerate–sandstone sequences such as those at Ardtun on the north coast of the Ross of Mull, and laterally equivalent, overbank or lacustrine facies that give rise to siltstone–mudstone–coal–limestone sequences, well preserved on the south coast of the Ross of Mull (Boulter and Kvacek, 1989). The most distinctive field characteristic of flows of the Staffa Lava Formation is the development of typically near-vertical columnar jointing, as exemplified by the Fingal’s Cave Flow on Staffa (Plate 13). The locally restricted nature of most flows, with columnar joints that in some instances are near-horizontal, is suggestive of cooling against steep-sided walls of palaeovalleys that cut through a dissected plateau. On the Ardmeanach peninsula, a pillowed facies indicates that the MacCulloch’s Tree flow erupted into shallow water. The flow is underlain by interbedded hyaloclastite breccias, together with dark mudstones and siltstones that contain fragments of carbonaceous material (wood), in a fine-grained matrix. The preservation of a cast of an upright tree, ‘MacCulloch’s Tree’ (Plate18) is the most remarkable feature of the flow, with columnar jointing becoming severely contorted as it approaches the vertical surface of the trunk.<br />
<br />
=== Mull Plateau Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The most complete and relatively simplest succession occurs at Ben More, where both the Ben More Main Member and the Ben More Pale Member are present (Table 15). This succession has been the subject of detailed geochemical examination (Kerr, 1995a; Chambers and Fitton, 2000; Chapter 10).<br />
<br />
The Ben More Main Member occurs throughout west Mull, as well as on the Morvern peninsula. Reddened, weathered tops to flows, attributable to subaerial weathering, are relatively common, although interflow clastic sedimentary sequences have not been noted to any significant extent. Certain of the reddened deposits on top of flows have been identified as ashy deposits, probably reworked by stream action (Emeleus et al., 1996a). The member is composed of randomly interleaved flows of olivine basalt and hawaiite, together with rarer picrobasalts, mugearites, benmoreites and trachytes. Certain flows, especially the hawaiites and mugearites, are plagioclase macroporphyritic (the Big Feldspar Basalts of Bailey et al., 1924).<br />
<br />
Little detailed information is available about the structure and stratigraphy of the Ben More Main Member. Below, two localities are briefly described, in order to indicate some of the complexities and subtleties that are recognised.<br />
<br />
The sequence of flows that forms the coastal cliffs at Laggan Bay, near Ulva Ferry, banked up against, and eventually overstepped, a thick heterogeneous accumulation of basaltic ashes, volcaniclastic breccias and debris flow deposits. These most likely mark the site of a vent that penetrated the lava pile relatively early in the development of the Ben More Main Member. The majority of the clasts within the breccia are of basalt and hawaiite; however, rare but conspicuous angular fragments of Moine psammite and Turonian flint can be identified, indicating that material from the subjacent crust has been transported upwards by the magmas or eroded from surface outcrops.<br />
<br />
On the west side of the Quinish peninsula, in north Mull, a remarkably well-preserved lava flow crops out for a distance of at least 800 m along the coast between the high and low water lines. The flow preserves both casts (in basalt) and moulds of tree trunks and possibly branches, most of which are flat-lying, and the majority of which trend north-east–south-west. The upper portion of the underlying lava is severely lateritised, representing the soil in which the trees grew. The flow is remarkably well preserved, with surface features and internal structures more typically seen in active volcanic areas, for example, ropy pahoehoe structures, shell-like pahoehoe crusts, and basal or marginal breccias. The remarkable state of preservation of the flow and the presence of fossil trees are taken as clear indication that the Quinish lava was erupted after a significant hiatus in the volcanic activity, and was itself rapidly buried by the succeeding flow.<br />
<br />
The Ben More Pale Member crops out around the summit of Ben More, close to the western margin of the Mull Central Complex and, consequently, has been subjected to intense hydrothermal alteration and metasomatism. It overlies the Ben More Main Member, although no sharp boundary has been identified; rather, there is an interdigitation between the two members, over an interval of a few flows, with the increasing preponderance of pale-weathering flows, up sequence. The pale weathering flows are generally of relatively evolved composition, typified by benmoreites (type locality, first identified by Tilley and Muir, 1964). The lower part of the Ben More Pale Member consists predominantly of mugearite, benmoreite and trachyte. The lavas showing the most evolved compositions are typified in the field by a platy jointing and general fissility, and occur in the middle part of the member. The uppermost part of the member marks a return to significantly less-evolved olivine basalt flows (Kerr, 1995a). Intercalated with the lavas are thin sedimentary deposits; on the north side of Ben More, a benmoreite flow is underlain by 30 to 60 cm of fissile black mudstone containing abundant fragments of benmoreite; a similar deposit at the same stratigraphical level occurs on the east side of A’ Chioch. South of the summit of Ben More, Bailey et al. (1924) recorded about 3 m of brecciated black mudstone with plant remains overlying a mugearite flow.<br />
<br />
=== Mull Central Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The Mull Central Lava Formation consists of tholeiitic basalt flows that crop out in small areas within the Mull Central Complex and possibly around its margins, where they overlie the Mull Plateau Lava Formation. The formation is about 900 m thick, and many of the lavas may have been erupted within a water-filled caldera, forming a thick succession of pillowed flows. This is the South-east Caldera or Early Caldera of Bailey et al. (1924); the structure is about 10 km in diameter, and is thought to have developed as a consequence of the summit collapse of a central vent volcano on a site now occupied by the Mull Central Complex. Subsequent intrusive activity within the central complex has dismembered the intrusions. Another caldera was also recognised, the so-called North-west Caldera (Bailey et al., 1924, plate III), but flows of the Mull Central Lava Formation within this structure are not pillowed. Throughout the formation, intense hydrothermal alteration has led to severe changes to the primary mineralogy of many of the lavas, with the development of abundant secondary epidote and prehnite, commonly replacing primary minerals, but also in fracture-filling vein systems.<br />
<br />
Within the South-east Caldera, Bailey et al. (1924) recognised three zones within the formation (Table 15), but complications due to subsequent structural and intrusive events prevent the thicknesses of these zones being defined. Pillowed flows are restricted to the Outer Zone and Middle Zone. On the basis of the significant thicknesses of pillow lavas still preserved, Bailey et al. (1924) argued that there must have been successive subsidence of the caldera floor.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the lavas of distinctive tholeiitic basalt composition were not always contained by the caldera wall. It is envisaged that some were able to flow outwards, presumably down the flanks of the volcanic superstructure, and possibly to interdigitate with flows of the Mull Plateau Lava Formation that had been erupted from fissure systems.<br />
<br />
== Dykes, dyke swarms and volcanic plugs ==<br />
Numerous dykes of Palaeogene age are present throughout western Scotland and the Hebrides. The dykes commonly occur in parallel, north-west- to north-north-west-trending regional swarms, becoming more numerous and varied in direction near to and within the central complexes (Speight et al., 1982)<br />
<br />
The dykes in and near the central complexes are generally less than 2 m in thickness. However, injection of dykes side by side into the same fissure can result in thick multiple intrusions, which are most common close to the central complexes. Large numbers of multiple dykes also occur close to the Mull Central Complex.<br />
The distribution of the dyke swarms was controlled by a regional north-east–south-west extensional stress field, and the over-riding control on the orientation of the swarms is considered to have been the orientation of lower crustal intrusions that fed the dykes. Locally, subsidiary swarms are orientated approximately north–south, for example in the Outer Hebrides, and between south Skye and Morvern where the subsidiary swarm forms an en échelon link between the Skye and Mull swarms. Echelons of the Cleveland Dyke are up to 25m thick in County Durham and north Yorkshire, some 350 to 400 km from Mull. <br />
<br />
The majority of the dykes in the linear regional swarms are of basaltic or slightly more evolved composition. In and around the central complexes there are, additionally, dykes of silicic, intermediate and, less commonly, ultrabasic composition (Gibb, 1968, 1969). The basaltic dykes of the regional swarms are predominantly of tholeiitic basalt or tholeiitic olivine basalt, or of mildly alkaline olivine basalt. Dyke compositions may remain fairly uniform over considerable distances, as has been well demonstrated in regional dykes that extend across the Southern Uplands and into north Yorkshire (Macdonald et al., 1988).<br />
<br />
Tholeiitic basalts and related, more evolved, lithologies predominate in the Mull Dyke Swarm. However, alkali olivine-dolerites, locally termed ‘crinanites’, are common as far southeast as Loch Fyne, and the swarm contains silicic and intermediate dykes in the vicinity of Oban and on Mull. <br />
<br />
The majority of the plugs are basaltic in composition, but a few of trachyte composition have been recorded. On Mull, a large trachyte plug intrudes lavas and is, itself, intruded by north-west-trending dykes at Druim Buidhe, south-east of Tobermory.<br />
<br />
== Sills and sill-complexes ==<br />
<br />
=== Loch Scridan Sill-complex ===<br />
<br />
The Loch Scridain Sill-complex intrudes the Moine basement, the Mesozoic sedimentary sequence and the overlying Paleocene lavas in south-west Mull, particularly on the Ross of Mull and on the north side of Loch Scridain. The sills are typically betwen 0. 5 and 6 m in thickness but exceptionally exceed 10 m, and commonly have well developed chilled margins. They are of tholeiitic affinity, ranging in composition from tholeiitic basalt, through andesite and dacite, to rhyolite (including glassy variants). Basaltic compositions are the most common, with about 20 per cent of the intrusions being of intermediate composition, and a relatively small number of rhyolitic composition. Many of the sills are xenolithic, with cognate and accidental (upper crustal) material represented; two of the best examples are to be found at Killunaig and Kilfinichen Bay, on the south and north sides of Loch Scridain, respectively (Plate 22). Composite sills occur, commonly involving crystalline and glassy rock types of significantly different compositions as in, for example, the classic xenolithic sill at Rudh’ a’ Chromain on the south side of the Ross of Mull. The sills may be related to the initial stage of the development of the Mull Central Complex (Centre 1 or Glen More Centre, see p. 126; Dagley et al., 1987).<br />
<br />
The sills were described in detail by Bailey et al. (1924). These early studies were concerned mainly with the complex high-temperature mineral assemblages that developed within crustal xenoliths prior to and/or during sill emplacement. More recently, Brearley (1986) described the melting reactions of the Moine basement materials, and Kille et al. (1986) inferred that the sill magmas were actively convecting during emplacement, maintaining high temperatures at the contacts, which resulted in localised thermal erosion of the pelitic Moine wall-rocks.<br />
<br />
The Loch Scridain sills may be divided into three distinct geochemical groups (Preston et al., 1998a; Chapter 10). The basic sills (Group 1) are markedly xenolithic, containing both cognate and crustal types (Plate 22). The cognate xenoliths are of ultrabasic and basic composition, and are most likely of cumulate origin (Preston and Bell, 1997). There are two broad groupings of the crustal xenoliths (Preston et al., 1999):<br />
<br />
siliceous xenoliths derived from psammites of the Moine Supergroup or, less commonly, as in the Rudh’ a’ Chromain Sill, sandstone and conglomerate xenoliths from the local Mesozoic country rocks* aluminous xenoliths, of which there are three types, each dominated by glass produced by melting of the xenolith, hence the term buchite<br />
<br />
The aluminous xenoliths include:* mullite buchites — a mass of mullite needles (3Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.2SiO<sub>2</sub>) set in clear glass and pale lilac in hand-specimen<br />
* cordierite buchites — small crystals of cordierite and mullite needles set in clear glass and virtually black in hand specimen<br />
* plagioclase-rimmed mullite buchites — a core of mullite-rich glass surrounded by a thick rim of white-weathering, coarse-grained plagioclase. (An87–60)<br />
<br />
Clear blue corundum (sapphire) also occurs. Pockets of quenched, isotopically contaminated basic glass with skeletal plagioclase and clinopyroxene occur trapped between the plagioclase crystals. The highly aluminous composition of the buchite glasses is consistent with their derivation from a clay-rich sediment or its metamorphic equivalent, most likely the pelites of the Moine Supergroup (Dempster et al., 1999).<br />
<br />
== Central complexes ==<br />
<br />
Our understanding of the order of intrusive events within the Mull Central Complex is still largely due to Bailey et al. (1924). Subsequent work has been restricted to a small number of studies of some of the main intrusions and a brief summary and field guide by Skelhorn and Longland (1969). Three centres are recognised and numbered sequentially 1, 2 and 3; the first and last are considered to have been related to the development of calderas: Centre 1 to the Early Caldera or Glen More Centre and Centre 3 to the Late Caldera or Loch Bà Centre. Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre, is composed of various cone-sheet and ring-dyke intrusions.<br />
<br />
During formation of the Mull Central Complex, there was a gradual shift of activity from Centre 1 through to Centre 3 (Figure 27). Movement was in a south-east to north-west direction, by a few kilometres, parallel to the trend of the regional dyke swarm. Large annular folds surround the central complex (see p. 150).<br />
<br />
=== Centre 1, the Glen More Centre ===<br />
<br />
Within the Mull Central Complex and partly acting as country rock to the intrusions, are remnants of pillowed basaltic lavas. The relationship between these lavas and the main lava field on Mull (p. 75;(Table 15)) is unclear, although Bailey et al. (1924) concluded that the pillowed material constitutes the stratigraphically youngest part of the lava field and formed within a caldera, hence the Glen More Centre is also referred to as the Early Caldera (Figure 28). The pillowed flows are referred to as being of the ‘Non-Porphyritic Central Magma Type’ or the ‘Central Mull Tholeiites’ (Chapters 6 and 10).<br />
<br />
==== Early granites ====<br />
<br />
The oldest of the main intrusions of the Glen More Centre are the steep-sided granites of Glas Bheinn and Derrynaculean, which possibly form parts of ring-dykes or steep-sided stocks. Emplacement of these granites was, in part, controlled by ring-faults, with central collapse. Brecciation, due either to gas escape or ring-faulting, is common throughout the granites, especially in the Derrynaculean mass. In addition, the Glas Bheinn intrusion was emplaced into the core of the somewhat imperfectly developed marginal Loch Spelve Anticline. Both granites show significant hydrothermal alteration, with primary pyroxene being chloritised or uralitised. Marginal facies of the Glas Bheinn Granite contain partially assimilated siliceous material, most likely derived from country-rock Triassic sandstones.<br />
<br />
==== Explosion breccias ====<br />
<br />
Several masses of explosion breccia occur along the trace of the ring-fault which is used to define the extent of the Early Caldera. The best examples occur within the south-east sector of the bounding fault, on the eastern side of Sgurr Dearg. The breccias contain subangular to rounded fragments of Paleocene lavas, Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, Moine gneisses and a wide variety of coarse-grained igneous rocks (gabbro, granite, etc.). Moine gneisses are generally absent from the breccias inside the main caldera-bounding fault, indicating that the basement lies at a deeper structural level beneath the caldera and that the explosive brecciation occurred at a fairly shallow level in the crust. Fragmented rhyolitic rocks with flow-banded and perlitic textures also occur in the breccias, which were most likely formed by gas streaming from silicic magmas. Surface volcanic deposits related to this explosive activity are not recognised, due to the level of erosion.<br />
<br />
In Coire Mór, on the east side of the central complex, is an outcrop of generally unstratified volcaniclastic breccia containing subangular to rounded blocks of various Paleocene igneous rocks and Pre-Paleocene sedimentary rocks. Also present are large masses of flow-banded rhyolite. Similar material occurs at Barachandroman at the south side of Loch Spelve. The Coire Mór rocks were interpreted by Bailey et al. (1924) as surface accumulations and contemporaneous rhyolite lava flows, but Richey (1961) preferred a model of subsurface gas brecciation, akin to the explosion breccias of Sgurr Dearg.<br />
<br />
==== Early felsites ====<br />
<br />
The flow-banded Beinn Mheadhon, Torness and Creag na h-Iolaire felsites are approximately contemporaneous, and predate the emplacement of the explosion breccias. The Beinn Mheadhon Felsite is located outside the caldera-bounding fault, but the other two are inside (Figure28). The felsites are cut by younger basic intrusions (mainly cone-sheets) which obscure the original geometry.<br />
<br />
==== Early cone-sheets ====<br />
<br />
A set of early cone-sheets was emplaced into the Glas Bheinn and Derrynaculean granites, the explosion breccias and the early felsites. These cone-sheets are predominantly basic, although a small proportion of intermediate and silicic intrusions is also recognised. They dip inwards at approximately 45° towards a focal point below Beinn Chaisgidle and approach an aggregate thickness of 1000 m, with individual sheets up to 10 m thick. Consequently, significant central uplift will have occurred as a result of their emplacement. The main outcrop can be traced in an arcuate belt that runs from Glen Forsa in the north, close to Loch Spelve, and thence across Glen More to Derrynaculean (Figure 28).<br />
<br />
The precise timing of the emplacement of the intermediate and silicic intrusions relative to the dominant basic intrusions is unclear, although it is evident that they did overlap. This is confirmed by the presence of a number of composite (basic–silicic) cone-sheets. Movement of the fault defining the Early Caldera had ceased by the time the early cone-sheets were emplaced.<br />
<br />
==== Gabbros ====<br />
<br />
Gabbros Subsequent to cone-sheet emplacement, two large gabbroic bodies were intruded into the central complex: the Ben Buie Gabbro in the south-west, outside the main ring-fault, and the Beinn Bheag Gabbro inside the fault in the north-east quadrant of the centre. Emplacement of the magmas involved in the formation of the Bein Buie intrusion may have utilised the main ring-fault. However, Skelhorn and Longland (1969) suggested that the Ben Buie mass and possibly the Corra-bheinn Gabbro of Centre 2 were originally circular in plan, and that central subsidence has removed much of the intrusion(s) to a deeper structural level. Furthermore, the inward dips of the mineral layering in the Ben Buie Gabbro increase from about 15° to 20° near the intrusive contacts with earlier rocks, to angles in excess of 35° close to the main ring-fault on the east and north-east sides of the intrusion. The increased dips may have resulted from movement on the fault. The outer, south-eastern, margin of the Ben Buie Gabbro dips outwards at a shallow angle; however, the inward dipping nature of the modal layering of the intrusion may indicate that the base might be at no great depth. The chilled margin of the Ben Buie Gabbro is of tholeiitic basalt composition, akin to that of the Mull cone-sheets, further suggesting a genetic link (Skelhorn et al., 1979). The cumulate nature of the gabbros results in layers ranging in composition from olivine-dominated assemblages (peridotite), through typical olivine-gabbro assemblages, to plagioclase-dominated assemblages (troctolite and bytownite troctolite). Layers rich in chrome-spinel are common in the more ultrabasic lithologies (Henderson and Wood, 1981). Bailey et al. (1924) defined various facies based upon grain-size and mineral proportions within the Beinn Bheag Gabbro, together with a marginal facies veined with silicic material and a brecciated facies. Xenoliths are common throughout the intrusions, both cognate (peridotite, gabbro, troctolite, etc, essentially unaltered and not recrystallised) and granular-textured rocks, interpreted to be the products of thorough recrystallisation of earlier formed parts of the intrusion, or of country rock basaltic lavas. The two gabbro intrusions were subsequently invaded by various cone-sheets, basic through to silicic, which belong to Centre 2 (see below).<br />
<br />
==== Loch Uisg Granite–Gabbro Intrusion ====<br />
<br />
This intrusion consists of two discrete lithologies. The gabbroic component varies between an olivine-gabbro and an olivine-dolerite, whereas the granite has well-developed granophyric texture and is quite severely hydrothermally altered. The junction between the two comprises a zone of hybrid material formed by magma mixing. This asymmetical, composite intrusion appears to have the geometry of a flat-lying sheet emplaced into lavas, although at the western end of Loch Uisg the upper contact of the granite dips steeply to the north. At the eastern end of the intrusion, part of the roof is formed by volcaniclastic breccias, exposed at Barachandroman (see above), within which the more muddy rocks are thermally altered and thoroughly recrystallised. Emplacement of the Loch Uisg intrusion postdates the formation of the annular folds and the development of the explosion breccias of the Glen More Centre. The relationship with the early basic cone-sheets is less clear since the intrusion is cut by some sheets but in turn cuts others. Overall, the intrusion would seem to be a relatively late component of the Glen More Centre.<br />
<br />
=== Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre ===<br />
<br />
After the development of the Glen More Centre, the focus of igneous activity shifted several kilometres towards the north-west, to the area around Beinn Chaisgidle (Figure 29). Centre 2, also known as the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre, is dominated by thin, steeply inclined, outward-dipping ring-dyke intrusions varying in composition from basalt through to rhyolite, and inwardly inclined basalt and dolerite cone-sheets.<br />
<br />
==== Corra-beinn Gabbro ====<br />
<br />
The Corra-beinn Gabbro is the most westerly of the large gabbro masses in Mull, and is mainly, but not wholly, outside the main bounding fault of the Early Caldera. It contains layered structures that dip to the north-east at 25° to 80°. The gabbro may be a late member of Centre 1; however, since it truncates early basic cone-sheets that in turn intrude the Ben Buie Gabbro it is tentatively assigned to Centre 2.<br />
<br />
==== Ring-dykes ====<br />
<br />
The ring-dykes are typically of silicic composition, with steeply inclined margins. Thicknesses vary between 50 and 500 m. They range from relatively coarse-grained rocks such as granite, through to microgranite and rhyolite. Basic ring-dykes are much less common, and vary from gabbro through to dolerite. Some of the ring-dykes are composite, with a range in composition from silicic to basic, but without obvious internal contacts.<br />
<br />
==== Glen More Ring-dyke ====<br />
<br />
The Glen More Ring-dyke is probably the best known example of a steeply inclined, compositionally variable hybrid intrusion in the Hebridean Igneous Province. The ring-dyke crops out from the river in Glen More northwards to the summit of Cruach Choireadail, over a vertical distance of almost 500 m. It grades upwards in composition from olivine-gabbro through dioritic rocks to a somewhat melanocratic microgranite. The primary mineralogy has largely been replaced by secondary, hydrothermal minerals. It is perhaps the most useful of the Centre 2 intrusions to study in order to observe the processes of differentiation and ring-dyke formation. Bailey et al. (1924) and Koomans and Kuenen (1938) interpreted the vertical variation in composition as the product of in-situ differentiation by liquid–crystal fractionation, whereas others (Holmes, 1936; Fenner, 1937) concluded that the dioritic rocks resulted from the mixing of silicic and basic magmas (see Chapter 10).<br />
<br />
==== Cone-sheets ====<br />
<br />
Most commonly, the basic intrusions are inwardly inclined cone-sheets of basalt and dolerite, in some instances veined by remelted parts of the silicic ring-dykes that they intrude. The cone-sheets are usually less than 10 m thick and dip inwards, generally at 20° to 50°, towards a focal point beneath Beinn Chaisgidle. Thus, complicated relationships between typically silicic ring-dykes and the typically basic cone-sheets are found throughout Centre 2; these relationships are well developed in the Allt Molach stream section in Glen More.<br />
<br />
The final intrusive phase unambiguously associated with Centre 2 was the emplacement of the quartz-dolerites that make up the Late Basic Cone-sheets. Emplacement of these cone-sheets continued as the focus of intrusion migrated north-west towards Loch Bà and Centre 3 became established. Consequently, their emplacement also constitutes the earliest phase of intrusive activity associated with the youngest centre.<br />
<br />
=== Centre 3, the Loch Bà Centre ===<br />
<br />
Centre 3, also known as the Loch Bà Centre, was associated with the development of the Late Caldera (Figure 30).<br />
<br />
==== Late Basic Cone-sheets ====<br />
<br />
These cone-sheets were clearly emplaced during the latter stages of the development of Centre 2 and the earlier part of Centre 3, since plutonic intrusions belonging to both the centres truncate, and in turn are intruded by, cone-sheets belonging to this set. Those that are clearly associated with Centre 3 are symmetrically disposed about an axis trending north-west, parallel to the length of Loch Bà (Figure 30). In places, the density of cone-sheet emplacement is very high, with very little country rock preserved. Central uplift must have been significant.<br />
<br />
==== Glen Cannel Granite ====<br />
<br />
This granite was the first major silicic intrusion to be emplaced within Centre 3. The mildly alkaline granite forms an oval, dome-shaped mass with a north-west-trending long axis. The intrusion contains abundant gas cavities (druses) and is preserved predominantly within the subsided block inside the late-stage Loch Bà Ring-dyke. The granite cuts numerous Late Basic Cone-sheets within the central subsided block, but outwith the block, to the south-east, it is cut by similar cone-sheets. Thus, it appears that there was an overlap of the intrusive events, or that different intrusions make up the granite, or that more than one set of cone-sheets exists. The granite is partially roofed by volcaniclastic rocks, masses of quartz-dolerite and intrusive felsites. From the disposition of the felsites along the edges of the granite (Figure 30), they might be regarded as a chilled marginal facies were it not for exposures on the east side of Bìth Bheinn and Creag Dubh, south of Loch Bà, which show that the granite is in sharp intrusive contact with the felsites.<br />
<br />
==== Beinn a’ Ghraig and Knock granites ====<br />
<br />
The Beinn à Ghraig Granite is located outside the Loch Bà Ring-dyke along its north-west margin. It is of similar petrographic type to that of Glen Cannel, but is considered to be younger as it cuts Late Basic Cone-sheets on Beinn a’ Ghraig, but is itself cut by only one or two cone-sheets. The Knock Granite is of similar age, taking the form of a steep-sided, elongate mass, 50 to 300m wide, separated from the north-west margin of the Beinn a’ Ghraig intrusion by a screen of hornfelsed basaltic lavas. Similar, most likely related, granitic, dioritic and hybrid ring-intrusions occur to the north-east of Loch Bà, in the vicinity of Toll Doire, Maol Buidhe and Killbeg. Although the country-rock lavas have been invaded by the Late Basic Cone-sheets, and are hornfelsed, they do not appear to have been significantly folded or faulted. This suggests the relatively passive emplacement of the granitic magmas, probably by a combination of subsidence and stoping.<br />
<br />
==== Loch Bà Ring-dyke ====<br />
<br />
This ring-dyke is the final major silicic intrusion of the Loch Bà Centre. It has an external diameter of about 8 km and a width varying from 400 m down to zero in those areas where the trace of the ring-fault is marked only by brecciation of the country rocks. In general, the ring-dyke walls are close to vertical, although steep outward dips occur along the north-west portion. The Loch Bà Ring-dyke is cut by late members of the north-west-trending regional dyke swarm, but is unique amongst the major intrusions of the Mull Central Complex in being entirely free of cone-sheets.<br />
<br />
The intrusion was first described by Bailey et al. (1924) and its petrology and origin have subsequently been investigated by Walker and Skelhorn (1966) and by Sparks (1988). The later studies recognised the hybrid nature of the intrusion, involving dominant silicic rock (rhyolite with sparse phenocrysts of sodic plagioclase, sanidine, hedenbergite, fayalite, magnetite, ilmenite and zircon) containing inclusions (typically less than 10 cm long) of phenocryst-poor basic material ranging in composition from ferrobasalt through to dacite. The inclusions constitute less than 10 per cent of the ring-dyke, are commonly glassy, and range in shape from rounded to lenticular, the latter with distinctive ragged ends. The rhyolite is partially devitrified with an obvious flow banding and the preservation of fiamme (eutaxitic texture) is indicative of a pyroclastic origin. Given the glassy, hybrid nature of the intrusion, even where it is 400 m wide, and the development of textures typical of welded tuff, it is evident that its emplacement involved mixing of magmas during the eruption of pyroclastic material (Chapter 10). Space for this intrusion was most likely created by the combined action of gas brecciation and central subsidence, by a relatively small distance, of the pre-existing block inside the ring-dyke.<br />
<br />
== Structure of the lava fields ==<br />
<br />
The detailed stratigraphy of the Mull Lava Field has not been determined (Table 10), and therefore only the broad outline of the structure is known. The lavas of north-west Mull, Ulva, the Ardmeanach peninsula and the eastern part of the Ross of Mull, and the thick Ben More succession are generally flat-lying or dip gently, although evolved lavas south-east of Ben More are involved in folding associated with the emplacement of the central complex (see below). Away from the central complex, the base of the lavas crops out in the south at Carsaig Bay, in the west at Gribun and in the north at intervals on the coast between Tobermory and Bloody Bay. This may indicate that the lavas form a broad north-north-west-trending syncline in north-west Mull. Several north-north-west- to north-west-trending faults occur on the island of Ulva, towards the western end of the Ardmeanach peninsula and south of Loch Scridain. On the Ross of Mull, near Ardtun, the Paleocene lava outcrop terminates at the west-north-west-trending Loch Assapol Fault, where they are thrown down against Moine metasedimentary rocks.<br />
<br />
=== Structures associated with the central complexes ===<br />
<br />
One of the most notable structural features of the Hebridean Igneous Province is the set of concentric folds that almost encircle the Glen More and Beinn Chaisgidle centres on Mull (Bailey et al., 1924). The folds are developed in the surrounding older lava sequence and the various subjacent pre-Paleocene rocks. They include the Loch Spelve and Loch Don anticlines and the Duart Bay and Coire Mòr synclines (Figure 27). South of Loch Don, Dalradian metalimestones and phyllites form the core of a north-trending anticline, flanked successively by late-Silurian andesitic lavas, Lower and Middle Jurassic sandstones and mudstones, and Paleocene lavas. These major structures continue to the north and north-west, where Jurassic rocks form the core of the Craignure Anticline as far as Craignure Bay, with Moine rocks exposed in the core between Craignure Bay and Scallastle Bay. Elsewhere, the folding generally involves Paleocene basaltic lavas and, on the eastern flanks of Ben More, mugearites near the top of the lava succession. It is suggested that the folds formed in response to the early intrusive events in the central complex, but their age is not well understood. Furthermore, the area enclosed by the folds is domed and the folds may owe their origin to gravity-driven movement as the dome developed. From evidence in the Loch Don area, it has been suggested that doming and folding were initiated prior to eruption of the Paleocene lavas (Cheeney, 1962;Walker, 1975a), but Bailey (1962) considered the evidence to be inconclusive. Near Sgurr Dearg, the folds are crosscut by, and thus predate, volcaniclastic breccias of the central complex.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
BAILEY, E B. 1962. Early Tertiary fold movements in Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 99, 478–479.<br />
<br />
BAILEY, E B, CLOUGH, C T, WRIGHT, W B, RICHEY, J E, and WILSON, G V. 1924. [https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/Memoirs/docs/B01951.html Tertiary and Post-Tertiary geology of Mull, Loch Aline, and Oban.] Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 44 (Scotland).<br />
<br />
BOULTER, M C, and KVACEK, Z. 1989. The Palaeocene flora of the Isle of Mull. Palaeontological Association Special Papers in Palaeontology, No. 42.<br />
<br />
BREARLEY, A J. 1986. An electron optical study of muscovite breakdown in pelitic xenoliths during pyrometamorphism. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 50, 385–397.<br />
<br />
CHAMBERS, L M, and FITTON, J G. 2000. Geochemical transitions in the ancestral Iceland plume: evidence from the Isle of Mull Tertiary volcano, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 157, 261–263.<br />
<br />
CHEENEY,R F. 1962. Early Tertiary fold movements in Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 99, 227–232.<br />
<br />
DAGLEY, P, MUSSETT, A E, and SKELHORN, A R. 1987. Polarity stratigraphy and duration of the Mull Tertiary igneous activity. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 144, 966–985.<br />
<br />
DEMPSTER, T J, PRESTON, R J, and BELL, B R. 1999. The origin of Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites: evidence from interactions between crustal xenoliths and basaltic magma. Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 156, 41–46.<br />
<br />
EMELEUS, C H, ALLWRIGHT, A E, KERR, A C, and WILLIAMSON, I T. 1996a. Red tuffs in the Palaeocene lava successions of the Inner Hebrides. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 32, 83–89.<br />
<br />
EMELEUS, C H. 1991. Tertiary igneous activity. 455–502 in Geology of Scotland. Third edition. CRAIG,GY (editor).(London:The Geological Society.)<br />
<br />
FENNER, C N. 1937. A view of magmatic differentiation. Journal of Geology, Vol. 45, 158–168.<br />
<br />
FYFE, J A, LONG, D, and EVANS, D. 1993. United Kingdom offshore regional report: the geology of the Malin–Hebrides sea area. (London: HMSO for the British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
HALLIDAY, A N, AFTALION, M, VAN BREEMEN, O, and JOCELYN, J. 1979. Petrogenetic significance of Rb-Sr and U-Pb isotopic systems in the 400 Ma old British Isles granitoids and their hosts. 653–661 in Caledonides of the British Isles — reviewed. HARRIS, A L, HOLLAND, C H, and LEAKE, B E (editors). Special Publication of the Geological Society of London, No. 8.<br />
<br />
HESSELBO, S P, OATES, M J, and JENKYNS, H C. 1998. The lower Lias Group of the Hebrides Basin. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 34, 23–60.<br />
<br />
HOLMES, A. 1936. The idea of contrasted differentiation. Geological Magazine, Vol. 73, 228–238.<br />
<br />
JOHNSTONE, G S, and MYKURA, W. 1989. British Regional Geology: the Northern Highlands of Scotland. (Fourth edition) (Edinburgh: HMSO for British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
KERR, A C. 1995a. The geochemistry of the Mull–Morvern lava succession, NW Scotland: an assessment of mantle sources during plume-related volcanism. Chemical Geology, Vol. 122, 43–58.<br />
<br />
KERR, A C. 1995b. The geochemical stratigraphy, field relations and temporal variation of the Mull–Morvern lava succession, NW Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, Vol. 86, 35–47.<br />
<br />
KILLE, I C, THOMPSON, R N, MORRISON, M A, and THOMPSON, R F. 1986. Field evidence for turbulence during flow of basaltic magma through conduits from southwest Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 123, 693–697.<br />
<br />
KOOMANS C, and KUENEN, P H. 1938. On the differentiation of the Glen More ring-dyke, Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 75, 145–160.<br />
<br />
PRESTON, R J, and BELL, B R. 1997. Cognate gabbroic xenoliths from a tholeiitic subvolcanic sill complex: implications for fractional crystallization and crustal contamination processes. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 61, 329–349.<br />
<br />
PRESTON, R J, BELL, B R, and ROGERS, G. 1998a. The Loch Scridain sill complex, Isle of Mull, Scotland: fractional crystallization, assimilation, magma-mixing and crustal anatexis in sub-volcanic conduits. Journal of Petrology, Vol. 39, 519–550.<br />
<br />
RICHEY, J E, and THOMAS, H H. 1930. The geology of Ardnamurchan, north-west Mull and Coll. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 51 and part of Sheet 52 (Scotland).<br />
<br />
RICHEY, J E. 1961. British Regional Geology, Scotland: the Tertiary volcanic districts. Third edition, revised by MACGREGOR, A G, and ANDERSON, F W.(Edinburgh: HMSO for British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
SKELHORN, R R, and LONGLAND, P J N. 1969. The Tertiary igneous geology of the Isle of Mull. Geologists’ Association Guide, No. 20. (Colchester: Benham &amp; Co.)<br />
<br />
SKELHORN, R R, HENDERSON, P, WALSH, J N, and LONGLAND, P J N. 1979. The chilled margin of the Ben Buie layered gabbro, Isle of Mull. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 15, 161–167.<br />
<br />
SPARKS, R S J. 1988. Petrology of the Loch Ba ring dyke, Mull (NW Scotland): an example of the extreme differentiation of tholeiitic magmas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 100, 446–461.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J. 1974a. New Red Sandstone piedmont and floodplain sedimentation in the Hebridean province, Scotland. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 44, 336–357.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J. 1974b. Cornstone (fossil caliche) — its origin, stratigraphy and sedimentological importance in the New Red Sandstone, western Scotland. Journal of Geology, Vol. 82, 351–369.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J, NICHOLSON, R, and KALANDER, L. 1975. Triassic sedimentation and palaeogeography in central Skye. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 11, 1–13.<br />
<br />
THOMPSON, R N, MORRISON, M A, DICKIN, A P, GIBSON, I L, and HARMON, R S. 1986. Two contrasting styles of interaction between basaltic magma and continental crust in the British Tertiary Volcanic Province. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 91 (B6), 5985–5997.<br />
<br />
UPTON, B G J. 1988. History of Tertiary igneous activity in the N Atlantic borderlands. 429–454 in Early Tertiary volcanism and the opening of the NE Atlantic. MORTON, A C, and PARSON, L M (editors). Geological Society of London Special Publication, No. 39.<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L. 1971. The distribution of amygdale minerals in Mull and Morvern (Western Scotland). 181–194 in Studies in earth sciences: a volume in honour of William Dixon West. MURTY, TVV G R K, and RAO, S S(editors).(New Delhi: Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers.)<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L, and SKELHORN, R R. 1966. Some associations of acid and basic intrusions. Earth Science Reviews, Vol. 2, 93–109.<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L. 1975a. A new concept in the evolution of the British Tertiary intrusive centres. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 131, 121–142.</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Geology_of_Mull_-_an_outline&diff=58759
Geology of Mull - an outline
2023-07-19T12:05:13Z
<p>Scotfot: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Geology of Mull - Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland ==<br />
<br />
[[File:P915396.jpg|thumbnail|Table 10 Mineralogical and petrographical characteristics of the principal lava types of the Hebridean Igneous Province. ]]<br />
[[File:P915401.jpg|thumbnail|Table 15 The Mull Lava Group. ]]<br />
[[File:P914125.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 7 Upper Cretaceous of the Inner Hebrides Group, exposed at the south-east corner of Beinn Iadain, Morvern (after Mortimore et al., 2001, fig.6.29). The thick sandstones of the Loch Aline White Sandstone and Morvern Greensand formations are obscured beneath steep grassy slopes at X and Y, respectively. Age of the deposits: A Lavas of Paleocene age; B Beinn Iadain Formation, generally assumed to be of Paleocene age; D Judd (1878) recorded Belemnitella (Campanian) from the Chalk, but the exact horizon is uncertain; E Sponges dated as Santonian; F undated, generally considered to be Turonian (but may be Cenomanian; Braley,1990); G probably upper Cenomanian; H probably middle Cenomanian (compare with similar, better dated, site in Northern Ireland); I uncertain, possibly lower Cenomanian; J Lias and Permo-Triassic rocks seen in track section leading to Beinn Iadain ]]<br />
[[File:P914131.png|thumbnail|Figure 13 Hydrothermal circulation in and around the Mull Central Complex. Diagrammatic cross-section showing the hydrothermal mineral zones in the lava succession and the superimposed alteration zones developed about the central complex in response to the circulation of heated meteoric water (based on Walker, 1971;Taylor and Forester, 1971; Bell and Williamson, 2002). From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P914133.png|thumbnail|File:P914133.png Dilation axes of the Palaeogene dyke swarms in the Hebridean area. Broader lines indicate the main axes of the regional swarms; broken lines indicate less certain axes (based on Speight et al., 1982, fig. 33.5).The Minch Linear Magnetic Anomaly is also interpreted as a dyke or dyke swarm]]<br />
[[File:P914146.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 27 Principal components of the Mull Central Complex. ]]<br />
[[File:P914147.png|thumbnail|Figure 28 Mull Central Complex: Centre 1, the Glen More Centre and early Caldera]]<br />
[[File:P914148.png|thumbnail|Figure 29 Mull Central Complex: Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre. From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P914149.png|thumbnail|Figure 30 Mull Central Complex: Centre 3, the Loch Bà Centre and the Late Caldera. From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P532641.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 4 Pre-Paleocene strata and Paleocene lavas at Creag a’Ghaill, Gribun, western Mull. Platy-jointed psammites of the Moine, Upper Shiba Psammite Formation (Morar Group) are overlain unconformably by Triassic basal conglomerates and sandstones. Upper Triassic strata consist of calcareous sandstones with carbonate concretions (cornstones), and the overlying sandy limestones of the Rhaetian Penarth Group are cut by basaltic sills of Paleocene age. Upper Cretaceous silicified limestone is largely obscured by scree and Paleocene basalt lavas form the upper cliffs.The top of the upper cliff is about 260 m elevation. (Photomosaic: B G J Upton; P532641.)]]<br />
[[File:P580464.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 13 Tholeiitic basalt lava resting on bedded volcaniclastic deposits, Isle of Staffa. A classic example of a lava divided into a lower, columnar jointed ‘colonnade’ and an upper irregular ‘entablature’ (see text). Scale: the cliff is about 35 m in height (P580464).]]<br />
[[File:P580465.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 15 Trap featuring in the basalt lava succession of Ardmeanach, western Mull (P580465).]]<br />
[[File:P580468.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 18 Plate 18 MacCulloch’s Tree; the cast of a large conifer (Taxodioxylon) encased in columnar basalt lava. Small amounts of charcoal are preserved in places at the margins. Ardmeanach, western Mull (P580468).]]<br />
[[File:P580473.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 22 Quartzite xenolith in basalt sill, Loch Scridain, south-western Mull. Hammer shaft is 30 cm (P580473).]]<br />
<br />
Text compiled from: [https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/Memoirs/docs/B06059.html The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland] British regional geology Fourth Edition by C H Emeleus B R Bell Contributor: D Stephenson<br />
<br />
== Moine Supergroup ==<br />
<br />
Rocks of the Glenfinnan Group are found at many localities around the margins of the Mull Central Complex, for example in the core of the Craignure Anticline and beneath the Mesozoic rocks on the coast south of Gribun. Screens of Moine rocks occur between inclined sheets and other minor intrusions in eastern Mull. Outside of the Mull Central Complex, fragments of Moine lithologies, including megablocks up to 100 m across, are common in vent infills and in other volcaniclastic rocks (Bailey et al., 1924, fig. 29). Numerous xenoliths of severely altered Moine rocks are present in the Loch Scridain Sill-complex. On the Ross of Mull, Moine rocks, possibly of both the Glenfinnan and Morar groups, crop out south of the Loch Assapol Fault where they are intruded by the late-Caledonian, Ross of Mull Pluton. From the distribution of rocks of the Moine Supergroup on Mull, it is evident that the central complex is underlain by, and intruded into, these rocks.<br />
<br />
== Dalradian Supergroup ==<br />
<br />
Grey phyllitic to slaty semipelite and black metalimestone belonging to the Appin Group (possibly the Blair Atholl Subgroup) of the Dalradian form the core of the Loch Don Anticline in eastern Mull. They are separated from Moine rocks on Mull by a continuation of the Great Glen Fault.<br />
<br />
== Caledonian igneous rocks ==<br />
<br />
The Ross of Mull Pluton comprises a number of granitic bodies with a Rb-Sr age of about 414 Ma (Halliday et al., 1979); it intrudes and thermally metamorphoses the Moine metasedimentary rocks of south-west Mull. Cordierite-sillimanite hornfelses have developed from kyanite-bearing pelitic rocks adjacent to the granite and occur as xenoliths. Within the intrusion, the intricate relationships found between quartz-diorite, granite and basic enclaves suggest the co-existence and interaction of basic and silicic magmas.<br />
<br />
Minor intrusions of Caledonian age include various felsic types and lamprophyres. The felsic dykes are most common in the vicinity of the Ross of Mull Pluton, and near the Strontian Pluton east of the Morvern lava pile (Johnstone and Mykura, 1989). The Ross of Mull granites have been extensively quarried (p. 173).<br />
<br />
== Old Red Sandstone ==<br />
<br />
Basaltic and andesitic lavas belonging to the Lower Old Red Sandstone Lorn Plateau Volcanic Formation crop out in the core of the Loch Don Anticline in south-east Mull. Conglomerates and marly sandstones, possibly of similar age, occur on Frank Lockwood’s Island, south-east of Loch Buie in southern Mull.<br />
<br />
== Intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age ==<br />
<br />
Minor intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age are widespread through the southern Highlands and extend into the western Highlands and Islands. There are two main suites: Stephanian tholeiitic rocks and Visean to Early Permian alkali basalts and lamprophyres.<br />
<br />
At Gribun in western Mull, Moine rocks are intruded by a dyke of olivine nephelinite exposed at low water which contains a suite of xenoliths and megacrysts of lower crustal and possibly upper mantle origin (Upton et al., 1998). This dyke is similar to numerous other xenolith-bearing intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age in the western Highlands and Islands and the Midland Valley. The xenoliths and xenocrysts found in these intrusions have furnished valuable information about the nature of the Lower Crust and Upper Mantle at the start of the Mesozoic (e. g. Upton et al., 1998).<br />
<br />
== Triassic ==<br />
<br />
Many of the New Red Sandstone occurrences mentioned below are assigned to the Triassic on grounds of lithology, unconformable relationships with older rocks, or a conformable one with overlying, fossiliferous Jurassic strata. Fossils are rare in all but the highest of these beds. In the Hebridean area, the New Red Sandstone sequences are thought to belong to the Upper Triassic and accumulated during the earliest stages of basin formation (''Steel 1974a, b; Steel et al., 1975'').<br />
<br />
Up to about 60 m of conglomerate, sandstone and cornstone are found at Gribun and on Inch Kenneth in western Mull, where the striking unconformity with the underlying Moine rocks is exposed on the foreshore and in cliff sections (Plate 4). Clasts of Moine rocks, cherty fossiliferous limestone (Cambro-Ordovician Durness Group), red feldspathic sandstone (Torridonian), vein-quartz, quartzite, granite and rare, red andesitic porphyry (?Siluro-Devonian) indicate both local and quite distant provenance for these beds. Upper Triassic miospores have been recovered from beds near the top of the Gribun succession that also contain indistinct bivalve remains. The uppermost beds are sandy limestones of Rhaetian age, which contain fish scales and bivalves (e. g. ''Cardinia'' sp., ''Chlamys valoniensis'', ''Protocardia rhaetica'', ''Rhaetavicula contorta''). In eastern Mull, Triassic conglomerates and sandstones are exposed in the cores of the anticlines that surround the central complex, from Craignure to Loch Don and Loch Spelve. In addition, there are extensive sandstone outcrops on the west shore of Loch Spelve, which extend up Glen Lussa, where the Triassic rocks occur in screens between inclined basic sheets. Clasts in the conglomerates are mainly quartzite and vein-quartz, but pebbles of Moine rocks are abundant locally where these lithologies are in situ nearby. Small outcrops of Triassic strata are also found within the central complex, where their steep dips indicate considerable disturbance by the Paleocene intrusions.<br />
<br />
== Jurassic ==<br />
<br />
=== Lower Jurassic ===<br />
<br />
With the exception of small outcrops of limestone, calcareous mudstone and sandstone on the west coast at Aird na h-Iolaire, and beds of the Blue Lias and Pabay Shale formations at and near Tobermory, Jurassic rocks are restricted to the east and south of the island. They crop out in the cores of anticlines marginal to the Mull Central Complex, from Scallastle Bay almost to Loch Spelve, in many places on the east coast from Loch Don to Loch Buie, and also at Carsaig Bay. The beds range in age from Hettangian through to Bajocian (Mid Jurassic; garantiana Zone) and contain a moderately abundant marine fauna. Near Port nam Marbh, there is a fairly continuous succession from the uppermost 30 m of the Pabay Shale Formation, represented by slightly calcareous siltstones with abundant ''Gryphaea cymbium'' and ''Pecten aequivalvis'', to the Bajocian. At Torosay, the Pabay Shale Formation contains the Torosay Sandstone Member, which is over 20 m thick and is cross-bedded in places (Hesselbo et al., 1998).<br />
<br />
== Middle Jurassic ==<br />
<br />
About 30 m of sandy limestone and calcareous sandstone of the Bearreraig Sandstone Formation are capped by 1 to 2 m of siltstone of the Great Estuarine Group on the east coast at Port na Marbh, south-east Mull. Similar beds crop out fairly continuously beneath the lavas on the west limb of the Loch Don Anticline, and discontinuously on the east limb as far as Duart Bay. On the Ardnamurchan peninsula, Middle Jurassic rocks are limited to massive sandstones and subordinate limestones of the Bearreraig Sandstone Formation exposed in screens amongst the basalt sheets on Maol Buidhe and at Sròn Beag. Despite the effect of thermal metamorphism, typical Aalenian fossils have been obtained from these rocks (Richey and Thomas, 1930).<br />
<br />
=== Upper Jurassic (and upper part of the Callovian) ===<br />
<br />
A small outcrop of baked blue shale just west of Duart Bay has yielded ammonites and other fossils of Kimmeridgian age (mutabilis Zone).<br />
<br />
= Cretaceous =<br />
<br />
At Gribun, Cenomanian glauconitic sandstone (6 m thick) is overlain by 3 m of white sandstone and 3 m of silicified chalk with flints (possiby Santonian). The chalk is overlain by breccia containing angular pebbles and cobbles of silicified chalk, sandstone with chert nodules, and 2 m of weakly bedded, red mudstone. The beds above the chalk have been formally designated the Gribun Conglomerate Formation by Hancock (2000), but have been equated with the Clach Alasdair Conglomerate Member and Beinn Iadain Mudstone Formation by Mortimore et al. (2001). The succession is overlain by Paleocene lavas (Plate 4). A rich bivalve fauna is known from the glauconitic sandstone, including ''Rhynchonella'', ''Exogyra conica'', and ''Pecten asper''. ''Ostrea'' and ''Pecten'' have been found in the chalk. Glauconitic sandstone occurs at Auchnacraig, south of Loch Don, and also at Carsaig where it reaches about 13 m, its greatest thickness in the district.<br />
<br />
== Palaeogene lava fields and associated sedimentary rocks ==<br />
<br />
=== Lava sequences ===<br />
<br />
==== Mull Lava Group ====<br />
<br />
The Mull Lava Group crops out throughout north and west Mull, together with the coastal parts of south Mull (around the margin of the younger Mull Central Complex) and the various offshore islands to the west, including Ulva, Gometra, the Treshnish Islands and Staffa. The successions of flat-lying lavas form substantial mountains, such as Ben More, and commonly develop strong trap featuring (Plate 15). The lavas on the Morvern peninsula, east of Mull, are considered to belong to the Mull Lava Group, as do the lavas east of Ben Hiant, Ardnamurchan, and probably also the isolated outcrops on the south coast of the Ardnamurchan peninsula. Offshore lavas, which extend beneath the Sea of the Hebrides to the Skerryvore Fault, are most likely part of the Mull Lava Group. These flows are probably contemporaneous with flows of the Eigg Lava Formation, which they join in a northern, submarine extension (Fyfe et al., 1993; (Figure 9); Chapter 5).<br />
<br />
There has been no detailed regional mapping of the Mull Lava Field since the time of the original survey (Bailey et al., 1924). This account therefore relies to some extent on the synthesis of Richey (1961), together with observations made during the last thirty-five years (e. g. Kerr, 1995b). The lava stratigraphy has been rationalised here, in keeping with that used for the other lava sequences (Table 15).<br />
<br />
The remains of the Mull Lava Field as presently exposed, cover an area of about 840 km<sup>2</sup> on Mull and Morvern (Emeleus, 1991). The total preserved thickness of lavas on Mull is estimated to be about 1800 m (including an estimated 900 m of olivine-poor tholeiitic basalt lavas now largely within the Mull Central Complex). On the Morvern peninsula, the sequence is about 460 m thick but the lowest lavas thin towards the north (Bailey et al., 1924) and are overstepped by subsequent flows. A thin, laterally continuous sequence of Upper Cretaceous rocks underlies the lavas of Morvern except in the extreme east and north-east of the lava field, where the flows rest directly on pre-Cretaceous rocks (Triassic sandstones and gneisses of the Moine Supergroup). The marginal portion of the lava field was therefore erupted onto, and possibly terminated against, a land surface with a significant topographical relief. The north-west-trending Assapol Fault, in south-west Mull, defines the present-day south-west margin of the lava field.<br />
<br />
The volcanic succession on Mull (Table 15) is divided into the Staffa Lava Formation at the base, overlain by the Mull Plateau Lava Formation that consists of the Ben More Main Member and the overlying Ben More Pale Member; these were formerly named, respectively as the Staffa, Main and Pale ‘suites’, of the Plateau Group (e. g. Bailey et al., 1924; Richey, 1961). The Mull Central Lava Formation crops out principally within the Mull Central Complex, and consists of olivine-poor tholeiitic basalt lavas.<br />
<br />
The sequence built up by the effusion of lavas, predominantly from north-west-trending fissures now represented by the Mull Dyke Swarm. Pauses in the volcanic activity were more common during eruption of the lower part of the succession. They are marked by the development of laterally discontinuous sequences of conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and coal. However, unlike the lava piles elsewhere in the Hebridean Igneous Province, the current subdivisions of the Mull lavas are based on lithological changes in the lavas and do not always depend on the presence of interflow sedimentary sequences.<br />
<br />
Zeolite minerals are common throughout the lavas. These have been shown to have a depth-related distribution (Walker 1971; (Figure 12), similar to the zonal distribution found in Icelandic lavas. The highest zone is characterised by laumontite and overlies a mesolite zone. Based on comparisons with Icelandic zones, it is estimated that the lavas in the vicinity of Ben More were originally over 2200m in thickness, of which about 1000m is preserved. A distinct zone characterised by carbonate minerals occurs in the lavas near Tobermory and in north-west Morvern, becoming wider northwards towards Ben Hiant on Ardnamurchan. It has been tentatively suggested that the carbonate may have been deposited by circulating heated waters from the Ardnamurchan Central Complex (Walker, 1971). The Mull Central Complex is surrounded by a zone of pneumatolysis, which is superimposed on the depth-related zeolite zones (Figure 13).<br />
<br />
=== Staffa Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The basal part of the volcanic sequence on Mull and locally on Ardnamurchan is marked by the development of a laterally persistent mudstone, the Gribun Mudstone Member, commonly less than 1 m thick, but thicker at several localities. In Morvern it is known locally as the Beinn Iadain Mudstone Formation (Figure 7). Near Feorlin Cottage at Carsaig, Mull, the mudstone occurs within cavities that developed on the surface of chalk (of possible Turonian age). On the Croggan peninsula south of Loch Buie, at An Garradh, the member consists of about 6 m of buff-coloured calcareous mudstone (marl) and is thought to represent a more aluminous equivalent. These features, together with certain petrographical characteristics (for example the presence of quartz grains), suggest that the mudstone is the product of extreme lateritic weathering of a basaltic ash, which was deposited prior to the effusion of the overlying lavas. The quartz grains were possibly derived from Cenomanian sandstones and introduced either by alluvial or aeolian processes.<br />
<br />
At Malcolm’s Point, on the south coast of the Ross of Mull, sedimentary rocks may represent a useful lithostratigraphical marker at the base of the Staffa Lava Formation and above an older, distinctive group of non-columnar flows. The sedimentary sequence comprises a thin carbonaceous mudstone overlain by an upward-fining fluviatile conglomerate–sandstone sequence containing rounded flints (derived from the Turonian Chalk deposits) and more angular fragments of basalt. The sequence is capped by a thin fissile mudstone. The main part of the Staffa Lava Formation comprises a distinctive sequence of tholeiitic basalt flows (defining the Staffa Magma-type or sub-type of Thompson et al. 1986; see Chapter 10). The flows crop out around the sea cliffs of south-west Mull, for example on the Ross of Mull at Malcolm’s Point and Ardtun, at Burg and The Wilderness on the Ardmeanach peninsula, and on Staffa where they overlie hyaloclastite deposits (Plate 13). Flows of the Staffa Lava Formation also crop out at Bloody Bay, north of Tobermory. Significantly, the formation does not occur everywhere at the base of the lava pile; for example it is absent at Beinn na h-Iolaire in west Mull and throughout the Morvern peninsula (Kerr, 1995b).<br />
<br />
Fluvial systems that developed between the eruptions deposited largely clastic sedimentary sequences that are collectively termed the Ardtun Conglomerate Member. These include laterally discontinuous conglomerate–sandstone sequences such as those at Ardtun on the north coast of the Ross of Mull, and laterally equivalent, overbank or lacustrine facies that give rise to siltstone–mudstone–coal–limestone sequences, well preserved on the south coast of the Ross of Mull (Boulter and Kvacek, 1989). The most distinctive field characteristic of flows of the Staffa Lava Formation is the development of typically near-vertical columnar jointing, as exemplified by the Fingal’s Cave Flow on Staffa (Plate 13). The locally restricted nature of most flows, with columnar joints that in some instances are near-horizontal, is suggestive of cooling against steep-sided walls of palaeovalleys that cut through a dissected plateau. On the Ardmeanach peninsula, a pillowed facies indicates that the MacCulloch’s Tree flow erupted into shallow water. The flow is underlain by interbedded hyaloclastite breccias, together with dark mudstones and siltstones that contain fragments of carbonaceous material (wood), in a fine-grained matrix. The preservation of a cast of an upright tree, ‘MacCulloch’s Tree’ (Plate18) is the most remarkable feature of the flow, with columnar jointing becoming severely contorted as it approaches the vertical surface of the trunk.<br />
<br />
=== Mull Plateau Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The most complete and relatively simplest succession occurs at Ben More, where both the Ben More Main Member and the Ben More Pale Member are present (Table 15). This succession has been the subject of detailed geochemical examination (Kerr, 1995a; Chambers and Fitton, 2000; Chapter 10).<br />
<br />
The Ben More Main Member occurs throughout west Mull, as well as on the Morvern peninsula. Reddened, weathered tops to flows, attributable to subaerial weathering, are relatively common, although interflow clastic sedimentary sequences have not been noted to any significant extent. Certain of the reddened deposits on top of flows have been identified as ashy deposits, probably reworked by stream action (Emeleus et al., 1996a). The member is composed of randomly interleaved flows of olivine basalt and hawaiite, together with rarer picrobasalts, mugearites, benmoreites and trachytes. Certain flows, especially the hawaiites and mugearites, are plagioclase macroporphyritic (the Big Feldspar Basalts of Bailey et al., 1924).<br />
<br />
Little detailed information is available about the structure and stratigraphy of the Ben More Main Member. Below, two localities are briefly described, in order to indicate some of the complexities and subtleties that are recognised.<br />
<br />
The sequence of flows that forms the coastal cliffs at Laggan Bay, near Ulva Ferry, banked up against, and eventually overstepped, a thick heterogeneous accumulation of basaltic ashes, volcaniclastic breccias and debris flow deposits. These most likely mark the site of a vent that penetrated the lava pile relatively early in the development of the Ben More Main Member. The majority of the clasts within the breccia are of basalt and hawaiite; however, rare but conspicuous angular fragments of Moine psammite and Turonian flint can be identified, indicating that material from the subjacent crust has been transported upwards by the magmas or eroded from surface outcrops.<br />
<br />
On the west side of the Quinish peninsula, in north Mull, a remarkably well-preserved lava flow crops out for a distance of at least 800 m along the coast between the high and low water lines. The flow preserves both casts (in basalt) and moulds of tree trunks and possibly branches, most of which are flat-lying, and the majority of which trend north-east–south-west. The upper portion of the underlying lava is severely lateritised, representing the soil in which the trees grew. The flow is remarkably well preserved, with surface features and internal structures more typically seen in active volcanic areas, for example, ropy pahoehoe structures, shell-like pahoehoe crusts, and basal or marginal breccias. The remarkable state of preservation of the flow and the presence of fossil trees are taken as clear indication that the Quinish lava was erupted after a significant hiatus in the volcanic activity, and was itself rapidly buried by the succeeding flow.<br />
<br />
The Ben More Pale Member crops out around the summit of Ben More, close to the western margin of the Mull Central Complex and, consequently, has been subjected to intense hydrothermal alteration and metasomatism. It overlies the Ben More Main Member, although no sharp boundary has been identified; rather, there is an interdigitation between the two members, over an interval of a few flows, with the increasing preponderance of pale-weathering flows, up sequence. The pale weathering flows are generally of relatively evolved composition, typified by benmoreites (type locality, first identified by Tilley and Muir, 1964). The lower part of the Ben More Pale Member consists predominantly of mugearite, benmoreite and trachyte. The lavas showing the most evolved compositions are typified in the field by a platy jointing and general fissility, and occur in the middle part of the member. The uppermost part of the member marks a return to significantly less-evolved olivine basalt flows (Kerr, 1995a). Intercalated with the lavas are thin sedimentary deposits; on the north side of Ben More, a benmoreite flow is underlain by 30 to 60 cm of fissile black mudstone containing abundant fragments of benmoreite; a similar deposit at the same stratigraphical level occurs on the east side of A’ Chioch. South of the summit of Ben More, Bailey et al. (1924) recorded about 3 m of brecciated black mudstone with plant remains overlying a mugearite flow.<br />
<br />
=== Mull Central Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The Mull Central Lava Formation consists of tholeiitic basalt flows that crop out in small areas within the Mull Central Complex and possibly around its margins, where they overlie the Mull Plateau Lava Formation. The formation is about 900 m thick, and many of the lavas may have been erupted within a water-filled caldera, forming a thick succession of pillowed flows. This is the South-east Caldera or Early Caldera of Bailey et al. (1924); the structure is about 10 km in diameter, and is thought to have developed as a consequence of the summit collapse of a central vent volcano on a site now occupied by the Mull Central Complex. Subsequent intrusive activity within the central complex has dismembered the intrusions. Another caldera was also recognised, the so-called North-west Caldera (Bailey et al., 1924, plate III), but flows of the Mull Central Lava Formation within this structure are not pillowed. Throughout the formation, intense hydrothermal alteration has led to severe changes to the primary mineralogy of many of the lavas, with the development of abundant secondary epidote and prehnite, commonly replacing primary minerals, but also in fracture-filling vein systems.<br />
<br />
Within the South-east Caldera, Bailey et al. (1924) recognised three zones within the formation (Table 15), but complications due to subsequent structural and intrusive events prevent the thicknesses of these zones being defined. Pillowed flows are restricted to the Outer Zone and Middle Zone. On the basis of the significant thicknesses of pillow lavas still preserved, Bailey et al. (1924) argued that there must have been successive subsidence of the caldera floor.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the lavas of distinctive tholeiitic basalt composition were not always contained by the caldera wall. It is envisaged that some were able to flow outwards, presumably down the flanks of the volcanic superstructure, and possibly to interdigitate with flows of the Mull Plateau Lava Formation that had been erupted from fissure systems.<br />
<br />
== Dykes, dyke swarms and volcanic plugs ==<br />
Numerous dykes of Palaeogene age are present throughout western Scotland and the Hebrides. The dykes commonly occur in parallel, north-west- to north-north-west-trending regional swarms, becoming more numerous and varied in direction near to and within the central complexes (Speight et al., 1982)<br />
<br />
The dykes in and near the central complexes are generally less than 2 m in thickness. However, injection of dykes side by side into the same fissure can result in thick multiple intrusions, which are most common close to the central complexes. Large numbers of multiple dykes also occur close to the Mull Central Complex.<br />
The distribution of the dyke swarms was controlled by a regional north-east–south-west extensional stress field, and the over-riding control on the orientation of the swarms is considered to have been the orientation of lower crustal intrusions that fed the dykes. Locally, subsidiary swarms are orientated approximately north–south, for example in the Outer Hebrides, and between south Skye and Morvern where the subsidiary swarm forms an en échelon link between the Skye and Mull swarms. Echelons of the Cleveland Dyke are up to 25m thick in County Durham and north Yorkshire, some 350 to 400 km from Mull. <br />
<br />
The majority of the dykes in the linear regional swarms are of basaltic or slightly more evolved composition. In and around the central complexes there are, additionally, dykes of silicic, intermediate and, less commonly, ultrabasic composition (Gibb, 1968, 1969). The basaltic dykes of the regional swarms are predominantly of tholeiitic basalt or tholeiitic olivine basalt, or of mildly alkaline olivine basalt. Dyke compositions may remain fairly uniform over considerable distances, as has been well demonstrated in regional dykes that extend across the Southern Uplands and into north Yorkshire (Macdonald et al., 1988).<br />
<br />
Tholeiitic basalts and related, more evolved, lithologies predominate in the Mull Dyke Swarm. However, alkali olivine-dolerites, locally termed ‘crinanites’, are common as far southeast as Loch Fyne, and the swarm contains silicic and intermediate dykes in the vicinity of Oban and on Mull. <br />
<br />
The majority of the plugs are basaltic in composition, but a few of trachyte composition have been recorded. On Mull, a large trachyte plug intrudes lavas and is, itself, intruded by north-west-trending dykes at Druim Buidhe, south-east of Tobermory.<br />
<br />
== Sills and sill-complexes ==<br />
<br />
=== Loch Scridan Sill-complex ===<br />
<br />
The Loch Scridain Sill-complex intrudes the Moine basement, the Mesozoic sedimentary sequence and the overlying Paleocene lavas in south-west Mull, particularly on the Ross of Mull and on the north side of Loch Scridain. The sills are typically betwen 0. 5 and 6 m in thickness but exceptionally exceed 10 m, and commonly have well developed chilled margins. They are of tholeiitic affinity, ranging in composition from tholeiitic basalt, through andesite and dacite, to rhyolite (including glassy variants). Basaltic compositions are the most common, with about 20 per cent of the intrusions being of intermediate composition, and a relatively small number of rhyolitic composition. Many of the sills are xenolithic, with cognate and accidental (upper crustal) material represented; two of the best examples are to be found at Killunaig and Kilfinichen Bay, on the south and north sides of Loch Scridain, respectively (Plate 22). Composite sills occur, commonly involving crystalline and glassy rock types of significantly different compositions as in, for example, the classic xenolithic sill at Rudh’ a’ Chromain on the south side of the Ross of Mull. The sills may be related to the initial stage of the development of the Mull Central Complex (Centre 1 or Glen More Centre, see p. 126; Dagley et al., 1987).<br />
<br />
The sills were described in detail by Bailey et al. (1924). These early studies were concerned mainly with the complex high-temperature mineral assemblages that developed within crustal xenoliths prior to and/or during sill emplacement. More recently, Brearley (1986) described the melting reactions of the Moine basement materials, and Kille et al. (1986) inferred that the sill magmas were actively convecting during emplacement, maintaining high temperatures at the contacts, which resulted in localised thermal erosion of the pelitic Moine wall-rocks.<br />
<br />
The Loch Scridain sills may be divided into three distinct geochemical groups (Preston et al., 1998a; Chapter 10). The basic sills (Group 1) are markedly xenolithic, containing both cognate and crustal types (Plate 22). The cognate xenoliths are of ultrabasic and basic composition, and are most likely of cumulate origin (Preston and Bell, 1997). There are two broad groupings of the crustal xenoliths (Preston et al., 1999):<br />
<br />
siliceous xenoliths derived from psammites of the Moine Supergroup or, less commonly, as in the Rudh’ a’ Chromain Sill, sandstone and conglomerate xenoliths from the local Mesozoic country rocks* aluminous xenoliths, of which there are three types, each dominated by glass produced by melting of the xenolith, hence the term buchite<br />
<br />
The aluminous xenoliths include:* mullite buchites — a mass of mullite needles (3Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.2SiO<sub>2</sub>) set in clear glass and pale lilac in hand-specimen<br />
* cordierite buchites — small crystals of cordierite and mullite needles set in clear glass and virtually black in hand specimen<br />
* plagioclase-rimmed mullite buchites — a core of mullite-rich glass surrounded by a thick rim of white-weathering, coarse-grained plagioclase. (An87–60)<br />
<br />
Clear blue corundum (sapphire) also occurs. Pockets of quenched, isotopically contaminated basic glass with skeletal plagioclase and clinopyroxene occur trapped between the plagioclase crystals. The highly aluminous composition of the buchite glasses is consistent with their derivation from a clay-rich sediment or its metamorphic equivalent, most likely the pelites of the Moine Supergroup (Dempster et al., 1999).<br />
<br />
== Central complexes ==<br />
<br />
Our understanding of the order of intrusive events within the Mull Central Complex is still largely due to Bailey et al. (1924). Subsequent work has been restricted to a small number of studies of some of the main intrusions and a brief summary and field guide by Skelhorn and Longland (1969). Three centres are recognised and numbered sequentially 1, 2 and 3; the first and last are considered to have been related to the development of calderas: Centre 1 to the Early Caldera or Glen More Centre and Centre 3 to the Late Caldera or Loch Bà Centre. Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre, is composed of various cone-sheet and ring-dyke intrusions.<br />
<br />
During formation of the Mull Central Complex, there was a gradual shift of activity from Centre 1 through to Centre 3 (Figure 27). Movement was in a south-east to north-west direction, by a few kilometres, parallel to the trend of the regional dyke swarm. Large annular folds surround the central complex (see p. 150).<br />
<br />
=== Centre 1, the Glen More Centre ===<br />
<br />
Within the Mull Central Complex and partly acting as country rock to the intrusions, are remnants of pillowed basaltic lavas. The relationship between these lavas and the main lava field on Mull (p. 75;(Table 15)) is unclear, although Bailey et al. (1924) concluded that the pillowed material constitutes the stratigraphically youngest part of the lava field and formed within a caldera, hence the Glen More Centre is also referred to as the Early Caldera (Figure 28). The pillowed flows are referred to as being of the ‘Non-Porphyritic Central Magma Type’ or the ‘Central Mull Tholeiites’ (Chapters 6 and 10).<br />
<br />
==== Early granites ====<br />
<br />
The oldest of the main intrusions of the Glen More Centre are the steep-sided granites of Glas Bheinn and Derrynaculean, which possibly form parts of ring-dykes or steep-sided stocks. Emplacement of these granites was, in part, controlled by ring-faults, with central collapse. Brecciation, due either to gas escape or ring-faulting, is common throughout the granites, especially in the Derrynaculean mass. In addition, the Glas Bheinn intrusion was emplaced into the core of the somewhat imperfectly developed marginal Loch Spelve Anticline. Both granites show significant hydrothermal alteration, with primary pyroxene being chloritised or uralitised. Marginal facies of the Glas Bheinn Granite contain partially assimilated siliceous material, most likely derived from country-rock Triassic sandstones.<br />
<br />
==== Explosion breccias ====<br />
<br />
Several masses of explosion breccia occur along the trace of the ring-fault which is used to define the extent of the Early Caldera. The best examples occur within the south-east sector of the bounding fault, on the eastern side of Sgurr Dearg. The breccias contain subangular to rounded fragments of Paleocene lavas, Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, Moine gneisses and a wide variety of coarse-grained igneous rocks (gabbro, granite, etc.). Moine gneisses are generally absent from the breccias inside the main caldera-bounding fault, indicating that the basement lies at a deeper structural level beneath the caldera and that the explosive brecciation occurred at a fairly shallow level in the crust. Fragmented rhyolitic rocks with flow-banded and perlitic textures also occur in the breccias, which were most likely formed by gas streaming from silicic magmas. Surface volcanic deposits related to this explosive activity are not recognised, due to the level of erosion.<br />
<br />
In Coire Mór, on the east side of the central complex, is an outcrop of generally unstratified volcaniclastic breccia containing subangular to rounded blocks of various Paleocene igneous rocks and Pre-Paleocene sedimentary rocks. Also present are large masses of flow-banded rhyolite. Similar material occurs at Barachandroman at the south side of Loch Spelve. The Coire Mór rocks were interpreted by Bailey et al. (1924) as surface accumulations and contemporaneous rhyolite lava flows, but Richey (1961) preferred a model of subsurface gas brecciation, akin to the explosion breccias of Sgurr Dearg.<br />
<br />
==== Early felsites ====<br />
<br />
The flow-banded Beinn Mheadhon, Torness and Creag na h-Iolaire felsites are approximately contemporaneous, and predate the emplacement of the explosion breccias. The Beinn Mheadhon Felsite is located outside the caldera-bounding fault, but the other two are inside (Figure28). The felsites are cut by younger basic intrusions (mainly cone-sheets) which obscure the original geometry.<br />
<br />
==== Early cone-sheets ====<br />
<br />
A set of early cone-sheets was emplaced into the Glas Bheinn and Derrynaculean granites, the explosion breccias and the early felsites. These cone-sheets are predominantly basic, although a small proportion of intermediate and silicic intrusions is also recognised. They dip inwards at approximately 45° towards a focal point below Beinn Chaisgidle and approach an aggregate thickness of 1000 m, with individual sheets up to 10 m thick. Consequently, significant central uplift will have occurred as a result of their emplacement. The main outcrop can be traced in an arcuate belt that runs from Glen Forsa in the north, close to Loch Spelve, and thence across Glen More to Derrynaculean (Figure 28).<br />
<br />
The precise timing of the emplacement of the intermediate and silicic intrusions relative to the dominant basic intrusions is unclear, although it is evident that they did overlap. This is confirmed by the presence of a number of composite (basic–silicic) cone-sheets. Movement of the fault defining the Early Caldera had ceased by the time the early cone-sheets were emplaced.<br />
<br />
==== Gabbros ====<br />
<br />
Gabbros Subsequent to cone-sheet emplacement, two large gabbroic bodies were intruded into the central complex: the Ben Buie Gabbro in the south-west, outside the main ring-fault, and the Beinn Bheag Gabbro inside the fault in the north-east quadrant of the centre. Emplacement of the magmas involved in the formation of the Bein Buie intrusion may have utilised the main ring-fault. However, Skelhorn and Longland (1969) suggested that the Ben Buie mass and possibly the Corra-bheinn Gabbro of Centre 2 were originally circular in plan, and that central subsidence has removed much of the intrusion(s) to a deeper structural level. Furthermore, the inward dips of the mineral layering in the Ben Buie Gabbro increase from about 15° to 20° near the intrusive contacts with earlier rocks, to angles in excess of 35° close to the main ring-fault on the east and north-east sides of the intrusion. The increased dips may have resulted from movement on the fault. The outer, south-eastern, margin of the Ben Buie Gabbro dips outwards at a shallow angle; however, the inward dipping nature of the modal layering of the intrusion may indicate that the base might be at no great depth. The chilled margin of the Ben Buie Gabbro is of tholeiitic basalt composition, akin to that of the Mull cone-sheets, further suggesting a genetic link (Skelhorn et al., 1979). The cumulate nature of the gabbros results in layers ranging in composition from olivine-dominated assemblages (peridotite), through typical olivine-gabbro assemblages, to plagioclase-dominated assemblages (troctolite and bytownite troctolite). Layers rich in chrome-spinel are common in the more ultrabasic lithologies (Henderson and Wood, 1981). Bailey et al. (1924) defined various facies based upon grain-size and mineral proportions within the Beinn Bheag Gabbro, together with a marginal facies veined with silicic material and a brecciated facies. Xenoliths are common throughout the intrusions, both cognate (peridotite, gabbro, troctolite, etc, essentially unaltered and not recrystallised) and granular-textured rocks, interpreted to be the products of thorough recrystallisation of earlier formed parts of the intrusion, or of country rock basaltic lavas. The two gabbro intrusions were subsequently invaded by various cone-sheets, basic through to silicic, which belong to Centre 2 (see below).<br />
<br />
==== Loch Uisg Granite–Gabbro Intrusion ====<br />
<br />
This intrusion consists of two discrete lithologies. The gabbroic component varies between an olivine-gabbro and an olivine-dolerite, whereas the granite has well-developed granophyric texture and is quite severely hydrothermally altered. The junction between the two comprises a zone of hybrid material formed by magma mixing. This asymmetical, composite intrusion appears to have the geometry of a flat-lying sheet emplaced into lavas, although at the western end of Loch Uisg the upper contact of the granite dips steeply to the north. At the eastern end of the intrusion, part of the roof is formed by volcaniclastic breccias, exposed at Barachandroman (see above), within which the more muddy rocks are thermally altered and thoroughly recrystallised. Emplacement of the Loch Uisg intrusion postdates the formation of the annular folds and the development of the explosion breccias of the Glen More Centre. The relationship with the early basic cone-sheets is less clear since the intrusion is cut by some sheets but in turn cuts others. Overall, the intrusion would seem to be a relatively late component of the Glen More Centre.<br />
<br />
=== Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre ===<br />
<br />
After the development of the Glen More Centre, the focus of igneous activity shifted several kilometres towards the north-west, to the area around Beinn Chaisgidle (Figure 29). Centre 2, also known as the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre, is dominated by thin, steeply inclined, outward-dipping ring-dyke intrusions varying in composition from basalt through to rhyolite, and inwardly inclined basalt and dolerite cone-sheets.<br />
<br />
==== Corra-beinn Gabbro ====<br />
<br />
The Corra-beinn Gabbro is the most westerly of the large gabbro masses in Mull, and is mainly, but not wholly, outside the main bounding fault of the Early Caldera. It contains layered structures that dip to the north-east at 25° to 80°. The gabbro may be a late member of Centre 1; however, since it truncates early basic cone-sheets that in turn intrude the Ben Buie Gabbro it is tentatively assigned to Centre 2.<br />
<br />
==== Ring-dykes ====<br />
<br />
The ring-dykes are typically of silicic composition, with steeply inclined margins. Thicknesses vary between 50 and 500 m. They range from relatively coarse-grained rocks such as granite, through to microgranite and rhyolite. Basic ring-dykes are much less common, and vary from gabbro through to dolerite. Some of the ring-dykes are composite, with a range in composition from silicic to basic, but without obvious internal contacts.<br />
<br />
==== Glen More Ring-dyke ====<br />
<br />
The Glen More Ring-dyke is probably the best known example of a steeply inclined, compositionally variable hybrid intrusion in the Hebridean Igneous Province. The ring-dyke crops out from the river in Glen More northwards to the summit of Cruach Choireadail, over a vertical distance of almost 500 m. It grades upwards in composition from olivine-gabbro through dioritic rocks to a somewhat melanocratic microgranite. The primary mineralogy has largely been replaced by secondary, hydrothermal minerals. It is perhaps the most useful of the Centre 2 intrusions to study in order to observe the processes of differentiation and ring-dyke formation. Bailey et al. (1924) and Koomans and Kuenen (1938) interpreted the vertical variation in composition as the product of in-situ differentiation by liquid–crystal fractionation, whereas others (Holmes, 1936; Fenner, 1937) concluded that the dioritic rocks resulted from the mixing of silicic and basic magmas (see Chapter 10).<br />
<br />
==== Cone-sheets ====<br />
<br />
Most commonly, the basic intrusions are inwardly inclined cone-sheets of basalt and dolerite, in some instances veined by remelted parts of the silicic ring-dykes that they intrude. The cone-sheets are usually less than 10 m thick and dip inwards, generally at 20° to 50°, towards a focal point beneath Beinn Chaisgidle. Thus, complicated relationships between typically silicic ring-dykes and the typically basic cone-sheets are found throughout Centre 2; these relationships are well developed in the Allt Molach stream section in Glen More.<br />
<br />
The final intrusive phase unambiguously associated with Centre 2 was the emplacement of the quartz-dolerites that make up the Late Basic Cone-sheets. Emplacement of these cone-sheets continued as the focus of intrusion migrated north-west towards Loch Bà and Centre 3 became established. Consequently, their emplacement also constitutes the earliest phase of intrusive activity associated with the youngest centre.<br />
<br />
=== Centre 3, the Loch Bà Centre ===<br />
<br />
Centre 3, also known as the Loch Bà Centre, was associated with the development of the Late Caldera (Figure 30).<br />
<br />
==== Late Basic Cone-sheets ====<br />
<br />
These cone-sheets were clearly emplaced during the latter stages of the development of Centre 2 and the earlier part of Centre 3, since plutonic intrusions belonging to both the centres truncate, and in turn are intruded by, cone-sheets belonging to this set. Those that are clearly associated with Centre 3 are symmetrically disposed about an axis trending north-west, parallel to the length of Loch Bà (Figure 30). In places, the density of cone-sheet emplacement is very high, with very little country rock preserved. Central uplift must have been significant.<br />
<br />
==== Glen Cannel Granite ====<br />
<br />
This granite was the first major silicic intrusion to be emplaced within Centre 3. The mildly alkaline granite forms an oval, dome-shaped mass with a north-west-trending long axis. The intrusion contains abundant gas cavities (druses) and is preserved predominantly within the subsided block inside the late-stage Loch Bà Ring-dyke. The granite cuts numerous Late Basic Cone-sheets within the central subsided block, but outwith the block, to the south-east, it is cut by similar cone-sheets. Thus, it appears that there was an overlap of the intrusive events, or that different intrusions make up the granite, or that more than one set of cone-sheets exists. The granite is partially roofed by volcaniclastic rocks, masses of quartz-dolerite and intrusive felsites. From the disposition of the felsites along the edges of the granite (Figure 30), they might be regarded as a chilled marginal facies were it not for exposures on the east side of Bìth Bheinn and Creag Dubh, south of Loch Bà, which show that the granite is in sharp intrusive contact with the felsites.<br />
<br />
==== Beinn a’ Ghraig and Knock granites ====<br />
<br />
The Beinn à Ghraig Granite is located outside the Loch Bà Ring-dyke along its north-west margin. It is of similar petrographic type to that of Glen Cannel, but is considered to be younger as it cuts Late Basic Cone-sheets on Beinn a’ Ghraig, but is itself cut by only one or two cone-sheets. The Knock Granite is of similar age, taking the form of a steep-sided, elongate mass, 50 to 300m wide, separated from the north-west margin of the Beinn a’ Ghraig intrusion by a screen of hornfelsed basaltic lavas. Similar, most likely related, granitic, dioritic and hybrid ring-intrusions occur to the north-east of Loch Bà, in the vicinity of Toll Doire, Maol Buidhe and Killbeg. Although the country-rock lavas have been invaded by the Late Basic Cone-sheets, and are hornfelsed, they do not appear to have been significantly folded or faulted. This suggests the relatively passive emplacement of the granitic magmas, probably by a combination of subsidence and stoping.<br />
<br />
==== Loch Bà Ring-dyke ====<br />
<br />
This ring-dyke is the final major silicic intrusion of the Loch Bà Centre. It has an external diameter of about 8 km and a width varying from 400 m down to zero in those areas where the trace of the ring-fault is marked only by brecciation of the country rocks. In general, the ring-dyke walls are close to vertical, although steep outward dips occur along the north-west portion. The Loch Bà Ring-dyke is cut by late members of the north-west-trending regional dyke swarm, but is unique amongst the major intrusions of the Mull Central Complex in being entirely free of cone-sheets.<br />
<br />
The intrusion was first described by Bailey et al. (1924) and its petrology and origin have subsequently been investigated by Walker and Skelhorn (1966) and by Sparks (1988). The later studies recognised the hybrid nature of the intrusion, involving dominant silicic rock (rhyolite with sparse phenocrysts of sodic plagioclase, sanidine, hedenbergite, fayalite, magnetite, ilmenite and zircon) containing inclusions (typically less than 10 cm long) of phenocryst-poor basic material ranging in composition from ferrobasalt through to dacite. The inclusions constitute less than 10 per cent of the ring-dyke, are commonly glassy, and range in shape from rounded to lenticular, the latter with distinctive ragged ends. The rhyolite is partially devitrified with an obvious flow banding and the preservation of fiamme (eutaxitic texture) is indicative of a pyroclastic origin. Given the glassy, hybrid nature of the intrusion, even where it is 400 m wide, and the development of textures typical of welded tuff, it is evident that its emplacement involved mixing of magmas during the eruption of pyroclastic material (Chapter 10). Space for this intrusion was most likely created by the combined action of gas brecciation and central subsidence, by a relatively small distance, of the pre-existing block inside the ring-dyke.<br />
<br />
== Structure of the lava fields ==<br />
<br />
The detailed stratigraphy of the Mull Lava Field has not been determined (Table 10), and therefore only the broad outline of the structure is known. The lavas of north-west Mull, Ulva, the Ardmeanach peninsula and the eastern part of the Ross of Mull, and the thick Ben More succession are generally flat-lying or dip gently, although evolved lavas south-east of Ben More are involved in folding associated with the emplacement of the central complex (see below). Away from the central complex, the base of the lavas crops out in the south at Carsaig Bay, in the west at Gribun and in the north at intervals on the coast between Tobermory and Bloody Bay. This may indicate that the lavas form a broad north-north-west-trending syncline in north-west Mull. Several north-north-west- to north-west-trending faults occur on the island of Ulva, towards the western end of the Ardmeanach peninsula and south of Loch Scridain. On the Ross of Mull, near Ardtun, the Paleocene lava outcrop terminates at the west-north-west-trending Loch Assapol Fault, where they are thrown down against Moine metasedimentary rocks.<br />
<br />
=== Structures associated with the central complexes ===<br />
<br />
One of the most notable structural features of the Hebridean Igneous Province is the set of concentric folds that almost encircle the Glen More and Beinn Chaisgidle centres on Mull (Bailey et al., 1924). The folds are developed in the surrounding older lava sequence and the various subjacent pre-Paleocene rocks. They include the Loch Spelve and Loch Don anticlines and the Duart Bay and Coire Mòr synclines (Figure 27). South of Loch Don, Dalradian metalimestones and phyllites form the core of a north-trending anticline, flanked successively by late-Silurian andesitic lavas, Lower and Middle Jurassic sandstones and mudstones, and Paleocene lavas. These major structures continue to the north and north-west, where Jurassic rocks form the core of the Craignure Anticline as far as Craignure Bay, with Moine rocks exposed in the core between Craignure Bay and Scallastle Bay. Elsewhere, the folding generally involves Paleocene basaltic lavas and, on the eastern flanks of Ben More, mugearites near the top of the lava succession. It is suggested that the folds formed in response to the early intrusive events in the central complex, but their age is not well understood. Furthermore, the area enclosed by the folds is domed and the folds may owe their origin to gravity-driven movement as the dome developed. From evidence in the Loch Don area, it has been suggested that doming and folding were initiated prior to eruption of the Paleocene lavas (Cheeney, 1962;Walker, 1975a), but Bailey (1962) considered the evidence to be inconclusive. Near Sgurr Dearg, the folds are crosscut by, and thus predate, volcaniclastic breccias of the central complex.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
BAILEY, E B. 1962. Early Tertiary fold movements in Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 99, 478–479.<br />
<br />
BAILEY, E B, CLOUGH, C T, WRIGHT, W B, RICHEY, J E, and WILSON, G V. 1924. [https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/Memoirs/docs/B01951.html Tertiary and Post-Tertiary geology of Mull, Loch Aline, and Oban.] Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 44 (Scotland).<br />
<br />
BOULTER, M C, and KVACEK, Z. 1989. The Palaeocene flora of the Isle of Mull. Palaeontological Association Special Papers in Palaeontology, No. 42.<br />
<br />
BREARLEY, A J. 1986. An electron optical study of muscovite breakdown in pelitic xenoliths during pyrometamorphism. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 50, 385–397.<br />
<br />
CHAMBERS, L M, and FITTON, J G. 2000. Geochemical transitions in the ancestral Iceland plume: evidence from the Isle of Mull Tertiary volcano, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 157, 261–263.<br />
<br />
CHEENEY,R F. 1962. Early Tertiary fold movements in Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 99, 227–232.<br />
<br />
DAGLEY, P, MUSSETT, A E, and SKELHORN, A R. 1987. Polarity stratigraphy and duration of the Mull Tertiary igneous activity. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 144, 966–985.<br />
<br />
DEMPSTER, T J, PRESTON, R J, and BELL, B R. 1999. The origin of Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites: evidence from interactions between crustal xenoliths and basaltic magma. Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 156, 41–46.<br />
<br />
EMELEUS, C H, ALLWRIGHT, A E, KERR, A C, and WILLIAMSON, I T. 1996a. Red tuffs in the Palaeocene lava successions of the Inner Hebrides. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 32, 83–89.<br />
<br />
EMELEUS, C H. 1991. Tertiary igneous activity. 455–502 in Geology of Scotland. Third edition. CRAIG,GY (editor).(London:The Geological Society.)<br />
<br />
FENNER, C N. 1937. A view of magmatic differentiation. Journal of Geology, Vol. 45, 158–168.<br />
<br />
FYFE, J A, LONG, D, and EVANS, D. 1993. United Kingdom offshore regional report: the geology of the Malin–Hebrides sea area. (London: HMSO for the British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
HALLIDAY, A N, AFTALION, M, VAN BREEMEN, O, and JOCELYN, J. 1979. Petrogenetic significance of Rb-Sr and U-Pb isotopic systems in the 400 Ma old British Isles granitoids and their hosts. 653–661 in Caledonides of the British Isles — reviewed. HARRIS, A L, HOLLAND, C H, and LEAKE, B E (editors). Special Publication of the Geological Society of London, No. 8.<br />
<br />
HESSELBO, S P, OATES, M J, and JENKYNS, H C. 1998. The lower Lias Group of the Hebrides Basin. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 34, 23–60.<br />
<br />
HOLMES, A. 1936. The idea of contrasted differentiation. Geological Magazine, Vol. 73, 228–238.<br />
<br />
JOHNSTONE, G S, and MYKURA, W. 1989. British Regional Geology: the Northern Highlands of Scotland. (Fourth edition) (Edinburgh: HMSO for British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
KERR, A C. 1995a. The geochemistry of the Mull–Morvern lava succession, NW Scotland: an assessment of mantle sources during plume-related volcanism. Chemical Geology, Vol. 122, 43–58.<br />
<br />
KERR, A C. 1995b. The geochemical stratigraphy, field relations and temporal variation of the Mull–Morvern lava succession, NW Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, Vol. 86, 35–47.<br />
<br />
KILLE, I C, THOMPSON, R N, MORRISON, M A, and THOMPSON, R F. 1986. Field evidence for turbulence during flow of basaltic magma through conduits from southwest Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 123, 693–697.<br />
<br />
KOOMANS C, and KUENEN, P H. 1938. On the differentiation of the Glen More ring-dyke, Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 75, 145–160.<br />
<br />
PRESTON, R J, and BELL, B R. 1997. Cognate gabbroic xenoliths from a tholeiitic subvolcanic sill complex: implications for fractional crystallization and crustal contamination processes. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 61, 329–349.<br />
<br />
PRESTON, R J, BELL, B R, and ROGERS, G. 1998a. The Loch Scridain sill complex, Isle of Mull, Scotland: fractional crystallization, assimilation, magma-mixing and crustal anatexis in sub-volcanic conduits. Journal of Petrology, Vol. 39, 519–550.<br />
<br />
RICHEY, J E, and THOMAS, H H. 1930. The geology of Ardnamurchan, north-west Mull and Coll. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 51 and part of Sheet 52 (Scotland).<br />
<br />
RICHEY, J E. 1961. British Regional Geology, Scotland: the Tertiary volcanic districts. Third edition, revised by MACGREGOR, A G, and ANDERSON, F W.(Edinburgh: HMSO for British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
SKELHORN, R R, and LONGLAND, P J N. 1969. The Tertiary igneous geology of the Isle of Mull. Geologists’ Association Guide, No. 20. (Colchester: Benham &amp; Co.)<br />
<br />
SKELHORN, R R, HENDERSON, P, WALSH, J N, and LONGLAND, P J N. 1979. The chilled margin of the Ben Buie layered gabbro, Isle of Mull. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 15, 161–167.<br />
<br />
SPARKS, R S J. 1988. Petrology of the Loch Ba ring dyke, Mull (NW Scotland): an example of the extreme differentiation of tholeiitic magmas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 100, 446–461.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J. 1974a. New Red Sandstone piedmont and floodplain sedimentation in the Hebridean province, Scotland. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 44, 336–357.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J. 1974b. Cornstone (fossil caliche) — its origin, stratigraphy and sedimentological importance in the New Red Sandstone, western Scotland. Journal of Geology, Vol. 82, 351–369.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J, NICHOLSON, R, and KALANDER, L. 1975. Triassic sedimentation and palaeogeography in central Skye. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 11, 1–13.<br />
<br />
THOMPSON, R N, MORRISON, M A, DICKIN, A P, GIBSON, I L, and HARMON, R S. 1986. Two contrasting styles of interaction between basaltic magma and continental crust in the British Tertiary Volcanic Province. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 91 (B6), 5985–5997.<br />
<br />
UPTON, B G J. 1988. History of Tertiary igneous activity in the N Atlantic borderlands. 429–454 in Early Tertiary volcanism and the opening of the NE Atlantic. MORTON, A C, and PARSON, L M (editors). Geological Society of London Special Publication, No. 39.<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L. 1971. The distribution of amygdale minerals in Mull and Morvern (Western Scotland). 181–194 in Studies in earth sciences: a volume in honour of William Dixon West. MURTY, TVV G R K, and RAO, S S(editors).(New Delhi: Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers.)<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L, and SKELHORN, R R. 1966. Some associations of acid and basic intrusions. Earth Science Reviews, Vol. 2, 93–109.<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L. 1975a. A new concept in the evolution of the British Tertiary intrusive centres. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 131, 121–142.</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Geology_of_Mull_-_an_outline&diff=58758
Geology of Mull - an outline
2023-07-19T12:02:27Z
<p>Scotfot: /* Dykes, dyke swarms and volcanic plugs */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Geology of Mull - Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland ==<br />
<br />
[[File:P915396.jpg|thumbnail|Table 10 Mineralogical and petrographical characteristics of the principal lava types of the Hebridean Igneous Province. ]]<br />
[[File:P915401.jpg|thumbnail|Table 15 The Mull Lava Group. ]]<br />
[[File:P914125.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 7 Upper Cretaceous of the Inner Hebrides Group, exposed at the south-east corner of Beinn Iadain, Morvern (after Mortimore et al., 2001, fig.6.29). The thick sandstones of the Loch Aline White Sandstone and Morvern Greensand formations are obscured beneath steep grassy slopes at X and Y, respectively. Age of the deposits: A Lavas of Paleocene age; B Beinn Iadain Formation, generally assumed to be of Paleocene age; D Judd (1878) recorded Belemnitella (Campanian) from the Chalk, but the exact horizon is uncertain; E Sponges dated as Santonian; F undated, generally considered to be Turonian (but may be Cenomanian; Braley,1990); G probably upper Cenomanian; H probably middle Cenomanian (compare with similar, better dated, site in Northern Ireland); I uncertain, possibly lower Cenomanian; J Lias and Permo-Triassic rocks seen in track section leading to Beinn Iadain ]]<br />
[[File:P914131.png|thumbnail|Figure 13 Hydrothermal circulation in and around the Mull Central Complex. Diagrammatic cross-section showing the hydrothermal mineral zones in the lava succession and the superimposed alteration zones developed about the central complex in response to the circulation of heated meteoric water (based on Walker, 1971;Taylor and Forester, 1971; Bell and Williamson, 2002). From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P914146.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 27 Principal components of the Mull Central Complex. ]]<br />
[[File:P914147.png|thumbnail|Figure 28 Mull Central Complex: Centre 1, the Glen More Centre and early Caldera]]<br />
[[File:P914148.png|thumbnail|Figure 29 Mull Central Complex: Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre. From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P914149.png|thumbnail|Figure 30 Mull Central Complex: Centre 3, the Loch Bà Centre and the Late Caldera. From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P532641.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 4 Pre-Paleocene strata and Paleocene lavas at Creag a’Ghaill, Gribun, western Mull. Platy-jointed psammites of the Moine, Upper Shiba Psammite Formation (Morar Group) are overlain unconformably by Triassic basal conglomerates and sandstones. Upper Triassic strata consist of calcareous sandstones with carbonate concretions (cornstones), and the overlying sandy limestones of the Rhaetian Penarth Group are cut by basaltic sills of Paleocene age. Upper Cretaceous silicified limestone is largely obscured by scree and Paleocene basalt lavas form the upper cliffs.The top of the upper cliff is about 260 m elevation. (Photomosaic: B G J Upton; P532641.)]]<br />
[[File:P580464.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 13 Tholeiitic basalt lava resting on bedded volcaniclastic deposits, Isle of Staffa. A classic example of a lava divided into a lower, columnar jointed ‘colonnade’ and an upper irregular ‘entablature’ (see text). Scale: the cliff is about 35 m in height (P580464).]]<br />
[[File:P580465.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 15 Trap featuring in the basalt lava succession of Ardmeanach, western Mull (P580465).]]<br />
[[File:P580468.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 18 Plate 18 MacCulloch’s Tree; the cast of a large conifer (Taxodioxylon) encased in columnar basalt lava. Small amounts of charcoal are preserved in places at the margins. Ardmeanach, western Mull (P580468).]]<br />
[[File:P580473.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 22 Quartzite xenolith in basalt sill, Loch Scridain, south-western Mull. Hammer shaft is 30 cm (P580473).]]<br />
<br />
Text compiled from: [https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/Memoirs/docs/B06059.html The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland] British regional geology Fourth Edition by C H Emeleus B R Bell Contributor: D Stephenson<br />
<br />
== Moine Supergroup ==<br />
<br />
Rocks of the Glenfinnan Group are found at many localities around the margins of the Mull Central Complex, for example in the core of the Craignure Anticline and beneath the Mesozoic rocks on the coast south of Gribun. Screens of Moine rocks occur between inclined sheets and other minor intrusions in eastern Mull. Outside of the Mull Central Complex, fragments of Moine lithologies, including megablocks up to 100 m across, are common in vent infills and in other volcaniclastic rocks (Bailey et al., 1924, fig. 29). Numerous xenoliths of severely altered Moine rocks are present in the Loch Scridain Sill-complex. On the Ross of Mull, Moine rocks, possibly of both the Glenfinnan and Morar groups, crop out south of the Loch Assapol Fault where they are intruded by the late-Caledonian, Ross of Mull Pluton. From the distribution of rocks of the Moine Supergroup on Mull, it is evident that the central complex is underlain by, and intruded into, these rocks.<br />
<br />
== Dalradian Supergroup ==<br />
<br />
Grey phyllitic to slaty semipelite and black metalimestone belonging to the Appin Group (possibly the Blair Atholl Subgroup) of the Dalradian form the core of the Loch Don Anticline in eastern Mull. They are separated from Moine rocks on Mull by a continuation of the Great Glen Fault.<br />
<br />
== Caledonian igneous rocks ==<br />
<br />
The Ross of Mull Pluton comprises a number of granitic bodies with a Rb-Sr age of about 414 Ma (Halliday et al., 1979); it intrudes and thermally metamorphoses the Moine metasedimentary rocks of south-west Mull. Cordierite-sillimanite hornfelses have developed from kyanite-bearing pelitic rocks adjacent to the granite and occur as xenoliths. Within the intrusion, the intricate relationships found between quartz-diorite, granite and basic enclaves suggest the co-existence and interaction of basic and silicic magmas.<br />
<br />
Minor intrusions of Caledonian age include various felsic types and lamprophyres. The felsic dykes are most common in the vicinity of the Ross of Mull Pluton, and near the Strontian Pluton east of the Morvern lava pile (Johnstone and Mykura, 1989). The Ross of Mull granites have been extensively quarried (p. 173).<br />
<br />
== Old Red Sandstone ==<br />
<br />
Basaltic and andesitic lavas belonging to the Lower Old Red Sandstone Lorn Plateau Volcanic Formation crop out in the core of the Loch Don Anticline in south-east Mull. Conglomerates and marly sandstones, possibly of similar age, occur on Frank Lockwood’s Island, south-east of Loch Buie in southern Mull.<br />
<br />
== Intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age ==<br />
<br />
Minor intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age are widespread through the southern Highlands and extend into the western Highlands and Islands. There are two main suites: Stephanian tholeiitic rocks and Visean to Early Permian alkali basalts and lamprophyres.<br />
<br />
At Gribun in western Mull, Moine rocks are intruded by a dyke of olivine nephelinite exposed at low water which contains a suite of xenoliths and megacrysts of lower crustal and possibly upper mantle origin (Upton et al., 1998). This dyke is similar to numerous other xenolith-bearing intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age in the western Highlands and Islands and the Midland Valley. The xenoliths and xenocrysts found in these intrusions have furnished valuable information about the nature of the Lower Crust and Upper Mantle at the start of the Mesozoic (e. g. Upton et al., 1998).<br />
<br />
== Triassic ==<br />
<br />
Many of the New Red Sandstone occurrences mentioned below are assigned to the Triassic on grounds of lithology, unconformable relationships with older rocks, or a conformable one with overlying, fossiliferous Jurassic strata. Fossils are rare in all but the highest of these beds. In the Hebridean area, the New Red Sandstone sequences are thought to belong to the Upper Triassic and accumulated during the earliest stages of basin formation (''Steel 1974a, b; Steel et al., 1975'').<br />
<br />
Up to about 60 m of conglomerate, sandstone and cornstone are found at Gribun and on Inch Kenneth in western Mull, where the striking unconformity with the underlying Moine rocks is exposed on the foreshore and in cliff sections (Plate 4). Clasts of Moine rocks, cherty fossiliferous limestone (Cambro-Ordovician Durness Group), red feldspathic sandstone (Torridonian), vein-quartz, quartzite, granite and rare, red andesitic porphyry (?Siluro-Devonian) indicate both local and quite distant provenance for these beds. Upper Triassic miospores have been recovered from beds near the top of the Gribun succession that also contain indistinct bivalve remains. The uppermost beds are sandy limestones of Rhaetian age, which contain fish scales and bivalves (e. g. ''Cardinia'' sp., ''Chlamys valoniensis'', ''Protocardia rhaetica'', ''Rhaetavicula contorta''). In eastern Mull, Triassic conglomerates and sandstones are exposed in the cores of the anticlines that surround the central complex, from Craignure to Loch Don and Loch Spelve. In addition, there are extensive sandstone outcrops on the west shore of Loch Spelve, which extend up Glen Lussa, where the Triassic rocks occur in screens between inclined basic sheets. Clasts in the conglomerates are mainly quartzite and vein-quartz, but pebbles of Moine rocks are abundant locally where these lithologies are in situ nearby. Small outcrops of Triassic strata are also found within the central complex, where their steep dips indicate considerable disturbance by the Paleocene intrusions.<br />
<br />
== Jurassic ==<br />
<br />
=== Lower Jurassic ===<br />
<br />
With the exception of small outcrops of limestone, calcareous mudstone and sandstone on the west coast at Aird na h-Iolaire, and beds of the Blue Lias and Pabay Shale formations at and near Tobermory, Jurassic rocks are restricted to the east and south of the island. They crop out in the cores of anticlines marginal to the Mull Central Complex, from Scallastle Bay almost to Loch Spelve, in many places on the east coast from Loch Don to Loch Buie, and also at Carsaig Bay. The beds range in age from Hettangian through to Bajocian (Mid Jurassic; garantiana Zone) and contain a moderately abundant marine fauna. Near Port nam Marbh, there is a fairly continuous succession from the uppermost 30 m of the Pabay Shale Formation, represented by slightly calcareous siltstones with abundant ''Gryphaea cymbium'' and ''Pecten aequivalvis'', to the Bajocian. At Torosay, the Pabay Shale Formation contains the Torosay Sandstone Member, which is over 20 m thick and is cross-bedded in places (Hesselbo et al., 1998).<br />
<br />
== Middle Jurassic ==<br />
<br />
About 30 m of sandy limestone and calcareous sandstone of the Bearreraig Sandstone Formation are capped by 1 to 2 m of siltstone of the Great Estuarine Group on the east coast at Port na Marbh, south-east Mull. Similar beds crop out fairly continuously beneath the lavas on the west limb of the Loch Don Anticline, and discontinuously on the east limb as far as Duart Bay. On the Ardnamurchan peninsula, Middle Jurassic rocks are limited to massive sandstones and subordinate limestones of the Bearreraig Sandstone Formation exposed in screens amongst the basalt sheets on Maol Buidhe and at Sròn Beag. Despite the effect of thermal metamorphism, typical Aalenian fossils have been obtained from these rocks (Richey and Thomas, 1930).<br />
<br />
=== Upper Jurassic (and upper part of the Callovian) ===<br />
<br />
A small outcrop of baked blue shale just west of Duart Bay has yielded ammonites and other fossils of Kimmeridgian age (mutabilis Zone).<br />
<br />
= Cretaceous =<br />
<br />
At Gribun, Cenomanian glauconitic sandstone (6 m thick) is overlain by 3 m of white sandstone and 3 m of silicified chalk with flints (possiby Santonian). The chalk is overlain by breccia containing angular pebbles and cobbles of silicified chalk, sandstone with chert nodules, and 2 m of weakly bedded, red mudstone. The beds above the chalk have been formally designated the Gribun Conglomerate Formation by Hancock (2000), but have been equated with the Clach Alasdair Conglomerate Member and Beinn Iadain Mudstone Formation by Mortimore et al. (2001). The succession is overlain by Paleocene lavas (Plate 4). A rich bivalve fauna is known from the glauconitic sandstone, including ''Rhynchonella'', ''Exogyra conica'', and ''Pecten asper''. ''Ostrea'' and ''Pecten'' have been found in the chalk. Glauconitic sandstone occurs at Auchnacraig, south of Loch Don, and also at Carsaig where it reaches about 13 m, its greatest thickness in the district.<br />
<br />
== Palaeogene lava fields and associated sedimentary rocks ==<br />
<br />
=== Lava sequences ===<br />
<br />
==== Mull Lava Group ====<br />
<br />
The Mull Lava Group crops out throughout north and west Mull, together with the coastal parts of south Mull (around the margin of the younger Mull Central Complex) and the various offshore islands to the west, including Ulva, Gometra, the Treshnish Islands and Staffa. The successions of flat-lying lavas form substantial mountains, such as Ben More, and commonly develop strong trap featuring (Plate 15). The lavas on the Morvern peninsula, east of Mull, are considered to belong to the Mull Lava Group, as do the lavas east of Ben Hiant, Ardnamurchan, and probably also the isolated outcrops on the south coast of the Ardnamurchan peninsula. Offshore lavas, which extend beneath the Sea of the Hebrides to the Skerryvore Fault, are most likely part of the Mull Lava Group. These flows are probably contemporaneous with flows of the Eigg Lava Formation, which they join in a northern, submarine extension (Fyfe et al., 1993; (Figure 9); Chapter 5).<br />
<br />
There has been no detailed regional mapping of the Mull Lava Field since the time of the original survey (Bailey et al., 1924). This account therefore relies to some extent on the synthesis of Richey (1961), together with observations made during the last thirty-five years (e. g. Kerr, 1995b). The lava stratigraphy has been rationalised here, in keeping with that used for the other lava sequences (Table 15).<br />
<br />
The remains of the Mull Lava Field as presently exposed, cover an area of about 840 km<sup>2</sup> on Mull and Morvern (Emeleus, 1991). The total preserved thickness of lavas on Mull is estimated to be about 1800 m (including an estimated 900 m of olivine-poor tholeiitic basalt lavas now largely within the Mull Central Complex). On the Morvern peninsula, the sequence is about 460 m thick but the lowest lavas thin towards the north (Bailey et al., 1924) and are overstepped by subsequent flows. A thin, laterally continuous sequence of Upper Cretaceous rocks underlies the lavas of Morvern except in the extreme east and north-east of the lava field, where the flows rest directly on pre-Cretaceous rocks (Triassic sandstones and gneisses of the Moine Supergroup). The marginal portion of the lava field was therefore erupted onto, and possibly terminated against, a land surface with a significant topographical relief. The north-west-trending Assapol Fault, in south-west Mull, defines the present-day south-west margin of the lava field.<br />
<br />
The volcanic succession on Mull (Table 15) is divided into the Staffa Lava Formation at the base, overlain by the Mull Plateau Lava Formation that consists of the Ben More Main Member and the overlying Ben More Pale Member; these were formerly named, respectively as the Staffa, Main and Pale ‘suites’, of the Plateau Group (e. g. Bailey et al., 1924; Richey, 1961). The Mull Central Lava Formation crops out principally within the Mull Central Complex, and consists of olivine-poor tholeiitic basalt lavas.<br />
<br />
The sequence built up by the effusion of lavas, predominantly from north-west-trending fissures now represented by the Mull Dyke Swarm. Pauses in the volcanic activity were more common during eruption of the lower part of the succession. They are marked by the development of laterally discontinuous sequences of conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and coal. However, unlike the lava piles elsewhere in the Hebridean Igneous Province, the current subdivisions of the Mull lavas are based on lithological changes in the lavas and do not always depend on the presence of interflow sedimentary sequences.<br />
<br />
Zeolite minerals are common throughout the lavas. These have been shown to have a depth-related distribution (Walker 1971; (Figure 12), similar to the zonal distribution found in Icelandic lavas. The highest zone is characterised by laumontite and overlies a mesolite zone. Based on comparisons with Icelandic zones, it is estimated that the lavas in the vicinity of Ben More were originally over 2200m in thickness, of which about 1000m is preserved. A distinct zone characterised by carbonate minerals occurs in the lavas near Tobermory and in north-west Morvern, becoming wider northwards towards Ben Hiant on Ardnamurchan. It has been tentatively suggested that the carbonate may have been deposited by circulating heated waters from the Ardnamurchan Central Complex (Walker, 1971). The Mull Central Complex is surrounded by a zone of pneumatolysis, which is superimposed on the depth-related zeolite zones (Figure 13).<br />
<br />
=== Staffa Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The basal part of the volcanic sequence on Mull and locally on Ardnamurchan is marked by the development of a laterally persistent mudstone, the Gribun Mudstone Member, commonly less than 1 m thick, but thicker at several localities. In Morvern it is known locally as the Beinn Iadain Mudstone Formation (Figure 7). Near Feorlin Cottage at Carsaig, Mull, the mudstone occurs within cavities that developed on the surface of chalk (of possible Turonian age). On the Croggan peninsula south of Loch Buie, at An Garradh, the member consists of about 6 m of buff-coloured calcareous mudstone (marl) and is thought to represent a more aluminous equivalent. These features, together with certain petrographical characteristics (for example the presence of quartz grains), suggest that the mudstone is the product of extreme lateritic weathering of a basaltic ash, which was deposited prior to the effusion of the overlying lavas. The quartz grains were possibly derived from Cenomanian sandstones and introduced either by alluvial or aeolian processes.<br />
<br />
At Malcolm’s Point, on the south coast of the Ross of Mull, sedimentary rocks may represent a useful lithostratigraphical marker at the base of the Staffa Lava Formation and above an older, distinctive group of non-columnar flows. The sedimentary sequence comprises a thin carbonaceous mudstone overlain by an upward-fining fluviatile conglomerate–sandstone sequence containing rounded flints (derived from the Turonian Chalk deposits) and more angular fragments of basalt. The sequence is capped by a thin fissile mudstone. The main part of the Staffa Lava Formation comprises a distinctive sequence of tholeiitic basalt flows (defining the Staffa Magma-type or sub-type of Thompson et al. 1986; see Chapter 10). The flows crop out around the sea cliffs of south-west Mull, for example on the Ross of Mull at Malcolm’s Point and Ardtun, at Burg and The Wilderness on the Ardmeanach peninsula, and on Staffa where they overlie hyaloclastite deposits (Plate 13). Flows of the Staffa Lava Formation also crop out at Bloody Bay, north of Tobermory. Significantly, the formation does not occur everywhere at the base of the lava pile; for example it is absent at Beinn na h-Iolaire in west Mull and throughout the Morvern peninsula (Kerr, 1995b).<br />
<br />
Fluvial systems that developed between the eruptions deposited largely clastic sedimentary sequences that are collectively termed the Ardtun Conglomerate Member. These include laterally discontinuous conglomerate–sandstone sequences such as those at Ardtun on the north coast of the Ross of Mull, and laterally equivalent, overbank or lacustrine facies that give rise to siltstone–mudstone–coal–limestone sequences, well preserved on the south coast of the Ross of Mull (Boulter and Kvacek, 1989). The most distinctive field characteristic of flows of the Staffa Lava Formation is the development of typically near-vertical columnar jointing, as exemplified by the Fingal’s Cave Flow on Staffa (Plate 13). The locally restricted nature of most flows, with columnar joints that in some instances are near-horizontal, is suggestive of cooling against steep-sided walls of palaeovalleys that cut through a dissected plateau. On the Ardmeanach peninsula, a pillowed facies indicates that the MacCulloch’s Tree flow erupted into shallow water. The flow is underlain by interbedded hyaloclastite breccias, together with dark mudstones and siltstones that contain fragments of carbonaceous material (wood), in a fine-grained matrix. The preservation of a cast of an upright tree, ‘MacCulloch’s Tree’ (Plate18) is the most remarkable feature of the flow, with columnar jointing becoming severely contorted as it approaches the vertical surface of the trunk.<br />
<br />
=== Mull Plateau Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The most complete and relatively simplest succession occurs at Ben More, where both the Ben More Main Member and the Ben More Pale Member are present (Table 15). This succession has been the subject of detailed geochemical examination (Kerr, 1995a; Chambers and Fitton, 2000; Chapter 10).<br />
<br />
The Ben More Main Member occurs throughout west Mull, as well as on the Morvern peninsula. Reddened, weathered tops to flows, attributable to subaerial weathering, are relatively common, although interflow clastic sedimentary sequences have not been noted to any significant extent. Certain of the reddened deposits on top of flows have been identified as ashy deposits, probably reworked by stream action (Emeleus et al., 1996a). The member is composed of randomly interleaved flows of olivine basalt and hawaiite, together with rarer picrobasalts, mugearites, benmoreites and trachytes. Certain flows, especially the hawaiites and mugearites, are plagioclase macroporphyritic (the Big Feldspar Basalts of Bailey et al., 1924).<br />
<br />
Little detailed information is available about the structure and stratigraphy of the Ben More Main Member. Below, two localities are briefly described, in order to indicate some of the complexities and subtleties that are recognised.<br />
<br />
The sequence of flows that forms the coastal cliffs at Laggan Bay, near Ulva Ferry, banked up against, and eventually overstepped, a thick heterogeneous accumulation of basaltic ashes, volcaniclastic breccias and debris flow deposits. These most likely mark the site of a vent that penetrated the lava pile relatively early in the development of the Ben More Main Member. The majority of the clasts within the breccia are of basalt and hawaiite; however, rare but conspicuous angular fragments of Moine psammite and Turonian flint can be identified, indicating that material from the subjacent crust has been transported upwards by the magmas or eroded from surface outcrops.<br />
<br />
On the west side of the Quinish peninsula, in north Mull, a remarkably well-preserved lava flow crops out for a distance of at least 800 m along the coast between the high and low water lines. The flow preserves both casts (in basalt) and moulds of tree trunks and possibly branches, most of which are flat-lying, and the majority of which trend north-east–south-west. The upper portion of the underlying lava is severely lateritised, representing the soil in which the trees grew. The flow is remarkably well preserved, with surface features and internal structures more typically seen in active volcanic areas, for example, ropy pahoehoe structures, shell-like pahoehoe crusts, and basal or marginal breccias. The remarkable state of preservation of the flow and the presence of fossil trees are taken as clear indication that the Quinish lava was erupted after a significant hiatus in the volcanic activity, and was itself rapidly buried by the succeeding flow.<br />
<br />
The Ben More Pale Member crops out around the summit of Ben More, close to the western margin of the Mull Central Complex and, consequently, has been subjected to intense hydrothermal alteration and metasomatism. It overlies the Ben More Main Member, although no sharp boundary has been identified; rather, there is an interdigitation between the two members, over an interval of a few flows, with the increasing preponderance of pale-weathering flows, up sequence. The pale weathering flows are generally of relatively evolved composition, typified by benmoreites (type locality, first identified by Tilley and Muir, 1964). The lower part of the Ben More Pale Member consists predominantly of mugearite, benmoreite and trachyte. The lavas showing the most evolved compositions are typified in the field by a platy jointing and general fissility, and occur in the middle part of the member. The uppermost part of the member marks a return to significantly less-evolved olivine basalt flows (Kerr, 1995a). Intercalated with the lavas are thin sedimentary deposits; on the north side of Ben More, a benmoreite flow is underlain by 30 to 60 cm of fissile black mudstone containing abundant fragments of benmoreite; a similar deposit at the same stratigraphical level occurs on the east side of A’ Chioch. South of the summit of Ben More, Bailey et al. (1924) recorded about 3 m of brecciated black mudstone with plant remains overlying a mugearite flow.<br />
<br />
=== Mull Central Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The Mull Central Lava Formation consists of tholeiitic basalt flows that crop out in small areas within the Mull Central Complex and possibly around its margins, where they overlie the Mull Plateau Lava Formation. The formation is about 900 m thick, and many of the lavas may have been erupted within a water-filled caldera, forming a thick succession of pillowed flows. This is the South-east Caldera or Early Caldera of Bailey et al. (1924); the structure is about 10 km in diameter, and is thought to have developed as a consequence of the summit collapse of a central vent volcano on a site now occupied by the Mull Central Complex. Subsequent intrusive activity within the central complex has dismembered the intrusions. Another caldera was also recognised, the so-called North-west Caldera (Bailey et al., 1924, plate III), but flows of the Mull Central Lava Formation within this structure are not pillowed. Throughout the formation, intense hydrothermal alteration has led to severe changes to the primary mineralogy of many of the lavas, with the development of abundant secondary epidote and prehnite, commonly replacing primary minerals, but also in fracture-filling vein systems.<br />
<br />
Within the South-east Caldera, Bailey et al. (1924) recognised three zones within the formation (Table 15), but complications due to subsequent structural and intrusive events prevent the thicknesses of these zones being defined. Pillowed flows are restricted to the Outer Zone and Middle Zone. On the basis of the significant thicknesses of pillow lavas still preserved, Bailey et al. (1924) argued that there must have been successive subsidence of the caldera floor.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the lavas of distinctive tholeiitic basalt composition were not always contained by the caldera wall. It is envisaged that some were able to flow outwards, presumably down the flanks of the volcanic superstructure, and possibly to interdigitate with flows of the Mull Plateau Lava Formation that had been erupted from fissure systems.<br />
<br />
== Dykes, dyke swarms and volcanic plugs ==<br />
Numerous dykes of Palaeogene age are present throughout western Scotland and the Hebrides. The dykes commonly occur in parallel, north-west- to north-north-west-trending regional swarms, becoming more numerous and varied in direction near to and within the central complexes (Speight et al., 1982)<br />
<br />
The dykes in and near the central complexes are generally less than 2 m in thickness. However, injection of dykes side by side into the same fissure can result in thick multiple intrusions, which are most common close to the central complexes. Large numbers of multiple dykes also occur close to the Mull Central Complex.<br />
The distribution of the dyke swarms was controlled by a regional north-east–south-west extensional stress field, and the over-riding control on the orientation of the swarms is considered to have been the orientation of lower crustal intrusions that fed the dykes. Locally, subsidiary swarms are orientated approximately north–south, for example in the Outer Hebrides, and between south Skye and Morvern where the subsidiary swarm forms an en échelon link between the Skye and Mull swarms. Echelons of the Cleveland Dyke are up to 25m thick in County Durham and north Yorkshire, some 350 to 400 km from Mull. <br />
<br />
The majority of the dykes in the linear regional swarms are of basaltic or slightly more evolved composition. In and around the central complexes there are, additionally, dykes of silicic, intermediate and, less commonly, ultrabasic composition (Gibb, 1968, 1969). The basaltic dykes of the regional swarms are predominantly of tholeiitic basalt or tholeiitic olivine basalt, or of mildly alkaline olivine basalt. Dyke compositions may remain fairly uniform over considerable distances, as has been well demonstrated in regional dykes that extend across the Southern Uplands and into north Yorkshire (Macdonald et al., 1988).<br />
<br />
Tholeiitic basalts and related, more evolved, lithologies predominate in the Mull Dyke Swarm. However, alkali olivine-dolerites, locally termed ‘crinanites’, are common as far southeast as Loch Fyne, and the swarm contains silicic and intermediate dykes in the vicinity of Oban and on Mull. <br />
<br />
The majority of the plugs are basaltic in composition, but a few of trachyte composition have been recorded. On Mull, a large trachyte plug intrudes lavas and is, itself, intruded by north-west-trending dykes at Druim Buidhe, south-east of Tobermory.<br />
<br />
== Sills and sill-complexes ==<br />
<br />
=== Loch Scridan Sill-complex ===<br />
<br />
The Loch Scridain Sill-complex intrudes the Moine basement, the Mesozoic sedimentary sequence and the overlying Paleocene lavas in south-west Mull, particularly on the Ross of Mull and on the north side of Loch Scridain. The sills are typically betwen 0. 5 and 6 m in thickness but exceptionally exceed 10 m, and commonly have well developed chilled margins. They are of tholeiitic affinity, ranging in composition from tholeiitic basalt, through andesite and dacite, to rhyolite (including glassy variants). Basaltic compositions are the most common, with about 20 per cent of the intrusions being of intermediate composition, and a relatively small number of rhyolitic composition. Many of the sills are xenolithic, with cognate and accidental (upper crustal) material represented; two of the best examples are to be found at Killunaig and Kilfinichen Bay, on the south and north sides of Loch Scridain, respectively (Plate 22). Composite sills occur, commonly involving crystalline and glassy rock types of significantly different compositions as in, for example, the classic xenolithic sill at Rudh’ a’ Chromain on the south side of the Ross of Mull. The sills may be related to the initial stage of the development of the Mull Central Complex (Centre 1 or Glen More Centre, see p. 126; Dagley et al., 1987).<br />
<br />
The sills were described in detail by Bailey et al. (1924). These early studies were concerned mainly with the complex high-temperature mineral assemblages that developed within crustal xenoliths prior to and/or during sill emplacement. More recently, Brearley (1986) described the melting reactions of the Moine basement materials, and Kille et al. (1986) inferred that the sill magmas were actively convecting during emplacement, maintaining high temperatures at the contacts, which resulted in localised thermal erosion of the pelitic Moine wall-rocks.<br />
<br />
The Loch Scridain sills may be divided into three distinct geochemical groups (Preston et al., 1998a; Chapter 10). The basic sills (Group 1) are markedly xenolithic, containing both cognate and crustal types (Plate 22). The cognate xenoliths are of ultrabasic and basic composition, and are most likely of cumulate origin (Preston and Bell, 1997). There are two broad groupings of the crustal xenoliths (Preston et al., 1999):<br />
<br />
siliceous xenoliths derived from psammites of the Moine Supergroup or, less commonly, as in the Rudh’ a’ Chromain Sill, sandstone and conglomerate xenoliths from the local Mesozoic country rocks* aluminous xenoliths, of which there are three types, each dominated by glass produced by melting of the xenolith, hence the term buchite<br />
<br />
The aluminous xenoliths include:* mullite buchites — a mass of mullite needles (3Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.2SiO<sub>2</sub>) set in clear glass and pale lilac in hand-specimen<br />
* cordierite buchites — small crystals of cordierite and mullite needles set in clear glass and virtually black in hand specimen<br />
* plagioclase-rimmed mullite buchites — a core of mullite-rich glass surrounded by a thick rim of white-weathering, coarse-grained plagioclase. (An87–60)<br />
<br />
Clear blue corundum (sapphire) also occurs. Pockets of quenched, isotopically contaminated basic glass with skeletal plagioclase and clinopyroxene occur trapped between the plagioclase crystals. The highly aluminous composition of the buchite glasses is consistent with their derivation from a clay-rich sediment or its metamorphic equivalent, most likely the pelites of the Moine Supergroup (Dempster et al., 1999).<br />
<br />
== Central complexes ==<br />
<br />
Our understanding of the order of intrusive events within the Mull Central Complex is still largely due to Bailey et al. (1924). Subsequent work has been restricted to a small number of studies of some of the main intrusions and a brief summary and field guide by Skelhorn and Longland (1969). Three centres are recognised and numbered sequentially 1, 2 and 3; the first and last are considered to have been related to the development of calderas: Centre 1 to the Early Caldera or Glen More Centre and Centre 3 to the Late Caldera or Loch Bà Centre. Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre, is composed of various cone-sheet and ring-dyke intrusions.<br />
<br />
During formation of the Mull Central Complex, there was a gradual shift of activity from Centre 1 through to Centre 3 (Figure 27). Movement was in a south-east to north-west direction, by a few kilometres, parallel to the trend of the regional dyke swarm. Large annular folds surround the central complex (see p. 150).<br />
<br />
=== Centre 1, the Glen More Centre ===<br />
<br />
Within the Mull Central Complex and partly acting as country rock to the intrusions, are remnants of pillowed basaltic lavas. The relationship between these lavas and the main lava field on Mull (p. 75;(Table 15)) is unclear, although Bailey et al. (1924) concluded that the pillowed material constitutes the stratigraphically youngest part of the lava field and formed within a caldera, hence the Glen More Centre is also referred to as the Early Caldera (Figure 28). The pillowed flows are referred to as being of the ‘Non-Porphyritic Central Magma Type’ or the ‘Central Mull Tholeiites’ (Chapters 6 and 10).<br />
<br />
==== Early granites ====<br />
<br />
The oldest of the main intrusions of the Glen More Centre are the steep-sided granites of Glas Bheinn and Derrynaculean, which possibly form parts of ring-dykes or steep-sided stocks. Emplacement of these granites was, in part, controlled by ring-faults, with central collapse. Brecciation, due either to gas escape or ring-faulting, is common throughout the granites, especially in the Derrynaculean mass. In addition, the Glas Bheinn intrusion was emplaced into the core of the somewhat imperfectly developed marginal Loch Spelve Anticline. Both granites show significant hydrothermal alteration, with primary pyroxene being chloritised or uralitised. Marginal facies of the Glas Bheinn Granite contain partially assimilated siliceous material, most likely derived from country-rock Triassic sandstones.<br />
<br />
==== Explosion breccias ====<br />
<br />
Several masses of explosion breccia occur along the trace of the ring-fault which is used to define the extent of the Early Caldera. The best examples occur within the south-east sector of the bounding fault, on the eastern side of Sgurr Dearg. The breccias contain subangular to rounded fragments of Paleocene lavas, Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, Moine gneisses and a wide variety of coarse-grained igneous rocks (gabbro, granite, etc.). Moine gneisses are generally absent from the breccias inside the main caldera-bounding fault, indicating that the basement lies at a deeper structural level beneath the caldera and that the explosive brecciation occurred at a fairly shallow level in the crust. Fragmented rhyolitic rocks with flow-banded and perlitic textures also occur in the breccias, which were most likely formed by gas streaming from silicic magmas. Surface volcanic deposits related to this explosive activity are not recognised, due to the level of erosion.<br />
<br />
In Coire Mór, on the east side of the central complex, is an outcrop of generally unstratified volcaniclastic breccia containing subangular to rounded blocks of various Paleocene igneous rocks and Pre-Paleocene sedimentary rocks. Also present are large masses of flow-banded rhyolite. Similar material occurs at Barachandroman at the south side of Loch Spelve. The Coire Mór rocks were interpreted by Bailey et al. (1924) as surface accumulations and contemporaneous rhyolite lava flows, but Richey (1961) preferred a model of subsurface gas brecciation, akin to the explosion breccias of Sgurr Dearg.<br />
<br />
==== Early felsites ====<br />
<br />
The flow-banded Beinn Mheadhon, Torness and Creag na h-Iolaire felsites are approximately contemporaneous, and predate the emplacement of the explosion breccias. The Beinn Mheadhon Felsite is located outside the caldera-bounding fault, but the other two are inside (Figure28). The felsites are cut by younger basic intrusions (mainly cone-sheets) which obscure the original geometry.<br />
<br />
==== Early cone-sheets ====<br />
<br />
A set of early cone-sheets was emplaced into the Glas Bheinn and Derrynaculean granites, the explosion breccias and the early felsites. These cone-sheets are predominantly basic, although a small proportion of intermediate and silicic intrusions is also recognised. They dip inwards at approximately 45° towards a focal point below Beinn Chaisgidle and approach an aggregate thickness of 1000 m, with individual sheets up to 10 m thick. Consequently, significant central uplift will have occurred as a result of their emplacement. The main outcrop can be traced in an arcuate belt that runs from Glen Forsa in the north, close to Loch Spelve, and thence across Glen More to Derrynaculean (Figure 28).<br />
<br />
The precise timing of the emplacement of the intermediate and silicic intrusions relative to the dominant basic intrusions is unclear, although it is evident that they did overlap. This is confirmed by the presence of a number of composite (basic–silicic) cone-sheets. Movement of the fault defining the Early Caldera had ceased by the time the early cone-sheets were emplaced.<br />
<br />
==== Gabbros ====<br />
<br />
Gabbros Subsequent to cone-sheet emplacement, two large gabbroic bodies were intruded into the central complex: the Ben Buie Gabbro in the south-west, outside the main ring-fault, and the Beinn Bheag Gabbro inside the fault in the north-east quadrant of the centre. Emplacement of the magmas involved in the formation of the Bein Buie intrusion may have utilised the main ring-fault. However, Skelhorn and Longland (1969) suggested that the Ben Buie mass and possibly the Corra-bheinn Gabbro of Centre 2 were originally circular in plan, and that central subsidence has removed much of the intrusion(s) to a deeper structural level. Furthermore, the inward dips of the mineral layering in the Ben Buie Gabbro increase from about 15° to 20° near the intrusive contacts with earlier rocks, to angles in excess of 35° close to the main ring-fault on the east and north-east sides of the intrusion. The increased dips may have resulted from movement on the fault. The outer, south-eastern, margin of the Ben Buie Gabbro dips outwards at a shallow angle; however, the inward dipping nature of the modal layering of the intrusion may indicate that the base might be at no great depth. The chilled margin of the Ben Buie Gabbro is of tholeiitic basalt composition, akin to that of the Mull cone-sheets, further suggesting a genetic link (Skelhorn et al., 1979). The cumulate nature of the gabbros results in layers ranging in composition from olivine-dominated assemblages (peridotite), through typical olivine-gabbro assemblages, to plagioclase-dominated assemblages (troctolite and bytownite troctolite). Layers rich in chrome-spinel are common in the more ultrabasic lithologies (Henderson and Wood, 1981). Bailey et al. (1924) defined various facies based upon grain-size and mineral proportions within the Beinn Bheag Gabbro, together with a marginal facies veined with silicic material and a brecciated facies. Xenoliths are common throughout the intrusions, both cognate (peridotite, gabbro, troctolite, etc, essentially unaltered and not recrystallised) and granular-textured rocks, interpreted to be the products of thorough recrystallisation of earlier formed parts of the intrusion, or of country rock basaltic lavas. The two gabbro intrusions were subsequently invaded by various cone-sheets, basic through to silicic, which belong to Centre 2 (see below).<br />
<br />
==== Loch Uisg Granite–Gabbro Intrusion ====<br />
<br />
This intrusion consists of two discrete lithologies. The gabbroic component varies between an olivine-gabbro and an olivine-dolerite, whereas the granite has well-developed granophyric texture and is quite severely hydrothermally altered. The junction between the two comprises a zone of hybrid material formed by magma mixing. This asymmetical, composite intrusion appears to have the geometry of a flat-lying sheet emplaced into lavas, although at the western end of Loch Uisg the upper contact of the granite dips steeply to the north. At the eastern end of the intrusion, part of the roof is formed by volcaniclastic breccias, exposed at Barachandroman (see above), within which the more muddy rocks are thermally altered and thoroughly recrystallised. Emplacement of the Loch Uisg intrusion postdates the formation of the annular folds and the development of the explosion breccias of the Glen More Centre. The relationship with the early basic cone-sheets is less clear since the intrusion is cut by some sheets but in turn cuts others. Overall, the intrusion would seem to be a relatively late component of the Glen More Centre.<br />
<br />
=== Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre ===<br />
<br />
After the development of the Glen More Centre, the focus of igneous activity shifted several kilometres towards the north-west, to the area around Beinn Chaisgidle (Figure 29). Centre 2, also known as the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre, is dominated by thin, steeply inclined, outward-dipping ring-dyke intrusions varying in composition from basalt through to rhyolite, and inwardly inclined basalt and dolerite cone-sheets.<br />
<br />
==== Corra-beinn Gabbro ====<br />
<br />
The Corra-beinn Gabbro is the most westerly of the large gabbro masses in Mull, and is mainly, but not wholly, outside the main bounding fault of the Early Caldera. It contains layered structures that dip to the north-east at 25° to 80°. The gabbro may be a late member of Centre 1; however, since it truncates early basic cone-sheets that in turn intrude the Ben Buie Gabbro it is tentatively assigned to Centre 2.<br />
<br />
==== Ring-dykes ====<br />
<br />
The ring-dykes are typically of silicic composition, with steeply inclined margins. Thicknesses vary between 50 and 500 m. They range from relatively coarse-grained rocks such as granite, through to microgranite and rhyolite. Basic ring-dykes are much less common, and vary from gabbro through to dolerite. Some of the ring-dykes are composite, with a range in composition from silicic to basic, but without obvious internal contacts.<br />
<br />
==== Glen More Ring-dyke ====<br />
<br />
The Glen More Ring-dyke is probably the best known example of a steeply inclined, compositionally variable hybrid intrusion in the Hebridean Igneous Province. The ring-dyke crops out from the river in Glen More northwards to the summit of Cruach Choireadail, over a vertical distance of almost 500 m. It grades upwards in composition from olivine-gabbro through dioritic rocks to a somewhat melanocratic microgranite. The primary mineralogy has largely been replaced by secondary, hydrothermal minerals. It is perhaps the most useful of the Centre 2 intrusions to study in order to observe the processes of differentiation and ring-dyke formation. Bailey et al. (1924) and Koomans and Kuenen (1938) interpreted the vertical variation in composition as the product of in-situ differentiation by liquid–crystal fractionation, whereas others (Holmes, 1936; Fenner, 1937) concluded that the dioritic rocks resulted from the mixing of silicic and basic magmas (see Chapter 10).<br />
<br />
==== Cone-sheets ====<br />
<br />
Most commonly, the basic intrusions are inwardly inclined cone-sheets of basalt and dolerite, in some instances veined by remelted parts of the silicic ring-dykes that they intrude. The cone-sheets are usually less than 10 m thick and dip inwards, generally at 20° to 50°, towards a focal point beneath Beinn Chaisgidle. Thus, complicated relationships between typically silicic ring-dykes and the typically basic cone-sheets are found throughout Centre 2; these relationships are well developed in the Allt Molach stream section in Glen More.<br />
<br />
The final intrusive phase unambiguously associated with Centre 2 was the emplacement of the quartz-dolerites that make up the Late Basic Cone-sheets. Emplacement of these cone-sheets continued as the focus of intrusion migrated north-west towards Loch Bà and Centre 3 became established. Consequently, their emplacement also constitutes the earliest phase of intrusive activity associated with the youngest centre.<br />
<br />
=== Centre 3, the Loch Bà Centre ===<br />
<br />
Centre 3, also known as the Loch Bà Centre, was associated with the development of the Late Caldera (Figure 30).<br />
<br />
==== Late Basic Cone-sheets ====<br />
<br />
These cone-sheets were clearly emplaced during the latter stages of the development of Centre 2 and the earlier part of Centre 3, since plutonic intrusions belonging to both the centres truncate, and in turn are intruded by, cone-sheets belonging to this set. Those that are clearly associated with Centre 3 are symmetrically disposed about an axis trending north-west, parallel to the length of Loch Bà (Figure 30). In places, the density of cone-sheet emplacement is very high, with very little country rock preserved. Central uplift must have been significant.<br />
<br />
==== Glen Cannel Granite ====<br />
<br />
This granite was the first major silicic intrusion to be emplaced within Centre 3. The mildly alkaline granite forms an oval, dome-shaped mass with a north-west-trending long axis. The intrusion contains abundant gas cavities (druses) and is preserved predominantly within the subsided block inside the late-stage Loch Bà Ring-dyke. The granite cuts numerous Late Basic Cone-sheets within the central subsided block, but outwith the block, to the south-east, it is cut by similar cone-sheets. Thus, it appears that there was an overlap of the intrusive events, or that different intrusions make up the granite, or that more than one set of cone-sheets exists. The granite is partially roofed by volcaniclastic rocks, masses of quartz-dolerite and intrusive felsites. From the disposition of the felsites along the edges of the granite (Figure 30), they might be regarded as a chilled marginal facies were it not for exposures on the east side of Bìth Bheinn and Creag Dubh, south of Loch Bà, which show that the granite is in sharp intrusive contact with the felsites.<br />
<br />
==== Beinn a’ Ghraig and Knock granites ====<br />
<br />
The Beinn à Ghraig Granite is located outside the Loch Bà Ring-dyke along its north-west margin. It is of similar petrographic type to that of Glen Cannel, but is considered to be younger as it cuts Late Basic Cone-sheets on Beinn a’ Ghraig, but is itself cut by only one or two cone-sheets. The Knock Granite is of similar age, taking the form of a steep-sided, elongate mass, 50 to 300m wide, separated from the north-west margin of the Beinn a’ Ghraig intrusion by a screen of hornfelsed basaltic lavas. Similar, most likely related, granitic, dioritic and hybrid ring-intrusions occur to the north-east of Loch Bà, in the vicinity of Toll Doire, Maol Buidhe and Killbeg. Although the country-rock lavas have been invaded by the Late Basic Cone-sheets, and are hornfelsed, they do not appear to have been significantly folded or faulted. This suggests the relatively passive emplacement of the granitic magmas, probably by a combination of subsidence and stoping.<br />
<br />
==== Loch Bà Ring-dyke ====<br />
<br />
This ring-dyke is the final major silicic intrusion of the Loch Bà Centre. It has an external diameter of about 8 km and a width varying from 400 m down to zero in those areas where the trace of the ring-fault is marked only by brecciation of the country rocks. In general, the ring-dyke walls are close to vertical, although steep outward dips occur along the north-west portion. The Loch Bà Ring-dyke is cut by late members of the north-west-trending regional dyke swarm, but is unique amongst the major intrusions of the Mull Central Complex in being entirely free of cone-sheets.<br />
<br />
The intrusion was first described by Bailey et al. (1924) and its petrology and origin have subsequently been investigated by Walker and Skelhorn (1966) and by Sparks (1988). The later studies recognised the hybrid nature of the intrusion, involving dominant silicic rock (rhyolite with sparse phenocrysts of sodic plagioclase, sanidine, hedenbergite, fayalite, magnetite, ilmenite and zircon) containing inclusions (typically less than 10 cm long) of phenocryst-poor basic material ranging in composition from ferrobasalt through to dacite. The inclusions constitute less than 10 per cent of the ring-dyke, are commonly glassy, and range in shape from rounded to lenticular, the latter with distinctive ragged ends. The rhyolite is partially devitrified with an obvious flow banding and the preservation of fiamme (eutaxitic texture) is indicative of a pyroclastic origin. Given the glassy, hybrid nature of the intrusion, even where it is 400 m wide, and the development of textures typical of welded tuff, it is evident that its emplacement involved mixing of magmas during the eruption of pyroclastic material (Chapter 10). Space for this intrusion was most likely created by the combined action of gas brecciation and central subsidence, by a relatively small distance, of the pre-existing block inside the ring-dyke.<br />
<br />
== Structure of the lava fields ==<br />
<br />
The detailed stratigraphy of the Mull Lava Field has not been determined (Table 10), and therefore only the broad outline of the structure is known. The lavas of north-west Mull, Ulva, the Ardmeanach peninsula and the eastern part of the Ross of Mull, and the thick Ben More succession are generally flat-lying or dip gently, although evolved lavas south-east of Ben More are involved in folding associated with the emplacement of the central complex (see below). Away from the central complex, the base of the lavas crops out in the south at Carsaig Bay, in the west at Gribun and in the north at intervals on the coast between Tobermory and Bloody Bay. This may indicate that the lavas form a broad north-north-west-trending syncline in north-west Mull. Several north-north-west- to north-west-trending faults occur on the island of Ulva, towards the western end of the Ardmeanach peninsula and south of Loch Scridain. On the Ross of Mull, near Ardtun, the Paleocene lava outcrop terminates at the west-north-west-trending Loch Assapol Fault, where they are thrown down against Moine metasedimentary rocks.<br />
<br />
=== Structures associated with the central complexes ===<br />
<br />
One of the most notable structural features of the Hebridean Igneous Province is the set of concentric folds that almost encircle the Glen More and Beinn Chaisgidle centres on Mull (Bailey et al., 1924). The folds are developed in the surrounding older lava sequence and the various subjacent pre-Paleocene rocks. They include the Loch Spelve and Loch Don anticlines and the Duart Bay and Coire Mòr synclines (Figure 27). South of Loch Don, Dalradian metalimestones and phyllites form the core of a north-trending anticline, flanked successively by late-Silurian andesitic lavas, Lower and Middle Jurassic sandstones and mudstones, and Paleocene lavas. These major structures continue to the north and north-west, where Jurassic rocks form the core of the Craignure Anticline as far as Craignure Bay, with Moine rocks exposed in the core between Craignure Bay and Scallastle Bay. Elsewhere, the folding generally involves Paleocene basaltic lavas and, on the eastern flanks of Ben More, mugearites near the top of the lava succession. It is suggested that the folds formed in response to the early intrusive events in the central complex, but their age is not well understood. Furthermore, the area enclosed by the folds is domed and the folds may owe their origin to gravity-driven movement as the dome developed. From evidence in the Loch Don area, it has been suggested that doming and folding were initiated prior to eruption of the Paleocene lavas (Cheeney, 1962;Walker, 1975a), but Bailey (1962) considered the evidence to be inconclusive. Near Sgurr Dearg, the folds are crosscut by, and thus predate, volcaniclastic breccias of the central complex.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
BAILEY, E B. 1962. Early Tertiary fold movements in Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 99, 478–479.<br />
<br />
BAILEY, E B, CLOUGH, C T, WRIGHT, W B, RICHEY, J E, and WILSON, G V. 1924. [https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/Memoirs/docs/B01951.html Tertiary and Post-Tertiary geology of Mull, Loch Aline, and Oban.] Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 44 (Scotland).<br />
<br />
BOULTER, M C, and KVACEK, Z. 1989. The Palaeocene flora of the Isle of Mull. Palaeontological Association Special Papers in Palaeontology, No. 42.<br />
<br />
BREARLEY, A J. 1986. An electron optical study of muscovite breakdown in pelitic xenoliths during pyrometamorphism. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 50, 385–397.<br />
<br />
CHAMBERS, L M, and FITTON, J G. 2000. Geochemical transitions in the ancestral Iceland plume: evidence from the Isle of Mull Tertiary volcano, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 157, 261–263.<br />
<br />
CHEENEY,R F. 1962. Early Tertiary fold movements in Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 99, 227–232.<br />
<br />
DAGLEY, P, MUSSETT, A E, and SKELHORN, A R. 1987. Polarity stratigraphy and duration of the Mull Tertiary igneous activity. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 144, 966–985.<br />
<br />
DEMPSTER, T J, PRESTON, R J, and BELL, B R. 1999. The origin of Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites: evidence from interactions between crustal xenoliths and basaltic magma. Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 156, 41–46.<br />
<br />
EMELEUS, C H, ALLWRIGHT, A E, KERR, A C, and WILLIAMSON, I T. 1996a. Red tuffs in the Palaeocene lava successions of the Inner Hebrides. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 32, 83–89.<br />
<br />
EMELEUS, C H. 1991. Tertiary igneous activity. 455–502 in Geology of Scotland. Third edition. CRAIG,GY (editor).(London:The Geological Society.)<br />
<br />
FENNER, C N. 1937. A view of magmatic differentiation. Journal of Geology, Vol. 45, 158–168.<br />
<br />
FYFE, J A, LONG, D, and EVANS, D. 1993. United Kingdom offshore regional report: the geology of the Malin–Hebrides sea area. (London: HMSO for the British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
HALLIDAY, A N, AFTALION, M, VAN BREEMEN, O, and JOCELYN, J. 1979. Petrogenetic significance of Rb-Sr and U-Pb isotopic systems in the 400 Ma old British Isles granitoids and their hosts. 653–661 in Caledonides of the British Isles — reviewed. HARRIS, A L, HOLLAND, C H, and LEAKE, B E (editors). Special Publication of the Geological Society of London, No. 8.<br />
<br />
HESSELBO, S P, OATES, M J, and JENKYNS, H C. 1998. The lower Lias Group of the Hebrides Basin. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 34, 23–60.<br />
<br />
HOLMES, A. 1936. The idea of contrasted differentiation. Geological Magazine, Vol. 73, 228–238.<br />
<br />
JOHNSTONE, G S, and MYKURA, W. 1989. British Regional Geology: the Northern Highlands of Scotland. (Fourth edition) (Edinburgh: HMSO for British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
KERR, A C. 1995a. The geochemistry of the Mull–Morvern lava succession, NW Scotland: an assessment of mantle sources during plume-related volcanism. Chemical Geology, Vol. 122, 43–58.<br />
<br />
KERR, A C. 1995b. The geochemical stratigraphy, field relations and temporal variation of the Mull–Morvern lava succession, NW Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, Vol. 86, 35–47.<br />
<br />
KILLE, I C, THOMPSON, R N, MORRISON, M A, and THOMPSON, R F. 1986. Field evidence for turbulence during flow of basaltic magma through conduits from southwest Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 123, 693–697.<br />
<br />
KOOMANS C, and KUENEN, P H. 1938. On the differentiation of the Glen More ring-dyke, Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 75, 145–160.<br />
<br />
PRESTON, R J, and BELL, B R. 1997. Cognate gabbroic xenoliths from a tholeiitic subvolcanic sill complex: implications for fractional crystallization and crustal contamination processes. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 61, 329–349.<br />
<br />
PRESTON, R J, BELL, B R, and ROGERS, G. 1998a. The Loch Scridain sill complex, Isle of Mull, Scotland: fractional crystallization, assimilation, magma-mixing and crustal anatexis in sub-volcanic conduits. Journal of Petrology, Vol. 39, 519–550.<br />
<br />
RICHEY, J E, and THOMAS, H H. 1930. The geology of Ardnamurchan, north-west Mull and Coll. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 51 and part of Sheet 52 (Scotland).<br />
<br />
RICHEY, J E. 1961. British Regional Geology, Scotland: the Tertiary volcanic districts. Third edition, revised by MACGREGOR, A G, and ANDERSON, F W.(Edinburgh: HMSO for British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
SKELHORN, R R, and LONGLAND, P J N. 1969. The Tertiary igneous geology of the Isle of Mull. Geologists’ Association Guide, No. 20. (Colchester: Benham &amp; Co.)<br />
<br />
SKELHORN, R R, HENDERSON, P, WALSH, J N, and LONGLAND, P J N. 1979. The chilled margin of the Ben Buie layered gabbro, Isle of Mull. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 15, 161–167.<br />
<br />
SPARKS, R S J. 1988. Petrology of the Loch Ba ring dyke, Mull (NW Scotland): an example of the extreme differentiation of tholeiitic magmas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 100, 446–461.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J. 1974a. New Red Sandstone piedmont and floodplain sedimentation in the Hebridean province, Scotland. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 44, 336–357.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J. 1974b. Cornstone (fossil caliche) — its origin, stratigraphy and sedimentological importance in the New Red Sandstone, western Scotland. Journal of Geology, Vol. 82, 351–369.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J, NICHOLSON, R, and KALANDER, L. 1975. Triassic sedimentation and palaeogeography in central Skye. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 11, 1–13.<br />
<br />
THOMPSON, R N, MORRISON, M A, DICKIN, A P, GIBSON, I L, and HARMON, R S. 1986. Two contrasting styles of interaction between basaltic magma and continental crust in the British Tertiary Volcanic Province. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 91 (B6), 5985–5997.<br />
<br />
UPTON, B G J. 1988. History of Tertiary igneous activity in the N Atlantic borderlands. 429–454 in Early Tertiary volcanism and the opening of the NE Atlantic. MORTON, A C, and PARSON, L M (editors). Geological Society of London Special Publication, No. 39.<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L. 1971. The distribution of amygdale minerals in Mull and Morvern (Western Scotland). 181–194 in Studies in earth sciences: a volume in honour of William Dixon West. MURTY, TVV G R K, and RAO, S S(editors).(New Delhi: Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers.)<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L, and SKELHORN, R R. 1966. Some associations of acid and basic intrusions. Earth Science Reviews, Vol. 2, 93–109.<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L. 1975a. A new concept in the evolution of the British Tertiary intrusive centres. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 131, 121–142.</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Geology_of_Mull_-_an_outline&diff=58757
Geology of Mull - an outline
2023-07-19T11:41:29Z
<p>Scotfot: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Geology of Mull - Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland ==<br />
<br />
[[File:P915396.jpg|thumbnail|Table 10 Mineralogical and petrographical characteristics of the principal lava types of the Hebridean Igneous Province. ]]<br />
[[File:P915401.jpg|thumbnail|Table 15 The Mull Lava Group. ]]<br />
[[File:P914125.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 7 Upper Cretaceous of the Inner Hebrides Group, exposed at the south-east corner of Beinn Iadain, Morvern (after Mortimore et al., 2001, fig.6.29). The thick sandstones of the Loch Aline White Sandstone and Morvern Greensand formations are obscured beneath steep grassy slopes at X and Y, respectively. Age of the deposits: A Lavas of Paleocene age; B Beinn Iadain Formation, generally assumed to be of Paleocene age; D Judd (1878) recorded Belemnitella (Campanian) from the Chalk, but the exact horizon is uncertain; E Sponges dated as Santonian; F undated, generally considered to be Turonian (but may be Cenomanian; Braley,1990); G probably upper Cenomanian; H probably middle Cenomanian (compare with similar, better dated, site in Northern Ireland); I uncertain, possibly lower Cenomanian; J Lias and Permo-Triassic rocks seen in track section leading to Beinn Iadain ]]<br />
[[File:P914131.png|thumbnail|Figure 13 Hydrothermal circulation in and around the Mull Central Complex. Diagrammatic cross-section showing the hydrothermal mineral zones in the lava succession and the superimposed alteration zones developed about the central complex in response to the circulation of heated meteoric water (based on Walker, 1971;Taylor and Forester, 1971; Bell and Williamson, 2002). From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P914146.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 27 Principal components of the Mull Central Complex. ]]<br />
[[File:P914147.png|thumbnail|Figure 28 Mull Central Complex: Centre 1, the Glen More Centre and early Caldera]]<br />
[[File:P914148.png|thumbnail|Figure 29 Mull Central Complex: Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre. From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P914149.png|thumbnail|Figure 30 Mull Central Complex: Centre 3, the Loch Bà Centre and the Late Caldera. From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P532641.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 4 Pre-Paleocene strata and Paleocene lavas at Creag a’Ghaill, Gribun, western Mull. Platy-jointed psammites of the Moine, Upper Shiba Psammite Formation (Morar Group) are overlain unconformably by Triassic basal conglomerates and sandstones. Upper Triassic strata consist of calcareous sandstones with carbonate concretions (cornstones), and the overlying sandy limestones of the Rhaetian Penarth Group are cut by basaltic sills of Paleocene age. Upper Cretaceous silicified limestone is largely obscured by scree and Paleocene basalt lavas form the upper cliffs.The top of the upper cliff is about 260 m elevation. (Photomosaic: B G J Upton; P532641.)]]<br />
[[File:P580464.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 13 Tholeiitic basalt lava resting on bedded volcaniclastic deposits, Isle of Staffa. A classic example of a lava divided into a lower, columnar jointed ‘colonnade’ and an upper irregular ‘entablature’ (see text). Scale: the cliff is about 35 m in height (P580464).]]<br />
[[File:P580465.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 15 Trap featuring in the basalt lava succession of Ardmeanach, western Mull (P580465).]]<br />
[[File:P580468.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 18 Plate 18 MacCulloch’s Tree; the cast of a large conifer (Taxodioxylon) encased in columnar basalt lava. Small amounts of charcoal are preserved in places at the margins. Ardmeanach, western Mull (P580468).]]<br />
[[File:P580473.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 22 Quartzite xenolith in basalt sill, Loch Scridain, south-western Mull. Hammer shaft is 30 cm (P580473).]]<br />
<br />
Text compiled from: [https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/Memoirs/docs/B06059.html The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland] British regional geology Fourth Edition by C H Emeleus B R Bell Contributor: D Stephenson<br />
<br />
== Moine Supergroup ==<br />
<br />
Rocks of the Glenfinnan Group are found at many localities around the margins of the Mull Central Complex, for example in the core of the Craignure Anticline and beneath the Mesozoic rocks on the coast south of Gribun. Screens of Moine rocks occur between inclined sheets and other minor intrusions in eastern Mull. Outside of the Mull Central Complex, fragments of Moine lithologies, including megablocks up to 100 m across, are common in vent infills and in other volcaniclastic rocks (Bailey et al., 1924, fig. 29). Numerous xenoliths of severely altered Moine rocks are present in the Loch Scridain Sill-complex. On the Ross of Mull, Moine rocks, possibly of both the Glenfinnan and Morar groups, crop out south of the Loch Assapol Fault where they are intruded by the late-Caledonian, Ross of Mull Pluton. From the distribution of rocks of the Moine Supergroup on Mull, it is evident that the central complex is underlain by, and intruded into, these rocks.<br />
<br />
== Dalradian Supergroup ==<br />
<br />
Grey phyllitic to slaty semipelite and black metalimestone belonging to the Appin Group (possibly the Blair Atholl Subgroup) of the Dalradian form the core of the Loch Don Anticline in eastern Mull. They are separated from Moine rocks on Mull by a continuation of the Great Glen Fault.<br />
<br />
== Caledonian igneous rocks ==<br />
<br />
The Ross of Mull Pluton comprises a number of granitic bodies with a Rb-Sr age of about 414 Ma (Halliday et al., 1979); it intrudes and thermally metamorphoses the Moine metasedimentary rocks of south-west Mull. Cordierite-sillimanite hornfelses have developed from kyanite-bearing pelitic rocks adjacent to the granite and occur as xenoliths. Within the intrusion, the intricate relationships found between quartz-diorite, granite and basic enclaves suggest the co-existence and interaction of basic and silicic magmas.<br />
<br />
Minor intrusions of Caledonian age include various felsic types and lamprophyres. The felsic dykes are most common in the vicinity of the Ross of Mull Pluton, and near the Strontian Pluton east of the Morvern lava pile (Johnstone and Mykura, 1989). The Ross of Mull granites have been extensively quarried (p. 173).<br />
<br />
== Old Red Sandstone ==<br />
<br />
Basaltic and andesitic lavas belonging to the Lower Old Red Sandstone Lorn Plateau Volcanic Formation crop out in the core of the Loch Don Anticline in south-east Mull. Conglomerates and marly sandstones, possibly of similar age, occur on Frank Lockwood’s Island, south-east of Loch Buie in southern Mull.<br />
<br />
== Intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age ==<br />
<br />
Minor intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age are widespread through the southern Highlands and extend into the western Highlands and Islands. There are two main suites: Stephanian tholeiitic rocks and Visean to Early Permian alkali basalts and lamprophyres.<br />
<br />
At Gribun in western Mull, Moine rocks are intruded by a dyke of olivine nephelinite exposed at low water which contains a suite of xenoliths and megacrysts of lower crustal and possibly upper mantle origin (Upton et al., 1998). This dyke is similar to numerous other xenolith-bearing intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age in the western Highlands and Islands and the Midland Valley. The xenoliths and xenocrysts found in these intrusions have furnished valuable information about the nature of the Lower Crust and Upper Mantle at the start of the Mesozoic (e. g. Upton et al., 1998).<br />
<br />
== Triassic ==<br />
<br />
Many of the New Red Sandstone occurrences mentioned below are assigned to the Triassic on grounds of lithology, unconformable relationships with older rocks, or a conformable one with overlying, fossiliferous Jurassic strata. Fossils are rare in all but the highest of these beds. In the Hebridean area, the New Red Sandstone sequences are thought to belong to the Upper Triassic and accumulated during the earliest stages of basin formation (''Steel 1974a, b; Steel et al., 1975'').<br />
<br />
Up to about 60 m of conglomerate, sandstone and cornstone are found at Gribun and on Inch Kenneth in western Mull, where the striking unconformity with the underlying Moine rocks is exposed on the foreshore and in cliff sections (Plate 4). Clasts of Moine rocks, cherty fossiliferous limestone (Cambro-Ordovician Durness Group), red feldspathic sandstone (Torridonian), vein-quartz, quartzite, granite and rare, red andesitic porphyry (?Siluro-Devonian) indicate both local and quite distant provenance for these beds. Upper Triassic miospores have been recovered from beds near the top of the Gribun succession that also contain indistinct bivalve remains. The uppermost beds are sandy limestones of Rhaetian age, which contain fish scales and bivalves (e. g. ''Cardinia'' sp., ''Chlamys valoniensis'', ''Protocardia rhaetica'', ''Rhaetavicula contorta''). In eastern Mull, Triassic conglomerates and sandstones are exposed in the cores of the anticlines that surround the central complex, from Craignure to Loch Don and Loch Spelve. In addition, there are extensive sandstone outcrops on the west shore of Loch Spelve, which extend up Glen Lussa, where the Triassic rocks occur in screens between inclined basic sheets. Clasts in the conglomerates are mainly quartzite and vein-quartz, but pebbles of Moine rocks are abundant locally where these lithologies are in situ nearby. Small outcrops of Triassic strata are also found within the central complex, where their steep dips indicate considerable disturbance by the Paleocene intrusions.<br />
<br />
== Jurassic ==<br />
<br />
=== Lower Jurassic ===<br />
<br />
With the exception of small outcrops of limestone, calcareous mudstone and sandstone on the west coast at Aird na h-Iolaire, and beds of the Blue Lias and Pabay Shale formations at and near Tobermory, Jurassic rocks are restricted to the east and south of the island. They crop out in the cores of anticlines marginal to the Mull Central Complex, from Scallastle Bay almost to Loch Spelve, in many places on the east coast from Loch Don to Loch Buie, and also at Carsaig Bay. The beds range in age from Hettangian through to Bajocian (Mid Jurassic; garantiana Zone) and contain a moderately abundant marine fauna. Near Port nam Marbh, there is a fairly continuous succession from the uppermost 30 m of the Pabay Shale Formation, represented by slightly calcareous siltstones with abundant ''Gryphaea cymbium'' and ''Pecten aequivalvis'', to the Bajocian. At Torosay, the Pabay Shale Formation contains the Torosay Sandstone Member, which is over 20 m thick and is cross-bedded in places (Hesselbo et al., 1998).<br />
<br />
== Middle Jurassic ==<br />
<br />
About 30 m of sandy limestone and calcareous sandstone of the Bearreraig Sandstone Formation are capped by 1 to 2 m of siltstone of the Great Estuarine Group on the east coast at Port na Marbh, south-east Mull. Similar beds crop out fairly continuously beneath the lavas on the west limb of the Loch Don Anticline, and discontinuously on the east limb as far as Duart Bay. On the Ardnamurchan peninsula, Middle Jurassic rocks are limited to massive sandstones and subordinate limestones of the Bearreraig Sandstone Formation exposed in screens amongst the basalt sheets on Maol Buidhe and at Sròn Beag. Despite the effect of thermal metamorphism, typical Aalenian fossils have been obtained from these rocks (Richey and Thomas, 1930).<br />
<br />
=== Upper Jurassic (and upper part of the Callovian) ===<br />
<br />
A small outcrop of baked blue shale just west of Duart Bay has yielded ammonites and other fossils of Kimmeridgian age (mutabilis Zone).<br />
<br />
= Cretaceous =<br />
<br />
At Gribun, Cenomanian glauconitic sandstone (6 m thick) is overlain by 3 m of white sandstone and 3 m of silicified chalk with flints (possiby Santonian). The chalk is overlain by breccia containing angular pebbles and cobbles of silicified chalk, sandstone with chert nodules, and 2 m of weakly bedded, red mudstone. The beds above the chalk have been formally designated the Gribun Conglomerate Formation by Hancock (2000), but have been equated with the Clach Alasdair Conglomerate Member and Beinn Iadain Mudstone Formation by Mortimore et al. (2001). The succession is overlain by Paleocene lavas (Plate 4). A rich bivalve fauna is known from the glauconitic sandstone, including ''Rhynchonella'', ''Exogyra conica'', and ''Pecten asper''. ''Ostrea'' and ''Pecten'' have been found in the chalk. Glauconitic sandstone occurs at Auchnacraig, south of Loch Don, and also at Carsaig where it reaches about 13 m, its greatest thickness in the district.<br />
<br />
== Palaeogene lava fields and associated sedimentary rocks ==<br />
<br />
=== Lava sequences ===<br />
<br />
==== Mull Lava Group ====<br />
<br />
The Mull Lava Group crops out throughout north and west Mull, together with the coastal parts of south Mull (around the margin of the younger Mull Central Complex) and the various offshore islands to the west, including Ulva, Gometra, the Treshnish Islands and Staffa. The successions of flat-lying lavas form substantial mountains, such as Ben More, and commonly develop strong trap featuring (Plate 15). The lavas on the Morvern peninsula, east of Mull, are considered to belong to the Mull Lava Group, as do the lavas east of Ben Hiant, Ardnamurchan, and probably also the isolated outcrops on the south coast of the Ardnamurchan peninsula. Offshore lavas, which extend beneath the Sea of the Hebrides to the Skerryvore Fault, are most likely part of the Mull Lava Group. These flows are probably contemporaneous with flows of the Eigg Lava Formation, which they join in a northern, submarine extension (Fyfe et al., 1993; (Figure 9); Chapter 5).<br />
<br />
There has been no detailed regional mapping of the Mull Lava Field since the time of the original survey (Bailey et al., 1924). This account therefore relies to some extent on the synthesis of Richey (1961), together with observations made during the last thirty-five years (e. g. Kerr, 1995b). The lava stratigraphy has been rationalised here, in keeping with that used for the other lava sequences (Table 15).<br />
<br />
The remains of the Mull Lava Field as presently exposed, cover an area of about 840 km<sup>2</sup> on Mull and Morvern (Emeleus, 1991). The total preserved thickness of lavas on Mull is estimated to be about 1800 m (including an estimated 900 m of olivine-poor tholeiitic basalt lavas now largely within the Mull Central Complex). On the Morvern peninsula, the sequence is about 460 m thick but the lowest lavas thin towards the north (Bailey et al., 1924) and are overstepped by subsequent flows. A thin, laterally continuous sequence of Upper Cretaceous rocks underlies the lavas of Morvern except in the extreme east and north-east of the lava field, where the flows rest directly on pre-Cretaceous rocks (Triassic sandstones and gneisses of the Moine Supergroup). The marginal portion of the lava field was therefore erupted onto, and possibly terminated against, a land surface with a significant topographical relief. The north-west-trending Assapol Fault, in south-west Mull, defines the present-day south-west margin of the lava field.<br />
<br />
The volcanic succession on Mull (Table 15) is divided into the Staffa Lava Formation at the base, overlain by the Mull Plateau Lava Formation that consists of the Ben More Main Member and the overlying Ben More Pale Member; these were formerly named, respectively as the Staffa, Main and Pale ‘suites’, of the Plateau Group (e. g. Bailey et al., 1924; Richey, 1961). The Mull Central Lava Formation crops out principally within the Mull Central Complex, and consists of olivine-poor tholeiitic basalt lavas.<br />
<br />
The sequence built up by the effusion of lavas, predominantly from north-west-trending fissures now represented by the Mull Dyke Swarm. Pauses in the volcanic activity were more common during eruption of the lower part of the succession. They are marked by the development of laterally discontinuous sequences of conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and coal. However, unlike the lava piles elsewhere in the Hebridean Igneous Province, the current subdivisions of the Mull lavas are based on lithological changes in the lavas and do not always depend on the presence of interflow sedimentary sequences.<br />
<br />
Zeolite minerals are common throughout the lavas. These have been shown to have a depth-related distribution (Walker 1971; (Figure 12), similar to the zonal distribution found in Icelandic lavas. The highest zone is characterised by laumontite and overlies a mesolite zone. Based on comparisons with Icelandic zones, it is estimated that the lavas in the vicinity of Ben More were originally over 2200m in thickness, of which about 1000m is preserved. A distinct zone characterised by carbonate minerals occurs in the lavas near Tobermory and in north-west Morvern, becoming wider northwards towards Ben Hiant on Ardnamurchan. It has been tentatively suggested that the carbonate may have been deposited by circulating heated waters from the Ardnamurchan Central Complex (Walker, 1971). The Mull Central Complex is surrounded by a zone of pneumatolysis, which is superimposed on the depth-related zeolite zones (Figure 13).<br />
<br />
=== Staffa Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The basal part of the volcanic sequence on Mull and locally on Ardnamurchan is marked by the development of a laterally persistent mudstone, the Gribun Mudstone Member, commonly less than 1 m thick, but thicker at several localities. In Morvern it is known locally as the Beinn Iadain Mudstone Formation (Figure 7). Near Feorlin Cottage at Carsaig, Mull, the mudstone occurs within cavities that developed on the surface of chalk (of possible Turonian age). On the Croggan peninsula south of Loch Buie, at An Garradh, the member consists of about 6 m of buff-coloured calcareous mudstone (marl) and is thought to represent a more aluminous equivalent. These features, together with certain petrographical characteristics (for example the presence of quartz grains), suggest that the mudstone is the product of extreme lateritic weathering of a basaltic ash, which was deposited prior to the effusion of the overlying lavas. The quartz grains were possibly derived from Cenomanian sandstones and introduced either by alluvial or aeolian processes.<br />
<br />
At Malcolm’s Point, on the south coast of the Ross of Mull, sedimentary rocks may represent a useful lithostratigraphical marker at the base of the Staffa Lava Formation and above an older, distinctive group of non-columnar flows. The sedimentary sequence comprises a thin carbonaceous mudstone overlain by an upward-fining fluviatile conglomerate–sandstone sequence containing rounded flints (derived from the Turonian Chalk deposits) and more angular fragments of basalt. The sequence is capped by a thin fissile mudstone. The main part of the Staffa Lava Formation comprises a distinctive sequence of tholeiitic basalt flows (defining the Staffa Magma-type or sub-type of Thompson et al. 1986; see Chapter 10). The flows crop out around the sea cliffs of south-west Mull, for example on the Ross of Mull at Malcolm’s Point and Ardtun, at Burg and The Wilderness on the Ardmeanach peninsula, and on Staffa where they overlie hyaloclastite deposits (Plate 13). Flows of the Staffa Lava Formation also crop out at Bloody Bay, north of Tobermory. Significantly, the formation does not occur everywhere at the base of the lava pile; for example it is absent at Beinn na h-Iolaire in west Mull and throughout the Morvern peninsula (Kerr, 1995b).<br />
<br />
Fluvial systems that developed between the eruptions deposited largely clastic sedimentary sequences that are collectively termed the Ardtun Conglomerate Member. These include laterally discontinuous conglomerate–sandstone sequences such as those at Ardtun on the north coast of the Ross of Mull, and laterally equivalent, overbank or lacustrine facies that give rise to siltstone–mudstone–coal–limestone sequences, well preserved on the south coast of the Ross of Mull (Boulter and Kvacek, 1989). The most distinctive field characteristic of flows of the Staffa Lava Formation is the development of typically near-vertical columnar jointing, as exemplified by the Fingal’s Cave Flow on Staffa (Plate 13). The locally restricted nature of most flows, with columnar joints that in some instances are near-horizontal, is suggestive of cooling against steep-sided walls of palaeovalleys that cut through a dissected plateau. On the Ardmeanach peninsula, a pillowed facies indicates that the MacCulloch’s Tree flow erupted into shallow water. The flow is underlain by interbedded hyaloclastite breccias, together with dark mudstones and siltstones that contain fragments of carbonaceous material (wood), in a fine-grained matrix. The preservation of a cast of an upright tree, ‘MacCulloch’s Tree’ (Plate18) is the most remarkable feature of the flow, with columnar jointing becoming severely contorted as it approaches the vertical surface of the trunk.<br />
<br />
=== Mull Plateau Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The most complete and relatively simplest succession occurs at Ben More, where both the Ben More Main Member and the Ben More Pale Member are present (Table 15). This succession has been the subject of detailed geochemical examination (Kerr, 1995a; Chambers and Fitton, 2000; Chapter 10).<br />
<br />
The Ben More Main Member occurs throughout west Mull, as well as on the Morvern peninsula. Reddened, weathered tops to flows, attributable to subaerial weathering, are relatively common, although interflow clastic sedimentary sequences have not been noted to any significant extent. Certain of the reddened deposits on top of flows have been identified as ashy deposits, probably reworked by stream action (Emeleus et al., 1996a). The member is composed of randomly interleaved flows of olivine basalt and hawaiite, together with rarer picrobasalts, mugearites, benmoreites and trachytes. Certain flows, especially the hawaiites and mugearites, are plagioclase macroporphyritic (the Big Feldspar Basalts of Bailey et al., 1924).<br />
<br />
Little detailed information is available about the structure and stratigraphy of the Ben More Main Member. Below, two localities are briefly described, in order to indicate some of the complexities and subtleties that are recognised.<br />
<br />
The sequence of flows that forms the coastal cliffs at Laggan Bay, near Ulva Ferry, banked up against, and eventually overstepped, a thick heterogeneous accumulation of basaltic ashes, volcaniclastic breccias and debris flow deposits. These most likely mark the site of a vent that penetrated the lava pile relatively early in the development of the Ben More Main Member. The majority of the clasts within the breccia are of basalt and hawaiite; however, rare but conspicuous angular fragments of Moine psammite and Turonian flint can be identified, indicating that material from the subjacent crust has been transported upwards by the magmas or eroded from surface outcrops.<br />
<br />
On the west side of the Quinish peninsula, in north Mull, a remarkably well-preserved lava flow crops out for a distance of at least 800 m along the coast between the high and low water lines. The flow preserves both casts (in basalt) and moulds of tree trunks and possibly branches, most of which are flat-lying, and the majority of which trend north-east–south-west. The upper portion of the underlying lava is severely lateritised, representing the soil in which the trees grew. The flow is remarkably well preserved, with surface features and internal structures more typically seen in active volcanic areas, for example, ropy pahoehoe structures, shell-like pahoehoe crusts, and basal or marginal breccias. The remarkable state of preservation of the flow and the presence of fossil trees are taken as clear indication that the Quinish lava was erupted after a significant hiatus in the volcanic activity, and was itself rapidly buried by the succeeding flow.<br />
<br />
The Ben More Pale Member crops out around the summit of Ben More, close to the western margin of the Mull Central Complex and, consequently, has been subjected to intense hydrothermal alteration and metasomatism. It overlies the Ben More Main Member, although no sharp boundary has been identified; rather, there is an interdigitation between the two members, over an interval of a few flows, with the increasing preponderance of pale-weathering flows, up sequence. The pale weathering flows are generally of relatively evolved composition, typified by benmoreites (type locality, first identified by Tilley and Muir, 1964). The lower part of the Ben More Pale Member consists predominantly of mugearite, benmoreite and trachyte. The lavas showing the most evolved compositions are typified in the field by a platy jointing and general fissility, and occur in the middle part of the member. The uppermost part of the member marks a return to significantly less-evolved olivine basalt flows (Kerr, 1995a). Intercalated with the lavas are thin sedimentary deposits; on the north side of Ben More, a benmoreite flow is underlain by 30 to 60 cm of fissile black mudstone containing abundant fragments of benmoreite; a similar deposit at the same stratigraphical level occurs on the east side of A’ Chioch. South of the summit of Ben More, Bailey et al. (1924) recorded about 3 m of brecciated black mudstone with plant remains overlying a mugearite flow.<br />
<br />
=== Mull Central Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The Mull Central Lava Formation consists of tholeiitic basalt flows that crop out in small areas within the Mull Central Complex and possibly around its margins, where they overlie the Mull Plateau Lava Formation. The formation is about 900 m thick, and many of the lavas may have been erupted within a water-filled caldera, forming a thick succession of pillowed flows. This is the South-east Caldera or Early Caldera of Bailey et al. (1924); the structure is about 10 km in diameter, and is thought to have developed as a consequence of the summit collapse of a central vent volcano on a site now occupied by the Mull Central Complex. Subsequent intrusive activity within the central complex has dismembered the intrusions. Another caldera was also recognised, the so-called North-west Caldera (Bailey et al., 1924, plate III), but flows of the Mull Central Lava Formation within this structure are not pillowed. Throughout the formation, intense hydrothermal alteration has led to severe changes to the primary mineralogy of many of the lavas, with the development of abundant secondary epidote and prehnite, commonly replacing primary minerals, but also in fracture-filling vein systems.<br />
<br />
Within the South-east Caldera, Bailey et al. (1924) recognised three zones within the formation (Table 15), but complications due to subsequent structural and intrusive events prevent the thicknesses of these zones being defined. Pillowed flows are restricted to the Outer Zone and Middle Zone. On the basis of the significant thicknesses of pillow lavas still preserved, Bailey et al. (1924) argued that there must have been successive subsidence of the caldera floor.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the lavas of distinctive tholeiitic basalt composition were not always contained by the caldera wall. It is envisaged that some were able to flow outwards, presumably down the flanks of the volcanic superstructure, and possibly to interdigitate with flows of the Mull Plateau Lava Formation that had been erupted from fissure systems.<br />
<br />
== Dykes, dyke swarms and volcanic plugs ==<br />
<br />
== Sills and sill-complexes ==<br />
<br />
=== Loch Scridan Sill-complex ===<br />
<br />
The Loch Scridain Sill-complex intrudes the Moine basement, the Mesozoic sedimentary sequence and the overlying Paleocene lavas in south-west Mull, particularly on the Ross of Mull and on the north side of Loch Scridain. The sills are typically betwen 0. 5 and 6 m in thickness but exceptionally exceed 10 m, and commonly have well developed chilled margins. They are of tholeiitic affinity, ranging in composition from tholeiitic basalt, through andesite and dacite, to rhyolite (including glassy variants). Basaltic compositions are the most common, with about 20 per cent of the intrusions being of intermediate composition, and a relatively small number of rhyolitic composition. Many of the sills are xenolithic, with cognate and accidental (upper crustal) material represented; two of the best examples are to be found at Killunaig and Kilfinichen Bay, on the south and north sides of Loch Scridain, respectively (Plate 22). Composite sills occur, commonly involving crystalline and glassy rock types of significantly different compositions as in, for example, the classic xenolithic sill at Rudh’ a’ Chromain on the south side of the Ross of Mull. The sills may be related to the initial stage of the development of the Mull Central Complex (Centre 1 or Glen More Centre, see p. 126; Dagley et al., 1987).<br />
<br />
The sills were described in detail by Bailey et al. (1924). These early studies were concerned mainly with the complex high-temperature mineral assemblages that developed within crustal xenoliths prior to and/or during sill emplacement. More recently, Brearley (1986) described the melting reactions of the Moine basement materials, and Kille et al. (1986) inferred that the sill magmas were actively convecting during emplacement, maintaining high temperatures at the contacts, which resulted in localised thermal erosion of the pelitic Moine wall-rocks.<br />
<br />
The Loch Scridain sills may be divided into three distinct geochemical groups (Preston et al., 1998a; Chapter 10). The basic sills (Group 1) are markedly xenolithic, containing both cognate and crustal types (Plate 22). The cognate xenoliths are of ultrabasic and basic composition, and are most likely of cumulate origin (Preston and Bell, 1997). There are two broad groupings of the crustal xenoliths (Preston et al., 1999):<br />
<br />
siliceous xenoliths derived from psammites of the Moine Supergroup or, less commonly, as in the Rudh’ a’ Chromain Sill, sandstone and conglomerate xenoliths from the local Mesozoic country rocks* aluminous xenoliths, of which there are three types, each dominated by glass produced by melting of the xenolith, hence the term buchite<br />
<br />
The aluminous xenoliths include:* mullite buchites — a mass of mullite needles (3Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.2SiO<sub>2</sub>) set in clear glass and pale lilac in hand-specimen<br />
* cordierite buchites — small crystals of cordierite and mullite needles set in clear glass and virtually black in hand specimen<br />
* plagioclase-rimmed mullite buchites — a core of mullite-rich glass surrounded by a thick rim of white-weathering, coarse-grained plagioclase. (An87–60)<br />
<br />
Clear blue corundum (sapphire) also occurs. Pockets of quenched, isotopically contaminated basic glass with skeletal plagioclase and clinopyroxene occur trapped between the plagioclase crystals. The highly aluminous composition of the buchite glasses is consistent with their derivation from a clay-rich sediment or its metamorphic equivalent, most likely the pelites of the Moine Supergroup (Dempster et al., 1999).<br />
<br />
== Central complexes ==<br />
<br />
Our understanding of the order of intrusive events within the Mull Central Complex is still largely due to Bailey et al. (1924). Subsequent work has been restricted to a small number of studies of some of the main intrusions and a brief summary and field guide by Skelhorn and Longland (1969). Three centres are recognised and numbered sequentially 1, 2 and 3; the first and last are considered to have been related to the development of calderas: Centre 1 to the Early Caldera or Glen More Centre and Centre 3 to the Late Caldera or Loch Bà Centre. Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre, is composed of various cone-sheet and ring-dyke intrusions.<br />
<br />
During formation of the Mull Central Complex, there was a gradual shift of activity from Centre 1 through to Centre 3 (Figure 27). Movement was in a south-east to north-west direction, by a few kilometres, parallel to the trend of the regional dyke swarm. Large annular folds surround the central complex (see p. 150).<br />
<br />
=== Centre 1, the Glen More Centre ===<br />
<br />
Within the Mull Central Complex and partly acting as country rock to the intrusions, are remnants of pillowed basaltic lavas. The relationship between these lavas and the main lava field on Mull (p. 75;(Table 15)) is unclear, although Bailey et al. (1924) concluded that the pillowed material constitutes the stratigraphically youngest part of the lava field and formed within a caldera, hence the Glen More Centre is also referred to as the Early Caldera (Figure 28). The pillowed flows are referred to as being of the ‘Non-Porphyritic Central Magma Type’ or the ‘Central Mull Tholeiites’ (Chapters 6 and 10).<br />
<br />
==== Early granites ====<br />
<br />
The oldest of the main intrusions of the Glen More Centre are the steep-sided granites of Glas Bheinn and Derrynaculean, which possibly form parts of ring-dykes or steep-sided stocks. Emplacement of these granites was, in part, controlled by ring-faults, with central collapse. Brecciation, due either to gas escape or ring-faulting, is common throughout the granites, especially in the Derrynaculean mass. In addition, the Glas Bheinn intrusion was emplaced into the core of the somewhat imperfectly developed marginal Loch Spelve Anticline. Both granites show significant hydrothermal alteration, with primary pyroxene being chloritised or uralitised. Marginal facies of the Glas Bheinn Granite contain partially assimilated siliceous material, most likely derived from country-rock Triassic sandstones.<br />
<br />
==== Explosion breccias ====<br />
<br />
Several masses of explosion breccia occur along the trace of the ring-fault which is used to define the extent of the Early Caldera. The best examples occur within the south-east sector of the bounding fault, on the eastern side of Sgurr Dearg. The breccias contain subangular to rounded fragments of Paleocene lavas, Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, Moine gneisses and a wide variety of coarse-grained igneous rocks (gabbro, granite, etc.). Moine gneisses are generally absent from the breccias inside the main caldera-bounding fault, indicating that the basement lies at a deeper structural level beneath the caldera and that the explosive brecciation occurred at a fairly shallow level in the crust. Fragmented rhyolitic rocks with flow-banded and perlitic textures also occur in the breccias, which were most likely formed by gas streaming from silicic magmas. Surface volcanic deposits related to this explosive activity are not recognised, due to the level of erosion.<br />
<br />
In Coire Mór, on the east side of the central complex, is an outcrop of generally unstratified volcaniclastic breccia containing subangular to rounded blocks of various Paleocene igneous rocks and Pre-Paleocene sedimentary rocks. Also present are large masses of flow-banded rhyolite. Similar material occurs at Barachandroman at the south side of Loch Spelve. The Coire Mór rocks were interpreted by Bailey et al. (1924) as surface accumulations and contemporaneous rhyolite lava flows, but Richey (1961) preferred a model of subsurface gas brecciation, akin to the explosion breccias of Sgurr Dearg.<br />
<br />
==== Early felsites ====<br />
<br />
The flow-banded Beinn Mheadhon, Torness and Creag na h-Iolaire felsites are approximately contemporaneous, and predate the emplacement of the explosion breccias. The Beinn Mheadhon Felsite is located outside the caldera-bounding fault, but the other two are inside (Figure28). The felsites are cut by younger basic intrusions (mainly cone-sheets) which obscure the original geometry.<br />
<br />
==== Early cone-sheets ====<br />
<br />
A set of early cone-sheets was emplaced into the Glas Bheinn and Derrynaculean granites, the explosion breccias and the early felsites. These cone-sheets are predominantly basic, although a small proportion of intermediate and silicic intrusions is also recognised. They dip inwards at approximately 45° towards a focal point below Beinn Chaisgidle and approach an aggregate thickness of 1000 m, with individual sheets up to 10 m thick. Consequently, significant central uplift will have occurred as a result of their emplacement. The main outcrop can be traced in an arcuate belt that runs from Glen Forsa in the north, close to Loch Spelve, and thence across Glen More to Derrynaculean (Figure 28).<br />
<br />
The precise timing of the emplacement of the intermediate and silicic intrusions relative to the dominant basic intrusions is unclear, although it is evident that they did overlap. This is confirmed by the presence of a number of composite (basic–silicic) cone-sheets. Movement of the fault defining the Early Caldera had ceased by the time the early cone-sheets were emplaced.<br />
<br />
==== Gabbros ====<br />
<br />
Gabbros Subsequent to cone-sheet emplacement, two large gabbroic bodies were intruded into the central complex: the Ben Buie Gabbro in the south-west, outside the main ring-fault, and the Beinn Bheag Gabbro inside the fault in the north-east quadrant of the centre. Emplacement of the magmas involved in the formation of the Bein Buie intrusion may have utilised the main ring-fault. However, Skelhorn and Longland (1969) suggested that the Ben Buie mass and possibly the Corra-bheinn Gabbro of Centre 2 were originally circular in plan, and that central subsidence has removed much of the intrusion(s) to a deeper structural level. Furthermore, the inward dips of the mineral layering in the Ben Buie Gabbro increase from about 15° to 20° near the intrusive contacts with earlier rocks, to angles in excess of 35° close to the main ring-fault on the east and north-east sides of the intrusion. The increased dips may have resulted from movement on the fault. The outer, south-eastern, margin of the Ben Buie Gabbro dips outwards at a shallow angle; however, the inward dipping nature of the modal layering of the intrusion may indicate that the base might be at no great depth. The chilled margin of the Ben Buie Gabbro is of tholeiitic basalt composition, akin to that of the Mull cone-sheets, further suggesting a genetic link (Skelhorn et al., 1979). The cumulate nature of the gabbros results in layers ranging in composition from olivine-dominated assemblages (peridotite), through typical olivine-gabbro assemblages, to plagioclase-dominated assemblages (troctolite and bytownite troctolite). Layers rich in chrome-spinel are common in the more ultrabasic lithologies (Henderson and Wood, 1981). Bailey et al. (1924) defined various facies based upon grain-size and mineral proportions within the Beinn Bheag Gabbro, together with a marginal facies veined with silicic material and a brecciated facies. Xenoliths are common throughout the intrusions, both cognate (peridotite, gabbro, troctolite, etc, essentially unaltered and not recrystallised) and granular-textured rocks, interpreted to be the products of thorough recrystallisation of earlier formed parts of the intrusion, or of country rock basaltic lavas. The two gabbro intrusions were subsequently invaded by various cone-sheets, basic through to silicic, which belong to Centre 2 (see below).<br />
<br />
==== Loch Uisg Granite–Gabbro Intrusion ====<br />
<br />
This intrusion consists of two discrete lithologies. The gabbroic component varies between an olivine-gabbro and an olivine-dolerite, whereas the granite has well-developed granophyric texture and is quite severely hydrothermally altered. The junction between the two comprises a zone of hybrid material formed by magma mixing. This asymmetical, composite intrusion appears to have the geometry of a flat-lying sheet emplaced into lavas, although at the western end of Loch Uisg the upper contact of the granite dips steeply to the north. At the eastern end of the intrusion, part of the roof is formed by volcaniclastic breccias, exposed at Barachandroman (see above), within which the more muddy rocks are thermally altered and thoroughly recrystallised. Emplacement of the Loch Uisg intrusion postdates the formation of the annular folds and the development of the explosion breccias of the Glen More Centre. The relationship with the early basic cone-sheets is less clear since the intrusion is cut by some sheets but in turn cuts others. Overall, the intrusion would seem to be a relatively late component of the Glen More Centre.<br />
<br />
=== Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre ===<br />
<br />
After the development of the Glen More Centre, the focus of igneous activity shifted several kilometres towards the north-west, to the area around Beinn Chaisgidle (Figure 29). Centre 2, also known as the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre, is dominated by thin, steeply inclined, outward-dipping ring-dyke intrusions varying in composition from basalt through to rhyolite, and inwardly inclined basalt and dolerite cone-sheets.<br />
<br />
==== Corra-beinn Gabbro ====<br />
<br />
The Corra-beinn Gabbro is the most westerly of the large gabbro masses in Mull, and is mainly, but not wholly, outside the main bounding fault of the Early Caldera. It contains layered structures that dip to the north-east at 25° to 80°. The gabbro may be a late member of Centre 1; however, since it truncates early basic cone-sheets that in turn intrude the Ben Buie Gabbro it is tentatively assigned to Centre 2.<br />
<br />
==== Ring-dykes ====<br />
<br />
The ring-dykes are typically of silicic composition, with steeply inclined margins. Thicknesses vary between 50 and 500 m. They range from relatively coarse-grained rocks such as granite, through to microgranite and rhyolite. Basic ring-dykes are much less common, and vary from gabbro through to dolerite. Some of the ring-dykes are composite, with a range in composition from silicic to basic, but without obvious internal contacts.<br />
<br />
==== Glen More Ring-dyke ====<br />
<br />
The Glen More Ring-dyke is probably the best known example of a steeply inclined, compositionally variable hybrid intrusion in the Hebridean Igneous Province. The ring-dyke crops out from the river in Glen More northwards to the summit of Cruach Choireadail, over a vertical distance of almost 500 m. It grades upwards in composition from olivine-gabbro through dioritic rocks to a somewhat melanocratic microgranite. The primary mineralogy has largely been replaced by secondary, hydrothermal minerals. It is perhaps the most useful of the Centre 2 intrusions to study in order to observe the processes of differentiation and ring-dyke formation. Bailey et al. (1924) and Koomans and Kuenen (1938) interpreted the vertical variation in composition as the product of in-situ differentiation by liquid–crystal fractionation, whereas others (Holmes, 1936; Fenner, 1937) concluded that the dioritic rocks resulted from the mixing of silicic and basic magmas (see Chapter 10).<br />
<br />
==== Cone-sheets ====<br />
<br />
Most commonly, the basic intrusions are inwardly inclined cone-sheets of basalt and dolerite, in some instances veined by remelted parts of the silicic ring-dykes that they intrude. The cone-sheets are usually less than 10 m thick and dip inwards, generally at 20° to 50°, towards a focal point beneath Beinn Chaisgidle. Thus, complicated relationships between typically silicic ring-dykes and the typically basic cone-sheets are found throughout Centre 2; these relationships are well developed in the Allt Molach stream section in Glen More.<br />
<br />
The final intrusive phase unambiguously associated with Centre 2 was the emplacement of the quartz-dolerites that make up the Late Basic Cone-sheets. Emplacement of these cone-sheets continued as the focus of intrusion migrated north-west towards Loch Bà and Centre 3 became established. Consequently, their emplacement also constitutes the earliest phase of intrusive activity associated with the youngest centre.<br />
<br />
=== Centre 3, the Loch Bà Centre ===<br />
<br />
Centre 3, also known as the Loch Bà Centre, was associated with the development of the Late Caldera (Figure 30).<br />
<br />
==== Late Basic Cone-sheets ====<br />
<br />
These cone-sheets were clearly emplaced during the latter stages of the development of Centre 2 and the earlier part of Centre 3, since plutonic intrusions belonging to both the centres truncate, and in turn are intruded by, cone-sheets belonging to this set. Those that are clearly associated with Centre 3 are symmetrically disposed about an axis trending north-west, parallel to the length of Loch Bà (Figure 30). In places, the density of cone-sheet emplacement is very high, with very little country rock preserved. Central uplift must have been significant.<br />
<br />
==== Glen Cannel Granite ====<br />
<br />
This granite was the first major silicic intrusion to be emplaced within Centre 3. The mildly alkaline granite forms an oval, dome-shaped mass with a north-west-trending long axis. The intrusion contains abundant gas cavities (druses) and is preserved predominantly within the subsided block inside the late-stage Loch Bà Ring-dyke. The granite cuts numerous Late Basic Cone-sheets within the central subsided block, but outwith the block, to the south-east, it is cut by similar cone-sheets. Thus, it appears that there was an overlap of the intrusive events, or that different intrusions make up the granite, or that more than one set of cone-sheets exists. The granite is partially roofed by volcaniclastic rocks, masses of quartz-dolerite and intrusive felsites. From the disposition of the felsites along the edges of the granite (Figure 30), they might be regarded as a chilled marginal facies were it not for exposures on the east side of Bìth Bheinn and Creag Dubh, south of Loch Bà, which show that the granite is in sharp intrusive contact with the felsites.<br />
<br />
==== Beinn a’ Ghraig and Knock granites ====<br />
<br />
The Beinn à Ghraig Granite is located outside the Loch Bà Ring-dyke along its north-west margin. It is of similar petrographic type to that of Glen Cannel, but is considered to be younger as it cuts Late Basic Cone-sheets on Beinn a’ Ghraig, but is itself cut by only one or two cone-sheets. The Knock Granite is of similar age, taking the form of a steep-sided, elongate mass, 50 to 300m wide, separated from the north-west margin of the Beinn a’ Ghraig intrusion by a screen of hornfelsed basaltic lavas. Similar, most likely related, granitic, dioritic and hybrid ring-intrusions occur to the north-east of Loch Bà, in the vicinity of Toll Doire, Maol Buidhe and Killbeg. Although the country-rock lavas have been invaded by the Late Basic Cone-sheets, and are hornfelsed, they do not appear to have been significantly folded or faulted. This suggests the relatively passive emplacement of the granitic magmas, probably by a combination of subsidence and stoping.<br />
<br />
==== Loch Bà Ring-dyke ====<br />
<br />
This ring-dyke is the final major silicic intrusion of the Loch Bà Centre. It has an external diameter of about 8 km and a width varying from 400 m down to zero in those areas where the trace of the ring-fault is marked only by brecciation of the country rocks. In general, the ring-dyke walls are close to vertical, although steep outward dips occur along the north-west portion. The Loch Bà Ring-dyke is cut by late members of the north-west-trending regional dyke swarm, but is unique amongst the major intrusions of the Mull Central Complex in being entirely free of cone-sheets.<br />
<br />
The intrusion was first described by Bailey et al. (1924) and its petrology and origin have subsequently been investigated by Walker and Skelhorn (1966) and by Sparks (1988). The later studies recognised the hybrid nature of the intrusion, involving dominant silicic rock (rhyolite with sparse phenocrysts of sodic plagioclase, sanidine, hedenbergite, fayalite, magnetite, ilmenite and zircon) containing inclusions (typically less than 10 cm long) of phenocryst-poor basic material ranging in composition from ferrobasalt through to dacite. The inclusions constitute less than 10 per cent of the ring-dyke, are commonly glassy, and range in shape from rounded to lenticular, the latter with distinctive ragged ends. The rhyolite is partially devitrified with an obvious flow banding and the preservation of fiamme (eutaxitic texture) is indicative of a pyroclastic origin. Given the glassy, hybrid nature of the intrusion, even where it is 400 m wide, and the development of textures typical of welded tuff, it is evident that its emplacement involved mixing of magmas during the eruption of pyroclastic material (Chapter 10). Space for this intrusion was most likely created by the combined action of gas brecciation and central subsidence, by a relatively small distance, of the pre-existing block inside the ring-dyke.<br />
<br />
== Structure of the lava fields ==<br />
<br />
The detailed stratigraphy of the Mull Lava Field has not been determined (Table 10), and therefore only the broad outline of the structure is known. The lavas of north-west Mull, Ulva, the Ardmeanach peninsula and the eastern part of the Ross of Mull, and the thick Ben More succession are generally flat-lying or dip gently, although evolved lavas south-east of Ben More are involved in folding associated with the emplacement of the central complex (see below). Away from the central complex, the base of the lavas crops out in the south at Carsaig Bay, in the west at Gribun and in the north at intervals on the coast between Tobermory and Bloody Bay. This may indicate that the lavas form a broad north-north-west-trending syncline in north-west Mull. Several north-north-west- to north-west-trending faults occur on the island of Ulva, towards the western end of the Ardmeanach peninsula and south of Loch Scridain. On the Ross of Mull, near Ardtun, the Paleocene lava outcrop terminates at the west-north-west-trending Loch Assapol Fault, where they are thrown down against Moine metasedimentary rocks.<br />
<br />
=== Structures associated with the central complexes ===<br />
<br />
One of the most notable structural features of the Hebridean Igneous Province is the set of concentric folds that almost encircle the Glen More and Beinn Chaisgidle centres on Mull (Bailey et al., 1924). The folds are developed in the surrounding older lava sequence and the various subjacent pre-Paleocene rocks. They include the Loch Spelve and Loch Don anticlines and the Duart Bay and Coire Mòr synclines (Figure 27). South of Loch Don, Dalradian metalimestones and phyllites form the core of a north-trending anticline, flanked successively by late-Silurian andesitic lavas, Lower and Middle Jurassic sandstones and mudstones, and Paleocene lavas. These major structures continue to the north and north-west, where Jurassic rocks form the core of the Craignure Anticline as far as Craignure Bay, with Moine rocks exposed in the core between Craignure Bay and Scallastle Bay. Elsewhere, the folding generally involves Paleocene basaltic lavas and, on the eastern flanks of Ben More, mugearites near the top of the lava succession. It is suggested that the folds formed in response to the early intrusive events in the central complex, but their age is not well understood. Furthermore, the area enclosed by the folds is domed and the folds may owe their origin to gravity-driven movement as the dome developed. From evidence in the Loch Don area, it has been suggested that doming and folding were initiated prior to eruption of the Paleocene lavas (Cheeney, 1962;Walker, 1975a), but Bailey (1962) considered the evidence to be inconclusive. Near Sgurr Dearg, the folds are crosscut by, and thus predate, volcaniclastic breccias of the central complex.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
BAILEY, E B. 1962. Early Tertiary fold movements in Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 99, 478–479.<br />
<br />
BAILEY, E B, CLOUGH, C T, WRIGHT, W B, RICHEY, J E, and WILSON, G V. 1924. [https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/Memoirs/docs/B01951.html Tertiary and Post-Tertiary geology of Mull, Loch Aline, and Oban.] Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 44 (Scotland).<br />
<br />
BOULTER, M C, and KVACEK, Z. 1989. The Palaeocene flora of the Isle of Mull. Palaeontological Association Special Papers in Palaeontology, No. 42.<br />
<br />
BREARLEY, A J. 1986. An electron optical study of muscovite breakdown in pelitic xenoliths during pyrometamorphism. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 50, 385–397.<br />
<br />
CHAMBERS, L M, and FITTON, J G. 2000. Geochemical transitions in the ancestral Iceland plume: evidence from the Isle of Mull Tertiary volcano, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 157, 261–263.<br />
<br />
CHEENEY,R F. 1962. Early Tertiary fold movements in Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 99, 227–232.<br />
<br />
DAGLEY, P, MUSSETT, A E, and SKELHORN, A R. 1987. Polarity stratigraphy and duration of the Mull Tertiary igneous activity. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 144, 966–985.<br />
<br />
DEMPSTER, T J, PRESTON, R J, and BELL, B R. 1999. The origin of Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites: evidence from interactions between crustal xenoliths and basaltic magma. Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 156, 41–46.<br />
<br />
EMELEUS, C H, ALLWRIGHT, A E, KERR, A C, and WILLIAMSON, I T. 1996a. Red tuffs in the Palaeocene lava successions of the Inner Hebrides. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 32, 83–89.<br />
<br />
EMELEUS, C H. 1991. Tertiary igneous activity. 455–502 in Geology of Scotland. Third edition. CRAIG,GY (editor).(London:The Geological Society.)<br />
<br />
FENNER, C N. 1937. A view of magmatic differentiation. Journal of Geology, Vol. 45, 158–168.<br />
<br />
FYFE, J A, LONG, D, and EVANS, D. 1993. United Kingdom offshore regional report: the geology of the Malin–Hebrides sea area. (London: HMSO for the British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
HALLIDAY, A N, AFTALION, M, VAN BREEMEN, O, and JOCELYN, J. 1979. Petrogenetic significance of Rb-Sr and U-Pb isotopic systems in the 400 Ma old British Isles granitoids and their hosts. 653–661 in Caledonides of the British Isles — reviewed. HARRIS, A L, HOLLAND, C H, and LEAKE, B E (editors). Special Publication of the Geological Society of London, No. 8.<br />
<br />
HESSELBO, S P, OATES, M J, and JENKYNS, H C. 1998. The lower Lias Group of the Hebrides Basin. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 34, 23–60.<br />
<br />
HOLMES, A. 1936. The idea of contrasted differentiation. Geological Magazine, Vol. 73, 228–238.<br />
<br />
JOHNSTONE, G S, and MYKURA, W. 1989. British Regional Geology: the Northern Highlands of Scotland. (Fourth edition) (Edinburgh: HMSO for British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
KERR, A C. 1995a. The geochemistry of the Mull–Morvern lava succession, NW Scotland: an assessment of mantle sources during plume-related volcanism. Chemical Geology, Vol. 122, 43–58.<br />
<br />
KERR, A C. 1995b. The geochemical stratigraphy, field relations and temporal variation of the Mull–Morvern lava succession, NW Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, Vol. 86, 35–47.<br />
<br />
KILLE, I C, THOMPSON, R N, MORRISON, M A, and THOMPSON, R F. 1986. Field evidence for turbulence during flow of basaltic magma through conduits from southwest Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 123, 693–697.<br />
<br />
KOOMANS C, and KUENEN, P H. 1938. On the differentiation of the Glen More ring-dyke, Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 75, 145–160.<br />
<br />
PRESTON, R J, and BELL, B R. 1997. Cognate gabbroic xenoliths from a tholeiitic subvolcanic sill complex: implications for fractional crystallization and crustal contamination processes. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 61, 329–349.<br />
<br />
PRESTON, R J, BELL, B R, and ROGERS, G. 1998a. The Loch Scridain sill complex, Isle of Mull, Scotland: fractional crystallization, assimilation, magma-mixing and crustal anatexis in sub-volcanic conduits. Journal of Petrology, Vol. 39, 519–550.<br />
<br />
RICHEY, J E, and THOMAS, H H. 1930. The geology of Ardnamurchan, north-west Mull and Coll. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 51 and part of Sheet 52 (Scotland).<br />
<br />
RICHEY, J E. 1961. British Regional Geology, Scotland: the Tertiary volcanic districts. Third edition, revised by MACGREGOR, A G, and ANDERSON, F W.(Edinburgh: HMSO for British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
SKELHORN, R R, and LONGLAND, P J N. 1969. The Tertiary igneous geology of the Isle of Mull. Geologists’ Association Guide, No. 20. (Colchester: Benham &amp; Co.)<br />
<br />
SKELHORN, R R, HENDERSON, P, WALSH, J N, and LONGLAND, P J N. 1979. The chilled margin of the Ben Buie layered gabbro, Isle of Mull. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 15, 161–167.<br />
<br />
SPARKS, R S J. 1988. Petrology of the Loch Ba ring dyke, Mull (NW Scotland): an example of the extreme differentiation of tholeiitic magmas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 100, 446–461.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J. 1974a. New Red Sandstone piedmont and floodplain sedimentation in the Hebridean province, Scotland. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 44, 336–357.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J. 1974b. Cornstone (fossil caliche) — its origin, stratigraphy and sedimentological importance in the New Red Sandstone, western Scotland. Journal of Geology, Vol. 82, 351–369.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J, NICHOLSON, R, and KALANDER, L. 1975. Triassic sedimentation and palaeogeography in central Skye. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 11, 1–13.<br />
<br />
THOMPSON, R N, MORRISON, M A, DICKIN, A P, GIBSON, I L, and HARMON, R S. 1986. Two contrasting styles of interaction between basaltic magma and continental crust in the British Tertiary Volcanic Province. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 91 (B6), 5985–5997.<br />
<br />
UPTON, B G J. 1988. History of Tertiary igneous activity in the N Atlantic borderlands. 429–454 in Early Tertiary volcanism and the opening of the NE Atlantic. MORTON, A C, and PARSON, L M (editors). Geological Society of London Special Publication, No. 39.<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L. 1971. The distribution of amygdale minerals in Mull and Morvern (Western Scotland). 181–194 in Studies in earth sciences: a volume in honour of William Dixon West. MURTY, TVV G R K, and RAO, S S(editors).(New Delhi: Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers.)<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L, and SKELHORN, R R. 1966. Some associations of acid and basic intrusions. Earth Science Reviews, Vol. 2, 93–109.<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L. 1975a. A new concept in the evolution of the British Tertiary intrusive centres. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 131, 121–142.</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:P915396.jpg&diff=58756
File:P915396.jpg
2023-07-19T11:34:59Z
<p>Scotfot: Table 10 Mineralogical and petrographical characteristics of the principal lava types of the Hebridean Igneous Province. From: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland] British regional geology Fourth Edition by C H Emeleus B R Bell Contributor: D Stephenson.</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
Table 10 Mineralogical and petrographical characteristics of the principal lava types of the Hebridean Igneous Province. From: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland] British regional geology Fourth Edition by C H Emeleus B R Bell Contributor: D Stephenson.<br />
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https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Geology_of_Mull_-_an_outline&diff=58755
Geology of Mull - an outline
2023-07-19T11:32:21Z
<p>Scotfot: Created page with "== Geology of Mull - Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland == Table 10 Mineralogical and petrographical characteristics of the principal lava types of the Hebridean Igneous Province. Table 15 The Mull Lava Group. File:P914125.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 7 Upper Cretaceous of the Inner Hebrides Group, exposed at the south-east corner of Beinn Iadain, Morvern (after Mortimore et al., 2001, fig.6.29). The thick..."</p>
<hr />
<div>== Geology of Mull - Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland ==<br />
<br />
[[File:P915396.jpg|thumbnail|Table 10 Mineralogical and petrographical characteristics of the principal lava types of the Hebridean Igneous Province. ]]<br />
[[File:P915401.jpg|thumbnail|Table 15 The Mull Lava Group. ]]<br />
[[File:P914125.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 7 Upper Cretaceous of the Inner Hebrides Group, exposed at the south-east corner of Beinn Iadain, Morvern (after Mortimore et al., 2001, fig.6.29). The thick sandstones of the Loch Aline White Sandstone and Morvern Greensand formations are obscured beneath steep grassy slopes at X and Y, respectively. Age of the deposits: A Lavas of Paleocene age; B Beinn Iadain Formation, generally assumed to be of Paleocene age; D Judd (1878) recorded Belemnitella (Campanian) from the Chalk, but the exact horizon is uncertain; E Sponges dated as Santonian; F undated, generally considered to be Turonian (but may be Cenomanian; Braley,1990); G probably upper Cenomanian; H probably middle Cenomanian (compare with similar, better dated, site in Northern Ireland); I uncertain, possibly lower Cenomanian; J Lias and Permo-Triassic rocks seen in track section leading to Beinn Iadain ]]<br />
[[File:P914131.png|thumbnail|Figure 13 Hydrothermal circulation in and around the Mull Central Complex. Diagrammatic cross-section showing the hydrothermal mineral zones in the lava succession and the superimposed alteration zones developed about the central complex in response to the circulation of heated meteoric water (based on Walker, 1971;Taylor and Forester, 1971; Bell and Williamson, 2002). From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P914146.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 27 Principal components of the Mull Central Complex. ]]<br />
[[File:P914147.png|thumbnail|Figure 28 Mull Central Complex: Centre 1, the Glen More Centre and early Caldera]]<br />
[[File:P914148.png|thumbnail|Figure 29 Mull Central Complex: Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre. From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P914149.png|thumbnail|Figure 30 Mull Central Complex: Centre 3, the Loch Bà Centre and the Late Caldera. From: Emeleus, C H, and Bell, B R. 2005. British regional geology: The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.]]<br />
[[File:P532641.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 4 Pre-Paleocene strata and Paleocene lavas at Creag a’Ghaill, Gribun, western Mull. Platy-jointed psammites of the Moine, Upper Shiba Psammite Formation (Morar Group) are overlain unconformably by Triassic basal conglomerates and sandstones. Upper Triassic strata consist of calcareous sandstones with carbonate concretions (cornstones), and the overlying sandy limestones of the Rhaetian Penarth Group are cut by basaltic sills of Paleocene age. Upper Cretaceous silicified limestone is largely obscured by scree and Paleocene basalt lavas form the upper cliffs.The top of the upper cliff is about 260 m elevation. (Photomosaic: B G J Upton; P532641.)]]<br />
[[File:P580464.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 13 Tholeiitic basalt lava resting on bedded volcaniclastic deposits, Isle of Staffa. A classic example of a lava divided into a lower, columnar jointed ‘colonnade’ and an upper irregular ‘entablature’ (see text). Scale: the cliff is about 35 m in height (P580464).]]<br />
[[File:P580465.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 15 Trap featuring in the basalt lava succession of Ardmeanach, western Mull (P580465).]]<br />
[[File:P580468.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 18 Plate 18 MacCulloch’s Tree; the cast of a large conifer (Taxodioxylon) encased in columnar basalt lava. Small amounts of charcoal are preserved in places at the margins. Ardmeanach, western Mull (P580468).]]<br />
[[File:P580473.jpg|thumbnail|Plate 22 Quartzite xenolith in basalt sill, Loch Scridain, south-western Mull. Hammer shaft is 30 cm (P580473).]]<br />
<br />
Text compiled from: [https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/Memoirs/docs/B06059.html The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland] British regional geology Fourth Edition by C H Emeleus B R Bell Contributor: D Stephenson<br />
<br />
== Moine Supergroup ==<br />
<br />
Rocks of the Glenfinnan Group are found at many localities around the margins of the Mull Central Complex, for example in the core of the Craignure Anticline and beneath the Mesozoic rocks on the coast south of Gribun. Screens of Moine rocks occur between inclined sheets and other minor intrusions in eastern Mull. Outside of the Mull Central Complex, fragments of Moine lithologies, including megablocks up to 100 m across, are common in vent infills and in other volcaniclastic rocks (Bailey et al., 1924, fig. 29). Numerous xenoliths of severely altered Moine rocks are present in the Loch Scridain Sill-complex. On the Ross of Mull, Moine rocks, possibly of both the Glenfinnan and Morar groups, crop out south of the Loch Assapol Fault where they are intruded by the late-Caledonian, Ross of Mull Pluton. From the distribution of rocks of the Moine Supergroup on Mull, it is evident that the central complex is underlain by, and intruded into, these rocks.<br />
<br />
== Dalradian Supergroup ==<br />
<br />
Grey phyllitic to slaty semipelite and black metalimestone belonging to the Appin Group (possibly the Blair Atholl Subgroup) of the Dalradian form the core of the Loch Don Anticline in eastern Mull. They are separated from Moine rocks on Mull by a continuation of the Great Glen Fault.<br />
<br />
== Caledonian igneous rocks ==<br />
<br />
The Ross of Mull Pluton comprises a number of granitic bodies with a Rb-Sr age of about 414 Ma (Halliday et al., 1979); it intrudes and thermally metamorphoses the Moine metasedimentary rocks of south-west Mull. Cordierite-sillimanite hornfelses have developed from kyanite-bearing pelitic rocks adjacent to the granite and occur as xenoliths. Within the intrusion, the intricate relationships found between quartz-diorite, granite and basic enclaves suggest the co-existence and interaction of basic and silicic magmas.<br />
<br />
Minor intrusions of Caledonian age include various felsic types and lamprophyres. The felsic dykes are most common in the vicinity of the Ross of Mull Pluton, and near the Strontian Pluton east of the Morvern lava pile (Johnstone and Mykura, 1989). The Ross of Mull granites have been extensively quarried (p. 173).<br />
<br />
== Old Red Sandstone ==<br />
<br />
Basaltic and andesitic lavas belonging to the Lower Old Red Sandstone Lorn Plateau Volcanic Formation crop out in the core of the Loch Don Anticline in south-east Mull. Conglomerates and marly sandstones, possibly of similar age, occur on Frank Lockwood’s Island, south-east of Loch Buie in southern Mull.<br />
<br />
== Intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age ==<br />
<br />
Minor intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age are widespread through the southern Highlands and extend into the western Highlands and Islands. There are two main suites: Stephanian tholeiitic rocks and Visean to Early Permian alkali basalts and lamprophyres.<br />
<br />
At Gribun in western Mull, Moine rocks are intruded by a dyke of olivine nephelinite exposed at low water which contains a suite of xenoliths and megacrysts of lower crustal and possibly upper mantle origin (Upton et al., 1998). This dyke is similar to numerous other xenolith-bearing intrusions of Carboniferous and Permian age in the western Highlands and Islands and the Midland Valley. The xenoliths and xenocrysts found in these intrusions have furnished valuable information about the nature of the Lower Crust and Upper Mantle at the start of the Mesozoic (e. g. Upton et al., 1998).<br />
<br />
== Triassic ==<br />
<br />
Many of the New Red Sandstone occurrences mentioned below are assigned to the Triassic on grounds of lithology, unconformable relationships with older rocks, or a conformable one with overlying, fossiliferous Jurassic strata. Fossils are rare in all but the highest of these beds. In the Hebridean area, the New Red Sandstone sequences are thought to belong to the Upper Triassic and accumulated during the earliest stages of basin formation (''Steel 1974a, b; Steel et al., 1975'').<br />
<br />
Up to about 60 m of conglomerate, sandstone and cornstone are found at Gribun and on Inch Kenneth in western Mull, where the striking unconformity with the underlying Moine rocks is exposed on the foreshore and in cliff sections (Plate 4). Clasts of Moine rocks, cherty fossiliferous limestone (Cambro-Ordovician Durness Group), red feldspathic sandstone (Torridonian), vein-quartz, quartzite, granite and rare, red andesitic porphyry (?Siluro-Devonian) indicate both local and quite distant provenance for these beds. Upper Triassic miospores have been recovered from beds near the top of the Gribun succession that also contain indistinct bivalve remains. The uppermost beds are sandy limestones of Rhaetian age, which contain fish scales and bivalves (e. g. ''Cardinia'' sp., ''Chlamys valoniensis'', ''Protocardia rhaetica'', ''Rhaetavicula contorta''). In eastern Mull, Triassic conglomerates and sandstones are exposed in the cores of the anticlines that surround the central complex, from Craignure to Loch Don and Loch Spelve. In addition, there are extensive sandstone outcrops on the west shore of Loch Spelve, which extend up Glen Lussa, where the Triassic rocks occur in screens between inclined basic sheets. Clasts in the conglomerates are mainly quartzite and vein-quartz, but pebbles of Moine rocks are abundant locally where these lithologies are in situ nearby. Small outcrops of Triassic strata are also found within the central complex, where their steep dips indicate considerable disturbance by the Paleocene intrusions.<br />
<br />
== Jurassic ==<br />
<br />
=== Lower Jurassic ===<br />
<br />
With the exception of small outcrops of limestone, calcareous mudstone and sandstone on the west coast at Aird na h-Iolaire, and beds of the Blue Lias and Pabay Shale formations at and near Tobermory, Jurassic rocks are restricted to the east and south of the island. They crop out in the cores of anticlines marginal to the Mull Central Complex, from Scallastle Bay almost to Loch Spelve, in many places on the east coast from Loch Don to Loch Buie, and also at Carsaig Bay. The beds range in age from Hettangian through to Bajocian (Mid Jurassic; garantiana Zone) and contain a moderately abundant marine fauna. Near Port nam Marbh, there is a fairly continuous succession from the uppermost 30 m of the Pabay Shale Formation, represented by slightly calcareous siltstones with abundant ''Gryphaea cymbium'' and ''Pecten aequivalvis'', to the Bajocian. At Torosay, the Pabay Shale Formation contains the Torosay Sandstone Member, which is over 20 m thick and is cross-bedded in places (Hesselbo et al., 1998).<br />
<br />
== Middle Jurassic ==<br />
<br />
About 30 m of sandy limestone and calcareous sandstone of the Bearreraig Sandstone Formation are capped by 1 to 2 m of siltstone of the Great Estuarine Group on the east coast at Port na Marbh, south-east Mull. Similar beds crop out fairly continuously beneath the lavas on the west limb of the Loch Don Anticline, and discontinuously on the east limb as far as Duart Bay. On the Ardnamurchan peninsula, Middle Jurassic rocks are limited to massive sandstones and subordinate limestones of the Bearreraig Sandstone Formation exposed in screens amongst the basalt sheets on Maol Buidhe and at Sròn Beag. Despite the effect of thermal metamorphism, typical Aalenian fossils have been obtained from these rocks (Richey and Thomas, 1930).<br />
<br />
=== Upper Jurassic (and upper part of the Callovian) ===<br />
<br />
A small outcrop of baked blue shale just west of Duart Bay has yielded ammonites and other fossils of Kimmeridgian age (mutabilis Zone).<br />
<br />
= Cretaceous =<br />
<br />
At Gribun, Cenomanian glauconitic sandstone (6 m thick) is overlain by 3 m of white sandstone and 3 m of silicified chalk with flints (possiby Santonian). The chalk is overlain by breccia containing angular pebbles and cobbles of silicified chalk, sandstone with chert nodules, and 2 m of weakly bedded, red mudstone. The beds above the chalk have been formally designated the Gribun Conglomerate Formation by Hancock (2000), but have been equated with the Clach Alasdair Conglomerate Member and Beinn Iadain Mudstone Formation by Mortimore et al. (2001). The succession is overlain by Paleocene lavas (Plate 4). A rich bivalve fauna is known from the glauconitic sandstone, including ''Rhynchonella'', ''Exogyra conica'', and ''Pecten asper''. ''Ostrea'' and ''Pecten'' have been found in the chalk. Glauconitic sandstone occurs at Auchnacraig, south of Loch Don, and also at Carsaig where it reaches about 13 m, its greatest thickness in the district.<br />
<br />
== Palaeogene lava fields and associated sedimentary rocks ==<br />
<br />
=== Lava sequences ===<br />
<br />
==== Mull Lava Group ====<br />
<br />
The Mull Lava Group crops out throughout north and west Mull, together with the coastal parts of south Mull (around the margin of the younger Mull Central Complex) and the various offshore islands to the west, including Ulva, Gometra, the Treshnish Islands and Staffa. The successions of flat-lying lavas form substantial mountains, such as Ben More, and commonly develop strong trap featuring (Plate 15). The lavas on the Morvern peninsula, east of Mull, are considered to belong to the Mull Lava Group, as do the lavas east of Ben Hiant, Ardnamurchan, and probably also the isolated outcrops on the south coast of the Ardnamurchan peninsula. Offshore lavas, which extend beneath the Sea of the Hebrides to the Skerryvore Fault, are most likely part of the Mull Lava Group. These flows are probably contemporaneous with flows of the Eigg Lava Formation, which they join in a northern, submarine extension (Fyfe et al., 1993; (Figure 9); Chapter 5).<br />
<br />
There has been no detailed regional mapping of the Mull Lava Field since the time of the original survey (Bailey et al., 1924). This account therefore relies to some extent on the synthesis of Richey (1961), together with observations made during the last thirty-five years (e. g. Kerr, 1995b). The lava stratigraphy has been rationalised here, in keeping with that used for the other lava sequences (Table 15).<br />
<br />
The remains of the Mull Lava Field as presently exposed, cover an area of about 840 km<sup>2</sup> on Mull and Morvern (Emeleus, 1991). The total preserved thickness of lavas on Mull is estimated to be about 1800 m (including an estimated 900 m of olivine-poor tholeiitic basalt lavas now largely within the Mull Central Complex). On the Morvern peninsula, the sequence is about 460 m thick but the lowest lavas thin towards the north (Bailey et al., 1924) and are overstepped by subsequent flows. A thin, laterally continuous sequence of Upper Cretaceous rocks underlies the lavas of Morvern except in the extreme east and north-east of the lava field, where the flows rest directly on pre-Cretaceous rocks (Triassic sandstones and gneisses of the Moine Supergroup). The marginal portion of the lava field was therefore erupted onto, and possibly terminated against, a land surface with a significant topographical relief. The north-west-trending Assapol Fault, in south-west Mull, defines the present-day south-west margin of the lava field.<br />
<br />
The volcanic succession on Mull (Table 15) is divided into the Staffa Lava Formation at the base, overlain by the Mull Plateau Lava Formation that consists of the Ben More Main Member and the overlying Ben More Pale Member; these were formerly named, respectively as the Staffa, Main and Pale ‘suites’, of the Plateau Group (e. g. Bailey et al., 1924; Richey, 1961). The Mull Central Lava Formation crops out principally within the Mull Central Complex, and consists of olivine-poor tholeiitic basalt lavas.<br />
<br />
The sequence built up by the effusion of lavas, predominantly from north-west-trending fissures now represented by the Mull Dyke Swarm. Pauses in the volcanic activity were more common during eruption of the lower part of the succession. They are marked by the development of laterally discontinuous sequences of conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and coal. However, unlike the lava piles elsewhere in the Hebridean Igneous Province, the current subdivisions of the Mull lavas are based on lithological changes in the lavas and do not always depend on the presence of interflow sedimentary sequences.<br />
<br />
Zeolite minerals are common throughout the lavas. These have been shown to have a depth-related distribution (Walker 1971; (Figure 12), similar to the zonal distribution found in Icelandic lavas. The highest zone is characterised by laumontite and overlies a mesolite zone. Based on comparisons with Icelandic zones, it is estimated that the lavas in the vicinity of Ben More were originally over 2200m in thickness, of which about 1000m is preserved. A distinct zone characterised by carbonate minerals occurs in the lavas near Tobermory and in north-west Morvern, becoming wider northwards towards Ben Hiant on Ardnamurchan. It has been tentatively suggested that the carbonate may have been deposited by circulating heated waters from the Ardnamurchan Central Complex (Walker, 1971). The Mull Central Complex is surrounded by a zone of pneumatolysis, which is superimposed on the depth-related zeolite zones (Figure 13).<br />
<br />
=== Staffa Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The basal part of the volcanic sequence on Mull and locally on Ardnamurchan is marked by the development of a laterally persistent mudstone, the Gribun Mudstone Member, commonly less than 1 m thick, but thicker at several localities. In Morvern it is known locally as the Beinn Iadain Mudstone Formation (Figure 7). Near Feorlin Cottage at Carsaig, Mull, the mudstone occurs within cavities that developed on the surface of chalk (of possible Turonian age). On the Croggan peninsula south of Loch Buie, at An Garradh, the member consists of about 6 m of buff-coloured calcareous mudstone (marl) and is thought to represent a more aluminous equivalent. These features, together with certain petrographical characteristics (for example the presence of quartz grains), suggest that the mudstone is the product of extreme lateritic weathering of a basaltic ash, which was deposited prior to the effusion of the overlying lavas. The quartz grains were possibly derived from Cenomanian sandstones and introduced either by alluvial or aeolian processes.<br />
<br />
At Malcolm’s Point, on the south coast of the Ross of Mull, sedimentary rocks may represent a useful lithostratigraphical marker at the base of the Staffa Lava Formation and above an older, distinctive group of non-columnar flows. The sedimentary sequence comprises a thin carbonaceous mudstone overlain by an upward-fining fluviatile conglomerate–sandstone sequence containing rounded flints (derived from the Turonian Chalk deposits) and more angular fragments of basalt. The sequence is capped by a thin fissile mudstone. The main part of the Staffa Lava Formation comprises a distinctive sequence of tholeiitic basalt flows (defining the Staffa Magma-type or sub-type of Thompson et al. 1986; see Chapter 10). The flows crop out around the sea cliffs of south-west Mull, for example on the Ross of Mull at Malcolm’s Point and Ardtun, at Burg and The Wilderness on the Ardmeanach peninsula, and on Staffa where they overlie hyaloclastite deposits (Plate 13). Flows of the Staffa Lava Formation also crop out at Bloody Bay, north of Tobermory. Significantly, the formation does not occur everywhere at the base of the lava pile; for example it is absent at Beinn na h-Iolaire in west Mull and throughout the Morvern peninsula (Kerr, 1995b).<br />
<br />
Fluvial systems that developed between the eruptions deposited largely clastic sedimentary sequences that are collectively termed the Ardtun Conglomerate Member. These include laterally discontinuous conglomerate–sandstone sequences such as those at Ardtun on the north coast of the Ross of Mull, and laterally equivalent, overbank or lacustrine facies that give rise to siltstone–mudstone–coal–limestone sequences, well preserved on the south coast of the Ross of Mull (Boulter and Kvacek, 1989). The most distinctive field characteristic of flows of the Staffa Lava Formation is the development of typically near-vertical columnar jointing, as exemplified by the Fingal’s Cave Flow on Staffa (Plate 13). The locally restricted nature of most flows, with columnar joints that in some instances are near-horizontal, is suggestive of cooling against steep-sided walls of palaeovalleys that cut through a dissected plateau. On the Ardmeanach peninsula, a pillowed facies indicates that the MacCulloch’s Tree flow erupted into shallow water. The flow is underlain by interbedded hyaloclastite breccias, together with dark mudstones and siltstones that contain fragments of carbonaceous material (wood), in a fine-grained matrix. The preservation of a cast of an upright tree, ‘MacCulloch’s Tree’ (Plate18) is the most remarkable feature of the flow, with columnar jointing becoming severely contorted as it approaches the vertical surface of the trunk.<br />
<br />
=== Mull Plateau Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The most complete and relatively simplest succession occurs at Ben More, where both the Ben More Main Member and the Ben More Pale Member are present (Table 15). This succession has been the subject of detailed geochemical examination (Kerr, 1995a; Chambers and Fitton, 2000; Chapter 10).<br />
<br />
The Ben More Main Member occurs throughout west Mull, as well as on the Morvern peninsula. Reddened, weathered tops to flows, attributable to subaerial weathering, are relatively common, although interflow clastic sedimentary sequences have not been noted to any significant extent. Certain of the reddened deposits on top of flows have been identified as ashy deposits, probably reworked by stream action (Emeleus et al., 1996a). The member is composed of randomly interleaved flows of olivine basalt and hawaiite, together with rarer picrobasalts, mugearites, benmoreites and trachytes. Certain flows, especially the hawaiites and mugearites, are plagioclase macroporphyritic (the Big Feldspar Basalts of Bailey et al., 1924).<br />
<br />
Little detailed information is available about the structure and stratigraphy of the Ben More Main Member. Below, two localities are briefly described, in order to indicate some of the complexities and subtleties that are recognised.<br />
<br />
The sequence of flows that forms the coastal cliffs at Laggan Bay, near Ulva Ferry, banked up against, and eventually overstepped, a thick heterogeneous accumulation of basaltic ashes, volcaniclastic breccias and debris flow deposits. These most likely mark the site of a vent that penetrated the lava pile relatively early in the development of the Ben More Main Member. The majority of the clasts within the breccia are of basalt and hawaiite; however, rare but conspicuous angular fragments of Moine psammite and Turonian flint can be identified, indicating that material from the subjacent crust has been transported upwards by the magmas or eroded from surface outcrops.<br />
<br />
On the west side of the Quinish peninsula, in north Mull, a remarkably well-preserved lava flow crops out for a distance of at least 800 m along the coast between the high and low water lines. The flow preserves both casts (in basalt) and moulds of tree trunks and possibly branches, most of which are flat-lying, and the majority of which trend north-east–south-west. The upper portion of the underlying lava is severely lateritised, representing the soil in which the trees grew. The flow is remarkably well preserved, with surface features and internal structures more typically seen in active volcanic areas, for example, ropy pahoehoe structures, shell-like pahoehoe crusts, and basal or marginal breccias. The remarkable state of preservation of the flow and the presence of fossil trees are taken as clear indication that the Quinish lava was erupted after a significant hiatus in the volcanic activity, and was itself rapidly buried by the succeeding flow.<br />
<br />
The Ben More Pale Member crops out around the summit of Ben More, close to the western margin of the Mull Central Complex and, consequently, has been subjected to intense hydrothermal alteration and metasomatism. It overlies the Ben More Main Member, although no sharp boundary has been identified; rather, there is an interdigitation between the two members, over an interval of a few flows, with the increasing preponderance of pale-weathering flows, up sequence. The pale weathering flows are generally of relatively evolved composition, typified by benmoreites (type locality, first identified by Tilley and Muir, 1964). The lower part of the Ben More Pale Member consists predominantly of mugearite, benmoreite and trachyte. The lavas showing the most evolved compositions are typified in the field by a platy jointing and general fissility, and occur in the middle part of the member. The uppermost part of the member marks a return to significantly less-evolved olivine basalt flows (Kerr, 1995a). Intercalated with the lavas are thin sedimentary deposits; on the north side of Ben More, a benmoreite flow is underlain by 30 to 60 cm of fissile black mudstone containing abundant fragments of benmoreite; a similar deposit at the same stratigraphical level occurs on the east side of A’ Chioch. South of the summit of Ben More, Bailey et al. (1924) recorded about 3 m of brecciated black mudstone with plant remains overlying a mugearite flow.<br />
<br />
=== Mull Central Lava Formation ===<br />
<br />
The Mull Central Lava Formation consists of tholeiitic basalt flows that crop out in small areas within the Mull Central Complex and possibly around its margins, where they overlie the Mull Plateau Lava Formation. The formation is about 900 m thick, and many of the lavas may have been erupted within a water-filled caldera, forming a thick succession of pillowed flows. This is the South-east Caldera or Early Caldera of Bailey et al. (1924); the structure is about 10 km in diameter, and is thought to have developed as a consequence of the summit collapse of a central vent volcano on a site now occupied by the Mull Central Complex. Subsequent intrusive activity within the central complex has dismembered the intrusions. Another caldera was also recognised, the so-called North-west Caldera (Bailey et al., 1924, plate III), but flows of the Mull Central Lava Formation within this structure are not pillowed. Throughout the formation, intense hydrothermal alteration has led to severe changes to the primary mineralogy of many of the lavas, with the development of abundant secondary epidote and prehnite, commonly replacing primary minerals, but also in fracture-filling vein systems.<br />
<br />
Within the South-east Caldera, Bailey et al. (1924) recognised three zones within the formation (Table 15), but complications due to subsequent structural and intrusive events prevent the thicknesses of these zones being defined. Pillowed flows are restricted to the Outer Zone and Middle Zone. On the basis of the significant thicknesses of pillow lavas still preserved, Bailey et al. (1924) argued that there must have been successive subsidence of the caldera floor.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the lavas of distinctive tholeiitic basalt composition were not always contained by the caldera wall. It is envisaged that some were able to flow outwards, presumably down the flanks of the volcanic superstructure, and possibly to interdigitate with flows of the Mull Plateau Lava Formation that had been erupted from fissure systems.<br />
<br />
== Dykes, dyke swarms and volcanic plugs ==<br />
<br />
== Sills and sill-complexes ==<br />
<br />
=== Loch Scridan Sill-complex ===<br />
<br />
The Loch Scridain Sill-complex intrudes the Moine basement, the Mesozoic sedimentary sequence and the overlying Paleocene lavas in south-west Mull, particularly on the Ross of Mull and on the north side of Loch Scridain. The sills are typically betwen 0. 5 and 6 m in thickness but exceptionally exceed 10 m, and commonly have well developed chilled margins. They are of tholeiitic affinity, ranging in composition from tholeiitic basalt, through andesite and dacite, to rhyolite (including glassy variants). Basaltic compositions are the most common, with about 20 per cent of the intrusions being of intermediate composition, and a relatively small number of rhyolitic composition. Many of the sills are xenolithic, with cognate and accidental (upper crustal) material represented; two of the best examples are to be found at Killunaig and Kilfinichen Bay, on the south and north sides of Loch Scridain, respectively (Plate 22). Composite sills occur, commonly involving crystalline and glassy rock types of significantly different compositions as in, for example, the classic xenolithic sill at Rudh’ a’ Chromain on the south side of the Ross of Mull. The sills may be related to the initial stage of the development of the Mull Central Complex (Centre 1 or Glen More Centre, see p. 126; Dagley et al., 1987).<br />
<br />
The sills were described in detail by Bailey et al. (1924). These early studies were concerned mainly with the complex high-temperature mineral assemblages that developed within crustal xenoliths prior to and/or during sill emplacement. More recently, Brearley (1986) described the melting reactions of the Moine basement materials, and Kille et al. (1986) inferred that the sill magmas were actively convecting during emplacement, maintaining high temperatures at the contacts, which resulted in localised thermal erosion of the pelitic Moine wall-rocks.<br />
<br />
The Loch Scridain sills may be divided into three distinct geochemical groups (Preston et al., 1998a; Chapter 10). The basic sills (Group 1) are markedly xenolithic, containing both cognate and crustal types (Plate 22). The cognate xenoliths are of ultrabasic and basic composition, and are most likely of cumulate origin (Preston and Bell, 1997). There are two broad groupings of the crustal xenoliths (Preston et al., 1999):<br />
<br />
siliceous xenoliths derived from psammites of the Moine Supergroup or, less commonly, as in the Rudh’ a’ Chromain Sill, sandstone and conglomerate xenoliths from the local Mesozoic country rocks* aluminous xenoliths, of which there are three types, each dominated by glass produced by melting of the xenolith, hence the term buchite<br />
<br />
The aluminous xenoliths include:* mullite buchites — a mass of mullite needles (3Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.2SiO<sub>2</sub>) set in clear glass and pale lilac in hand-specimen<br />
* cordierite buchites — small crystals of cordierite and mullite needles set in clear glass and virtually black in hand specimen<br />
* plagioclase-rimmed mullite buchites — a core of mullite-rich glass surrounded by a thick rim of white-weathering, coarse-grained plagioclase. (An87–60)<br />
<br />
Clear blue corundum (sapphire) also occurs. Pockets of quenched, isotopically contaminated basic glass with skeletal plagioclase and clinopyroxene occur trapped between the plagioclase crystals. The highly aluminous composition of the buchite glasses is consistent with their derivation from a clay-rich sediment or its metamorphic equivalent, most likely the pelites of the Moine Supergroup (Dempster et al., 1999).<br />
<br />
== Central complexes ==<br />
<br />
Our understanding of the order of intrusive events within the Mull Central Complex is still largely due to Bailey et al. (1924). Subsequent work has been restricted to a small number of studies of some of the main intrusions and a brief summary and field guide by Skelhorn and Longland (1969). Three centres are recognised and numbered sequentially 1, 2 and 3; the first and last are considered to have been related to the development of calderas: Centre 1 to the Early Caldera or Glen More Centre and Centre 3 to the Late Caldera or Loch Bà Centre. Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre, is composed of various cone-sheet and ring-dyke intrusions.<br />
<br />
During formation of the Mull Central Complex, there was a gradual shift of activity from Centre 1 through to Centre 3 (Figure 27). Movement was in a south-east to north-west direction, by a few kilometres, parallel to the trend of the regional dyke swarm. Large annular folds surround the central complex (see p. 150).<br />
<br />
=== Centre 1, the Glen More Centre ===<br />
<br />
Within the Mull Central Complex and partly acting as country rock to the intrusions, are remnants of pillowed basaltic lavas. The relationship between these lavas and the main lava field on Mull (p. 75;(Table 15)) is unclear, although Bailey et al. (1924) concluded that the pillowed material constitutes the stratigraphically youngest part of the lava field and formed within a caldera, hence the Glen More Centre is also referred to as the Early Caldera (Figure 28). The pillowed flows are referred to as being of the ‘Non-Porphyritic Central Magma Type’ or the ‘Central Mull Tholeiites’ (Chapters 6 and 10).<br />
<br />
==== Early granites ====<br />
<br />
The oldest of the main intrusions of the Glen More Centre are the steep-sided granites of Glas Bheinn and Derrynaculean, which possibly form parts of ring-dykes or steep-sided stocks. Emplacement of these granites was, in part, controlled by ring-faults, with central collapse. Brecciation, due either to gas escape or ring-faulting, is common throughout the granites, especially in the Derrynaculean mass. In addition, the Glas Bheinn intrusion was emplaced into the core of the somewhat imperfectly developed marginal Loch Spelve Anticline. Both granites show significant hydrothermal alteration, with primary pyroxene being chloritised or uralitised. Marginal facies of the Glas Bheinn Granite contain partially assimilated siliceous material, most likely derived from country-rock Triassic sandstones.<br />
<br />
==== Explosion breccias ====<br />
<br />
Several masses of explosion breccia occur along the trace of the ring-fault which is used to define the extent of the Early Caldera. The best examples occur within the south-east sector of the bounding fault, on the eastern side of Sgurr Dearg. The breccias contain subangular to rounded fragments of Paleocene lavas, Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, Moine gneisses and a wide variety of coarse-grained igneous rocks (gabbro, granite, etc.). Moine gneisses are generally absent from the breccias inside the main caldera-bounding fault, indicating that the basement lies at a deeper structural level beneath the caldera and that the explosive brecciation occurred at a fairly shallow level in the crust. Fragmented rhyolitic rocks with flow-banded and perlitic textures also occur in the breccias, which were most likely formed by gas streaming from silicic magmas. Surface volcanic deposits related to this explosive activity are not recognised, due to the level of erosion.<br />
<br />
In Coire Mór, on the east side of the central complex, is an outcrop of generally unstratified volcaniclastic breccia containing subangular to rounded blocks of various Paleocene igneous rocks and Pre-Paleocene sedimentary rocks. Also present are large masses of flow-banded rhyolite. Similar material occurs at Barachandroman at the south side of Loch Spelve. The Coire Mór rocks were interpreted by Bailey et al. (1924) as surface accumulations and contemporaneous rhyolite lava flows, but Richey (1961) preferred a model of subsurface gas brecciation, akin to the explosion breccias of Sgurr Dearg.<br />
<br />
==== Early felsites ====<br />
<br />
The flow-banded Beinn Mheadhon, Torness and Creag na h-Iolaire felsites are approximately contemporaneous, and predate the emplacement of the explosion breccias. The Beinn Mheadhon Felsite is located outside the caldera-bounding fault, but the other two are inside (Figure28). The felsites are cut by younger basic intrusions (mainly cone-sheets) which obscure the original geometry.<br />
<br />
==== Early cone-sheets ====<br />
<br />
A set of early cone-sheets was emplaced into the Glas Bheinn and Derrynaculean granites, the explosion breccias and the early felsites. These cone-sheets are predominantly basic, although a small proportion of intermediate and silicic intrusions is also recognised. They dip inwards at approximately 45° towards a focal point below Beinn Chaisgidle and approach an aggregate thickness of 1000 m, with individual sheets up to 10 m thick. Consequently, significant central uplift will have occurred as a result of their emplacement. The main outcrop can be traced in an arcuate belt that runs from Glen Forsa in the north, close to Loch Spelve, and thence across Glen More to Derrynaculean (Figure 28).<br />
<br />
The precise timing of the emplacement of the intermediate and silicic intrusions relative to the dominant basic intrusions is unclear, although it is evident that they did overlap. This is confirmed by the presence of a number of composite (basic–silicic) cone-sheets. Movement of the fault defining the Early Caldera had ceased by the time the early cone-sheets were emplaced.<br />
<br />
==== Gabbros ====<br />
<br />
Gabbros Subsequent to cone-sheet emplacement, two large gabbroic bodies were intruded into the central complex: the Ben Buie Gabbro in the south-west, outside the main ring-fault, and the Beinn Bheag Gabbro inside the fault in the north-east quadrant of the centre. Emplacement of the magmas involved in the formation of the Bein Buie intrusion may have utilised the main ring-fault. However, Skelhorn and Longland (1969) suggested that the Ben Buie mass and possibly the Corra-bheinn Gabbro of Centre 2 were originally circular in plan, and that central subsidence has removed much of the intrusion(s) to a deeper structural level. Furthermore, the inward dips of the mineral layering in the Ben Buie Gabbro increase from about 15° to 20° near the intrusive contacts with earlier rocks, to angles in excess of 35° close to the main ring-fault on the east and north-east sides of the intrusion. The increased dips may have resulted from movement on the fault. The outer, south-eastern, margin of the Ben Buie Gabbro dips outwards at a shallow angle; however, the inward dipping nature of the modal layering of the intrusion may indicate that the base might be at no great depth. The chilled margin of the Ben Buie Gabbro is of tholeiitic basalt composition, akin to that of the Mull cone-sheets, further suggesting a genetic link (Skelhorn et al., 1979). The cumulate nature of the gabbros results in layers ranging in composition from olivine-dominated assemblages (peridotite), through typical olivine-gabbro assemblages, to plagioclase-dominated assemblages (troctolite and bytownite troctolite). Layers rich in chrome-spinel are common in the more ultrabasic lithologies (Henderson and Wood, 1981). Bailey et al. (1924) defined various facies based upon grain-size and mineral proportions within the Beinn Bheag Gabbro, together with a marginal facies veined with silicic material and a brecciated facies. Xenoliths are common throughout the intrusions, both cognate (peridotite, gabbro, troctolite, etc, essentially unaltered and not recrystallised) and granular-textured rocks, interpreted to be the products of thorough recrystallisation of earlier formed parts of the intrusion, or of country rock basaltic lavas. The two gabbro intrusions were subsequently invaded by various cone-sheets, basic through to silicic, which belong to Centre 2 (see below).<br />
<br />
==== Loch Uisg Granite–Gabbro Intrusion ====<br />
<br />
This intrusion consists of two discrete lithologies. The gabbroic component varies between an olivine-gabbro and an olivine-dolerite, whereas the granite has well-developed granophyric texture and is quite severely hydrothermally altered. The junction between the two comprises a zone of hybrid material formed by magma mixing. This asymmetical, composite intrusion appears to have the geometry of a flat-lying sheet emplaced into lavas, although at the western end of Loch Uisg the upper contact of the granite dips steeply to the north. At the eastern end of the intrusion, part of the roof is formed by volcaniclastic breccias, exposed at Barachandroman (see above), within which the more muddy rocks are thermally altered and thoroughly recrystallised. Emplacement of the Loch Uisg intrusion postdates the formation of the annular folds and the development of the explosion breccias of the Glen More Centre. The relationship with the early basic cone-sheets is less clear since the intrusion is cut by some sheets but in turn cuts others. Overall, the intrusion would seem to be a relatively late component of the Glen More Centre.<br />
<br />
=== Centre 2, the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre ===<br />
<br />
After the development of the Glen More Centre, the focus of igneous activity shifted several kilometres towards the north-west, to the area around Beinn Chaisgidle (Figure 29). Centre 2, also known as the Beinn Chaisgidle Centre, is dominated by thin, steeply inclined, outward-dipping ring-dyke intrusions varying in composition from basalt through to rhyolite, and inwardly inclined basalt and dolerite cone-sheets.<br />
<br />
==== Corra-beinn Gabbro ====<br />
<br />
The Corra-beinn Gabbro is the most westerly of the large gabbro masses in Mull, and is mainly, but not wholly, outside the main bounding fault of the Early Caldera. It contains layered structures that dip to the north-east at 25° to 80°. The gabbro may be a late member of Centre 1; however, since it truncates early basic cone-sheets that in turn intrude the Ben Buie Gabbro it is tentatively assigned to Centre 2.<br />
<br />
==== Ring-dykes ====<br />
<br />
The ring-dykes are typically of silicic composition, with steeply inclined margins. Thicknesses vary between 50 and 500 m. They range from relatively coarse-grained rocks such as granite, through to microgranite and rhyolite. Basic ring-dykes are much less common, and vary from gabbro through to dolerite. Some of the ring-dykes are composite, with a range in composition from silicic to basic, but without obvious internal contacts.<br />
<br />
==== Glen More Ring-dyke ====<br />
<br />
The Glen More Ring-dyke is probably the best known example of a steeply inclined, compositionally variable hybrid intrusion in the Hebridean Igneous Province. The ring-dyke crops out from the river in Glen More northwards to the summit of Cruach Choireadail, over a vertical distance of almost 500 m. It grades upwards in composition from olivine-gabbro through dioritic rocks to a somewhat melanocratic microgranite. The primary mineralogy has largely been replaced by secondary, hydrothermal minerals. It is perhaps the most useful of the Centre 2 intrusions to study in order to observe the processes of differentiation and ring-dyke formation. Bailey et al. (1924) and Koomans and Kuenen (1938) interpreted the vertical variation in composition as the product of in-situ differentiation by liquid–crystal fractionation, whereas others (Holmes, 1936; Fenner, 1937) concluded that the dioritic rocks resulted from the mixing of silicic and basic magmas (see Chapter 10).<br />
<br />
==== Cone-sheets ====<br />
<br />
Most commonly, the basic intrusions are inwardly inclined cone-sheets of basalt and dolerite, in some instances veined by remelted parts of the silicic ring-dykes that they intrude. The cone-sheets are usually less than 10 m thick and dip inwards, generally at 20° to 50°, towards a focal point beneath Beinn Chaisgidle. Thus, complicated relationships between typically silicic ring-dykes and the typically basic cone-sheets are found throughout Centre 2; these relationships are well developed in the Allt Molach stream section in Glen More.<br />
<br />
The final intrusive phase unambiguously associated with Centre 2 was the emplacement of the quartz-dolerites that make up the Late Basic Cone-sheets. Emplacement of these cone-sheets continued as the focus of intrusion migrated north-west towards Loch Bà and Centre 3 became established. Consequently, their emplacement also constitutes the earliest phase of intrusive activity associated with the youngest centre.<br />
<br />
=== Centre 3, the Loch Bà Centre ===<br />
<br />
Centre 3, also known as the Loch Bà Centre, was associated with the development of the Late Caldera (Figure 30).<br />
<br />
==== Late Basic Cone-sheets ====<br />
<br />
These cone-sheets were clearly emplaced during the latter stages of the development of Centre 2 and the earlier part of Centre 3, since plutonic intrusions belonging to both the centres truncate, and in turn are intruded by, cone-sheets belonging to this set. Those that are clearly associated with Centre 3 are symmetrically disposed about an axis trending north-west, parallel to the length of Loch Bà (Figure 30). In places, the density of cone-sheet emplacement is very high, with very little country rock preserved. Central uplift must have been significant.<br />
<br />
==== Glen Cannel Granite ====<br />
<br />
This granite was the first major silicic intrusion to be emplaced within Centre 3. The mildly alkaline granite forms an oval, dome-shaped mass with a north-west-trending long axis. The intrusion contains abundant gas cavities (druses) and is preserved predominantly within the subsided block inside the late-stage Loch Bà Ring-dyke. The granite cuts numerous Late Basic Cone-sheets within the central subsided block, but outwith the block, to the south-east, it is cut by similar cone-sheets. Thus, it appears that there was an overlap of the intrusive events, or that different intrusions make up the granite, or that more than one set of cone-sheets exists. The granite is partially roofed by volcaniclastic rocks, masses of quartz-dolerite and intrusive felsites. From the disposition of the felsites along the edges of the granite (Figure 30), they might be regarded as a chilled marginal facies were it not for exposures on the east side of Bìth Bheinn and Creag Dubh, south of Loch Bà, which show that the granite is in sharp intrusive contact with the felsites.<br />
<br />
==== Beinn a’ Ghraig and Knock granites ====<br />
<br />
The Beinn à Ghraig Granite is located outside the Loch Bà Ring-dyke along its north-west margin. It is of similar petrographic type to that of Glen Cannel, but is considered to be younger as it cuts Late Basic Cone-sheets on Beinn a’ Ghraig, but is itself cut by only one or two cone-sheets. The Knock Granite is of similar age, taking the form of a steep-sided, elongate mass, 50 to 300m wide, separated from the north-west margin of the Beinn a’ Ghraig intrusion by a screen of hornfelsed basaltic lavas. Similar, most likely related, granitic, dioritic and hybrid ring-intrusions occur to the north-east of Loch Bà, in the vicinity of Toll Doire, Maol Buidhe and Killbeg. Although the country-rock lavas have been invaded by the Late Basic Cone-sheets, and are hornfelsed, they do not appear to have been significantly folded or faulted. This suggests the relatively passive emplacement of the granitic magmas, probably by a combination of subsidence and stoping.<br />
<br />
==== Loch Bà Ring-dyke ====<br />
<br />
This ring-dyke is the final major silicic intrusion of the Loch Bà Centre. It has an external diameter of about 8 km and a width varying from 400 m down to zero in those areas where the trace of the ring-fault is marked only by brecciation of the country rocks. In general, the ring-dyke walls are close to vertical, although steep outward dips occur along the north-west portion. The Loch Bà Ring-dyke is cut by late members of the north-west-trending regional dyke swarm, but is unique amongst the major intrusions of the Mull Central Complex in being entirely free of cone-sheets.<br />
<br />
The intrusion was first described by Bailey et al. (1924) and its petrology and origin have subsequently been investigated by Walker and Skelhorn (1966) and by Sparks (1988). The later studies recognised the hybrid nature of the intrusion, involving dominant silicic rock (rhyolite with sparse phenocrysts of sodic plagioclase, sanidine, hedenbergite, fayalite, magnetite, ilmenite and zircon) containing inclusions (typically less than 10 cm long) of phenocryst-poor basic material ranging in composition from ferrobasalt through to dacite. The inclusions constitute less than 10 per cent of the ring-dyke, are commonly glassy, and range in shape from rounded to lenticular, the latter with distinctive ragged ends. The rhyolite is partially devitrified with an obvious flow banding and the preservation of fiamme (eutaxitic texture) is indicative of a pyroclastic origin. Given the glassy, hybrid nature of the intrusion, even where it is 400 m wide, and the development of textures typical of welded tuff, it is evident that its emplacement involved mixing of magmas during the eruption of pyroclastic material (Chapter 10). Space for this intrusion was most likely created by the combined action of gas brecciation and central subsidence, by a relatively small distance, of the pre-existing block inside the ring-dyke.<br />
<br />
== Structure of the lava fields ==<br />
<br />
The detailed stratigraphy of the Mull Lava Field has not been determined (Table 10), and therefore only the broad outline of the structure is known. The lavas of north-west Mull, Ulva, the Ardmeanach peninsula and the eastern part of the Ross of Mull, and the thick Ben More succession are generally flat-lying or dip gently, although evolved lavas south-east of Ben More are involved in folding associated with the emplacement of the central complex (see below). Away from the central complex, the base of the lavas crops out in the south at Carsaig Bay, in the west at Gribun and in the north at intervals on the coast between Tobermory and Bloody Bay. This may indicate that the lavas form a broad north-north-west-trending syncline in north-west Mull. Several north-north-west- to north-west-trending faults occur on the island of Ulva, towards the western end of the Ardmeanach peninsula and south of Loch Scridain. On the Ross of Mull, near Ardtun, the Paleocene lava outcrop terminates at the west-north-west-trending Loch Assapol Fault, where they are thrown down against Moine metasedimentary rocks.<br />
<br />
=== Structures associated with the central complexes ===<br />
<br />
One of the most notable structural features of the Hebridean Igneous Province is the set of concentric folds that almost encircle the Glen More and Beinn Chaisgidle centres on Mull (Bailey et al., 1924). The folds are developed in the surrounding older lava sequence and the various subjacent pre-Paleocene rocks. They include the Loch Spelve and Loch Don anticlines and the Duart Bay and Coire Mòr synclines (Figure 27). South of Loch Don, Dalradian metalimestones and phyllites form the core of a north-trending anticline, flanked successively by late-Silurian andesitic lavas, Lower and Middle Jurassic sandstones and mudstones, and Paleocene lavas. These major structures continue to the north and north-west, where Jurassic rocks form the core of the Craignure Anticline as far as Craignure Bay, with Moine rocks exposed in the core between Craignure Bay and Scallastle Bay. Elsewhere, the folding generally involves Paleocene basaltic lavas and, on the eastern flanks of Ben More, mugearites near the top of the lava succession. It is suggested that the folds formed in response to the early intrusive events in the central complex, but their age is not well understood. Furthermore, the area enclosed by the folds is domed and the folds may owe their origin to gravity-driven movement as the dome developed. From evidence in the Loch Don area, it has been suggested that doming and folding were initiated prior to eruption of the Paleocene lavas (Cheeney, 1962;Walker, 1975a), but Bailey (1962) considered the evidence to be inconclusive. Near Sgurr Dearg, the folds are crosscut by, and thus predate, volcaniclastic breccias of the central complex.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
BAILEY, E B. 1962. Early Tertiary fold movements in Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 99, 478–479.<br />
<br />
BAILEY, E B, CLOUGH, C T, WRIGHT, W B, RICHEY, J E, and WILSON, G V. 1924. Tertiary and Post-Tertiary geology of Mull, Loch Aline, and Oban. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 44 (Scotland).<br />
<br />
BOULTER, M C, and KVACEK, Z. 1989. The Palaeocene flora of the Isle of Mull. Palaeontological Association Special Papers in Palaeontology, No. 42.<br />
<br />
BREARLEY, A J. 1986. An electron optical study of muscovite breakdown in pelitic xenoliths during pyrometamorphism. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 50, 385–397.<br />
<br />
CHAMBERS, L M, and FITTON, J G. 2000. Geochemical transitions in the ancestral Iceland plume: evidence from the Isle of Mull Tertiary volcano, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 157, 261–263.<br />
<br />
CHEENEY,R F. 1962. Early Tertiary fold movements in Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 99, 227–232.<br />
<br />
DAGLEY, P, MUSSETT, A E, and SKELHORN, A R. 1987. Polarity stratigraphy and duration of the Mull Tertiary igneous activity. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 144, 966–985.<br />
<br />
DEMPSTER, T J, PRESTON, R J, and BELL, B R. 1999. The origin of Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites: evidence from interactions between crustal xenoliths and basaltic magma. Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 156, 41–46.<br />
<br />
EMELEUS, C H, ALLWRIGHT, A E, KERR, A C, and WILLIAMSON, I T. 1996a. Red tuffs in the Palaeocene lava successions of the Inner Hebrides. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 32, 83–89.<br />
<br />
EMELEUS, C H. 1991. Tertiary igneous activity. 455–502 in Geology of Scotland. Third edition. CRAIG,GY (editor).(London:The Geological Society.)<br />
<br />
FENNER, C N. 1937. A view of magmatic differentiation. Journal of Geology, Vol. 45, 158–168.<br />
<br />
FYFE, J A, LONG, D, and EVANS, D. 1993. United Kingdom offshore regional report: the geology of the Malin–Hebrides sea area. (London: HMSO for the British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
HALLIDAY, A N, AFTALION, M, VAN BREEMEN, O, and JOCELYN, J. 1979. Petrogenetic significance of Rb-Sr and U-Pb isotopic systems in the 400 Ma old British Isles granitoids and their hosts. 653–661 in Caledonides of the British Isles — reviewed. HARRIS, A L, HOLLAND, C H, and LEAKE, B E (editors). Special Publication of the Geological Society of London, No. 8.<br />
<br />
HESSELBO, S P, OATES, M J, and JENKYNS, H C. 1998. The lower Lias Group of the Hebrides Basin. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 34, 23–60.<br />
<br />
HOLMES, A. 1936. The idea of contrasted differentiation. Geological Magazine, Vol. 73, 228–238.<br />
<br />
JOHNSTONE, G S, and MYKURA, W. 1989. British Regional Geology: the Northern Highlands of Scotland. (Fourth edition) (Edinburgh: HMSO for British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
KERR, A C. 1995a. The geochemistry of the Mull–Morvern lava succession, NW Scotland: an assessment of mantle sources during plume-related volcanism. Chemical Geology, Vol. 122, 43–58.<br />
<br />
KERR, A C. 1995b. The geochemical stratigraphy, field relations and temporal variation of the Mull–Morvern lava succession, NW Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, Vol. 86, 35–47.<br />
<br />
KILLE, I C, THOMPSON, R N, MORRISON, M A, and THOMPSON, R F. 1986. Field evidence for turbulence during flow of basaltic magma through conduits from southwest Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 123, 693–697.<br />
<br />
KOOMANS C, and KUENEN, P H. 1938. On the differentiation of the Glen More ring-dyke, Mull. Geological Magazine, Vol. 75, 145–160.<br />
<br />
PRESTON, R J, and BELL, B R. 1997. Cognate gabbroic xenoliths from a tholeiitic subvolcanic sill complex: implications for fractional crystallization and crustal contamination processes. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 61, 329–349.<br />
<br />
PRESTON, R J, BELL, B R, and ROGERS, G. 1998a. The Loch Scridain sill complex, Isle of Mull, Scotland: fractional crystallization, assimilation, magma-mixing and crustal anatexis in sub-volcanic conduits. Journal of Petrology, Vol. 39, 519–550.<br />
<br />
RICHEY, J E, and THOMAS, H H. 1930. The geology of Ardnamurchan, north-west Mull and Coll. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 51 and part of Sheet 52 (Scotland).<br />
<br />
RICHEY, J E. 1961. British Regional Geology, Scotland: the Tertiary volcanic districts. Third edition, revised by MACGREGOR, A G, and ANDERSON, F W.(Edinburgh: HMSO for British Geological Survey.)<br />
<br />
SKELHORN, R R, and LONGLAND, P J N. 1969. The Tertiary igneous geology of the Isle of Mull. Geologists’ Association Guide, No. 20. (Colchester: Benham &amp; Co.)<br />
<br />
SKELHORN, R R, HENDERSON, P, WALSH, J N, and LONGLAND, P J N. 1979. The chilled margin of the Ben Buie layered gabbro, Isle of Mull. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 15, 161–167.<br />
<br />
SPARKS, R S J. 1988. Petrology of the Loch Ba ring dyke, Mull (NW Scotland): an example of the extreme differentiation of tholeiitic magmas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 100, 446–461.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J. 1974a. New Red Sandstone piedmont and floodplain sedimentation in the Hebridean province, Scotland. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 44, 336–357.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J. 1974b. Cornstone (fossil caliche) — its origin, stratigraphy and sedimentological importance in the New Red Sandstone, western Scotland. Journal of Geology, Vol. 82, 351–369.<br />
<br />
STEEL, R J, NICHOLSON, R, and KALANDER, L. 1975. Triassic sedimentation and palaeogeography in central Skye. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 11, 1–13.<br />
<br />
THOMPSON, R N, MORRISON, M A, DICKIN, A P, GIBSON, I L, and HARMON, R S. 1986. Two contrasting styles of interaction between basaltic magma and continental crust in the British Tertiary Volcanic Province. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 91 (B6), 5985–5997.<br />
<br />
UPTON, B G J. 1988. History of Tertiary igneous activity in the N Atlantic borderlands. 429–454 in Early Tertiary volcanism and the opening of the NE Atlantic. MORTON, A C, and PARSON, L M (editors). Geological Society of London Special Publication, No. 39.<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L. 1971. The distribution of amygdale minerals in Mull and Morvern (Western Scotland). 181–194 in Studies in earth sciences: a volume in honour of William Dixon West. MURTY, TVV G R K, and RAO, S S(editors).(New Delhi: Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers.)<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L, and SKELHORN, R R. 1966. Some associations of acid and basic intrusions. Earth Science Reviews, Vol. 2, 93–109.<br />
<br />
WALKER, G P L. 1975a. A new concept in the evolution of the British Tertiary intrusive centres. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 131, 121–142.</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=The_Royal_Hammerers_and_The_Grizzly_Bears_-_the_dining_clubs_of_the_early_Geological_Survey&diff=58745
The Royal Hammerers and The Grizzly Bears - the dining clubs of the early Geological Survey
2023-07-12T12:55:16Z
<p>Scotfot: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:BGS GrizzlyBears.jpg|thumb|The Grizzly Bears - cartoon of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland dining club in Edinburgh. From The Grizzly Bears dinner book.]]<br />
[[File:BGS RoyalHammerers.jpg|thumb|Coat of arms of The Royal Hammerers the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland dining club in London. From The Royal Hammerers dinner book.]]<br />
[[File:BGS Constitution.jpg|thumb|The constitution of 'The Grizzly Bears' the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland Edinburgh dining club.]]<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
In Victorian Britain, scientific dining clubs were common. In London and Edinburgh informal clubs were formed by the Survey geologists, the clubs were called, in London, 'The Royal Hammerers' and in Edinburgh, 'The Grizzly Bears'. <br />
The records of the dinners were maintained in 'The dinner books'. They contain the unbroken records of the dining clubs. The date of formation of the London club is unknown while the Edinburgh dining club began in 1869, two years after the office opened and lasted through to 1970. The dinner books include details of the location, menu, people present and manuscript records of the entertainment, the songs and recitations by the geologists themselves. Sprinkled through the 'scrapbook' type dinner books is also a wealth of other informal material, watercolour, ink and pencil sketches, cartoons and copies of Geologists' dinner menu cards. The latter were usually humorous sketches with the characters represented by photographic cut-outs which were particularly popular in the post-war years.<br />
The following extract from Harry Wilson's book Down to earth: one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the Geological Survey. (Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press, 1985) highlights the history and nature of the two clubs and their members:<br />
<br />
::'''Off Duty'''<br />
::In both the London and Edinburgh offices the geologists established dining clubs, known as the Royal Hammerers and the Grizzily Bears respectively. It is probable that in their earlier years these met more often but by the end of the century the tradition of annual 'Geologists Dinners' had been established. <br />
::At these meetings the normal restraints of rank were released and senior men were the subject of ribald comment from their juniors. Many of the early songs and recitations have been preserved, particularly in the records of the Edinburgh meetings, and they give an interesting commentary on some of the people involved.<br />
::The London outfit was formed soon after the Survey started to recruit staff to augment De la Beche's one man band. The date of the first meeting is uncertain, but there is record of a poem by Baily, delivered at the dinner in 1849, which described the 'coat of arms' which had, by then, been drawn. This consisted of a trilobite shield flanked by two anthropomorphic reptile supporters, one male (Saurian) and one female (Pleisosaur). The shield was embellished with a clinometer, hammers, a compass and a magnifying glass. A riband bears the legend 'Hammer; Heart and Hand' . This crest was used at the dinners of the 'Royal Hammerers' at least up to 1914, though the name of the Society seems to have been lost much earlier, and the motto had been changed to Scientiae et Utilita' , while a crest of an arm wielding a hammer had been added. The first meeting of the Edinburgh Club was in Dejay Hotel 16 February 1869, two years after the Edinburgh Office was opened, when nine members met to dine and listen to eleven songs, Including three by Archie Geikie, the first Director in Scotland. It is doubtful if he was asked to listen to one given to a dinner in the nineties which clearly expresses the distaste felt for him when he had become Director General. The author of the invective is said to have been E H Cunningham Craig. <br />
::In the Flett era people from outstations who came to the annual Geologist's Dinner had to pay their own fare. On one occasion Flett found himself in the gent's lavatory with R C B Jones from Manchester and asked 'Have you finished the six-inch maps of the Wigan sheet?'<br />
::'Is this official business Sir?' <br />
::'All right, you can claim a night's expenses.' <br />
::In the post-war era, from 1950 to 1970, the tradition of songs and recitations continued but, while the Edinburgh dinners were irreverent but staid, the London events were much more energetic affairs. They were peripatetic, because restauranteurs were seldom prepared to allow a second visit! There is, for example , the story of R C B Jones swinging on a chandelier and bringing down the ceiling. Sitting among the debris he had the presence of mind to shout for the manager from whom he demanded damages for his ruined suit: 'I was standing here when this damn thing and half the ceiling fell on me'. <br />
::Bromehead, a District Geologist, used to do a sword-dance among the cutlery on the tables, and Trotter, an Assistant Director, regularly stood on a chair to conduct the assembly in rendering 'Blaydon Races'. <br />
::The tradition of songs and recitations at Geologists Dinners continued until 1970 and senior men accepted the annual liability to be pilloried by their juniors on the principle that they were `primus inter pares'; but the records show nothing approaching the undisguised venom of 'Our D G'. <br />
::The implementation of the Fulton reforms in 1971, with the end of a clear-cut division between Geologists and others, marked the end of this tradition. Rightly or wrongly it was felt that ridicule of the Directorate could not continue when it was no longer possible to restrict these dinners to an elite. <br />
::After a few uncertain functions under the new regime the tendency, in keeping with the general change in social habits, has been for purely male functions to disappear and be replaced by events at which all staff, male and female, were encouraged to bring their wives and lovers. These were particularly successful in the first few years of the Keyworth office where the facilities of the old Training College were still available, but like any other 'office party', they are historically unremarkable. <br />
::There are copies in the archives of a number of the songs presented to the 'Royal Hammerers' during the second half of the nineteenth century but they are pretty dull,comprising mainly parodies of popular songs and all expressive of very noble sentiments. Much more complete and interesting are the Edinburgh 'Dinner Books' in which there is a record of much that followed the first dinner in Dejays Hotel in 1869. One significant item in the 'Club Rules', unfortunately undated, is that the 'Director of the Survey shall not be eligible for membership'.<br />
::Perhaps the most fruitful period for this versifying came in Scotland in the inter-war years (1920-40), during most of which Murray Macgregor was in charge of the Edinburgh office. Murray (`the wee Macgregor') and Archie MacGregor were both determined poets and some of their products are given in the appendix at the end of the book. <br />
::Another feature of the Edinburgh dinners, and later of those held at Leeds, was the annual production by the Drawing Office of comical menus usually based, in the post-war years, on humorous sketches with the characters represented by photographic cut-outs. One of these is reproduced as a plate. , In London, on the other hand, the annual dinners were recorded by panoramic photographs taken for several decades by the same commercial photographer, Mr Horne of Pentonville Road. <br />
<br />
There are four dinner books:<br />
<br />
The Royal Hammerers 1849–1913<br />
<br />
The Grizzly Bears - volume 1<br />
<br />
The Grizzly Bears - volume 2<br />
<br />
The Grizzly Bears - volume 3<br />
<br />
[[Category:History of the British Geological Survey]]<br />
[[Category:British geoscientists]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Edward_Battersby_Bailey&diff=58742
Edward Battersby Bailey
2023-07-05T08:40:50Z
<p>Scotfot: /* Edward Battersby Bailey as Director of the Survey */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pioneers}}<br />
== Images ==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:WILSON FIG 03.jpg<br />
File:P008691.jpg<br />
File:P225785.jpg<br />
File:P810117.jpg|Signature<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
Bailey was in the great tradition of English eccentrics - he lost his eye winning the Military Cross in France during the First World War.<br />
<br />
He was in the Scottish Office for 30 years, and later became one of the most eccentric Directors of the Survey. Bailey stories abound....<br />
<br />
'....he had a habit when in the field of leaping into the first stream he saw to get his boots soaked, which avoided any later reluctance to get his feet wet; his naked plunges into Highland burns on the coldest days to emphasise his 'machismo'; his habit, on leaving his lodgings with a packed lunch, of sitting down about half an hour out saying "Let's eat it now and get it over with".' (H.E.Wilson)<br />
<br />
== Timeline ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Date !! Details<br />
|-<br />
| 1881 || Born July 1st at Kendal. Educated at Kendal Grammar School and at Clare College, Cambridge. (1st in Nat. Science & Physics.)<br />
|-<br />
| 1902 || Joined Geological Survey (Scotland). D.G. 1919.<br />
|-<br />
| 1929 || Survey Service terminated 24/12/29.<br />
|-<br />
| 1929 || Appointed to Chair of Geology at Glasgow in succession to J.W. Gregory. Elected Professor 12/12/29. Term began 1/1/30, lectures 6/1/30.<br />
|-<br />
| 1930 || F.R.S.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Biographies and obituaries ==<br />
<br />
[[1937 Bailey returns as Director - Geological Survey of Great Britain (by E.B. Bailey)|1937 Bailey returns as Director]] From: Bailey, Sir Edward. Geological Survey of Great Britain. London: Thomas Murby, 1952. <br />
<br />
Richey, J.E. Obituary - Sir Edward Battersby Bailey, Kt.M.C., F.R.S. (Director of Geological Survey). Proceedings of the Geological Society. v. 1628 p.197-198. 1965<br />
<br />
Obituary - Sir Edward Battersby Bailey. Born in 1881, died 19th March 1965. Proceedings of the Geologists Association. v. 77 p.157-159. 1966<br />
<br />
Glasgow Herald 25/2/30.<br />
<br />
Prof. E. B. Bailey, F.R.S.. Nature 139, 102 (1937). https://doi.org/10.1038/139102b0<br />
<br />
== BGS archives ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Ref No !! Title !! Description<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/By || Edward B.Bailey || Bailey joined the Survey in 1902 and was immediately sent to Scotland.He became District...<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/By/S/1 || Correspondence to range of geologists on various issues inc fossils from Mull. || Letters from and to E.B.Bailey inc: Flett, Kitchin, Gibson, B.N.Peach, T.Robertson, H.H.Thomas...<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/By/S/5 || Mss of paper: 'A hundred years of Geology, 1851 - 1951', with copy of the paper and letter from... || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/By/S/6 || Draft report on the geology of Gibralter by E.B.Bailey and C.P.Chatwin, with correspondence. || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/Sb/4/1 || Correspondence and papers inc letters from E.B.Bailey, Bisat, and Howell || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/Sb/6 || E B Bailey || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/Sb/6/1 || E B Bailey || Correspondence from and relating to E B Bailey.<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/Sb/6/2 || E B Bailey - Letters to Pugh and others relating to his history of the Survey || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/Sb/6/3 || Letters and notes about E B Bailey || Relating to obituaries of E B Bailey<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/Sb/6/4 || Autobiographical notes - E B Bailey || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/Sb/7/1 || Photographs || 1) B.F. Howell, E.S. Cobbold, R. Kozlowski, C.E. Ressel in Poland 1931. 2) R. Richter at View...<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/DR/Sb/7/5 || Home Guard Photographs || Photographs of the GSM and LR Company of the 58th London Battalion. Includes Stubblefield and...<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/GL/Cl/15 || Papers on the Carruthers - Bailey dispute re tectonics of the Glencoe- Ballachulish area. 1... || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/GL/Ct/4 || Correspondence: letters to H.Allen, E.B.Bailey, Hester, Kitchin, Stubblefield, H.H.Thomas and others || <br />
|-<br />
| GSM/GL/Pc/1 || Misc papers including notes on anthropods, geology and glaciation of Scotland. || Comments on paper by E.B.Bailey and horizontal sections through Scotland<br />
|-<br />
| GSM/GX/Ar/1 || Correspondence: letters to E.B.Bailey, C.P.Chatwin, H.G.Dimes, C.H.Dinham, and replies to E.E.L... || <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Edward Battersby Bailey as Director of the Survey ==<br />
<br />
'''Extract from: From: Wilson, H.E. Down to earth - one hundred and fifty years of the British Geological Survey. Edinburgh:Scottish Academic Press, 1985. [In all directions: developments under Sir Henry's fourteen successors In all directions: developments under Sir Henry's fourteen successors]'''<br />
<br />
After a period when McClintock acted as locum, Smith was succeeded as Director by E. B. Bailey, who had been in the Scottish office for thirty years but had left for the Chair of Geology at Glasgow University in 1930.<br />
<br />
Bailey was in the great tradition of English eccentrics. He was described by Aubrey Strahan as an 'inverted dandy' because of his appearance when he visited London — hatless, a fisherman's jersey, shorts and stout brogues. He was said to have once entered Fortnum and Masons and demanded a half-penny worth of salt, and other legends about him were legion — his habit in the field of leaping into the first stream he saw to get his boots soaked, which avoided any later reluctance to getting his feet wet; his naked plunges into Highland burns on the coldest days to emphasise his 'machismo', his habit, on leaving his lodgings with a packed lunch, of sitting down about half an hour out and saying 'Let's eat it now and get it over with'.<br />
<br />
He had lost an eye winning the M.C. in France and was subsequently given the irreverent nickname 'Cyclops'. On one occasion Welch, himself a fairly forcible character, put his head into one of the rooms in Exhibition Road and demanded loudly 'Has anyone seen old Cyclops', failing to observe that Trotter, who was also monocular, was in the room. The results were dramatic. Trotter was not given to diplomacy either — he was reputed to have remarked, after relieving himself against a tree in the field, 'That's what I think of your mapping!'.<br />
<br />
Flett and Bailey were married to sisters — Orcadians — and had worked together when Flett was in charge of the Edinburgh Office from 1911-1920. The mutual antipathy which developed during this period grew to become a long-standing feud. To their wives they were said to refer to each other as 'your brother- in-law'. While Flett referred to Bailey as 'mad', Bailey tried to provoke his Director in every way — geological and administrative. On one occasion, angered by the demand for some return, he telegraphed London for '100 sheets of lunch paper', referring to the ample proforma which clearly had more than one use.<br />
<br />
As Bailey details in his history, things reached a climax in the late 1920s over what he regarded as 'Scientific Liberty'. Flett had, since his days in Edinburgh, insisted that all publications by Survey staff, whether on official work or private research, should be submitted for the Director's approval. This Bailey regarded as persecution because he, totally committed to geology in his own as well as official time, had studied the existing field maps for critical areas worth re-examination, and subsequently spent his leave on this. Flett's paranoia can be judged from his order that field maps, freely available to the general public, were only to be shown to Survey staff with his permission! It was at this point that Bailey left for the chair of Geology at Glasgow University.<br />
<br />
When he returned as Director he obtained the promotion of McLintock to the new post of Deputy Director to allow him to depute all the administrative chores. He stopped the practice of English field staff being moved to the Highlands for summer work and established, for the first time, a rational District organisation for the country. Until 1937 'District Geologists' were responsible for only the area on which their men were working, which sometimes had produced such eccentricities as the 'Forest of Dean and Cumberland Unit'. Bailey divided England and Wales into six districts and gave each of his District Geologists responsibility for all that happened in his whole barony — not just the limited areas of mapping. This system proved effective, with occasional modifications of district boundaries, for the next forty-five years.<br />
<br />
In 1936 the first non-field Survey unit, save for the historic Palaeontologist's and Petrographer's outfits, was established — the Water Department. Bailey also set about closing the district offices, of which he strongly disapproved. York was closed in 1938 but Manchester and Newcastle survived, largely due to the tenacity of their staffs (See p.65).<br />
<br />
World War II, like its predecessor, caused a great deal of disturbance to the mapping programme, which had been the main reason for the existence of the Survey for a century. McLintock summarised the wartime achievements of the Survey in the first post-war report of the Geological Survey Board, as did Bailey in his history (1952). Most of the work was concerned with indigenous raw materials — iron ore, bauxite, glass sand, feldspar, mica — together with an intensification of work on groundwater and coal and the first investigations into sources of radio-active minerals.<br />
<br />
The war prevented the fulfilment of Bailey's plans for the Survey but he instituted the ''Bulletin ''series of publications to succeed and develop the former Part II of the ''Summary of Progress.'' He spent long hours editing the mimeographed ''Wartime Pamphlets'' and drafting the northern sheet of the Ten-mile Geological Map of Great Britain, though this was not published till after his retirement.<br />
<br />
Bailey was regarded by his contemporaries with a mixture of amusement and contempt for his eccentric behaviour, though with respect, tempered with exasperation, for his scientific achievements. Unhappily, he so alienated some of his senior staff that they boycotted his farewell presentation.<br />
<br />
When Bailey retired in 1945 he was succeeded by William Francis Porter McLintock. McLintock's regime was certainly a milestone in G.S.M's. history. The rehabilitation of the Museum and office had to be effected and the dispersed collections and library had to be reassembled. Staff recruitment and publication of Maps and Memoirs was resumed.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pioneers of the British Geological Survey]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=History_of_photography_in_the_British_Geological_Survey&diff=58741
History of photography in the British Geological Survey
2023-07-05T08:22:43Z
<p>Scotfot: /* BGS Photograph series */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:P018978.jpg|thumb|Puddle Trench for Howden Reservoir, Derbyshire, 1904. The first officially registered BGS photograph. Picture A1. Puddle Trench for Howden Reservoir, Derbyshire, 1904. J J H Teall. BGS Image P018978.]]<br />
(An expanded version of the original article formerly on the previous BGS website under the title: A century on film)<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
The British Geological Survey houses the National Archive of Geological Photographs (NAGP), comprising in excess of 100 000 fully-described earth science images. Of these images, 22 000 are captured on glass plate negatives.<br />
<br />
The archive is part of the BGS's photographic services department which, since its inception over 100 years ago, has supported the scientific work of the Survey.<br />
<br />
Some of the NAGP is available to view and download at GeoScenic.<br />
<br />
The NAGP is one of the best collections of geological and associated imagery in the world and is certainly one of the oldest — but where did it all begin and why?<br />
<br />
In order to understand this, we need to examine the roots of the photographic revolution that swept the world in the nineteenth century, the early experiments and technique development.<br />
<br />
== Early experiments ==<br />
<br />
Elements of the photographic process have been around for centuries. For example, lenses are first mentioned in one of Aristophanes' plays (dating from 434 BC), and the principle of the camera obscura has been known for a thousand years.<br />
<br />
An example of the camera obscura is that bright sunlight, passing through a pinhole into a darkened room, will cast a reflection of the scene outside the room on to the wall opposite the hole. The portable camera obscura became popular during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when it was used by architects and artists for tracing the outlines of buildings, landscapes and still life. During the seventeenth century, a simple convex lens was introduced in place of the pinhole and this created a bright clear image on the focusing screen.<br />
<br />
In 1725 Johanne Heinrich Schulze, a German professor of anatomy, demonstrated how light rays affected certain chemicals by exposing salts of silver to the sun. By 1802 scientists Thomas Wedgewood and Sir Humphrey Davy had combined this with the camera obscura, but were unable to fix the images to make them permanent.<br />
<br />
A Frenchman, Nicephore Niepce, discovered a process in 1826 for fixing and making permanent the captured image and subsequently made the world's first photograph. Although the exposure of this very rough image took almost eight hours, the fixing process was so successful that these images can still be viewed today. Niepce died in 1833 but his partner, Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, continued experiments and in 1839 he introduced the world's first commercial photographic process the 'Daguerrotype'. This was a much faster process, turning exposure times from hours into minutes.<br />
<br />
== Technique development ==<br />
<br />
By 1841, an Englishman, William Henry Fox-Talbot, had refined this process and made two major advances in the photographic process. The first was the 'latent image' concept - that it was not necessary to wait for the image to develop inside the camera; instead, exposure times could be cut dramatically if the image was later amplified or developed using a chemical process.<br />
<br />
He also found that, unlike the Daguerrotype which produced a pale-grey positive image, his light-sensitive photographic paper turned black when exposed to light and showed a negative image. Any number of positive images could then be obtained by exposing photographic paper to light filtered through the original — a process he called the 'Calotype'. And so the negative was born and with it the introduction of mass production.<br />
<br />
Fox-Talbot also had a geological connection: he is known to have been acquainted with Sir Henry De la Beche , the first Director of what we now know as the British Geological Survey, and to have photographed him on several occasions.<br />
<br />
The science of photography saw several more quasi-alchemistic processes over the following 40 years until, in 1888, an American bank clerk, George Eastman, patented a small portable camera containing a roll of cellulose film long enough for 100 exposures.<br />
<br />
When the film had been fully exposed, the whole camera was sent back to the factory for the film to be processed and printed. The camera was then reloaded with film and returned to the customer. Eastman called this product the 'Kodak'; he chose the name he because it could be pronounced the same in any language.<br />
<br />
== Geology and photography ==<br />
<br />
[[File:P225747.jpg|thumb|Robert Lunn and Survey field party c.1903, near Braemar. From left to right the group comprises John Flett?, Robert Lunn (with camera), E. H. Cunningham-Craig (in kilt) and John Horne. BGS image ID: P225747 – (Old photograph number Y00005.)]]<br />
<br />
This photographic revolution must have been comparable in many respects to the information technology revolution of today, and it is no wonder that the Director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Archibald Geikie, decided he would embrace the new technology and put it to work capturing images for the survey.<br />
<br />
In 1891 under the direction of Survey geologist Jethro Justinian Harris Teall, Mr A Macconochie, Assistant Curator of the Survey collections, along with Mr Robert Lunn, General Assistant in the Edinburgh office, were sent to the North West Highlands to take a series of photographs in order to 'help explain points of geological structure'.<br />
<br />
This first official photographic survey lasted several weeks and they took with them a half-plate wooden field camera and tripod using glass plate negatives.<br />
<br />
Lunn continued to photograph in the Scottish Highlands for several years and gradually Survey geologists became interested in the benefits the new technology offered in the recording, describing and archiving of their work. By 1904, chiefly due to the work of Lunn, the Survey had begun to assemble an official picture collection.<br />
<br />
== The official geological picture collection ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Catalogue of photographs 1910.jpg|thumb|Title page: Catalogue of the photographs of geological subjects, (Series A, 1-800)]]<br />
<br />
The first officially catalogued image in the collection, picture A1, is an English picture entitled 'Puddle Trench for Howden Reservoir, Derbyshire'. It was taken in 1904 by J J H Teall, by then the Director of the Survey, and is shot on glass quarter plate.<br />
<br />
Earlier English pictures are recorded, from 1903, taken by a gentleman called John Brooke Scrivenor, a geologist with the Survey between 1902 and 1905. All subsequent early photographs were registered within the A series, later replaced by the MN series. Early Scottish photographs were registered using a B prefix for full plate glass negatives and C, half plate, these were followed by photographs with D prefixes.<br />
<br />
However, photography had been used to record geological features long before Lunn and Macconochie set out for the Highlands. In fact records show that as early as 1840, geologist L L B Ibbotson (subsequently a Survey geologist) exhibited images of fossils photographed on Daguerrotype plates.<br />
<br />
In 1857, seismologist Robert Mallet used photography to create a detailed record of the effects of the Neopolitan earthquake and the United States Geological Survey appointed a photographer to join a party of geologists surveying the territory of Wyoming.<br />
<br />
In 1858, J Enys, exhibited photographs at the British Association for the Advancement of Science, illustrating the structure of granite in quarries near Penrhyn. Another geologist, Joseph Prestwich, is recorded in the same year as having hired a photographer to produce a record of the location of flint implements found near Amiens.<br />
<br />
W J Harrison, an amateur geologist and Curator at Leicester museum, published a memoir in 1877 entitled: A Sketch of the Geology of Leicestershire and Rutland which incorporated photographic plates of geological features. This was the first time photographic plates of geological subjects had been used in this way. Harrison's interests in photography extended beyond the areas of geology and he was also at the forefront of the movement to establish a photographic record and survey of each county.<br />
<br />
== BGS Photograph series ==<br />
<br />
P Series — The current unified photograph series. With the creation of a photographs and image database, the earlier photographs were assigned a number in a unified P sequence. All current photographs and photographic digital images are in this series.<br />
<br />
'''Original Land Survey collection of field photographs'''<br />
<br />
Series A — England and Wales. Black and white and later colour photographs.<br />
<br />
Series B — Scotland. Full plate. Black and white photographs.<br />
<br />
Series C — Scotland. Half plate. Black and white photographs.<br />
<br />
Series D — Scotland. Black and white photographs and later colour.<br />
<br />
Series L — Leeds Office field photographs.<br />
<br />
Series NL — Newcastle Office photographs.<br />
<br />
'''Other series'''<br />
<br />
MN — England and Wales Miscellaneous. A wide range of photographs from some field photographs, photos relating to the museum and reproduction in BGS publications etc. They are neither databased or scanned. Manual registers exist in the Archives in Keyworth.<br />
<br />
MNS — Miscellaneous Scotland. Similar to the MN, containing a variable mix of photographs including some field photographs that didn't make it to the official Land Survey collection. Databased but not scanned.<br />
<br />
MLD — Miscellaneous Leeds. Similar to MS and MNS in content, a mix of types but taken by the Leeds Office photographers. Not databased or scanned. Registers available in the BGS Archive.<br />
<br />
LFP — Leeds Field Photographs. Field photographs that did not make the official L collection. Databased and scanned.<br />
<br />
=== Catalogues of photographs ===<br />
<br />
Within a short time, in 1910 the Survey produced printed catalogues of the photographs, one each for England and Wales and one for Scotland. These systematic catalogues were not followed up with later full catalogues but with selective catalogues under the title: "Classified geological photographs selected from the collection of the Geological Survey and Museum". The first in 1928 and subsequent editions in 1952 and 1963.<br />
<br />
1910. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B03237 Catalogue of the photographs of geological subjects, (Series A, 1-800) prepared by the Geological Survey and Museum]<br />
<br />
1910. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B06440 Catalogue of the photographs of geological subjects, (Series B, 1-676, Whole plate. Series C, 1-1237, Half plate) prepared by the Geological Survey and Museum]<br />
<br />
1928. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B06441 Classified geological photographs from the collection of the Geological Survey of Great Britain] [1st ed.]<br />
<br />
1952. Classified geological photographs selected from the collection of the Geological Survey and Museum [2nd ed.]<br />
<br />
1963. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B06443 Classified geological photographs selected from the collection of the Geological Survey and Museum] 3rd ed. The classification used in this publication has been used in [https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1106&categoryTypeId=1 GeoScenic].<br />
<br />
Albums of photographic prints were prepared for visitors to consult in the Survey libraries and offices. They were in Photographic number order. At about the time of the introduction of colour photography the albums in numerical order were stopped and a series of One-inch to the mile map area albums were created. Albums are held in the Library and Archive at Keyworth. The last major change was the database and scanning of the collection and delivery on the web as the National Archive of Geological Photographs later renamed [https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome GeoScenic].<br />
<br />
== Mining and photographic records ==<br />
<br />
One of the finest underground mining photographers was John Charles Burrows, who took a series of glass plates documenting the Cornish mines in 1891.<br />
<br />
Burrows was a friend of William Thomas, lecturer at the Cambourne Mining School, who encouraged him to publish several of his plates in a book: Mongst Mines and Miners (1893). They were printed in sepia and it was this publication which gained Burrows the first mining fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society.<br />
<br />
Two photographers very prominent in the Survey's early English photographic collections were Thomas Clifford Fitzwilliam Hall and Donald Alexander MacAlister. Both of these men were mining geologists and Hall was charged with the responsibility for photography within the Survey's English division.<br />
<br />
Hall and MacAlister worked closely together, chiefly in Cornwall and Devon, taking many of the early glass plate negatives of mining and associated practices. Sadly, which of them took each photograph is not recorded, although it is likely to be one or the other who appears, for the purpose of scale, in many of the images.<br />
<br />
== Systematic geological photographs ==<br />
[[File:P585023.JPG|thumb|John (Jack) Rhodes]]<br />
<br />
In 1910, a young man by the name of [[John Rhodes (photographer)|John (Jack) Rhodes]] joined the Survey as a general assistant. Within a year of his appointment he was involved with the photographic work of the Survey, processing and printing plates. He soon became involved in the taking of photographs, a job which he held until he retired in 1956.<br />
<br />
"... we are experiencing a 'digital' revolution, where, along with conventional photographic equipment, computers and image manipulation tools are an essential part of the photographers kit ..."<br />
<br />
Jack Rhodes<br />
<br />
During this long career with the Survey, Rhodes added almost 9000 images to the collection, spending much of his time photographing in South West England.<br />
<br />
=== Travelling by donkey or horse and cart... ===<br />
<br />
In the early days he would travel around carrying his equipment on a donkey or horse and cart, for which he received a daily hay allowance. He was later supplied with a motorcycle and sidecar, which must have made his life easier, and by 1945 he had the use of a motor car.<br />
<br />
The early Survey photographers used large format glass plate cameras in quarter-plate (3¼" x 4¾") and half-plate (4¾" x 6½"). The main benefit of using large formats was the quality gained in the resolution of the image, providing extremely sharp and finely-detailed results even by modern standards.<br />
<br />
However, one of the main drawbacks, apart from the cumbersome size of the equipment, was the long exposure times needed, even in the brightest conditions. Generally, exposure times varied anywhere from an eighth of a second to tens of seconds, and exposure times of several minutes are recorded.<br />
<br />
=== The devil is in the detail ===<br />
<br />
Many of the early photographs in the collections are recorded in meticulous detail which includes: location in latitude and longitude (in degrees, minutes and seconds), the date and time of day, direction of view, and weather conditions. Technical photographic details were also recorded, including film type, lens, lens aperture and length of exposure.<br />
<br />
It was quite common in those days to contact print negatives and therefore photographers would generally make their negatives to the size of print they required. However, enlargers and the enlarging process had been around since the 1850s, enabling the photographer to make large display prints without the need to carry around exceptionally large formats of camera] such as whole-plate (6½" x 8½"), a format usually suited to studio portrait work. Carrying such large equipment would have been virtually impossible for Survey photographers.<br />
<br />
=== From black and white to colour ===<br />
<br />
He was also the last recorded Survey photographer to use a large format wooden field camera in his work. By the 1960s it had become common to use lighter monorail cameras, with cut sheet 5"x 4" film, medium format roll film cameras and 35mm format cameras. Also, the use of colour films, both print and transparency, had become popular and had begun to take over from black and white film, changing the face of the archives forever.<br />
<br />
By the time Jack Rhodes retired, he had contributed some of the collection's finest images, capturing a wide range of geological subject matter throughout Britain.<br />
<br />
== BGS, BAAS and GA photograph collections ==<br />
Within a short time frame in the 1890’s the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS), the Geologists’ Association (GA) and the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland (GSGBI) all started, for different reasons, major collections of geological photographs. All were firmly focussed on geological field photographs of Great Britain and Ireland, all the collections were longlived or are still active today. They have now been brought together by the British Geological Survey. The first two collections have been available for some time on the BGS image resource [https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome GeoScenic] and work is ongoing in digitizing the GA Carreck Archive with some key photos on Geoscenic and access to many albums on Earthwise. <br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1037&categoryTypeId=1 BAAS Collection on GeoScenic]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=2911&categoryTypeId=1 GA Collection on GeoScenic]<br />
<br />
[[Geologists' Association Carreck Archive|GA collection on Earthwise]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:History of the British Geological Survey]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=History_of_photography_in_the_British_Geological_Survey&diff=58740
History of photography in the British Geological Survey
2023-07-05T08:14:15Z
<p>Scotfot: /* BGS Photograph series */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:P018978.jpg|thumb|Puddle Trench for Howden Reservoir, Derbyshire, 1904. The first officially registered BGS photograph. Picture A1. Puddle Trench for Howden Reservoir, Derbyshire, 1904. J J H Teall. BGS Image P018978.]]<br />
(An expanded version of the original article formerly on the previous BGS website under the title: A century on film)<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
The British Geological Survey houses the National Archive of Geological Photographs (NAGP), comprising in excess of 100 000 fully-described earth science images. Of these images, 22 000 are captured on glass plate negatives.<br />
<br />
The archive is part of the BGS's photographic services department which, since its inception over 100 years ago, has supported the scientific work of the Survey.<br />
<br />
Some of the NAGP is available to view and download at GeoScenic.<br />
<br />
The NAGP is one of the best collections of geological and associated imagery in the world and is certainly one of the oldest — but where did it all begin and why?<br />
<br />
In order to understand this, we need to examine the roots of the photographic revolution that swept the world in the nineteenth century, the early experiments and technique development.<br />
<br />
== Early experiments ==<br />
<br />
Elements of the photographic process have been around for centuries. For example, lenses are first mentioned in one of Aristophanes' plays (dating from 434 BC), and the principle of the camera obscura has been known for a thousand years.<br />
<br />
An example of the camera obscura is that bright sunlight, passing through a pinhole into a darkened room, will cast a reflection of the scene outside the room on to the wall opposite the hole. The portable camera obscura became popular during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when it was used by architects and artists for tracing the outlines of buildings, landscapes and still life. During the seventeenth century, a simple convex lens was introduced in place of the pinhole and this created a bright clear image on the focusing screen.<br />
<br />
In 1725 Johanne Heinrich Schulze, a German professor of anatomy, demonstrated how light rays affected certain chemicals by exposing salts of silver to the sun. By 1802 scientists Thomas Wedgewood and Sir Humphrey Davy had combined this with the camera obscura, but were unable to fix the images to make them permanent.<br />
<br />
A Frenchman, Nicephore Niepce, discovered a process in 1826 for fixing and making permanent the captured image and subsequently made the world's first photograph. Although the exposure of this very rough image took almost eight hours, the fixing process was so successful that these images can still be viewed today. Niepce died in 1833 but his partner, Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, continued experiments and in 1839 he introduced the world's first commercial photographic process the 'Daguerrotype'. This was a much faster process, turning exposure times from hours into minutes.<br />
<br />
== Technique development ==<br />
<br />
By 1841, an Englishman, William Henry Fox-Talbot, had refined this process and made two major advances in the photographic process. The first was the 'latent image' concept - that it was not necessary to wait for the image to develop inside the camera; instead, exposure times could be cut dramatically if the image was later amplified or developed using a chemical process.<br />
<br />
He also found that, unlike the Daguerrotype which produced a pale-grey positive image, his light-sensitive photographic paper turned black when exposed to light and showed a negative image. Any number of positive images could then be obtained by exposing photographic paper to light filtered through the original — a process he called the 'Calotype'. And so the negative was born and with it the introduction of mass production.<br />
<br />
Fox-Talbot also had a geological connection: he is known to have been acquainted with Sir Henry De la Beche , the first Director of what we now know as the British Geological Survey, and to have photographed him on several occasions.<br />
<br />
The science of photography saw several more quasi-alchemistic processes over the following 40 years until, in 1888, an American bank clerk, George Eastman, patented a small portable camera containing a roll of cellulose film long enough for 100 exposures.<br />
<br />
When the film had been fully exposed, the whole camera was sent back to the factory for the film to be processed and printed. The camera was then reloaded with film and returned to the customer. Eastman called this product the 'Kodak'; he chose the name he because it could be pronounced the same in any language.<br />
<br />
== Geology and photography ==<br />
<br />
[[File:P225747.jpg|thumb|Robert Lunn and Survey field party c.1903, near Braemar. From left to right the group comprises John Flett?, Robert Lunn (with camera), E. H. Cunningham-Craig (in kilt) and John Horne. BGS image ID: P225747 – (Old photograph number Y00005.)]]<br />
<br />
This photographic revolution must have been comparable in many respects to the information technology revolution of today, and it is no wonder that the Director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Archibald Geikie, decided he would embrace the new technology and put it to work capturing images for the survey.<br />
<br />
In 1891 under the direction of Survey geologist Jethro Justinian Harris Teall, Mr A Macconochie, Assistant Curator of the Survey collections, along with Mr Robert Lunn, General Assistant in the Edinburgh office, were sent to the North West Highlands to take a series of photographs in order to 'help explain points of geological structure'.<br />
<br />
This first official photographic survey lasted several weeks and they took with them a half-plate wooden field camera and tripod using glass plate negatives.<br />
<br />
Lunn continued to photograph in the Scottish Highlands for several years and gradually Survey geologists became interested in the benefits the new technology offered in the recording, describing and archiving of their work. By 1904, chiefly due to the work of Lunn, the Survey had begun to assemble an official picture collection.<br />
<br />
== The official geological picture collection ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Catalogue of photographs 1910.jpg|thumb|Title page: Catalogue of the photographs of geological subjects, (Series A, 1-800)]]<br />
<br />
The first officially catalogued image in the collection, picture A1, is an English picture entitled 'Puddle Trench for Howden Reservoir, Derbyshire'. It was taken in 1904 by J J H Teall, by then the Director of the Survey, and is shot on glass quarter plate.<br />
<br />
Earlier English pictures are recorded, from 1903, taken by a gentleman called John Brooke Scrivenor, a geologist with the Survey between 1902 and 1905. All subsequent early photographs were registered within the A series, later replaced by the MN series. Early Scottish photographs were registered using a B prefix for full plate glass negatives and C, half plate, these were followed by photographs with D prefixes.<br />
<br />
However, photography had been used to record geological features long before Lunn and Macconochie set out for the Highlands. In fact records show that as early as 1840, geologist L L B Ibbotson (subsequently a Survey geologist) exhibited images of fossils photographed on Daguerrotype plates.<br />
<br />
In 1857, seismologist Robert Mallet used photography to create a detailed record of the effects of the Neopolitan earthquake and the United States Geological Survey appointed a photographer to join a party of geologists surveying the territory of Wyoming.<br />
<br />
In 1858, J Enys, exhibited photographs at the British Association for the Advancement of Science, illustrating the structure of granite in quarries near Penrhyn. Another geologist, Joseph Prestwich, is recorded in the same year as having hired a photographer to produce a record of the location of flint implements found near Amiens.<br />
<br />
W J Harrison, an amateur geologist and Curator at Leicester museum, published a memoir in 1877 entitled: A Sketch of the Geology of Leicestershire and Rutland which incorporated photographic plates of geological features. This was the first time photographic plates of geological subjects had been used in this way. Harrison's interests in photography extended beyond the areas of geology and he was also at the forefront of the movement to establish a photographic record and survey of each county.<br />
<br />
== BGS Photograph series ==<br />
<br />
P Series — The current unified photograph series. With the creation of a photographs and image database, the earlier photographs were assigned a number in a unified P sequence. All current photographs and photographic digital images are in this series.<br />
<br />
'''Original Land Survey collection of field photographs'''<br />
<br />
Series A — England and Wales. Black and white and later colour photographs.<br />
<br />
Series B — Scotland. Full plate. Black and white photographs.<br />
<br />
Series C — Scotland. Half plate. Black and white photographs.<br />
<br />
Series D — Scotland. Black and white photographs and later colour.<br />
<br />
Series L — Leeds Office field photographs.<br />
<br />
'''Other series'''<br />
<br />
MN — England and Wales Miscellaneous. A wide range of photographs from some field photographs, photos relating to the museum and reproduction in BGS publications etc. They are neither databased or scanned. Manual registers exist in the Archives in Keyworth.<br />
<br />
MNS — Miscellaneous Scotland. Similar to the MN, containing a variable mix of photographs including some field photographs that didn't make it to the official Land Survey collection. Databased but not scanned.<br />
<br />
MLD — Miscellaneous Leeds. Similar to MS and MNS in content, a mix of types but taken by the Leeds Office photographers. Not databased or scanned. Registers available in the BGS Archive.<br />
<br />
LFP — Leeds Field Photographs. Field photographs that did not make the official L collection. Databased and scanned.<br />
<br />
=== Catalogues of photographs ===<br />
<br />
Within a short time, in 1910 the Survey produced printed catalogues of the photographs, one each for England and Wales and one for Scotland. These systematic catalogues were not followed up with later full catalogues but with selective catalogues under the title: "Classified geological photographs selected from the collection of the Geological Survey and Museum". The first in 1928 and subsequent editions in 1952 and 1963.<br />
<br />
1910. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B03237 Catalogue of the photographs of geological subjects, (Series A, 1-800) prepared by the Geological Survey and Museum]<br />
<br />
1910. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B06440 Catalogue of the photographs of geological subjects, (Series B, 1-676, Whole plate. Series C, 1-1237, Half plate) prepared by the Geological Survey and Museum]<br />
<br />
1928. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B06441 Classified geological photographs from the collection of the Geological Survey of Great Britain] [1st ed.]<br />
<br />
1952. Classified geological photographs selected from the collection of the Geological Survey and Museum [2nd ed.]<br />
<br />
1963. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B06443 Classified geological photographs selected from the collection of the Geological Survey and Museum] 3rd ed. The classification used in this publication has been used in [https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1106&categoryTypeId=1 GeoScenic].<br />
<br />
Albums of photographic prints were prepared for visitors to consult in the Survey libraries and offices. They were in Photographic number order. At about the time of the introduction of colour photography the albums in numerical order were stopped and a series of One-inch to the mile map area albums were created. Albums are held in the Library and Archive at Keyworth. The last major change was the database and scanning of the collection and delivery on the web as the National Archive of Geological Photographs later renamed [https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome GeoScenic].<br />
<br />
== Mining and photographic records ==<br />
<br />
One of the finest underground mining photographers was John Charles Burrows, who took a series of glass plates documenting the Cornish mines in 1891.<br />
<br />
Burrows was a friend of William Thomas, lecturer at the Cambourne Mining School, who encouraged him to publish several of his plates in a book: Mongst Mines and Miners (1893). They were printed in sepia and it was this publication which gained Burrows the first mining fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society.<br />
<br />
Two photographers very prominent in the Survey's early English photographic collections were Thomas Clifford Fitzwilliam Hall and Donald Alexander MacAlister. Both of these men were mining geologists and Hall was charged with the responsibility for photography within the Survey's English division.<br />
<br />
Hall and MacAlister worked closely together, chiefly in Cornwall and Devon, taking many of the early glass plate negatives of mining and associated practices. Sadly, which of them took each photograph is not recorded, although it is likely to be one or the other who appears, for the purpose of scale, in many of the images.<br />
<br />
== Systematic geological photographs ==<br />
[[File:P585023.JPG|thumb|John (Jack) Rhodes]]<br />
<br />
In 1910, a young man by the name of [[John Rhodes (photographer)|John (Jack) Rhodes]] joined the Survey as a general assistant. Within a year of his appointment he was involved with the photographic work of the Survey, processing and printing plates. He soon became involved in the taking of photographs, a job which he held until he retired in 1956.<br />
<br />
"... we are experiencing a 'digital' revolution, where, along with conventional photographic equipment, computers and image manipulation tools are an essential part of the photographers kit ..."<br />
<br />
Jack Rhodes<br />
<br />
During this long career with the Survey, Rhodes added almost 9000 images to the collection, spending much of his time photographing in South West England.<br />
<br />
=== Travelling by donkey or horse and cart... ===<br />
<br />
In the early days he would travel around carrying his equipment on a donkey or horse and cart, for which he received a daily hay allowance. He was later supplied with a motorcycle and sidecar, which must have made his life easier, and by 1945 he had the use of a motor car.<br />
<br />
The early Survey photographers used large format glass plate cameras in quarter-plate (3¼" x 4¾") and half-plate (4¾" x 6½"). The main benefit of using large formats was the quality gained in the resolution of the image, providing extremely sharp and finely-detailed results even by modern standards.<br />
<br />
However, one of the main drawbacks, apart from the cumbersome size of the equipment, was the long exposure times needed, even in the brightest conditions. Generally, exposure times varied anywhere from an eighth of a second to tens of seconds, and exposure times of several minutes are recorded.<br />
<br />
=== The devil is in the detail ===<br />
<br />
Many of the early photographs in the collections are recorded in meticulous detail which includes: location in latitude and longitude (in degrees, minutes and seconds), the date and time of day, direction of view, and weather conditions. Technical photographic details were also recorded, including film type, lens, lens aperture and length of exposure.<br />
<br />
It was quite common in those days to contact print negatives and therefore photographers would generally make their negatives to the size of print they required. However, enlargers and the enlarging process had been around since the 1850s, enabling the photographer to make large display prints without the need to carry around exceptionally large formats of camera] such as whole-plate (6½" x 8½"), a format usually suited to studio portrait work. Carrying such large equipment would have been virtually impossible for Survey photographers.<br />
<br />
=== From black and white to colour ===<br />
<br />
He was also the last recorded Survey photographer to use a large format wooden field camera in his work. By the 1960s it had become common to use lighter monorail cameras, with cut sheet 5"x 4" film, medium format roll film cameras and 35mm format cameras. Also, the use of colour films, both print and transparency, had become popular and had begun to take over from black and white film, changing the face of the archives forever.<br />
<br />
By the time Jack Rhodes retired, he had contributed some of the collection's finest images, capturing a wide range of geological subject matter throughout Britain.<br />
<br />
== BGS, BAAS and GA photograph collections ==<br />
Within a short time frame in the 1890’s the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS), the Geologists’ Association (GA) and the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland (GSGBI) all started, for different reasons, major collections of geological photographs. All were firmly focussed on geological field photographs of Great Britain and Ireland, all the collections were longlived or are still active today. They have now been brought together by the British Geological Survey. The first two collections have been available for some time on the BGS image resource [https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome GeoScenic] and work is ongoing in digitizing the GA Carreck Archive with some key photos on Geoscenic and access to many albums on Earthwise. <br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1037&categoryTypeId=1 BAAS Collection on GeoScenic]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=2911&categoryTypeId=1 GA Collection on GeoScenic]<br />
<br />
[[Geologists' Association Carreck Archive|GA collection on Earthwise]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:History of the British Geological Survey]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=History_of_photography_in_the_British_Geological_Survey&diff=58739
History of photography in the British Geological Survey
2023-07-05T08:09:55Z
<p>Scotfot: /* BGS Photograph series */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:P018978.jpg|thumb|Puddle Trench for Howden Reservoir, Derbyshire, 1904. The first officially registered BGS photograph. Picture A1. Puddle Trench for Howden Reservoir, Derbyshire, 1904. J J H Teall. BGS Image P018978.]]<br />
(An expanded version of the original article formerly on the previous BGS website under the title: A century on film)<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
The British Geological Survey houses the National Archive of Geological Photographs (NAGP), comprising in excess of 100 000 fully-described earth science images. Of these images, 22 000 are captured on glass plate negatives.<br />
<br />
The archive is part of the BGS's photographic services department which, since its inception over 100 years ago, has supported the scientific work of the Survey.<br />
<br />
Some of the NAGP is available to view and download at GeoScenic.<br />
<br />
The NAGP is one of the best collections of geological and associated imagery in the world and is certainly one of the oldest — but where did it all begin and why?<br />
<br />
In order to understand this, we need to examine the roots of the photographic revolution that swept the world in the nineteenth century, the early experiments and technique development.<br />
<br />
== Early experiments ==<br />
<br />
Elements of the photographic process have been around for centuries. For example, lenses are first mentioned in one of Aristophanes' plays (dating from 434 BC), and the principle of the camera obscura has been known for a thousand years.<br />
<br />
An example of the camera obscura is that bright sunlight, passing through a pinhole into a darkened room, will cast a reflection of the scene outside the room on to the wall opposite the hole. The portable camera obscura became popular during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when it was used by architects and artists for tracing the outlines of buildings, landscapes and still life. During the seventeenth century, a simple convex lens was introduced in place of the pinhole and this created a bright clear image on the focusing screen.<br />
<br />
In 1725 Johanne Heinrich Schulze, a German professor of anatomy, demonstrated how light rays affected certain chemicals by exposing salts of silver to the sun. By 1802 scientists Thomas Wedgewood and Sir Humphrey Davy had combined this with the camera obscura, but were unable to fix the images to make them permanent.<br />
<br />
A Frenchman, Nicephore Niepce, discovered a process in 1826 for fixing and making permanent the captured image and subsequently made the world's first photograph. Although the exposure of this very rough image took almost eight hours, the fixing process was so successful that these images can still be viewed today. Niepce died in 1833 but his partner, Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, continued experiments and in 1839 he introduced the world's first commercial photographic process the 'Daguerrotype'. This was a much faster process, turning exposure times from hours into minutes.<br />
<br />
== Technique development ==<br />
<br />
By 1841, an Englishman, William Henry Fox-Talbot, had refined this process and made two major advances in the photographic process. The first was the 'latent image' concept - that it was not necessary to wait for the image to develop inside the camera; instead, exposure times could be cut dramatically if the image was later amplified or developed using a chemical process.<br />
<br />
He also found that, unlike the Daguerrotype which produced a pale-grey positive image, his light-sensitive photographic paper turned black when exposed to light and showed a negative image. Any number of positive images could then be obtained by exposing photographic paper to light filtered through the original — a process he called the 'Calotype'. And so the negative was born and with it the introduction of mass production.<br />
<br />
Fox-Talbot also had a geological connection: he is known to have been acquainted with Sir Henry De la Beche , the first Director of what we now know as the British Geological Survey, and to have photographed him on several occasions.<br />
<br />
The science of photography saw several more quasi-alchemistic processes over the following 40 years until, in 1888, an American bank clerk, George Eastman, patented a small portable camera containing a roll of cellulose film long enough for 100 exposures.<br />
<br />
When the film had been fully exposed, the whole camera was sent back to the factory for the film to be processed and printed. The camera was then reloaded with film and returned to the customer. Eastman called this product the 'Kodak'; he chose the name he because it could be pronounced the same in any language.<br />
<br />
== Geology and photography ==<br />
<br />
[[File:P225747.jpg|thumb|Robert Lunn and Survey field party c.1903, near Braemar. From left to right the group comprises John Flett?, Robert Lunn (with camera), E. H. Cunningham-Craig (in kilt) and John Horne. BGS image ID: P225747 – (Old photograph number Y00005.)]]<br />
<br />
This photographic revolution must have been comparable in many respects to the information technology revolution of today, and it is no wonder that the Director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Archibald Geikie, decided he would embrace the new technology and put it to work capturing images for the survey.<br />
<br />
In 1891 under the direction of Survey geologist Jethro Justinian Harris Teall, Mr A Macconochie, Assistant Curator of the Survey collections, along with Mr Robert Lunn, General Assistant in the Edinburgh office, were sent to the North West Highlands to take a series of photographs in order to 'help explain points of geological structure'.<br />
<br />
This first official photographic survey lasted several weeks and they took with them a half-plate wooden field camera and tripod using glass plate negatives.<br />
<br />
Lunn continued to photograph in the Scottish Highlands for several years and gradually Survey geologists became interested in the benefits the new technology offered in the recording, describing and archiving of their work. By 1904, chiefly due to the work of Lunn, the Survey had begun to assemble an official picture collection.<br />
<br />
== The official geological picture collection ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Catalogue of photographs 1910.jpg|thumb|Title page: Catalogue of the photographs of geological subjects, (Series A, 1-800)]]<br />
<br />
The first officially catalogued image in the collection, picture A1, is an English picture entitled 'Puddle Trench for Howden Reservoir, Derbyshire'. It was taken in 1904 by J J H Teall, by then the Director of the Survey, and is shot on glass quarter plate.<br />
<br />
Earlier English pictures are recorded, from 1903, taken by a gentleman called John Brooke Scrivenor, a geologist with the Survey between 1902 and 1905. All subsequent early photographs were registered within the A series, later replaced by the MN series. Early Scottish photographs were registered using a B prefix for full plate glass negatives and C, half plate, these were followed by photographs with D prefixes.<br />
<br />
However, photography had been used to record geological features long before Lunn and Macconochie set out for the Highlands. In fact records show that as early as 1840, geologist L L B Ibbotson (subsequently a Survey geologist) exhibited images of fossils photographed on Daguerrotype plates.<br />
<br />
In 1857, seismologist Robert Mallet used photography to create a detailed record of the effects of the Neopolitan earthquake and the United States Geological Survey appointed a photographer to join a party of geologists surveying the territory of Wyoming.<br />
<br />
In 1858, J Enys, exhibited photographs at the British Association for the Advancement of Science, illustrating the structure of granite in quarries near Penrhyn. Another geologist, Joseph Prestwich, is recorded in the same year as having hired a photographer to produce a record of the location of flint implements found near Amiens.<br />
<br />
W J Harrison, an amateur geologist and Curator at Leicester museum, published a memoir in 1877 entitled: A Sketch of the Geology of Leicestershire and Rutland which incorporated photographic plates of geological features. This was the first time photographic plates of geological subjects had been used in this way. Harrison's interests in photography extended beyond the areas of geology and he was also at the forefront of the movement to establish a photographic record and survey of each county.<br />
<br />
== BGS Photograph series ==<br />
<br />
P Series — The current unified photograph series. With the creation of a photographs and image database, the earlier photographs were assigned a number in a unified P sequence. All current photographs and photographic digital images are in this series.<br />
<br />
'''Original Land Survey collection of field photographs'''<br />
<br />
Series A — England and Wales. Black and white and later colour photographs.<br />
<br />
Series B — Scotland. Full plate. Black and white photographs.<br />
<br />
Series C — Scotland. Half plate. Black and white photographs.<br />
<br />
Series D — Scotland. Black and white photographs and later colour.<br />
<br />
Series L — Leeds Office field photographs.<br />
<br />
'''Other series'''<br />
<br />
MN — England and Wales Miscellaneous. A wide range of photographs from some field photographs, photos relating to the museum and reproduction in BGS publications etc. They are neither databased or scanned. Manual registers exist in the Archives in Keyworth.<br />
<br />
MNS — Miscellaneous Scotland. Similar to the MN, containing a variable mix of photographs including some field photographs that didn't make it to the official Land Survey collection. Databased but not scanned.<br />
<br />
MNL —Miscellaneous Leeds. Similar to MS and MNS in content, a mix of types but taken by the Leeds Office photographers. Not databased or scanned. Registers available in the BGS Archive.<br />
<br />
LFP — Leeds Field Photographs. Field photographs that did not make the official L collection. Databased and scanned.<br />
<br />
=== Catalogues of photographs ===<br />
<br />
Within a short time, in 1910 the Survey produced printed catalogues of the photographs, one each for England and Wales and one for Scotland. These systematic catalogues were not followed up with later full catalogues but with selective catalogues under the title: "Classified geological photographs selected from the collection of the Geological Survey and Museum". The first in 1928 and subsequent editions in 1952 and 1963.<br />
<br />
1910. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B03237 Catalogue of the photographs of geological subjects, (Series A, 1-800) prepared by the Geological Survey and Museum]<br />
<br />
1910. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B06440 Catalogue of the photographs of geological subjects, (Series B, 1-676, Whole plate. Series C, 1-1237, Half plate) prepared by the Geological Survey and Museum]<br />
<br />
1928. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B06441 Classified geological photographs from the collection of the Geological Survey of Great Britain] [1st ed.]<br />
<br />
1952. Classified geological photographs selected from the collection of the Geological Survey and Museum [2nd ed.]<br />
<br />
1963. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B06443 Classified geological photographs selected from the collection of the Geological Survey and Museum] 3rd ed. The classification used in this publication has been used in [https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1106&categoryTypeId=1 GeoScenic].<br />
<br />
Albums of photographic prints were prepared for visitors to consult in the Survey libraries and offices. They were in Photographic number order. At about the time of the introduction of colour photography the albums in numerical order were stopped and a series of One-inch to the mile map area albums were created. Albums are held in the Library and Archive at Keyworth. The last major change was the database and scanning of the collection and delivery on the web as the National Archive of Geological Photographs later renamed [https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome GeoScenic].<br />
<br />
== Mining and photographic records ==<br />
<br />
One of the finest underground mining photographers was John Charles Burrows, who took a series of glass plates documenting the Cornish mines in 1891.<br />
<br />
Burrows was a friend of William Thomas, lecturer at the Cambourne Mining School, who encouraged him to publish several of his plates in a book: Mongst Mines and Miners (1893). They were printed in sepia and it was this publication which gained Burrows the first mining fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society.<br />
<br />
Two photographers very prominent in the Survey's early English photographic collections were Thomas Clifford Fitzwilliam Hall and Donald Alexander MacAlister. Both of these men were mining geologists and Hall was charged with the responsibility for photography within the Survey's English division.<br />
<br />
Hall and MacAlister worked closely together, chiefly in Cornwall and Devon, taking many of the early glass plate negatives of mining and associated practices. Sadly, which of them took each photograph is not recorded, although it is likely to be one or the other who appears, for the purpose of scale, in many of the images.<br />
<br />
== Systematic geological photographs ==<br />
[[File:P585023.JPG|thumb|John (Jack) Rhodes]]<br />
<br />
In 1910, a young man by the name of [[John Rhodes (photographer)|John (Jack) Rhodes]] joined the Survey as a general assistant. Within a year of his appointment he was involved with the photographic work of the Survey, processing and printing plates. He soon became involved in the taking of photographs, a job which he held until he retired in 1956.<br />
<br />
"... we are experiencing a 'digital' revolution, where, along with conventional photographic equipment, computers and image manipulation tools are an essential part of the photographers kit ..."<br />
<br />
Jack Rhodes<br />
<br />
During this long career with the Survey, Rhodes added almost 9000 images to the collection, spending much of his time photographing in South West England.<br />
<br />
=== Travelling by donkey or horse and cart... ===<br />
<br />
In the early days he would travel around carrying his equipment on a donkey or horse and cart, for which he received a daily hay allowance. He was later supplied with a motorcycle and sidecar, which must have made his life easier, and by 1945 he had the use of a motor car.<br />
<br />
The early Survey photographers used large format glass plate cameras in quarter-plate (3¼" x 4¾") and half-plate (4¾" x 6½"). The main benefit of using large formats was the quality gained in the resolution of the image, providing extremely sharp and finely-detailed results even by modern standards.<br />
<br />
However, one of the main drawbacks, apart from the cumbersome size of the equipment, was the long exposure times needed, even in the brightest conditions. Generally, exposure times varied anywhere from an eighth of a second to tens of seconds, and exposure times of several minutes are recorded.<br />
<br />
=== The devil is in the detail ===<br />
<br />
Many of the early photographs in the collections are recorded in meticulous detail which includes: location in latitude and longitude (in degrees, minutes and seconds), the date and time of day, direction of view, and weather conditions. Technical photographic details were also recorded, including film type, lens, lens aperture and length of exposure.<br />
<br />
It was quite common in those days to contact print negatives and therefore photographers would generally make their negatives to the size of print they required. However, enlargers and the enlarging process had been around since the 1850s, enabling the photographer to make large display prints without the need to carry around exceptionally large formats of camera] such as whole-plate (6½" x 8½"), a format usually suited to studio portrait work. Carrying such large equipment would have been virtually impossible for Survey photographers.<br />
<br />
=== From black and white to colour ===<br />
<br />
He was also the last recorded Survey photographer to use a large format wooden field camera in his work. By the 1960s it had become common to use lighter monorail cameras, with cut sheet 5"x 4" film, medium format roll film cameras and 35mm format cameras. Also, the use of colour films, both print and transparency, had become popular and had begun to take over from black and white film, changing the face of the archives forever.<br />
<br />
By the time Jack Rhodes retired, he had contributed some of the collection's finest images, capturing a wide range of geological subject matter throughout Britain.<br />
<br />
== BGS, BAAS and GA photograph collections ==<br />
Within a short time frame in the 1890’s the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS), the Geologists’ Association (GA) and the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland (GSGBI) all started, for different reasons, major collections of geological photographs. All were firmly focussed on geological field photographs of Great Britain and Ireland, all the collections were longlived or are still active today. They have now been brought together by the British Geological Survey. The first two collections have been available for some time on the BGS image resource [https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome GeoScenic] and work is ongoing in digitizing the GA Carreck Archive with some key photos on Geoscenic and access to many albums on Earthwise. <br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1037&categoryTypeId=1 BAAS Collection on GeoScenic]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=2911&categoryTypeId=1 GA Collection on GeoScenic]<br />
<br />
[[Geologists' Association Carreck Archive|GA collection on Earthwise]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:History of the British Geological Survey]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=History_of_the_British_Geological_Survey&diff=58738
History of the British Geological Survey
2023-07-05T08:07:30Z
<p>Scotfot: /* Photography in the Survey */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:P815508.jpg|thumbnail|The Geological Survey Act and the creation of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (Great Britain & Ireland)]]<br />
== History of the British Geological Survey ==<br />
<br />
== Brief timeline ==<br />
<br />
'''1830 — Henry De la Beche begins mapping geology of Devon as a private endeavour'''<br />
<br />
Henry Thomas De la Beche (1796‒1855), a Fellow of the Geological Society of London, had already published some papers on the geology of the Devon and Dorset coast when in 1830 he set about adding geology to the Ordnance one-inch topographical map of south-east Devon. When his private income became insecure, he sought to obtain official backing for the continuation of this work, which he saw as being of great practical utility to the nation.<br />
<br />
'''1832 — De la Beche secures funding from Board of Ordnance to complete mapping of Devon'''<br />
<br />
Thomas F Colby, Superintendent of the Ordnance Survey, recognised the practical value of adding geological information to the Ordnance map. He supported De la Beche’s request for financial assistance from the Board of Ordnance to complete a geological survey of Devon. De la Beche delivered his first completed map for engraving in May 1832 (Old Series one-inch sheet 22, SE Devon, surveyed 1830‒31). <br />
<br />
'''1835 — Ordnance Geological Survey'''<br />
<br />
The success of De la Beche's work in Devon led to the establishment of the Ordnance Geological Survey in July 1835 as a branch of the Ordnance Survey, initially to extend the mapping into Cornwall, but ultimately with a view to surveying the whole country; De la Beche became its first Director. The support of both Colby and the Geological Society was a crucial factor in securing the future the Geological Survey.<br />
<br />
'''1835 — Museum of Economic Geology'''<br />
<br />
In August 1835, De la Beche obtained funding from the Board of Works to establish a museum at Craig's Court, Whitehall, London. The Museum of Economic Geology was furnished with a chemical laboratory which opened for commercial work in June 1839, while the museum itself was accessible to personal callers from August of that year, although its formal date of opening is usually stated to be 1841.<br />
<br />
'''1840 — Mining Record Office'''<br />
<br />
In April 1839 approval was given by Treasury for the Museum of Economic Geology to take custody of a proposed collection of mining records; this led to the establishment of a Mining Record Office following the appointment of a Keeper of Mining Records in October 1840. Statistical information on mineral production and trade was collected for selected minerals from 1845 but was expanded thereafter as an annual publication covering a wider range of minerals produced and traded in the UK from 1853. Responsibility for mineral statistics passed to the Home Office in 1881 and returned to BGS in the 1960s.<br />
<br />
'''1845 — The Geological Survey Act and the creation of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (Great Britain & Ireland)'''<br />
<br />
The Geological Survey Act of 1845 provided the Survey with a legal framework designed 'to facilitate the completion of a geological survey of Great Britain and Ireland.' Responsibility for the Survey, which now incorporated a geological department in Ireland, passed from the Board of Ordnance to the Office of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues, Works and Buildings. This transition meant that field officers of the Survey were no longer required to wear the military-style uniform of blue serge with brass buttons and a top hat!<br />
<br />
'''1851 — A new Museum of Practical Geology'''<br />
<br />
Having outgrown the limited accommodation at Craig’s Court, arrangements were put in hand in 1845 for erecting a new museum and offices for the Geological Survey. On 12 May 1851, the year of the Great Exhibition, the new Geological Survey and Museum of Practical Geology was formally opened by Prince Albert in Jermyn Street, a prime London location. The Survey offices and library were situated in the rear of the building, which fronted onto Piccadilly. Also included was a lecture theatre, laboratories and the Mining Record Office.<br />
<br />
'''1851 — School of Mines'''<br />
<br />
In November 1851 De la Beche inaugurated the Government School of Mines and of Science applied to the Arts, which would go on to become the Royal School of Mines. The school, based in the museum at Jermyn Street, provided instruction in chemistry, natural history with palaeontology, mechanical science, metallurgy, geology, and mining and mineralogy.<br />
<br />
'''1853 — The Survey passed from the First Commissioner of Woods and Forests to the Department of Science and Art'''<br />
<br />
'''1856 — The Survey passed from the Department of Science and Art to the Education Department of the Privy Council (Board of Education from 1899)''' <ref>In 1857 the Survey’s governing Department of Science and Art was formally transferred from the Board of Trade to become the Science and Art Department of the Committee of Council on Education, a move that displeased Murchison because he would no longer have direct access to a Minister of State (the President of the Board of Trade) but had instead to deal with an intermediary (the Privy Council on Education)</ref><br />
<br />
'''1872 — Separation of the Geological Survey and Museum from the Royal School of Mines'''<br />
<br />
The Royal School of Mines and its teaching facilities was relocated from Jermyn Street to South Kensington, although the transfer was not fully completed until some years later. The School thus ceased to be part of the Geological Survey and Museum.<br />
<br />
'''1905 — Geological Survey of Great Britain'''<br />
<br />
On 1 April 1905, The Geological Survey of Ireland was transferred to the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. The Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (Great Britain & Ireland) was renamed Geological Survey of Great Britain.<br />
<br />
'''1919 — The Survey passed to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research'''<br />
<br />
On 1 November 1919 the Geological Survey and Museum was transferred to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR). Subsequently, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Act of 1956 amended aspects of the management of research functions and placed the DSIR under the charge of a Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; the forerunner of the current Research Councils.<br />
<br />
'''1965 — The Science and Technology Act and the creation of the Institute of Geological Sciences'''<br />
<br />
The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)—the BGS parent body—was confirmed by Royal Charter as a result of the 1965 Act. The Geological Survey and Museum was combined with the Overseas Geological Surveys (OGS) in the following year and renamed the Institute of Geological Sciences (IGS).<br />
<br />
'''1984 — The Institute is renamed British Geological Survey'''<br />
<br />
On 1 January 1984 the Institute of Geological Sciences was renamed the British Geological Survey. The next year the headquarters was relocated to Keyworth, near Nottingham and the offices and exhibits at the Geological Museum at South Kensington were relinquished to the Natural History Museum, which now form the Earth Galleries.<br />
<br />
'''2018 — British Geological Survey (and NERC) becomes part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)'''<br />
<br />
UKRI brings together seven existing UK research councils, Innovate UK and the Research and Knowledge Exchange functions of the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) into one unified body.<br />
<br />
== List of Directors of the British Geological Survey ==<br />
<br />
[[Henry Thomas De la Beche|Sir Henry Thomas De la Beche, 1835–1855. Director General from 1845]]<br />
<br />
[[Roderick Impey Murchison Bart., K.C.B., LL.D., D.C.L., M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S. etc.|Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, 1855–1871 Director General]]<br />
<br />
[[Andrew Crombie Ramsay|Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay, 1871–1881 Director General]]<br />
<br />
[[Archibald Geikie|Sir Archibald Geikie, 1882–1901 Director General]]<br />
<br />
[[Jethro Justinian Harris Teall M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.G.S., LL.D.|Sir Jethro Justinian Harris Teall, 1901–1914]]<br />
<br />
[[Aubrey Strahan M.A., K.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.|Sir Aubrey Strahan,1914–1920]]<br />
<br />
[[John Smith Flett Sir|Sir John Smith Flett, 1920–1935]]<br />
<br />
[[Bernard Smith|Bernard Smith 1935–1936]]<br />
<br />
[[Edward Battersby Bailey|Sir Edward Battersby Bailey 1937–1945]]<br />
<br />
[[William Francis Porter McLintock|Dr William Francis Porter McLintock 1945–1950]]<br />
<br />
[[William John Pugh|Sir William John Pugh 1950–1960]]<br />
<br />
[[Cyril James Stubblefield|Sir Cyril James Stubblefield 1960–1966]]<br />
<br />
[[Kingsley Charles Dunham Sir|Sir Kingsley Charles Dunham 1967–1976]]<br />
<br />
[[Austin William Woodland|Dr Austin William Woodland 1976–1979]]<br />
<br />
Sir George Malcolm Brown 1979–1985<br />
<br />
G. I. Lumsden 1985–1987<br />
<br />
F. G. Larminie 1987–1990<br />
<br />
Dr Peter Cook 1990–1998<br />
<br />
Dr David Falvey 1998–2006<br />
<br />
Professor John Ludden CBE 2006–2019<br />
<br />
Dr Karen Hanghøj 2019–<br />
<br />
== Survey name changes ==<br />
<br />
1832 Henry De la Beche contracted to map the geology of Devon<br />
<br />
1835 Ordnance Geological Survey<br />
<br />
1845 Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (Great Britain and Ireland)<br />
<br />
1905 Geological Survey of Great Britain<br />
<br />
1965 Institute of Geological Sciences<br />
<br />
1984 British Geological Survey<br />
<br />
== Location of Survey headquarters over time ==<br />
<br />
1841–1851 Initially operating from temporary field addresses, but from 1845 based at the Museum of Economic Geology, Craig’s Court (cul-de-sac on the south side of Whitehall, 100 yards from Trafalgar Square)<br />
<br />
1851–1933 Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, backing onto Piccadilly, London<br />
<br />
1933–1984 New Museum of Practical Geology, later called The Geological Museum, Exhibition Road, London<br />
<br />
1984– Keyworth, Nottingham<br />
<br />
== Location of offices ==<br />
<br />
The Survey has had offices and stores in a number of places. A list with dates can be found here [[British Geological Survey offices - timeline 1836–]].<br />
<br />
== Full text histories ==<br />
===British Geological Survey - the legislative framework===<br />
<br />
Bowie, R. [[British Geological Survey - the legislative framework|The legislative framework of the British Geological Survey]]. OR/11/019.<br />
<br />
=== Full text histories of BGS on Earthwise ===<br />
<br />
Flett, Sir John S. 1937. [[First hundred years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain|The first hundred years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain]]. (London: HMSO)<br />
<br />
Bailey, Sir Edward. 1952. [[Geological Survey of Great Britain (by E.B. Bailey)|Geological Survey of Great Britain]]. (London: Thomas Murby)<br />
<br />
Wilson, H E. 1985. [[Down to earth - one hundred and fifty years of the British Geological Survey|Down to earth: one hundred and fifty years of the British Geological Survey]]. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press) (Including the activities of the former Overseas Geological Surveys)<br />
<br />
Cook, P J. 1998. [[History of the British Geological Survey 1990–1997|A history of the British Geological Survey, 1990-1997.]] British Geological Survey Technical Report WQ/98/1.<br />
<br />
Hackett, D. 1999. [[Our corporate history. Key events affecting the British Geological Survey, 1967–1998|Our corporate history: key events affecting the British Geological Survey, 1967-1998.]] British Geological Survey Technical Report WQ/99/1.<br />
<br />
Allen, P M. 2003. [[Geological survey in transition|A geological survey in transition.]] (Keyworth: British Geological Survey). [available to buy online]<br />
<br />
Dixey, F. 1957. [[Colonial Geological Surveys 1947–1956: a review of progress during the past ten years|Colonial Geological Surveys, 1947-56: a review of progress during the past ten years.]] Colonial Geology and Mineral Resources, Supplement Series no. 2.<br />
<br />
[[Instructions for the Local Directors of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland Henry de la Beche 22nd May 1845|Instructions for the Local Directors of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland Henry de la Beche 22nd May 1845]]. Geological surveying procedures and administrative<br />
instructions issued when the Survey became the independent 'Geological Survey of Great Britain & Ireland in 1845.<br />
<br />
[[Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland: A contemporary account of the Survey, 1897|Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland: A contemporary account of the Survey, 1897. Summary of Progress, 1897.]] [A contemporary account of the function and workings of the Survey]<br />
<br />
== Themes ==<br />
<br />
=== Timeline ===<br />
<br />
[[Media:OriginsofBGS.jpg|Origins of BGS — a poster]] ([https://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=2695 download PDF])<br />
=== Biographical information on early Survey staff ===<br />
<br />
[[Pioneers of the British Geological Survey]] — brief details of all Survey staff up to c 1933. Includes listings of biographical works and obituaries.<br />
<br />
[[Staff list of the Geological Survey and Museum, 1835–1935]] (from Flett's history)<br />
<br />
=== Scotland ===<br />
<br />
MacGregor A.G. 1956. [https://rdcu.be/cOMgX Centenary of the Geological Survey in Scotland] Nature 177 p216-217.<br />
<br />
Wilson, R.B. 1977. [[History of the Geological Survey in Scotland|A history of the Geological Survey in Scotland.]] NERC, IGS.<br />
<br />
Browitt, C. 1997. [[British Geological Survey in Scotland|The British Geological Survey in Scotland]] Unpublished ms. <br />
<br />
=== Land Survey ===<br />
<br />
[[Out and about: field survey and surveyors in the UK]]<br />
<br />
=== Drawing Office ===<br />
<br />
[[From Stone-Age to microchip: the Geological Survey Drawing Office]]<br />
<br />
=== History of computing in BGS ===<br />
<br />
Loudon, T. Vic 1996. [[Commentary on a British Geological Survey Computing Archive 1965-85]]<br />
[[Category:History of the British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
=== Offshore === <br />
<br />
[[Offshore operations - history, British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
[[On the shelf: geology beneath the waves]]<br />
<br />
=== Hydrogeology ===<br />
<br />
[[Take a little water with it: a century of hydrogeology]]<br />
<br />
=== Overseas work ===<br />
<br />
[[Far off fields: the development of Survey work overseas]]<br />
<br />
[[Colonial Geological Surveys 1947–1956: a review of progress during the past ten years]]<br />
<br />
=== Geophysics ===<br />
<br />
[[A matter of gravity: the emergence of geophysics as a separate discipline]]<br />
<br />
=== Geochemistry ===<br />
<br />
[[Cloak and dagger: geochemistry and the Atomic Energy Division]]<br />
<br />
=== Mineral statistics ===<br />
<br />
[[Lies, damn lies and the chequered history of mineral statistics]]<br />
<br />
=== BGS admistrative archives ===<br />
[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/services/ngdc/records/archive.html BGS Archive] Online catalogue to the administrative archives of BGS.<br />
<br />
=== BGS maps and publications ===<br />
<br />
[[British Geological Survey maps - their characteristics and history|British Geological Survey maps - their characteristics and history]]<br />
<br />
[[British Geological Survey publications – their characteristics and history|British Geological Survey publications – their characteristics and history]]<br />
<br />
[[British Geological Survey reports – their characteristics and history|British Geological Survey reports – their characteristics and history]]<br />
<br />
[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/maps/home.html BGS maps portal]—view all the BGS published maps and sections including all the 'Old Series' maps, sections and the various 'index of colours'.<br />
<br />
[https://www.geologicalmaps.net/irishhistmaps/index.cfm Irish historical geological maps]—view all the Irish historical maps and sections that were published during the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland days (up to 1905).<br />
<br />
[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/publications/pubs.cfc?method=viewHome BGS publications viewer] - View most historical and current memoirs and other publications.<br />
<br />
=== Photography in the Survey ===<br />
<br />
[[History of photography in the British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
=== Geologists at war ===<br />
<br />
[[Geologists at war, 1939–1945]] contributions made by geologists to the war effort.<br />
<br />
=== Survey dining clubs ===<br />
<br />
[[The Royal Hammerers and The Grizzly Bears - the dining clubs of the early Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
== Photographs and archives on Geoscenic ==<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome Geoscenic] contains a wealth of Survey photographs from the 1890s to the present as well as a number of special collections by Survey staff below:<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1392 Henry Mowbray Cadell collection of photographs and archives]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1395 A.G. MacGregor archive — 1936 Royal Society expedition to Montserrat]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1428 Ben Peach sketches]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1030 Dr. R. Kidston Carboniferous fossil plants]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1424 Survey staff photographs. Geological Survey and Museum and Royal School of Mines, 1850-1910. IGS1.639]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1421 Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, London. c1855 -1900. GSM.MG.E.5]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=2466 Joseph D. Hooker collection of microscope slides]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=2467 E.O. Teale photograph collection 1900s-1930s (mostly Africa)]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1425 J.V. Stephens Italy collection taken during the Second World War]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1429 George Scott Johnstone collection - Scottish mountains]<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
For more information on the history of the British Geological Survey, former Overseas Geological Surveys and related organisations, see the following published works:<br />
<br />
Bate, D G. 2010. Sir Henry Thomas De la Beche and the founding of the British Geological Survey. Mercian Geologist, 17 (3). 149–165.<br />
<br />
Allen, P M. 2003. A geological survey in transition. (Keyworth: British Geological Survey). [available to buy online]<br />
<br />
Bailey, Sir Edward. 1952. Geological Survey of Great Britain. (London: Thomas Murby)<br />
<br />
Cook, P J, and Allen, P M. 1994. The example of the British Geological Survey: past, present and future. In: National Geological Surveys in the 21st century. Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 55, 15–23.<br />
<br />
Cook, P J. 1998. A history of the British Geological Survey, 1990-1997. British Geological Survey Technical Report WQ/98/1.<br />
<br />
Cooper, Antony H. [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/514376 Yorkshire geology seen through the eyes of notable British Survey geologists 1862-2000]. p.46-67 in Myerscough, R and Wallace, V. Famous Geologists of Yorkshire. PLACE, York. ISBN 978-1-906604-58-5. <br />
<br />
Dixey, F. 1957. Colonial Geological Surveys, 1947-56: a review of progress during the past ten years. Colonial Geology and Mineral Resources, Supplement Series no. 2.<br />
<br />
Flett, Sir John S. 1937. The first hundred years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. (London: HMSO)<br />
<br />
Hackett, D. 1999. Our corporate history: key events affecting the British Geological Survey, 1967-1998. British Geological Survey Technical Report WQ/99/1.<br />
<br />
Herries Davies, G L. 1983. Sheets of many colours: the mapping of Ireland's rocks 1750–1890. (Dublin: Royal Dublin Society.)<br />
<br />
Herries Davies, G L. 1995. North from The Hook: 150 years of the Geological Survey of Ireland. (Dublin: Geological Survey of Ireland.)<br />
<br />
McKenna, G. (Ed) [Unpublished manuscript] Instructions for the Local Directors of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland (330 KB pdf) by Henry De la Beche 22nd May 1845. Selected documents from the BGS Archives No. 1.<br />
<br />
McIntosh, R P. 2012. Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland — a contemporary account of the Survey, 1897. Extract and illustrated from 1897 Geological Survey of Great Britain. Summary of Progress. [Unpublished].<br />
<br />
McIntosh, R P. Origins of the British Geological Survey.<br />
<br />
Paul [https://blog.geolsoc.org.uk/2014/01/16/the-unfortunate-tale-of-the-museum-of-practical-geology-pt-i/ The Unfortunate Tale of the Museum of Practical Geology Pt I] Geological Society of London Blog. January 16th 2014.<br />
<br />
Paul [https://blog.geolsoc.org.uk/2014/01/16/the-unfortunate-tale-of-the-museum-of-practical-geology-pt-i/ The Unfortunate Tale of the Museum of Practical Geology Pt II. Dippy and the Nippies] Geological Society of London Blog. January 17th 2014.<br />
<br />
Portlock, J E. 1843. Report on the geology of Londonderry, and of parts of Tyrone and Fermanagh. (Dublin: HMSO), Preface pp. iii-xi, for an account of the origins of the geological department of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland.<br />
<br />
Seymour, W A. (ed.) 1980. A history of the Ordnance Survey. (Folkestone: Dawson)<br />
<br />
[https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol38/pp257-259 Geological Muesum] In: Survey of London. Volume 38. South Kensington Museums Area. London: London County Council, 1975. p257-259.<br />
<br />
Wilson, H E. 1985. Down to earth: one hundred and fifty years of the British Geological Survey. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press) (Including the activities of the former Overseas Geological Surveys)<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=History_of_the_British_Geological_Survey&diff=58737
History of the British Geological Survey
2023-07-05T08:06:41Z
<p>Scotfot: /* Photography in the Survey */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:P815508.jpg|thumbnail|The Geological Survey Act and the creation of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (Great Britain & Ireland)]]<br />
== History of the British Geological Survey ==<br />
<br />
== Brief timeline ==<br />
<br />
'''1830 — Henry De la Beche begins mapping geology of Devon as a private endeavour'''<br />
<br />
Henry Thomas De la Beche (1796‒1855), a Fellow of the Geological Society of London, had already published some papers on the geology of the Devon and Dorset coast when in 1830 he set about adding geology to the Ordnance one-inch topographical map of south-east Devon. When his private income became insecure, he sought to obtain official backing for the continuation of this work, which he saw as being of great practical utility to the nation.<br />
<br />
'''1832 — De la Beche secures funding from Board of Ordnance to complete mapping of Devon'''<br />
<br />
Thomas F Colby, Superintendent of the Ordnance Survey, recognised the practical value of adding geological information to the Ordnance map. He supported De la Beche’s request for financial assistance from the Board of Ordnance to complete a geological survey of Devon. De la Beche delivered his first completed map for engraving in May 1832 (Old Series one-inch sheet 22, SE Devon, surveyed 1830‒31). <br />
<br />
'''1835 — Ordnance Geological Survey'''<br />
<br />
The success of De la Beche's work in Devon led to the establishment of the Ordnance Geological Survey in July 1835 as a branch of the Ordnance Survey, initially to extend the mapping into Cornwall, but ultimately with a view to surveying the whole country; De la Beche became its first Director. The support of both Colby and the Geological Society was a crucial factor in securing the future the Geological Survey.<br />
<br />
'''1835 — Museum of Economic Geology'''<br />
<br />
In August 1835, De la Beche obtained funding from the Board of Works to establish a museum at Craig's Court, Whitehall, London. The Museum of Economic Geology was furnished with a chemical laboratory which opened for commercial work in June 1839, while the museum itself was accessible to personal callers from August of that year, although its formal date of opening is usually stated to be 1841.<br />
<br />
'''1840 — Mining Record Office'''<br />
<br />
In April 1839 approval was given by Treasury for the Museum of Economic Geology to take custody of a proposed collection of mining records; this led to the establishment of a Mining Record Office following the appointment of a Keeper of Mining Records in October 1840. Statistical information on mineral production and trade was collected for selected minerals from 1845 but was expanded thereafter as an annual publication covering a wider range of minerals produced and traded in the UK from 1853. Responsibility for mineral statistics passed to the Home Office in 1881 and returned to BGS in the 1960s.<br />
<br />
'''1845 — The Geological Survey Act and the creation of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (Great Britain & Ireland)'''<br />
<br />
The Geological Survey Act of 1845 provided the Survey with a legal framework designed 'to facilitate the completion of a geological survey of Great Britain and Ireland.' Responsibility for the Survey, which now incorporated a geological department in Ireland, passed from the Board of Ordnance to the Office of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues, Works and Buildings. This transition meant that field officers of the Survey were no longer required to wear the military-style uniform of blue serge with brass buttons and a top hat!<br />
<br />
'''1851 — A new Museum of Practical Geology'''<br />
<br />
Having outgrown the limited accommodation at Craig’s Court, arrangements were put in hand in 1845 for erecting a new museum and offices for the Geological Survey. On 12 May 1851, the year of the Great Exhibition, the new Geological Survey and Museum of Practical Geology was formally opened by Prince Albert in Jermyn Street, a prime London location. The Survey offices and library were situated in the rear of the building, which fronted onto Piccadilly. Also included was a lecture theatre, laboratories and the Mining Record Office.<br />
<br />
'''1851 — School of Mines'''<br />
<br />
In November 1851 De la Beche inaugurated the Government School of Mines and of Science applied to the Arts, which would go on to become the Royal School of Mines. The school, based in the museum at Jermyn Street, provided instruction in chemistry, natural history with palaeontology, mechanical science, metallurgy, geology, and mining and mineralogy.<br />
<br />
'''1853 — The Survey passed from the First Commissioner of Woods and Forests to the Department of Science and Art'''<br />
<br />
'''1856 — The Survey passed from the Department of Science and Art to the Education Department of the Privy Council (Board of Education from 1899)''' <ref>In 1857 the Survey’s governing Department of Science and Art was formally transferred from the Board of Trade to become the Science and Art Department of the Committee of Council on Education, a move that displeased Murchison because he would no longer have direct access to a Minister of State (the President of the Board of Trade) but had instead to deal with an intermediary (the Privy Council on Education)</ref><br />
<br />
'''1872 — Separation of the Geological Survey and Museum from the Royal School of Mines'''<br />
<br />
The Royal School of Mines and its teaching facilities was relocated from Jermyn Street to South Kensington, although the transfer was not fully completed until some years later. The School thus ceased to be part of the Geological Survey and Museum.<br />
<br />
'''1905 — Geological Survey of Great Britain'''<br />
<br />
On 1 April 1905, The Geological Survey of Ireland was transferred to the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. The Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (Great Britain & Ireland) was renamed Geological Survey of Great Britain.<br />
<br />
'''1919 — The Survey passed to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research'''<br />
<br />
On 1 November 1919 the Geological Survey and Museum was transferred to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR). Subsequently, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Act of 1956 amended aspects of the management of research functions and placed the DSIR under the charge of a Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; the forerunner of the current Research Councils.<br />
<br />
'''1965 — The Science and Technology Act and the creation of the Institute of Geological Sciences'''<br />
<br />
The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)—the BGS parent body—was confirmed by Royal Charter as a result of the 1965 Act. The Geological Survey and Museum was combined with the Overseas Geological Surveys (OGS) in the following year and renamed the Institute of Geological Sciences (IGS).<br />
<br />
'''1984 — The Institute is renamed British Geological Survey'''<br />
<br />
On 1 January 1984 the Institute of Geological Sciences was renamed the British Geological Survey. The next year the headquarters was relocated to Keyworth, near Nottingham and the offices and exhibits at the Geological Museum at South Kensington were relinquished to the Natural History Museum, which now form the Earth Galleries.<br />
<br />
'''2018 — British Geological Survey (and NERC) becomes part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)'''<br />
<br />
UKRI brings together seven existing UK research councils, Innovate UK and the Research and Knowledge Exchange functions of the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) into one unified body.<br />
<br />
== List of Directors of the British Geological Survey ==<br />
<br />
[[Henry Thomas De la Beche|Sir Henry Thomas De la Beche, 1835–1855. Director General from 1845]]<br />
<br />
[[Roderick Impey Murchison Bart., K.C.B., LL.D., D.C.L., M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S. etc.|Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, 1855–1871 Director General]]<br />
<br />
[[Andrew Crombie Ramsay|Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay, 1871–1881 Director General]]<br />
<br />
[[Archibald Geikie|Sir Archibald Geikie, 1882–1901 Director General]]<br />
<br />
[[Jethro Justinian Harris Teall M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.G.S., LL.D.|Sir Jethro Justinian Harris Teall, 1901–1914]]<br />
<br />
[[Aubrey Strahan M.A., K.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.|Sir Aubrey Strahan,1914–1920]]<br />
<br />
[[John Smith Flett Sir|Sir John Smith Flett, 1920–1935]]<br />
<br />
[[Bernard Smith|Bernard Smith 1935–1936]]<br />
<br />
[[Edward Battersby Bailey|Sir Edward Battersby Bailey 1937–1945]]<br />
<br />
[[William Francis Porter McLintock|Dr William Francis Porter McLintock 1945–1950]]<br />
<br />
[[William John Pugh|Sir William John Pugh 1950–1960]]<br />
<br />
[[Cyril James Stubblefield|Sir Cyril James Stubblefield 1960–1966]]<br />
<br />
[[Kingsley Charles Dunham Sir|Sir Kingsley Charles Dunham 1967–1976]]<br />
<br />
[[Austin William Woodland|Dr Austin William Woodland 1976–1979]]<br />
<br />
Sir George Malcolm Brown 1979–1985<br />
<br />
G. I. Lumsden 1985–1987<br />
<br />
F. G. Larminie 1987–1990<br />
<br />
Dr Peter Cook 1990–1998<br />
<br />
Dr David Falvey 1998–2006<br />
<br />
Professor John Ludden CBE 2006–2019<br />
<br />
Dr Karen Hanghøj 2019–<br />
<br />
== Survey name changes ==<br />
<br />
1832 Henry De la Beche contracted to map the geology of Devon<br />
<br />
1835 Ordnance Geological Survey<br />
<br />
1845 Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (Great Britain and Ireland)<br />
<br />
1905 Geological Survey of Great Britain<br />
<br />
1965 Institute of Geological Sciences<br />
<br />
1984 British Geological Survey<br />
<br />
== Location of Survey headquarters over time ==<br />
<br />
1841–1851 Initially operating from temporary field addresses, but from 1845 based at the Museum of Economic Geology, Craig’s Court (cul-de-sac on the south side of Whitehall, 100 yards from Trafalgar Square)<br />
<br />
1851–1933 Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, backing onto Piccadilly, London<br />
<br />
1933–1984 New Museum of Practical Geology, later called The Geological Museum, Exhibition Road, London<br />
<br />
1984– Keyworth, Nottingham<br />
<br />
== Location of offices ==<br />
<br />
The Survey has had offices and stores in a number of places. A list with dates can be found here [[British Geological Survey offices - timeline 1836–]].<br />
<br />
== Full text histories ==<br />
===British Geological Survey - the legislative framework===<br />
<br />
Bowie, R. [[British Geological Survey - the legislative framework|The legislative framework of the British Geological Survey]]. OR/11/019.<br />
<br />
=== Full text histories of BGS on Earthwise ===<br />
<br />
Flett, Sir John S. 1937. [[First hundred years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain|The first hundred years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain]]. (London: HMSO)<br />
<br />
Bailey, Sir Edward. 1952. [[Geological Survey of Great Britain (by E.B. Bailey)|Geological Survey of Great Britain]]. (London: Thomas Murby)<br />
<br />
Wilson, H E. 1985. [[Down to earth - one hundred and fifty years of the British Geological Survey|Down to earth: one hundred and fifty years of the British Geological Survey]]. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press) (Including the activities of the former Overseas Geological Surveys)<br />
<br />
Cook, P J. 1998. [[History of the British Geological Survey 1990–1997|A history of the British Geological Survey, 1990-1997.]] British Geological Survey Technical Report WQ/98/1.<br />
<br />
Hackett, D. 1999. [[Our corporate history. Key events affecting the British Geological Survey, 1967–1998|Our corporate history: key events affecting the British Geological Survey, 1967-1998.]] British Geological Survey Technical Report WQ/99/1.<br />
<br />
Allen, P M. 2003. [[Geological survey in transition|A geological survey in transition.]] (Keyworth: British Geological Survey). [available to buy online]<br />
<br />
Dixey, F. 1957. [[Colonial Geological Surveys 1947–1956: a review of progress during the past ten years|Colonial Geological Surveys, 1947-56: a review of progress during the past ten years.]] Colonial Geology and Mineral Resources, Supplement Series no. 2.<br />
<br />
[[Instructions for the Local Directors of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland Henry de la Beche 22nd May 1845|Instructions for the Local Directors of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland Henry de la Beche 22nd May 1845]]. Geological surveying procedures and administrative<br />
instructions issued when the Survey became the independent 'Geological Survey of Great Britain & Ireland in 1845.<br />
<br />
[[Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland: A contemporary account of the Survey, 1897|Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland: A contemporary account of the Survey, 1897. Summary of Progress, 1897.]] [A contemporary account of the function and workings of the Survey]<br />
<br />
== Themes ==<br />
<br />
=== Timeline ===<br />
<br />
[[Media:OriginsofBGS.jpg|Origins of BGS — a poster]] ([https://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=2695 download PDF])<br />
=== Biographical information on early Survey staff ===<br />
<br />
[[Pioneers of the British Geological Survey]] — brief details of all Survey staff up to c 1933. Includes listings of biographical works and obituaries.<br />
<br />
[[Staff list of the Geological Survey and Museum, 1835–1935]] (from Flett's history)<br />
<br />
=== Scotland ===<br />
<br />
MacGregor A.G. 1956. [https://rdcu.be/cOMgX Centenary of the Geological Survey in Scotland] Nature 177 p216-217.<br />
<br />
Wilson, R.B. 1977. [[History of the Geological Survey in Scotland|A history of the Geological Survey in Scotland.]] NERC, IGS.<br />
<br />
Browitt, C. 1997. [[British Geological Survey in Scotland|The British Geological Survey in Scotland]] Unpublished ms. <br />
<br />
=== Land Survey ===<br />
<br />
[[Out and about: field survey and surveyors in the UK]]<br />
<br />
=== Drawing Office ===<br />
<br />
[[From Stone-Age to microchip: the Geological Survey Drawing Office]]<br />
<br />
=== History of computing in BGS ===<br />
<br />
Loudon, T. Vic 1996. [[Commentary on a British Geological Survey Computing Archive 1965-85]]<br />
[[Category:History of the British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
=== Offshore === <br />
<br />
[[Offshore operations - history, British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
[[On the shelf: geology beneath the waves]]<br />
<br />
=== Hydrogeology ===<br />
<br />
[[Take a little water with it: a century of hydrogeology]]<br />
<br />
=== Overseas work ===<br />
<br />
[[Far off fields: the development of Survey work overseas]]<br />
<br />
[[Colonial Geological Surveys 1947–1956: a review of progress during the past ten years]]<br />
<br />
=== Geophysics ===<br />
<br />
[[A matter of gravity: the emergence of geophysics as a separate discipline]]<br />
<br />
=== Geochemistry ===<br />
<br />
[[Cloak and dagger: geochemistry and the Atomic Energy Division]]<br />
<br />
=== Mineral statistics ===<br />
<br />
[[Lies, damn lies and the chequered history of mineral statistics]]<br />
<br />
=== BGS admistrative archives ===<br />
[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/services/ngdc/records/archive.html BGS Archive] Online catalogue to the administrative archives of BGS.<br />
<br />
=== BGS maps and publications ===<br />
<br />
[[British Geological Survey maps - their characteristics and history|British Geological Survey maps - their characteristics and history]]<br />
<br />
[[British Geological Survey publications – their characteristics and history|British Geological Survey publications – their characteristics and history]]<br />
<br />
[[British Geological Survey reports – their characteristics and history|British Geological Survey reports – their characteristics and history]]<br />
<br />
[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/maps/home.html BGS maps portal]—view all the BGS published maps and sections including all the 'Old Series' maps, sections and the various 'index of colours'.<br />
<br />
[https://www.geologicalmaps.net/irishhistmaps/index.cfm Irish historical geological maps]—view all the Irish historical maps and sections that were published during the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland days (up to 1905).<br />
<br />
[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/publications/pubs.cfc?method=viewHome BGS publications viewer] - View most historical and current memoirs and other publications.<br />
<br />
=== Photography in the Survey ===<br />
<br />
[[History_of_photography_in_the_British_Geological_Survey History of photography in the British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
=== Geologists at war ===<br />
<br />
[[Geologists at war, 1939–1945]] contributions made by geologists to the war effort.<br />
<br />
=== Survey dining clubs ===<br />
<br />
[[The Royal Hammerers and The Grizzly Bears - the dining clubs of the early Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
== Photographs and archives on Geoscenic ==<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome Geoscenic] contains a wealth of Survey photographs from the 1890s to the present as well as a number of special collections by Survey staff below:<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1392 Henry Mowbray Cadell collection of photographs and archives]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1395 A.G. MacGregor archive — 1936 Royal Society expedition to Montserrat]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1428 Ben Peach sketches]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1030 Dr. R. Kidston Carboniferous fossil plants]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1424 Survey staff photographs. Geological Survey and Museum and Royal School of Mines, 1850-1910. IGS1.639]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1421 Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, London. c1855 -1900. GSM.MG.E.5]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=2466 Joseph D. Hooker collection of microscope slides]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=2467 E.O. Teale photograph collection 1900s-1930s (mostly Africa)]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1425 J.V. Stephens Italy collection taken during the Second World War]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1429 George Scott Johnstone collection - Scottish mountains]<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
For more information on the history of the British Geological Survey, former Overseas Geological Surveys and related organisations, see the following published works:<br />
<br />
Bate, D G. 2010. Sir Henry Thomas De la Beche and the founding of the British Geological Survey. Mercian Geologist, 17 (3). 149–165.<br />
<br />
Allen, P M. 2003. A geological survey in transition. (Keyworth: British Geological Survey). [available to buy online]<br />
<br />
Bailey, Sir Edward. 1952. Geological Survey of Great Britain. (London: Thomas Murby)<br />
<br />
Cook, P J, and Allen, P M. 1994. The example of the British Geological Survey: past, present and future. In: National Geological Surveys in the 21st century. Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 55, 15–23.<br />
<br />
Cook, P J. 1998. A history of the British Geological Survey, 1990-1997. British Geological Survey Technical Report WQ/98/1.<br />
<br />
Cooper, Antony H. [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/514376 Yorkshire geology seen through the eyes of notable British Survey geologists 1862-2000]. p.46-67 in Myerscough, R and Wallace, V. Famous Geologists of Yorkshire. PLACE, York. ISBN 978-1-906604-58-5. <br />
<br />
Dixey, F. 1957. Colonial Geological Surveys, 1947-56: a review of progress during the past ten years. Colonial Geology and Mineral Resources, Supplement Series no. 2.<br />
<br />
Flett, Sir John S. 1937. The first hundred years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. (London: HMSO)<br />
<br />
Hackett, D. 1999. Our corporate history: key events affecting the British Geological Survey, 1967-1998. British Geological Survey Technical Report WQ/99/1.<br />
<br />
Herries Davies, G L. 1983. Sheets of many colours: the mapping of Ireland's rocks 1750–1890. (Dublin: Royal Dublin Society.)<br />
<br />
Herries Davies, G L. 1995. North from The Hook: 150 years of the Geological Survey of Ireland. (Dublin: Geological Survey of Ireland.)<br />
<br />
McKenna, G. (Ed) [Unpublished manuscript] Instructions for the Local Directors of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland (330 KB pdf) by Henry De la Beche 22nd May 1845. Selected documents from the BGS Archives No. 1.<br />
<br />
McIntosh, R P. 2012. Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland — a contemporary account of the Survey, 1897. Extract and illustrated from 1897 Geological Survey of Great Britain. Summary of Progress. [Unpublished].<br />
<br />
McIntosh, R P. Origins of the British Geological Survey.<br />
<br />
Paul [https://blog.geolsoc.org.uk/2014/01/16/the-unfortunate-tale-of-the-museum-of-practical-geology-pt-i/ The Unfortunate Tale of the Museum of Practical Geology Pt I] Geological Society of London Blog. January 16th 2014.<br />
<br />
Paul [https://blog.geolsoc.org.uk/2014/01/16/the-unfortunate-tale-of-the-museum-of-practical-geology-pt-i/ The Unfortunate Tale of the Museum of Practical Geology Pt II. Dippy and the Nippies] Geological Society of London Blog. January 17th 2014.<br />
<br />
Portlock, J E. 1843. Report on the geology of Londonderry, and of parts of Tyrone and Fermanagh. (Dublin: HMSO), Preface pp. iii-xi, for an account of the origins of the geological department of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland.<br />
<br />
Seymour, W A. (ed.) 1980. A history of the Ordnance Survey. (Folkestone: Dawson)<br />
<br />
[https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol38/pp257-259 Geological Muesum] In: Survey of London. Volume 38. South Kensington Museums Area. London: London County Council, 1975. p257-259.<br />
<br />
Wilson, H E. 1985. Down to earth: one hundred and fifty years of the British Geological Survey. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press) (Including the activities of the former Overseas Geological Surveys)<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=History_of_the_British_Geological_Survey&diff=58736
History of the British Geological Survey
2023-07-05T08:05:05Z
<p>Scotfot: /* Photography in the Survey */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:P815508.jpg|thumbnail|The Geological Survey Act and the creation of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (Great Britain & Ireland)]]<br />
== History of the British Geological Survey ==<br />
<br />
== Brief timeline ==<br />
<br />
'''1830 — Henry De la Beche begins mapping geology of Devon as a private endeavour'''<br />
<br />
Henry Thomas De la Beche (1796‒1855), a Fellow of the Geological Society of London, had already published some papers on the geology of the Devon and Dorset coast when in 1830 he set about adding geology to the Ordnance one-inch topographical map of south-east Devon. When his private income became insecure, he sought to obtain official backing for the continuation of this work, which he saw as being of great practical utility to the nation.<br />
<br />
'''1832 — De la Beche secures funding from Board of Ordnance to complete mapping of Devon'''<br />
<br />
Thomas F Colby, Superintendent of the Ordnance Survey, recognised the practical value of adding geological information to the Ordnance map. He supported De la Beche’s request for financial assistance from the Board of Ordnance to complete a geological survey of Devon. De la Beche delivered his first completed map for engraving in May 1832 (Old Series one-inch sheet 22, SE Devon, surveyed 1830‒31). <br />
<br />
'''1835 — Ordnance Geological Survey'''<br />
<br />
The success of De la Beche's work in Devon led to the establishment of the Ordnance Geological Survey in July 1835 as a branch of the Ordnance Survey, initially to extend the mapping into Cornwall, but ultimately with a view to surveying the whole country; De la Beche became its first Director. The support of both Colby and the Geological Society was a crucial factor in securing the future the Geological Survey.<br />
<br />
'''1835 — Museum of Economic Geology'''<br />
<br />
In August 1835, De la Beche obtained funding from the Board of Works to establish a museum at Craig's Court, Whitehall, London. The Museum of Economic Geology was furnished with a chemical laboratory which opened for commercial work in June 1839, while the museum itself was accessible to personal callers from August of that year, although its formal date of opening is usually stated to be 1841.<br />
<br />
'''1840 — Mining Record Office'''<br />
<br />
In April 1839 approval was given by Treasury for the Museum of Economic Geology to take custody of a proposed collection of mining records; this led to the establishment of a Mining Record Office following the appointment of a Keeper of Mining Records in October 1840. Statistical information on mineral production and trade was collected for selected minerals from 1845 but was expanded thereafter as an annual publication covering a wider range of minerals produced and traded in the UK from 1853. Responsibility for mineral statistics passed to the Home Office in 1881 and returned to BGS in the 1960s.<br />
<br />
'''1845 — The Geological Survey Act and the creation of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (Great Britain & Ireland)'''<br />
<br />
The Geological Survey Act of 1845 provided the Survey with a legal framework designed 'to facilitate the completion of a geological survey of Great Britain and Ireland.' Responsibility for the Survey, which now incorporated a geological department in Ireland, passed from the Board of Ordnance to the Office of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues, Works and Buildings. This transition meant that field officers of the Survey were no longer required to wear the military-style uniform of blue serge with brass buttons and a top hat!<br />
<br />
'''1851 — A new Museum of Practical Geology'''<br />
<br />
Having outgrown the limited accommodation at Craig’s Court, arrangements were put in hand in 1845 for erecting a new museum and offices for the Geological Survey. On 12 May 1851, the year of the Great Exhibition, the new Geological Survey and Museum of Practical Geology was formally opened by Prince Albert in Jermyn Street, a prime London location. The Survey offices and library were situated in the rear of the building, which fronted onto Piccadilly. Also included was a lecture theatre, laboratories and the Mining Record Office.<br />
<br />
'''1851 — School of Mines'''<br />
<br />
In November 1851 De la Beche inaugurated the Government School of Mines and of Science applied to the Arts, which would go on to become the Royal School of Mines. The school, based in the museum at Jermyn Street, provided instruction in chemistry, natural history with palaeontology, mechanical science, metallurgy, geology, and mining and mineralogy.<br />
<br />
'''1853 — The Survey passed from the First Commissioner of Woods and Forests to the Department of Science and Art'''<br />
<br />
'''1856 — The Survey passed from the Department of Science and Art to the Education Department of the Privy Council (Board of Education from 1899)''' <ref>In 1857 the Survey’s governing Department of Science and Art was formally transferred from the Board of Trade to become the Science and Art Department of the Committee of Council on Education, a move that displeased Murchison because he would no longer have direct access to a Minister of State (the President of the Board of Trade) but had instead to deal with an intermediary (the Privy Council on Education)</ref><br />
<br />
'''1872 — Separation of the Geological Survey and Museum from the Royal School of Mines'''<br />
<br />
The Royal School of Mines and its teaching facilities was relocated from Jermyn Street to South Kensington, although the transfer was not fully completed until some years later. The School thus ceased to be part of the Geological Survey and Museum.<br />
<br />
'''1905 — Geological Survey of Great Britain'''<br />
<br />
On 1 April 1905, The Geological Survey of Ireland was transferred to the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. The Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (Great Britain & Ireland) was renamed Geological Survey of Great Britain.<br />
<br />
'''1919 — The Survey passed to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research'''<br />
<br />
On 1 November 1919 the Geological Survey and Museum was transferred to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR). Subsequently, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Act of 1956 amended aspects of the management of research functions and placed the DSIR under the charge of a Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; the forerunner of the current Research Councils.<br />
<br />
'''1965 — The Science and Technology Act and the creation of the Institute of Geological Sciences'''<br />
<br />
The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)—the BGS parent body—was confirmed by Royal Charter as a result of the 1965 Act. The Geological Survey and Museum was combined with the Overseas Geological Surveys (OGS) in the following year and renamed the Institute of Geological Sciences (IGS).<br />
<br />
'''1984 — The Institute is renamed British Geological Survey'''<br />
<br />
On 1 January 1984 the Institute of Geological Sciences was renamed the British Geological Survey. The next year the headquarters was relocated to Keyworth, near Nottingham and the offices and exhibits at the Geological Museum at South Kensington were relinquished to the Natural History Museum, which now form the Earth Galleries.<br />
<br />
'''2018 — British Geological Survey (and NERC) becomes part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)'''<br />
<br />
UKRI brings together seven existing UK research councils, Innovate UK and the Research and Knowledge Exchange functions of the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) into one unified body.<br />
<br />
== List of Directors of the British Geological Survey ==<br />
<br />
[[Henry Thomas De la Beche|Sir Henry Thomas De la Beche, 1835–1855. Director General from 1845]]<br />
<br />
[[Roderick Impey Murchison Bart., K.C.B., LL.D., D.C.L., M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S. etc.|Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, 1855–1871 Director General]]<br />
<br />
[[Andrew Crombie Ramsay|Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay, 1871–1881 Director General]]<br />
<br />
[[Archibald Geikie|Sir Archibald Geikie, 1882–1901 Director General]]<br />
<br />
[[Jethro Justinian Harris Teall M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.G.S., LL.D.|Sir Jethro Justinian Harris Teall, 1901–1914]]<br />
<br />
[[Aubrey Strahan M.A., K.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.|Sir Aubrey Strahan,1914–1920]]<br />
<br />
[[John Smith Flett Sir|Sir John Smith Flett, 1920–1935]]<br />
<br />
[[Bernard Smith|Bernard Smith 1935–1936]]<br />
<br />
[[Edward Battersby Bailey|Sir Edward Battersby Bailey 1937–1945]]<br />
<br />
[[William Francis Porter McLintock|Dr William Francis Porter McLintock 1945–1950]]<br />
<br />
[[William John Pugh|Sir William John Pugh 1950–1960]]<br />
<br />
[[Cyril James Stubblefield|Sir Cyril James Stubblefield 1960–1966]]<br />
<br />
[[Kingsley Charles Dunham Sir|Sir Kingsley Charles Dunham 1967–1976]]<br />
<br />
[[Austin William Woodland|Dr Austin William Woodland 1976–1979]]<br />
<br />
Sir George Malcolm Brown 1979–1985<br />
<br />
G. I. Lumsden 1985–1987<br />
<br />
F. G. Larminie 1987–1990<br />
<br />
Dr Peter Cook 1990–1998<br />
<br />
Dr David Falvey 1998–2006<br />
<br />
Professor John Ludden CBE 2006–2019<br />
<br />
Dr Karen Hanghøj 2019–<br />
<br />
== Survey name changes ==<br />
<br />
1832 Henry De la Beche contracted to map the geology of Devon<br />
<br />
1835 Ordnance Geological Survey<br />
<br />
1845 Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (Great Britain and Ireland)<br />
<br />
1905 Geological Survey of Great Britain<br />
<br />
1965 Institute of Geological Sciences<br />
<br />
1984 British Geological Survey<br />
<br />
== Location of Survey headquarters over time ==<br />
<br />
1841–1851 Initially operating from temporary field addresses, but from 1845 based at the Museum of Economic Geology, Craig’s Court (cul-de-sac on the south side of Whitehall, 100 yards from Trafalgar Square)<br />
<br />
1851–1933 Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, backing onto Piccadilly, London<br />
<br />
1933–1984 New Museum of Practical Geology, later called The Geological Museum, Exhibition Road, London<br />
<br />
1984– Keyworth, Nottingham<br />
<br />
== Location of offices ==<br />
<br />
The Survey has had offices and stores in a number of places. A list with dates can be found here [[British Geological Survey offices - timeline 1836–]].<br />
<br />
== Full text histories ==<br />
===British Geological Survey - the legislative framework===<br />
<br />
Bowie, R. [[British Geological Survey - the legislative framework|The legislative framework of the British Geological Survey]]. OR/11/019.<br />
<br />
=== Full text histories of BGS on Earthwise ===<br />
<br />
Flett, Sir John S. 1937. [[First hundred years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain|The first hundred years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain]]. (London: HMSO)<br />
<br />
Bailey, Sir Edward. 1952. [[Geological Survey of Great Britain (by E.B. Bailey)|Geological Survey of Great Britain]]. (London: Thomas Murby)<br />
<br />
Wilson, H E. 1985. [[Down to earth - one hundred and fifty years of the British Geological Survey|Down to earth: one hundred and fifty years of the British Geological Survey]]. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press) (Including the activities of the former Overseas Geological Surveys)<br />
<br />
Cook, P J. 1998. [[History of the British Geological Survey 1990–1997|A history of the British Geological Survey, 1990-1997.]] British Geological Survey Technical Report WQ/98/1.<br />
<br />
Hackett, D. 1999. [[Our corporate history. Key events affecting the British Geological Survey, 1967–1998|Our corporate history: key events affecting the British Geological Survey, 1967-1998.]] British Geological Survey Technical Report WQ/99/1.<br />
<br />
Allen, P M. 2003. [[Geological survey in transition|A geological survey in transition.]] (Keyworth: British Geological Survey). [available to buy online]<br />
<br />
Dixey, F. 1957. [[Colonial Geological Surveys 1947–1956: a review of progress during the past ten years|Colonial Geological Surveys, 1947-56: a review of progress during the past ten years.]] Colonial Geology and Mineral Resources, Supplement Series no. 2.<br />
<br />
[[Instructions for the Local Directors of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland Henry de la Beche 22nd May 1845|Instructions for the Local Directors of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland Henry de la Beche 22nd May 1845]]. Geological surveying procedures and administrative<br />
instructions issued when the Survey became the independent 'Geological Survey of Great Britain & Ireland in 1845.<br />
<br />
[[Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland: A contemporary account of the Survey, 1897|Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland: A contemporary account of the Survey, 1897. Summary of Progress, 1897.]] [A contemporary account of the function and workings of the Survey]<br />
<br />
== Themes ==<br />
<br />
=== Timeline ===<br />
<br />
[[Media:OriginsofBGS.jpg|Origins of BGS — a poster]] ([https://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=2695 download PDF])<br />
=== Biographical information on early Survey staff ===<br />
<br />
[[Pioneers of the British Geological Survey]] — brief details of all Survey staff up to c 1933. Includes listings of biographical works and obituaries.<br />
<br />
[[Staff list of the Geological Survey and Museum, 1835–1935]] (from Flett's history)<br />
<br />
=== Scotland ===<br />
<br />
MacGregor A.G. 1956. [https://rdcu.be/cOMgX Centenary of the Geological Survey in Scotland] Nature 177 p216-217.<br />
<br />
Wilson, R.B. 1977. [[History of the Geological Survey in Scotland|A history of the Geological Survey in Scotland.]] NERC, IGS.<br />
<br />
Browitt, C. 1997. [[British Geological Survey in Scotland|The British Geological Survey in Scotland]] Unpublished ms. <br />
<br />
=== Land Survey ===<br />
<br />
[[Out and about: field survey and surveyors in the UK]]<br />
<br />
=== Drawing Office ===<br />
<br />
[[From Stone-Age to microchip: the Geological Survey Drawing Office]]<br />
<br />
=== History of computing in BGS ===<br />
<br />
Loudon, T. Vic 1996. [[Commentary on a British Geological Survey Computing Archive 1965-85]]<br />
[[Category:History of the British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
=== Offshore === <br />
<br />
[[Offshore operations - history, British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
[[On the shelf: geology beneath the waves]]<br />
<br />
=== Hydrogeology ===<br />
<br />
[[Take a little water with it: a century of hydrogeology]]<br />
<br />
=== Overseas work ===<br />
<br />
[[Far off fields: the development of Survey work overseas]]<br />
<br />
[[Colonial Geological Surveys 1947–1956: a review of progress during the past ten years]]<br />
<br />
=== Geophysics ===<br />
<br />
[[A matter of gravity: the emergence of geophysics as a separate discipline]]<br />
<br />
=== Geochemistry ===<br />
<br />
[[Cloak and dagger: geochemistry and the Atomic Energy Division]]<br />
<br />
=== Mineral statistics ===<br />
<br />
[[Lies, damn lies and the chequered history of mineral statistics]]<br />
<br />
=== BGS admistrative archives ===<br />
[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/services/ngdc/records/archive.html BGS Archive] Online catalogue to the administrative archives of BGS.<br />
<br />
=== BGS maps and publications ===<br />
<br />
[[British Geological Survey maps - their characteristics and history|British Geological Survey maps - their characteristics and history]]<br />
<br />
[[British Geological Survey publications – their characteristics and history|British Geological Survey publications – their characteristics and history]]<br />
<br />
[[British Geological Survey reports – their characteristics and history|British Geological Survey reports – their characteristics and history]]<br />
<br />
[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/maps/home.html BGS maps portal]—view all the BGS published maps and sections including all the 'Old Series' maps, sections and the various 'index of colours'.<br />
<br />
[https://www.geologicalmaps.net/irishhistmaps/index.cfm Irish historical geological maps]—view all the Irish historical maps and sections that were published during the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland days (up to 1905).<br />
<br />
[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/publications/pubs.cfc?method=viewHome BGS publications viewer] - View most historical and current memoirs and other publications.<br />
<br />
=== Photography in the Survey ===<br />
<br />
[History_of_photography_in_the_British_Geological_Survey History of photography in the British Geological Survey]<br />
<br />
=== Geologists at war ===<br />
<br />
[[Geologists at war, 1939–1945]] contributions made by geologists to the war effort.<br />
<br />
=== Survey dining clubs ===<br />
<br />
[[The Royal Hammerers and The Grizzly Bears - the dining clubs of the early Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
== Photographs and archives on Geoscenic ==<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome Geoscenic] contains a wealth of Survey photographs from the 1890s to the present as well as a number of special collections by Survey staff below:<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1392 Henry Mowbray Cadell collection of photographs and archives]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1395 A.G. MacGregor archive — 1936 Royal Society expedition to Montserrat]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1428 Ben Peach sketches]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1030 Dr. R. Kidston Carboniferous fossil plants]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1424 Survey staff photographs. Geological Survey and Museum and Royal School of Mines, 1850-1910. IGS1.639]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1421 Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, London. c1855 -1900. GSM.MG.E.5]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=2466 Joseph D. Hooker collection of microscope slides]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=2467 E.O. Teale photograph collection 1900s-1930s (mostly Africa)]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1425 J.V. Stephens Italy collection taken during the Second World War]<br />
<br />
[https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1429 George Scott Johnstone collection - Scottish mountains]<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
For more information on the history of the British Geological Survey, former Overseas Geological Surveys and related organisations, see the following published works:<br />
<br />
Bate, D G. 2010. Sir Henry Thomas De la Beche and the founding of the British Geological Survey. Mercian Geologist, 17 (3). 149–165.<br />
<br />
Allen, P M. 2003. A geological survey in transition. (Keyworth: British Geological Survey). [available to buy online]<br />
<br />
Bailey, Sir Edward. 1952. Geological Survey of Great Britain. (London: Thomas Murby)<br />
<br />
Cook, P J, and Allen, P M. 1994. The example of the British Geological Survey: past, present and future. In: National Geological Surveys in the 21st century. Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 55, 15–23.<br />
<br />
Cook, P J. 1998. A history of the British Geological Survey, 1990-1997. British Geological Survey Technical Report WQ/98/1.<br />
<br />
Cooper, Antony H. [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/514376 Yorkshire geology seen through the eyes of notable British Survey geologists 1862-2000]. p.46-67 in Myerscough, R and Wallace, V. Famous Geologists of Yorkshire. PLACE, York. ISBN 978-1-906604-58-5. <br />
<br />
Dixey, F. 1957. Colonial Geological Surveys, 1947-56: a review of progress during the past ten years. Colonial Geology and Mineral Resources, Supplement Series no. 2.<br />
<br />
Flett, Sir John S. 1937. The first hundred years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. (London: HMSO)<br />
<br />
Hackett, D. 1999. Our corporate history: key events affecting the British Geological Survey, 1967-1998. British Geological Survey Technical Report WQ/99/1.<br />
<br />
Herries Davies, G L. 1983. Sheets of many colours: the mapping of Ireland's rocks 1750–1890. (Dublin: Royal Dublin Society.)<br />
<br />
Herries Davies, G L. 1995. North from The Hook: 150 years of the Geological Survey of Ireland. (Dublin: Geological Survey of Ireland.)<br />
<br />
McKenna, G. (Ed) [Unpublished manuscript] Instructions for the Local Directors of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland (330 KB pdf) by Henry De la Beche 22nd May 1845. Selected documents from the BGS Archives No. 1.<br />
<br />
McIntosh, R P. 2012. Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland — a contemporary account of the Survey, 1897. Extract and illustrated from 1897 Geological Survey of Great Britain. Summary of Progress. [Unpublished].<br />
<br />
McIntosh, R P. Origins of the British Geological Survey.<br />
<br />
Paul [https://blog.geolsoc.org.uk/2014/01/16/the-unfortunate-tale-of-the-museum-of-practical-geology-pt-i/ The Unfortunate Tale of the Museum of Practical Geology Pt I] Geological Society of London Blog. January 16th 2014.<br />
<br />
Paul [https://blog.geolsoc.org.uk/2014/01/16/the-unfortunate-tale-of-the-museum-of-practical-geology-pt-i/ The Unfortunate Tale of the Museum of Practical Geology Pt II. Dippy and the Nippies] Geological Society of London Blog. January 17th 2014.<br />
<br />
Portlock, J E. 1843. Report on the geology of Londonderry, and of parts of Tyrone and Fermanagh. (Dublin: HMSO), Preface pp. iii-xi, for an account of the origins of the geological department of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland.<br />
<br />
Seymour, W A. (ed.) 1980. A history of the Ordnance Survey. (Folkestone: Dawson)<br />
<br />
[https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol38/pp257-259 Geological Muesum] In: Survey of London. Volume 38. South Kensington Museums Area. London: London County Council, 1975. p257-259.<br />
<br />
Wilson, H E. 1985. Down to earth: one hundred and fifty years of the British Geological Survey. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press) (Including the activities of the former Overseas Geological Surveys)<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=User:Scotfot/sandbox_2&diff=58735
User:Scotfot/sandbox 2
2023-06-29T12:55:42Z
<p>Scotfot: </p>
<hr />
<div>Test link to https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome<br />
<br />
https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome<br />
<br />
https://scotfot.com/<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Geological Survey of Ireland 1:63,360 maps ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
| align=center| '''Sheet number'''<br />
| align=center| '''Sheet name'''<br />
| align=center| '''Publication date'''<br />
| align=center| '''Statement of responsibility'''<br />
| align=center| '''Map'''<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;1<br />
|| Malin Head<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| R.J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR001A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;2<br />
|| Glengad Head<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Richard J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR002A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;3<br />
|| Tory Island<br />
|| February 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR003A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;4<br />
|| Dunfanaghy<br />
|| July 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan, R.J. Cruise F. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR004A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;5<br />
|| Carndonagh<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Richard J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR005A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;6<br />
|| Moville<br />
|| June 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan, R.J. Cruise, F.W. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR006A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;7<br />
|| Giant's Causeway<br />
|| August 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes, F.W. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR007A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;8<br />
|| Ballycastle<br />
|| August 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and Alex. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR008A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;8<br />
|| Ballycastle<br />
|| 1907<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and Alex. McHenry. Carboniferous boundary revised in 1906 by Alex. McHenry (also minor revisions) Edition of 1907.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR008B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;9<br />
|| Gweedore<br />
|| October 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Joseph Nolan, F.W. Egan and J.R. Kilroe.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR009A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;10<br />
|| Kilmacrenan<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR010A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;11<br />
|| Londonderry<br />
|| February 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, J. Nolan and R.J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR011A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;12<br />
|| Newtown Limavady<br />
|| October 1884<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR012A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;13<br />
|| Coleraine<br />
|| November 1883<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR013A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;13<br />
|| Coleraine<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;14<br />
|| Cushendall<br />
|| June 1886<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR014A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;14<br />
|| Cushendall<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and A. McHenry. Re-edited 1913.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR014B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;15<br />
|| Dunglow<br />
|| April 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J.R. Kilroe, A. McHenry and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR015A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;16<br />
|| Letterkenny<br />
|| May 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, F.W. Egan, A. McHenry and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR016A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;17<br />
|| Strabane<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR017A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;18<br />
|| Dungiven<br />
|| September 1884<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR018A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;19<br />
|| Maghera<br />
|| December 1882<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan and W.A. Traill.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR019A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;20<br />
|| Ballymena<br />
|| October 1883<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and W.A. Traill.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR020A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;20<br />
|| Ballymena<br />
|| 1969<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and W.A. Traill. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland [Print code] 50/69.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR020B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| October 1869<br />
|| Surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1883<br />
|| Surveyed by Geo.V. Du Noyer. Revised 1883. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 3/0 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1889<br />
|| Surveyed by Geo.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1947<br />
|| Surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer. Revised 1883 [Print code] 60/4/47.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;22<br />
|| Glen Bay<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR022A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;23<br />
|| Glenties<br />
|| 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR023A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| June 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 8/3 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1891<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Revised for Archaean rocks<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1914<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1965<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Re-edited 1914. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. 1965. [Print code] 60/65.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;25<br />
|| Newtown Stewart<br />
|| December 1886<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by S.B. Wilkinson, F.W. Egan and J.R. Kilroe.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR025A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;26<br />
|| Draperstown<br />
|| October 1882<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR026A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;26<br />
|| Draperstown<br />
|| 1963<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. [Print code] 60/63.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR026B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;27<br />
|| Cookstown<br />
|| May 1880<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR027A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;27<br />
|| Cookstown<br />
|| 1966<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. [Print code] 60/66<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR027B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;28<br />
|| Antrim<br />
|| October 1874<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer and W.E.L.E. Duffin.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR028A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| December 1869<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer. Notes to the fossil localities by W.H. Baily.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1883<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1898<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer. Revised edition published 1883. The Silurian area revised by F.W. Egan 1898.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1898<br />
|| Revised edition published 1883. The Silurian area revised by F.W. Egan 1898. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 3/9 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029C_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;30<br />
|| Kilcar<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR030A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| November 1888<br />
|| Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell. Metamorphic rocks east of Ballyshannon revised in 1890 by A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell. Metamorphic rocks west of Ballyshannon revised in 1890 by A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031C_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;32<br />
|| Pettigoe<br />
|| November 1885<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes, S.B. Wilkinson and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR032A_001 View map]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
= BGS175: 175th Anniversary Science Symposium of the founding of the British Geological Survey, 28th September, Royal Institution, London =<br />
<br />
The British Geological Survey is the world's oldest national geological survey and commemorated its 175th anniversary in 2010.<br />
<br />
The event was marked by a one-day science symposium on 28 September 2010.<br />
<br />
The symposium showcased our world-class science and technologies, demonstrating their relevance, societal benefits and positive impacts in addressing 21st century challenges; including living with environmental change, energy and natural resource security, rising CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and geohazards.<br />
<br />
* Peak metal: Scarcity of supply or scare story?<br />
* Bronze Age Mediterraneans may have visited Stonehenge<br />
* Modelling of Icelandic volcanic ash particles<br />
<br />
The event was attended by influential stakeholders including representatives from government, industry, academia, international geological surveys, students and the national media.<br />
<br />
Guest speakers included Dr Marcia McNutt, and [https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/staff/iain-stewart Professor Iain Stewart].<br />
<br />
Britain's best-known natural history film-maker, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Attenborough Sir David Attenborough], featured in the panel discussion to close the symposium.<br />
<br />
About the British Geological Survey, 2010.<br />
<br />
== Win a place at BGS175 ==<br />
<br />
The winners of a VIP day at the science symposium, featuring Sir David Attenborough, are listed in the table below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Jonathan Wyatt, SHROPSHIRE || Paul Colinese, LONDON<br />
|-<br />
| John Williams, SURREY || Sophie Hibben, KENT<br />
|-<br />
| Lisa Allan, LONDON || Rob Flanders, CHESHIRE<br />
|-<br />
| Vince Piper, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE || Steven Cadman, SURREY<br />
|-<br />
| Sahja Haji, LONDON || Litsa Breingan, LONDON<br />
|-<br />
| Paul Dotteridge, HERTFORDSHIRE || Stephen Metheringham, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE<br />
|-<br />
| Milo Brook, OXFORDSHIRE || Catherine Unsworth, LONDON<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== About the day ==<br />
<br />
===Symposium agenda===<br />
<br />
Download the oral programme 200 KB pdf<br />
<br />
===Keynote speakers and special guests===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''Video presentation''': [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NstzDgR4fE About the British Geological Survey - 175 years of geoscience]||<br />
|-<br />
|Sir David Attenborough wrote and narrated BBC's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snuna3fLYAg Uncovering Our Earliest Ancestor] ||[[File:Attenborough Thumb Copyright IanSalvage.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|Marcia McNutt, USGS Director, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISzUlINbB4o Introduction to The National Map]||[[File:Mcnutt USGS.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|Professor Iain Stewart in the BBC's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kphF71S5F0Q How Earth Made Us]. Iain tells the epic story of how the planet has shaped our history.||[[File:Stewart plymouth.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Presentations ==<br />
<br />
Insert Video: Panel session<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|'''Morning session A'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Opening address || John Ludden, Executive Director, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NstzDgR4fE About the BGS - 175 years of geoscience]|| <br />
|-<br />
| Twenty-first century survey || Denis Peach, Chief Scientist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Acuity, accuracy and application: from systematic geological mapping to responsive 3D+ surveys || Martin Smith, Head Geology & Landscape, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| From watercolour to web || Keith Westhead, Head Knowledge Exchange, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| '''Keynote''': Facing tomorrow’s challenges with integrated science || Marcia McNutt, Director, USGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Morning session B'''||<br />
|-<br />
| OneGeology: improving access to geoscience globally || Ian Jackson, Chief of Operations, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| North American liaisons || Garth Earls, Director, GSNI<br />
|-<br />
| Arabian adventures: geological mapping and climate change in Arabia || Andrew Farrant, Geologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Groundwater animals: extending our understanding of biodiversity in the UK || Louise Maurice, Groundwater ecologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Life just got complicated || Dr Phil Wilby, Geologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Afternoon session A'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Predict or prepare: natural hazards and human disasters || David Kerridge, Head Earth Hazards & Systems, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Groundwater, health and livelihoods in Africa || Alan MacDonald, Hydrogeologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Marine exploration || Robert Gatliff, Head Marine Geoscience, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Carbon capture and storage (CCS):demonstrating the concept || Andy Chadwick, Head CO2 Storage Research, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Future energy: renewable energy dividends from our coal mining legacy || Diarmad Campbell, Chief Geologist, Scotland, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Keynote: The human planet || Iain Stewart, Professor of Geosciences, Communication, University of Plymouth<br />
|-<br />
| '''Afternoon session B'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Malthus revisited? Population growth, environmental change and resource limits || Andrew Bloodworth, Head Minerals & Waste, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Looking forward to making predictions: BGS’s role in the next decade and beyond. || Andrew Hughes, Hydrogeologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Panel session'''||<br />
|-<br />
|Featuring: Sir David Attenborough, Marcia McNutt (Director, USGS) Iain Stewart (Chair), Randy Parrish (Head of NIGL), Kathryn Goodenough (Geologist, BGS), Mike Ellis (Head of Climate Science, BGS).||<br />
|-<br />
|'''Closing remarks'''||<br />
|-<br />
|Closing remarks by Jon Gluyas (BGS Board Chair), and BUFI poster prize presentation.||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx<br />
{{NRW}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Edward Greenly.png|thumb|Edward Greenly]]<br />
<br />
== Edward Greenly (1861–1951) ==<br />
<br />
Cofir am [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Edward Greenly]] yn bennaf am ei arolwg daearegol o Ynys Môn, gwaith y bu wrthi am bron pum mlynedd ar hugain o’i fywyd.<br />
<br />
Image caption: Edward Greenly. Llun trwy garedigrwydd Terry Williams<br />
<br />
== Edward Greenly (1861–1951) ==<br />
<br />
Campwaith pennaf [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Edward Greenly]] oedd cwblhau arolwg daearegol manwl o Ynys Môn. Cyhoeddwyd ''The Geology of Anglesey'' ([https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B01782 Volume 1] and [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B06824 Volume 2]) mewn dwy gyfrol yn 1919 ac yna yn 1920 fap daearegol ar y raddfa un fodfedd i’r filltir. Er bod rhannau o’r gwaith wedi’u diweddaru yn ystod y degawdau dilynol, erys ei astudiaeth yn glasur o fri rhyngwladol.<br />
<br />
=== Mapio Môn ===<br />
<br />
Wrth fapio ynys Môn, gwnaeth Greenly ddefnydd mawr o syniadau tectonig a ddatblygodd wrth iddo fynd i’r afael â gwaith maes cynharach yn Ucheldiroedd yr Alban. Roedd tair prif broblem yn ei wynebu: prinder brigiadau da, yn enwedig mewn ardaloedd mewndirol allweddol bwysig; presenoldeb creigiau gorchuddiol clytiog yn cuddio yn aml y baslawr Cyn-Gambriaidd hŷn; a phresenoldeb toriadau tectonig megis ffawtiau a chylchfaoedd croesrym a oedd yn aml yn rhwystro’r gwaith o gydberthyn gwahanol ddilyniannau o greigiau. Chwaraeodd ei wraig Annie Greenly (Barnard gynt), a oedd yn rhannu ei ddiddordeb mewn daeareg a diwinyddiaeth, rôl hollbwysig drwy baratoi’r mynegai i’w gyfrol.<br />
<br />
Ganed Greenly ym Mryste ac fe’i haddysgwyd yng Ngholeg Clifton. Bu’n fyfyriwr yng Ngholeg y Brifysgol, Llundain, cyn ymuno â’r Arolwg Daearegol yn 1889. Yn gyntaf, bu gofyn iddo baratoi arolwg o Ucheldiroedd gogledd-orllewin yr Alban. Daeth yn ffrind agos ac yn gydweithiwr i [[Benjamin Neeve Peach - biographical information|Ben Peach]] yr oedd ei archwiliadau wedi bod yn gyfrwng i ddatrys adeiledd cymhleth yr Alban (gan gynnwys adnabod a sylweddoli arwyddocâd Gwthiad Moine). Rhoddodd Greenly y gorau i’w waith gyda’r Arolwg yn 1895 er mwyn iddo, o’i ben a’i bastwn ei hun. roi cychwyn ar ei arolwg o Ynys Môn.<br />
<br />
=== Cyfraniadau pwysig i ddaeareg ===<br />
<br />
Yn gydnabyddiaeth am ei gyfraniadau pwysig i ddaeareg, cafodd Edward Greenly ei dderbyn yn aelod er anrhydedd o gymdeithasau daearegol Caeredin a Lerpwl, a Chymdeithas Hynafiaethwyr Môn. Dyfarnwyd iddo Fedal Lyell, fawr ei bri, y Gymdeithas Ddaearegol yn 1920, medal Cymdeithas Ddaearegol Lerpwl yn 1933 a doethuriaeth er anrhydedd Prifysgol Cymru yn 1920.<br />
<br />
Ar y cyd â Howel Williams, cyhoeddodd [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Greenly]] ''Methods of Geological Surveying'' yn 1930 a’i hunangofiant ''A Hand through Time: Memories Romantic'' and ''Geological'' a ymddangosodd yn 1938. Bu farw ym Mangor yn 1951 ac yn briodol iawn fe’i claddwyd ym mynwent Llangristiolus, Ynys Môn. Mae ei fedd wedi’i gyfnodi’n Safle Geoamrywiaeth o Bwysigrwydd Rhanbarthol (RIGS).<br />
== Table ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=Geologists' Association photograph albums [Green bound]=<br />
<br />
These two key albums of the GA focus on photographs of members. <br />
<br />
The first volume contains portraits of early GA members and then photographs of individuals or groups of members taken on GA field excursions 1922–1977. <br />
<br />
The second volume contains photographs of individuals or groups of members taken on GA field excursions 1979 to 1996.<br />
<br />
<br />
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx<br />
= Marine deposits of chromite and olivine off Rum =<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:P936564.jpg|thumb|Geological sketch map of the Rum district, Sheet 60. Based on BGS 1:250 000 Series sheets Tiree and Little Minch, with some additions from the 3rd (1:50 000) edition of Sheet 60 (Rum).]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P936665.jpg|thumb|Chromium and magnesium distribution in surficial marine sediments off Harris, Rum]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P936666.jpg|thumb|Chromium and magnesium distribution in surficial marine sediments off Dibidil, Rum.]]<br />
== Extract from the Rum Memoir ==<br />
<br />
[https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B01904 View original memoir]<br />
<br />
[https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/Memoirs/docs/B01904.html View memoir on Text viewer]<br />
<br />
As Rum is a National Nature Reserve, exploitation of chromite or other ore reserves on land could prove environmentally unacceptable. The marine dispersal of resistate minerals derived by glacial and fluvial erosion of the rocks of the Rum Central Complex has been investigated as a possible alternative for mineral exploitation. Black, heavy mineral sand occurs on the rocky beach in the bay at Harris, although well-defined high-water-mark bands such as are known from the Northumberland coast (Gallagher, 1974) are absent. The inshore area along 28 km of the southern coastline of Rum were surveyed in 1987, between A' Bhrideahach in the west and Loch Scresort in the east (Figure 1) and surficial marine sediment collected at 91 sites in water depths of 50 m or less within 3 km of the shore. After dissolution of shell calcite averaging 20% by weight, analysis of small shipboard samples yielded mean values of 0.12% Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and 3.5% Mg (Table 12).<br />
<br />
(Table 12) Composition of 91 marine sediment samples, southern Rum, analysed by X-ray fluorescence (after calcite dissolution.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Mean(%) !! s (%) !! Max. (%) !! Min. (%)<br />
|-<br />
| Mg || 3.5 || 2.6 || 14 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Ca || 1.7 || 0.82 || 5.3 || 0.47<br />
|-<br />
| Ti || 0.33 || 0.16 || 0.92 || 0.12<br />
|-<br />
| V || 0.009 || 0.005 || 0.29 || 0.001<br />
|-<br />
| Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 0.12 || 0.17 || 1.4 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Fe || 4.0 || 1.8 || 10.6 || 0.72<br />
|}<br />
:s = Standard deviation.<br />
<br />
(Table 13) Average composition of minerals in marine sediments from Harris Bay, Rum.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Chromite !! Olivine !! Clinopyroxene (Ca-rich) !! Orthopyroxene<br />
|-<br />
| N = || 82 || 141 || 40 || 6<br />
|-<br />
| SiO<sub>2</sub> || 0.03 || 40.20 || 51.22 || 54.67<br />
|-<br />
| TiO<sub>2</sub> || 2.69 || 0.03 || 0.94 || 0.38<br />
|-<br />
| Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 19.07 || 0.03 || 3.15 || 0.87<br />
|-<br />
| Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 32.49 || || 0.58 || 0.05<br />
|-<br />
| Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 13.40 || — || — || —<br />
|-<br />
| FeO || 20.60 || 12.33 || 6.07 || 14.25<br />
|-<br />
| MnO || 0.32 || 0.20 || 0.15 || 0.34<br />
|-<br />
| MgO || 10.52 || 47.35 || 16.02 || 28.02<br />
|-<br />
| CaO || 0.01 || 0.08 || 21.11 || 1.42<br />
|-<br />
| Total || 99.13 || 100.22 || 99.24 || 100.00<br />
|-<br />
| Mg* || 47.44 || 87.23 || 82.46 || 77.80<br />
|-<br />
| Cr* || 54.29 || — || — || —<br />
|}<br />
:N: number of analyses<br />
:Mg*- 100 X Mg/ (Mg + Fe2+) Cr* = 100 X Cr/ (Cr + Al)<br />
:Histograms of the compositional variation of olivine and chromite are given by Gallagher et al., 1989 (figs. 5 and 6)<br />
<br />
Relatively high chromium and magnesium values were recognised from two areas representing submarine deltas off Harris and Dibidil; new analyses from these areas are presented in (Figure 64) and (Figure 65). In the bay off Harris, 3 km<sup>2</sup> of sand sampled from the sea-bed surface in a mean water depth of 23 m contained on average 0.24% Cr and 7% Mg after removal of some 18% of shell calcite. The grade of the heavy mineral sands is therefore about 1% of chromite and 25% of forsteritic olivine from the mineral analyses given in (Table 13). It is concluded that tens of thousands of tonnes of chromite and more than 1 million tonnes of olivine and of calcite are present in the topmost 1 m of the Harris delta (utilising 2.2 g.cm<sup>-1</sup> as the wet density). The peak anomaly of 4% chromite and 50% olivine lies 1.8 km offshore.<br />
<br />
A smaller area of 1 km<sup>2</sup> of heavy mineral sand is present up to 1 km off the mouth of the Dibidil River in a mean water depth of 19 m (Figure 64). After dissolution of approximately 30% contained calcite a small number of surface samples from the submarine delta (Gallagher, 1989) average 0.19% Cr, equivalent to about 0.8% chromite, and 4.5% Mg (15–20% of forsteritic olivine). The peak anomaly of 1.2% chromite occurs only 350 m offshore of the mouth of the Dibidil river. The figures indicate 10 000 tonnes of chromite in the top metre of the delta. Other isolated sample sites off south-west and south-east Rum are somewhat anomalous in chromium and magnesium, as might be expected from tidal dispersion, but further sampling will be needed to properly assess their significance.<br />
<br />
A full evaluation of the true lateral extent and thickness of the deposits will require geophysical surveys and drilling of the deltaic sands. Heavy minerals will most likely be concentrated towards the base of the sand accumulations.<br />
<br />
=== Mineralogy ===<br />
The deltaic sediments are well-sorted medium- to fine-grained sands (125–500 pm) highly suitable for beneficiation by density or magnetic methods. The total amount of heavy minerals present increases with decreasing content of shell calcite, a feature which is likely to occur with depth in the deltas, and of quartz and feldspar. In five representative samples the total heavy mineral content ranged from 36 to 94% with olivine dominant, followed by clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene. Chromite-type spinels, magnetite and ilmenite make up 10–15% of the overall heavy-mineral fraction. Traces of platinum, palladium and gold were detected in a few of the samples (Gallagher, 1989).<br />
<br />
From analyses of the main heavy minerals (Table 13), it can be seen that chromite averages 32% Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (10.7–44.4%) and the olivine is forsterite-rich (FO<sub>87</sub>). Detailed investigation of 31 samples from and around the Harris and Dibidil deltas shows that the chromite and olivine, calculated on a calcite-free basis, form 0.22–3.98% and 5–41% respectively (Basham et al., 1989).<br />
<br />
Benificiation trials yielded concentrates of 86% chromite and 78% olivine with recoveries of 60% and 50% respectively. The size range and composition of the olivine in the marine sands compared well with the desired range for refractory use (Griffith, 1984). The iron content of the chromite is higher on average than that of South African chromites (25% FeO); nevertheless, in ferro-chrome production the tendency is towards acceptance of increasingly higher iron content (Power, 1985).<br />
<br />
== Samples ==<br />
<br />
Insert list of samples here<br />
<br />
== Archives == <br />
<br />
BGS Edinburgh Archive Drawer A10 has material relating to Rhum Offshore heavy minerals survey<br />
<br />
== Dr. Mike Gallagher photograph collection of Rum (transparencies) (not online) ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! BGS Image No.!! Caption !! Date<br />
|-<br />
| P100823 || Scotland mineral wealth talk. Coastline of Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102341 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102342 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102343 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102344 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102345 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102346 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102347 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102348 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102349 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102350 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102351 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102352 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102353 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102354 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102355 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102356 || Graph showing make up of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102357 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102358 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102359 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102360 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102361 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102362 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102363 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102364 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102365 || Chromite layer at base of peridotite above allivalite (white) on Hallival. Hallival, Rhum. || 01/04/1985<br />
|-<br />
| P102366 || Generalised map showing the Olivine - Chromium deltas of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102368 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102369 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102370 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102371 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102372 || Geologist takes a break in gorse on hillside. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102373 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102374 || Map of Scotland showing Rhum chromite. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102375 || Geologist on excursion through hills on Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102376 || Drainage basin of Allt nam Ba, Rhum from the sea. Askival (summit) and Askival plateau (in cloud). Allt nam Ba, Rhum. || 01/06/1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102377 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102378 || Rock outcrop on top of hill. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102379 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102380 || Geologists on the summit of Askival??? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102381 || Hallival?? Hallival, Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102382 || View through valley. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102383 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102384 || View of Askival, Rhum. Askival, Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102385 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102386 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102387 || Close up of Tertiary igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102388 || Close up of Tertiary igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102389 || View of raised beach. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102390 || View from summit of ????? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102391 || View through valley. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102392 || Geologists examine a rock outcrop showing layers. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102393 || Geologists examine a rock outcrop showing layers. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102394 || View of raised beach. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102395 || Bouguer Anomaly map of the islands of Rhum, Eigg, Canna and Sanday in the Inner Hebrides. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102396 || Aerial view of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102397 || Outline geology map of Rhum, note Hallival in Eastern Layered Series. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102398 || Solid geology map of Rhum, 1:20,000 scale. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102399 || Map showing Precambrian structure. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102400 || Generalised section of outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102401 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102402 || Map of the geology of the Timmins area.???? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102403 || Geological map of Canada. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102404 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102405 || ELS geology map of eastern Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102406 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102407 || Flow map. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102408 || Map of the geology of the Timmins area.???? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102409 || Inlet on coast of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102410 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102411 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102412 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102413 || View from Harris Bay, Mausoleum in distance. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102414 || Harrisite, found in Harris Bay, Rhum. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102415 || View of Askival from shore. Askival, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102416 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102417 || View over Rhum. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102418 || View of Askival from shore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102419 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102420 || View across Rhum. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102421 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102422 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102423 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102424 || View of the hills, Askival and Hallival Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102425 || Geologists standing in front of Askival and Hallival. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102426 || View of Hallival. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102427 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102428 || View of Inbhir Ghil from cliffs. Inbhir Ghil, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102429 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102430 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102431 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102432 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102433 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102434 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102435 || Geologists on excursion examine the rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102436 || Pier at Loch Scresort, Rhum. Pier, Loch Scresort, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102437 || Geologist on excursion to Rhum, Askival in the distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102438 || Offshore view of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102439 || View from Askival, Rhum out to sea. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102440 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102441 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102442 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102443 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102444 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102445 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102446 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102447 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102448 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102449 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - Cr spinels. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102450 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - chromite. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102451 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - Olivine. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102452 || View of Rhum from deck of ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102453 || View of Rhum from lab on ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102454 || View of Rhum from lab on ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102455 || Presentation slide. Graph of offshore sands showing percentages of calcite and olivine. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102456 || Presentation slide. Table of mineralogical analysis of samples TR1058 and TR1210. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102457 || Presentation slide. Table showing estimation of chromite content from whole-sand chemistry. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102458 || Presentation slide. Pi charts showing mineral composition. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102459 || Presentation slide. Section through Rhum shwing the different Layered Series. (Not BGS). Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102460 || Specimen of rock. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102461 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102462 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102463 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102464 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102465 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102466 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102467 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102468 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102469 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102470 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102471 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102472 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102473 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102474 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102475 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102476 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102477 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102478 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102479 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102480 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102481 || Bay at Harris with Bullough Mausoleum in distance, shallow dipping harrisites. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102482 || Generalised map of Scotland showing chromite areas (Rhum). Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102483 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102484 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102485 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102486 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102487 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102488 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102489 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102490 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102491 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102492 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102493 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102494 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102495 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102496 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102497 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102498 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102499 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102500 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102501 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102502 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102503 || View of Askival on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102504 || View of Askival on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102505 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102506 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102507 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102508 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102509 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102510 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102511 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102512 || View of Kinloch and harbour of Loch Scresort. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102513 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102514 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102515 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102516 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102517 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102518 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102519 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102520 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102521 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102522 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102523 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102524 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102525 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102526 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102527 || View of the lighthouse at Kinloch. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102528 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102529 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102530 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102531 || Boat on Loch Scresort, Kinloch in distance Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102532 || View of Kinloch and harbour of Loch Scresort. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102533 || Cave on coast, Bagh na h-Uamha. Bagh na h-Uamha, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102534 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102535 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102536 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102537 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival in middle of photograph. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102538 || View of Rhum from offshore, Hallival in middle of photograph. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102539 || Cave on coast, Bagh na h-Uamha. Bagh na h-Uamha, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102540 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102541 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102542 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102543 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102544 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102545 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102546 || Excursion members relax on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102547 || Small dinghy sails to Rhum from ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102548 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102549 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102550 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102551 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102552 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102553 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102554 || Church at Kinloch on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102555 || Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102556 || Rhum. || 1987<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
BASHAM, I R, BEDDOE-STEPHENS, B, and MACDONALD, A. 1989. Mineralogical assessment of submarine heavy mineral sands, southern Rhum. British Geological Survey Technical Report, WG/89/26. 12pp.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J. 1974. Rutile and zircon in Northumbrian beach sands. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, (Section B. Applied earth science.), Vol. 83, B97–98.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J. 1989. Marine deposits of olivine and chromite, Inner Hebrides. British Geological Survey Open File Data Package.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J BASHAM, I R, and 10 others. 1989. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B02868 Marine deposits of chromite and olivine, Inner Hebrides of Scotland. British Geological Survey Technical Report, WF/89/13]. British Geological Survey Mineral Reconnaissance Programme Report, No. 106. 20pp.<br />
<br />
GRIFFITHS, J. 1984. Olivine - exchanging new uses for old. Industrial Minerals, September 1984, 65–79.<br />
<br />
POWER, T. 1985. Chromite - the non-metallurgical market. Industrial Minerals, April 1985, 17–51.<br />
<br />
== Songs, ditties, poems, recitations from the Geological Survey Edinburgh Office dinner books ==<br />
<br />
=== Introduction ===<br />
<br />
A brief account of the dining clubs of the Geological Survey can be found here: [[The Royal Hammerers and The Grizzly Bears - the dining clubs of the early Geological Survey]].<br />
This page contains transcriptions of items that were in typescript form. The mostly earlier, handwritten songs etc still await transcription.<br />
<br />
=== The D.G. LSA361.1.101 ===<br />
<br />
(with apologies to R.K. Ford Roberts)<br />
<br />
(Songs of the Survey by a Junior Assistant, No. 4)<br />
<br />
There's a sharpnosed little man, Archie G<br /><br />
Rides the highest horse he can, our DG<br /><br />
And his staff devoutly pray<br /><br />
He the penalty will pay<br /><br />
When it throws him, some fine day, Archie G<br /><br />
Chorus:<br />
His official designation is DG<br />
We await his resignation, eagerly<br /><br />
For his title, you must know<br /><br />
Should be written with an O,<br /><br />
Slipped into the middle - so<br /><br />
D.O.G.<br /><br />
The name his parents called, our DG<br /><br />
Ends appropriately with 'bald', Archie G<br /><br />
Though his father doctored hair<br /><br />
He has little now to spare<br /><br />
As his soul his poll is bare, Archie G<br /><br />
He's half weasel and half rat, our DG<br /><br />
But he can't be called a flat, Archie G<br /><br />
He's a genius, taking pains<br /><br />
And celebrity he gains<br /><br />
Sucking other people's brains, Archie G<br /><br />
When we ask him for PA, our DG<br /><br />
He will have a lot to say, our DG<br /><br />
Tells us not to covet pelf<br /><br />
Throws our 'C forms' on the shelf<br /><br />
'Do you never help yourself Archie G<br /><br />
We've relied upon your word, Archie G<br /><br />
Till we found that course absurd, Archie G<br /><br />
You have lied and relied too<br /><br />
Ananias if he knew,<br /><br />
Would the kettle yield to you, Archie G<br /><br />
<br />
=== Oh, here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne LSA361.2.007 ===<br />
<br />
Oh, here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne,<br /><br />
Slainte and slainte and slainte till morn,<br /><br />
Whatever you’re fate you’re<br /><br />
The dacintest crature<br /><br />
Why there’s no one to bate yer <br /><br />
In this blessed town.<br />
<br />
You may talk o’ them chaps in the Royal Society<br /><br />
All talking rot for to gain notoriety<br /><br />
Faith both for science and modest propriety<br /><br />
Dr. John Horne you make hairs o’them all<br /><br />
Come now I venture to give you my word<br /><br />
Never the like of your logic was heard<br /><br />
from palaeontology<br /><br />
Right through geology<br /><br />
Downto petrology <br /><br />
If you got the call<br />
<br />
Dr. John Horne you’ve a wonderful way with us<br /><br />
Whether you wish to be serious or gay with us<br /><br />
Shure tis <u>we</u> would be plaised if you only could stay with us<br /><br />
You’ve got such a way with you Dr. John Horne<br /><br />
Still though withal you’re so jovial a soul<br /><br />
You’ve got your staff in the grandest control <br /><br />
coaxing the crazy ones<br /><br />
Soothing unaisy ones<br /><br />
Persuading the lazy ones<br /><br />
To come in in the morn.<br />
<br />
So here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne<br /><br />
Slainte and slainte and slainte till morn<br /><br />
Whatever your fate you’re<br /><br />
The dacintest crature<br /><br />
Why there’s no one to bate yer <br /><br />
In this blessed town.<br />
<br />
== The Survey Alphabet LSA361.2.218 ==<br />
<br />
A is for Andy, the first on the list,<br /><br />
Whose "faults" are unproved, though I’m sure they exist.<br />
<br />
B stands for Bailey. ‘Tis well known to all <br /><br />
He could "slide" long ere he had learnt to crawl.<br />
<br />
C is Carruthers, who gives up to corals<br /><br />
the time that should go to improving his morals. <sup>(1)</sup><br />
<br />
D stands for Dinham, with diffidence curet,<br /><br />
I mention him fourth, but he ought to come first. <sup>(2)</sup><br />
<br />
E is for Eyles, quite a recent recruit,<br /><br />
He’s still fairly sane; but in time he will suit.<br />
<br />
F stands for Fairley, that scoundrel who dares <br /><br />
To recast our expenses and challenge our fares.<br />
<br />
G is for Gibson. We can’t hope to find <br /><br />
When he goes, a Director so much to our mind.<br />
<br />
H stands for Haldane. Before the night’s past <br /><br />
We’ll toast the good doctor who treated him last.<br />
<br />
I is our Income, a thing we despise,<br /><br />
For it’s <u>Science</u> that always comes first in our eyes. <sup>(3)</sup><br />
<br />
J is John Horne and I wish that I knew<br /><br />
Where he gets his elixir of youth from. Don’t you?<br />
<br />
K is the knowledge we claim to possess<br /><br />
Of each others failings. It never grows less.<br />
<br />
L is our guest Robert Lunn Were it not <br /><br />
that politeness forbids, I could say quite a lot.<br />
<br />
M is Macgregor who comes from the West, <br /><br />
The other Macgregor? - Well, silence is best.<br />
<br />
N is Nepenthe we drink and forget<br /><br />
The hours spent with Gibson, the "minutes" from Flett.<br />
<br />
O is the "Old Sweat" who concocts fairy tales<br /><br />
There’s one called "The Norite which lived upon Shales"<br />
<br />
P is his Pen-name. I hazard a guess<br /><br />
That it’s not quite unknown to the "Daily Express".<br /><br />
<br />
Q is a Quibble. If I just knew the source<br /><br />
Of this scurrilous verse, I’d Burn-ett of course. <sup>(4)</sup><br />
<br />
R stands for Richey or Ross ~, which you please<br /><br />
There’s nothing too bad could be said about these.<br />
<br />
S stands for Simpson, an Aberdeen loon,<br /><br />
When Wilson’s been mentioned, my task’s over soon.<br />
<br />
T is for Torkington, also for Tait.<br /><br />
Their past life is such as I dare not relate.<br />
<br />
U are the Urgent demands that we get<br /><br />
For the Memoir (by Gibson) on "Cannels and Jet"<br />
<br />
V are the visions we see in our youth,<br /><br />
Embodied on memoirs and quoted as truth.<br />
<br />
W are the wishes we’d all like to write<br /><br />
To the friends who, though absent, are with us to-night.<br />
<br />
X is a symbol we use on our maps,<br /><br />
To convey our immense erudition - perhaps!<br />
<br />
Y are the Youngsters who have joined us of late,<br /><br />
(Dr Lee has just whispered, "Mon Dieu! what a fate".)<br />
<br />
Z stands for Zeolite, Zircon or Zinc.<br /><br />
Mr Chairman, why damn it! it's time for a drink.<br /><br />
<br />
(4)I apologise for the pun. One must make some concession to the English fondness for this peculiar form of humour.<br /><br />
<br />
== Christmas books LSA361.2.037 ==<br />
<br />
101 Bookmarket, <br /><br />
Edinburgh 10th December, l921.<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
Dear Sir,<br />
<br />
The Christmas season is once again with us. It is no doubt your intention to present your wife, your sweetheart, or your Assistant Director with a suitable gift. A new book is always acceptable and you cannot do better than place an order with us for one of the following:<br />
<br />
'''Memoirs of the Geological Survey:'''<br />
<br />
'''Special Report on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain, Vol. 101. Materials suitable for Tombstones.'''<br />
<br />
By .E.M. Anderson & G.V. Wilson. 80 pp. Price 4/6. <br /><br />
"Nature" says: mighty pronouncement on a grave subject".<br />
<br />
'''Vol. 102. Economic Resources of the principal Scottish Golf Courses.'''<br />
<br />
By J.S. Flett, D.Sc., L.L.D., F.R.S., etc., and W.F.P. McLintock, D.Sc.,<br /><br />
300 pp. - Price 25/-.<br /><br />
“The Geological Magazine" says: "The preparation of this volume has clearly been a labour of lore - the authors are thoroughly familiar with every part of the ground they describe".<br />
<br />
'''"The Economic Geology of the Campbeltown Coalfield, Area I".'''<br />
<br />
By B.N. Peach, J. Horne, G. Barrow, H. Kynaston, J.B. Hill, H.M. Cadell, E.H. Cunningham Craig, T.O. Bosworth, H.B. Maufe, C.T. Clough, L.W. Hinxman, R.G. Carruthers, E.M. Anderson, C.H. Dinham, B.Lightfoot, and J.E. Richey; with contributions by G.W. Grabham, J.S. Grant Wilson, S.B. Wilkinson , M. Macgregor and E.B. Bailey; and an appendix by G.W. Lee. 16 pp. Price 9d.<br />
<br />
'''"The Slatyband Ironstones of Lanarkshire" Vol. II, Introduction (continued) and Historical Notes, (Part 1). By C.H. Dinham, B.A.,'''<br />
<br />
This work is to be completed in 40 volumes, the last of which, containing Index and Tables of Errata, will be issued in the spring of 1956 Price 8/6 a volume or you can subscribe now for the full set by a cash payment of £20.<br />
<br />
'''New Books:'''<br />
<br />
'''"The Contamination of Modern Society by Capitalism". By H.H. Read.'''<br />
<br />
The Daily Express, says: "A new volume from the pen of a well-known contributor to our pages. Mr. Read here breaks new ground as an exponent of Guild Socialism. He maintains his thesis cleverly, but we would remind him that indignation is not proof nor invective argument". <br /><br />
"Modern poets and Old Furniture". By R.G. Carruthers.<br />
<br />
"The Times Literary Supplement" says: We have enjoyed this book very much - the author is never afraid to say exactly what he thinks". <br /><br />
"Through the Windows of Etive or what I saw in Argyllshire" By E.B. Bailey<br />
<br />
"The ‘Spectator" says: We predict a great success for this book. Nothing like it has appeared since "Alice in Wonderland".<br />
<br />
'''"Occasional Verses" By M; Macgregor.'''<br />
<br />
"The Glasgow Herald" says: This is a case where criticism is superfluous. We only need quote Mr Macgregor’s:<br />
<br />
<u>Lines to a Memoir.</u><br />
<br />
<u>1. Before publication</u>.<br />
<br />
The moving fingers write; and, being writ<br /><br />
The Memoir’ goes to press. Not all thy wit<br /><br />
Shall lure it back to cancel half a line<br /><br />
Not all thy tears wash out a word of it.<br />
<br />
<u>2. After publication</u>.<br />
<br />
I hardly think that it will ere be read.<br /><br />
The rose soon withers when its bloom is shed,<br /><br />
And every gem of style my Memoir were<br /><br />
Has been excised by some unkindly Head.<br /><br />
<br />
We shall be very glad to show you copies of the above, if your official duties allow you time to call.<br />
<br />
We are, Sir,<br />
<br />
Yours truly, <br />
<br />
Messrs. Grin and Price.<br />
<br />
== The Survey Alphabet LSA361.2.218 ==<br />
<br />
A is for Andy, the first on the list,<br /><br />
Whose "faults" are unproved, though I’m sure they exist.<br />
<br />
B stands for Bailey. ‘Tis well known to all <br /><br />
He could "slide" long ere he had learnt to crawl.<br />
<br />
C is Carruthers, who gives up to corals<br /><br />
the time that should go to improving his morals. <sup>(1)</sup><br />
<br />
D stands for Dinham, with diffidence curet,<br /><br />
I mention him fourth, but he ought to come first. <sup>(2)</sup><br />
<br />
E is for Eyles, quite a recent recruit,<br /><br />
He’s still fairly sane; but in time he will suit.<br />
<br />
F stands for Fairley, that scoundrel who dares <br /><br />
To recast our expenses and challenge our fares.<br />
<br />
G is for Gibson. We can’t hope to find <br /><br />
When he goes, a Director so much to our mind.<br />
<br />
H stands for Haldane. Before the night’s past <br /><br />
We’ll toast the good doctor who treated him last.<br />
<br />
I is our Income, a thing we despise,<br /><br />
For it’s <u>Science</u> that always comes first in our eyes. <sup>(3)</sup><br />
<br />
J is John Horne and I wish that I knew<br /><br />
Where he gets his elixir of youth from. Don’t you?<br />
<br />
K is the knowledge we claim to possess<br /><br />
Of each others failings. It never grows less.<br />
<br />
L is our guest Robert Lunn Were it not <br /><br />
that politeness forbids, I could say quite a lot.<br />
<br />
M is Macgregor who comes from the West, <br /><br />
The other Macgregor? - Well, silence is best.<br />
<br />
N is Nepenthe we drink and forget<br /><br />
The hours spent with Gibson, the "minutes" from Flett.<br />
<br />
O is the "Old Sweat" who concocts fairy tales<br /><br />
There’s one called "The Norite which lived upon Shales"<br />
<br />
P is his Pen-name. I hazard a guess<br /><br />
That it’s not quite unknown to the "Daily Express". <br /><br />
<br />
Q is a Quibble. If I just knew the source<br /><br />
Of this scurrilous verse, I’d Burn-ett of course. <sup>(4)</sup><br />
<br />
R stands for Richey or Ross ~, which you please<br /><br />
There’s nothing too bad could be said about these.<br />
<br />
S stands for Simpson, an Aberdeen loon,<br /><br />
When Wilson’s been mentioned, my task’s over soon.<br />
<br />
T is for Torkington, also for Tait.<br /><br />
Their past life is such as I dare not relate.<br />
<br />
U are the Urgent demands that we get<br /><br />
For the Memoir (by Gibson) on "Cannels and Jet"<br />
<br />
V are the visions we see in our youth,<br /><br />
Embodied on memoirs and quoted as truth.<br />
<br />
W are the wishes we’d all like to write<br /><br />
To the friends who, though absent, are with us to-night.<br />
<br />
X is a symbol we use on our maps,<br /><br />
To convey our immense erudition - perhaps!<br />
<br />
Y are the Youngsters who have joined us of late,<br /><br />
(Dr Lee has just whispered, "Mon Dieu! what a fate".)<br />
<br />
Z stands for Zeolite, Zircon or Zinc.<br /><br />
Mr Chairman, why damn it! it's time for a drink.<br /><br />
<br />
(4)I apologise for the pun. One must make some concession to the English fondness for this peculiar form of humour.<br /><br />
<br />
== McCall ==<br />
https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=User:Scotfot/sandbox_2&diff=58734
User:Scotfot/sandbox 2
2023-06-29T12:51:35Z
<p>Scotfot: </p>
<hr />
<div>Test link to https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome<br />
<br />
https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome<br />
<br />
<br />
== Geological Survey of Ireland 1:63,360 maps ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
| align=center| '''Sheet number'''<br />
| align=center| '''Sheet name'''<br />
| align=center| '''Publication date'''<br />
| align=center| '''Statement of responsibility'''<br />
| align=center| '''Map'''<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;1<br />
|| Malin Head<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| R.J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR001A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;2<br />
|| Glengad Head<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Richard J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR002A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;3<br />
|| Tory Island<br />
|| February 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR003A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;4<br />
|| Dunfanaghy<br />
|| July 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan, R.J. Cruise F. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR004A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;5<br />
|| Carndonagh<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Richard J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR005A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;6<br />
|| Moville<br />
|| June 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan, R.J. Cruise, F.W. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR006A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;7<br />
|| Giant's Causeway<br />
|| August 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes, F.W. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR007A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;8<br />
|| Ballycastle<br />
|| August 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and Alex. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR008A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;8<br />
|| Ballycastle<br />
|| 1907<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and Alex. McHenry. Carboniferous boundary revised in 1906 by Alex. McHenry (also minor revisions) Edition of 1907.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR008B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;9<br />
|| Gweedore<br />
|| October 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Joseph Nolan, F.W. Egan and J.R. Kilroe.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR009A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;10<br />
|| Kilmacrenan<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR010A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;11<br />
|| Londonderry<br />
|| February 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, J. Nolan and R.J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR011A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;12<br />
|| Newtown Limavady<br />
|| October 1884<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR012A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;13<br />
|| Coleraine<br />
|| November 1883<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR013A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;13<br />
|| Coleraine<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;14<br />
|| Cushendall<br />
|| June 1886<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR014A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;14<br />
|| Cushendall<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and A. McHenry. Re-edited 1913.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR014B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;15<br />
|| Dunglow<br />
|| April 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J.R. Kilroe, A. McHenry and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR015A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;16<br />
|| Letterkenny<br />
|| May 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, F.W. Egan, A. McHenry and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR016A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;17<br />
|| Strabane<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR017A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;18<br />
|| Dungiven<br />
|| September 1884<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR018A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;19<br />
|| Maghera<br />
|| December 1882<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan and W.A. Traill.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR019A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;20<br />
|| Ballymena<br />
|| October 1883<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and W.A. Traill.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR020A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;20<br />
|| Ballymena<br />
|| 1969<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and W.A. Traill. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland [Print code] 50/69.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR020B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| October 1869<br />
|| Surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1883<br />
|| Surveyed by Geo.V. Du Noyer. Revised 1883. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 3/0 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1889<br />
|| Surveyed by Geo.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1947<br />
|| Surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer. Revised 1883 [Print code] 60/4/47.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;22<br />
|| Glen Bay<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR022A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;23<br />
|| Glenties<br />
|| 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR023A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| June 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 8/3 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1891<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Revised for Archaean rocks<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1914<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1965<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Re-edited 1914. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. 1965. [Print code] 60/65.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;25<br />
|| Newtown Stewart<br />
|| December 1886<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by S.B. Wilkinson, F.W. Egan and J.R. Kilroe.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR025A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;26<br />
|| Draperstown<br />
|| October 1882<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR026A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;26<br />
|| Draperstown<br />
|| 1963<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. [Print code] 60/63.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR026B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;27<br />
|| Cookstown<br />
|| May 1880<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR027A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;27<br />
|| Cookstown<br />
|| 1966<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. [Print code] 60/66<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR027B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;28<br />
|| Antrim<br />
|| October 1874<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer and W.E.L.E. Duffin.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR028A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| December 1869<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer. Notes to the fossil localities by W.H. Baily.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1883<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1898<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer. Revised edition published 1883. The Silurian area revised by F.W. Egan 1898.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1898<br />
|| Revised edition published 1883. The Silurian area revised by F.W. Egan 1898. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 3/9 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029C_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;30<br />
|| Kilcar<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR030A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| November 1888<br />
|| Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell. Metamorphic rocks east of Ballyshannon revised in 1890 by A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell. Metamorphic rocks west of Ballyshannon revised in 1890 by A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031C_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;32<br />
|| Pettigoe<br />
|| November 1885<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes, S.B. Wilkinson and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR032A_001 View map]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
= BGS175: 175th Anniversary Science Symposium of the founding of the British Geological Survey, 28th September, Royal Institution, London =<br />
<br />
The British Geological Survey is the world's oldest national geological survey and commemorated its 175th anniversary in 2010.<br />
<br />
The event was marked by a one-day science symposium on 28 September 2010.<br />
<br />
The symposium showcased our world-class science and technologies, demonstrating their relevance, societal benefits and positive impacts in addressing 21st century challenges; including living with environmental change, energy and natural resource security, rising CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and geohazards.<br />
<br />
* Peak metal: Scarcity of supply or scare story?<br />
* Bronze Age Mediterraneans may have visited Stonehenge<br />
* Modelling of Icelandic volcanic ash particles<br />
<br />
The event was attended by influential stakeholders including representatives from government, industry, academia, international geological surveys, students and the national media.<br />
<br />
Guest speakers included Dr Marcia McNutt, and [https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/staff/iain-stewart Professor Iain Stewart].<br />
<br />
Britain's best-known natural history film-maker, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Attenborough Sir David Attenborough], featured in the panel discussion to close the symposium.<br />
<br />
About the British Geological Survey, 2010.<br />
<br />
== Win a place at BGS175 ==<br />
<br />
The winners of a VIP day at the science symposium, featuring Sir David Attenborough, are listed in the table below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Jonathan Wyatt, SHROPSHIRE || Paul Colinese, LONDON<br />
|-<br />
| John Williams, SURREY || Sophie Hibben, KENT<br />
|-<br />
| Lisa Allan, LONDON || Rob Flanders, CHESHIRE<br />
|-<br />
| Vince Piper, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE || Steven Cadman, SURREY<br />
|-<br />
| Sahja Haji, LONDON || Litsa Breingan, LONDON<br />
|-<br />
| Paul Dotteridge, HERTFORDSHIRE || Stephen Metheringham, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE<br />
|-<br />
| Milo Brook, OXFORDSHIRE || Catherine Unsworth, LONDON<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== About the day ==<br />
<br />
===Symposium agenda===<br />
<br />
Download the oral programme 200 KB pdf<br />
<br />
===Keynote speakers and special guests===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''Video presentation''': [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NstzDgR4fE About the British Geological Survey - 175 years of geoscience]||<br />
|-<br />
|Sir David Attenborough wrote and narrated BBC's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snuna3fLYAg Uncovering Our Earliest Ancestor] ||[[File:Attenborough Thumb Copyright IanSalvage.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|Marcia McNutt, USGS Director, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISzUlINbB4o Introduction to The National Map]||[[File:Mcnutt USGS.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|Professor Iain Stewart in the BBC's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kphF71S5F0Q How Earth Made Us]. Iain tells the epic story of how the planet has shaped our history.||[[File:Stewart plymouth.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Presentations ==<br />
<br />
Insert Video: Panel session<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|'''Morning session A'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Opening address || John Ludden, Executive Director, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NstzDgR4fE About the BGS - 175 years of geoscience]|| <br />
|-<br />
| Twenty-first century survey || Denis Peach, Chief Scientist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Acuity, accuracy and application: from systematic geological mapping to responsive 3D+ surveys || Martin Smith, Head Geology & Landscape, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| From watercolour to web || Keith Westhead, Head Knowledge Exchange, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| '''Keynote''': Facing tomorrow’s challenges with integrated science || Marcia McNutt, Director, USGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Morning session B'''||<br />
|-<br />
| OneGeology: improving access to geoscience globally || Ian Jackson, Chief of Operations, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| North American liaisons || Garth Earls, Director, GSNI<br />
|-<br />
| Arabian adventures: geological mapping and climate change in Arabia || Andrew Farrant, Geologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Groundwater animals: extending our understanding of biodiversity in the UK || Louise Maurice, Groundwater ecologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Life just got complicated || Dr Phil Wilby, Geologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Afternoon session A'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Predict or prepare: natural hazards and human disasters || David Kerridge, Head Earth Hazards & Systems, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Groundwater, health and livelihoods in Africa || Alan MacDonald, Hydrogeologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Marine exploration || Robert Gatliff, Head Marine Geoscience, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Carbon capture and storage (CCS):demonstrating the concept || Andy Chadwick, Head CO2 Storage Research, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Future energy: renewable energy dividends from our coal mining legacy || Diarmad Campbell, Chief Geologist, Scotland, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Keynote: The human planet || Iain Stewart, Professor of Geosciences, Communication, University of Plymouth<br />
|-<br />
| '''Afternoon session B'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Malthus revisited? Population growth, environmental change and resource limits || Andrew Bloodworth, Head Minerals & Waste, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Looking forward to making predictions: BGS’s role in the next decade and beyond. || Andrew Hughes, Hydrogeologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Panel session'''||<br />
|-<br />
|Featuring: Sir David Attenborough, Marcia McNutt (Director, USGS) Iain Stewart (Chair), Randy Parrish (Head of NIGL), Kathryn Goodenough (Geologist, BGS), Mike Ellis (Head of Climate Science, BGS).||<br />
|-<br />
|'''Closing remarks'''||<br />
|-<br />
|Closing remarks by Jon Gluyas (BGS Board Chair), and BUFI poster prize presentation.||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx<br />
{{NRW}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Edward Greenly.png|thumb|Edward Greenly]]<br />
<br />
== Edward Greenly (1861–1951) ==<br />
<br />
Cofir am [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Edward Greenly]] yn bennaf am ei arolwg daearegol o Ynys Môn, gwaith y bu wrthi am bron pum mlynedd ar hugain o’i fywyd.<br />
<br />
Image caption: Edward Greenly. Llun trwy garedigrwydd Terry Williams<br />
<br />
== Edward Greenly (1861–1951) ==<br />
<br />
Campwaith pennaf [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Edward Greenly]] oedd cwblhau arolwg daearegol manwl o Ynys Môn. Cyhoeddwyd ''The Geology of Anglesey'' ([https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B01782 Volume 1] and [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B06824 Volume 2]) mewn dwy gyfrol yn 1919 ac yna yn 1920 fap daearegol ar y raddfa un fodfedd i’r filltir. Er bod rhannau o’r gwaith wedi’u diweddaru yn ystod y degawdau dilynol, erys ei astudiaeth yn glasur o fri rhyngwladol.<br />
<br />
=== Mapio Môn ===<br />
<br />
Wrth fapio ynys Môn, gwnaeth Greenly ddefnydd mawr o syniadau tectonig a ddatblygodd wrth iddo fynd i’r afael â gwaith maes cynharach yn Ucheldiroedd yr Alban. Roedd tair prif broblem yn ei wynebu: prinder brigiadau da, yn enwedig mewn ardaloedd mewndirol allweddol bwysig; presenoldeb creigiau gorchuddiol clytiog yn cuddio yn aml y baslawr Cyn-Gambriaidd hŷn; a phresenoldeb toriadau tectonig megis ffawtiau a chylchfaoedd croesrym a oedd yn aml yn rhwystro’r gwaith o gydberthyn gwahanol ddilyniannau o greigiau. Chwaraeodd ei wraig Annie Greenly (Barnard gynt), a oedd yn rhannu ei ddiddordeb mewn daeareg a diwinyddiaeth, rôl hollbwysig drwy baratoi’r mynegai i’w gyfrol.<br />
<br />
Ganed Greenly ym Mryste ac fe’i haddysgwyd yng Ngholeg Clifton. Bu’n fyfyriwr yng Ngholeg y Brifysgol, Llundain, cyn ymuno â’r Arolwg Daearegol yn 1889. Yn gyntaf, bu gofyn iddo baratoi arolwg o Ucheldiroedd gogledd-orllewin yr Alban. Daeth yn ffrind agos ac yn gydweithiwr i [[Benjamin Neeve Peach - biographical information|Ben Peach]] yr oedd ei archwiliadau wedi bod yn gyfrwng i ddatrys adeiledd cymhleth yr Alban (gan gynnwys adnabod a sylweddoli arwyddocâd Gwthiad Moine). Rhoddodd Greenly y gorau i’w waith gyda’r Arolwg yn 1895 er mwyn iddo, o’i ben a’i bastwn ei hun. roi cychwyn ar ei arolwg o Ynys Môn.<br />
<br />
=== Cyfraniadau pwysig i ddaeareg ===<br />
<br />
Yn gydnabyddiaeth am ei gyfraniadau pwysig i ddaeareg, cafodd Edward Greenly ei dderbyn yn aelod er anrhydedd o gymdeithasau daearegol Caeredin a Lerpwl, a Chymdeithas Hynafiaethwyr Môn. Dyfarnwyd iddo Fedal Lyell, fawr ei bri, y Gymdeithas Ddaearegol yn 1920, medal Cymdeithas Ddaearegol Lerpwl yn 1933 a doethuriaeth er anrhydedd Prifysgol Cymru yn 1920.<br />
<br />
Ar y cyd â Howel Williams, cyhoeddodd [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Greenly]] ''Methods of Geological Surveying'' yn 1930 a’i hunangofiant ''A Hand through Time: Memories Romantic'' and ''Geological'' a ymddangosodd yn 1938. Bu farw ym Mangor yn 1951 ac yn briodol iawn fe’i claddwyd ym mynwent Llangristiolus, Ynys Môn. Mae ei fedd wedi’i gyfnodi’n Safle Geoamrywiaeth o Bwysigrwydd Rhanbarthol (RIGS).<br />
== Table ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=Geologists' Association photograph albums [Green bound]=<br />
<br />
These two key albums of the GA focus on photographs of members. <br />
<br />
The first volume contains portraits of early GA members and then photographs of individuals or groups of members taken on GA field excursions 1922–1977. <br />
<br />
The second volume contains photographs of individuals or groups of members taken on GA field excursions 1979 to 1996.<br />
<br />
<br />
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx<br />
= Marine deposits of chromite and olivine off Rum =<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:P936564.jpg|thumb|Geological sketch map of the Rum district, Sheet 60. Based on BGS 1:250 000 Series sheets Tiree and Little Minch, with some additions from the 3rd (1:50 000) edition of Sheet 60 (Rum).]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P936665.jpg|thumb|Chromium and magnesium distribution in surficial marine sediments off Harris, Rum]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P936666.jpg|thumb|Chromium and magnesium distribution in surficial marine sediments off Dibidil, Rum.]]<br />
== Extract from the Rum Memoir ==<br />
<br />
[https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B01904 View original memoir]<br />
<br />
[https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/Memoirs/docs/B01904.html View memoir on Text viewer]<br />
<br />
As Rum is a National Nature Reserve, exploitation of chromite or other ore reserves on land could prove environmentally unacceptable. The marine dispersal of resistate minerals derived by glacial and fluvial erosion of the rocks of the Rum Central Complex has been investigated as a possible alternative for mineral exploitation. Black, heavy mineral sand occurs on the rocky beach in the bay at Harris, although well-defined high-water-mark bands such as are known from the Northumberland coast (Gallagher, 1974) are absent. The inshore area along 28 km of the southern coastline of Rum were surveyed in 1987, between A' Bhrideahach in the west and Loch Scresort in the east (Figure 1) and surficial marine sediment collected at 91 sites in water depths of 50 m or less within 3 km of the shore. After dissolution of shell calcite averaging 20% by weight, analysis of small shipboard samples yielded mean values of 0.12% Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and 3.5% Mg (Table 12).<br />
<br />
(Table 12) Composition of 91 marine sediment samples, southern Rum, analysed by X-ray fluorescence (after calcite dissolution.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Mean(%) !! s (%) !! Max. (%) !! Min. (%)<br />
|-<br />
| Mg || 3.5 || 2.6 || 14 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Ca || 1.7 || 0.82 || 5.3 || 0.47<br />
|-<br />
| Ti || 0.33 || 0.16 || 0.92 || 0.12<br />
|-<br />
| V || 0.009 || 0.005 || 0.29 || 0.001<br />
|-<br />
| Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 0.12 || 0.17 || 1.4 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Fe || 4.0 || 1.8 || 10.6 || 0.72<br />
|}<br />
:s = Standard deviation.<br />
<br />
(Table 13) Average composition of minerals in marine sediments from Harris Bay, Rum.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Chromite !! Olivine !! Clinopyroxene (Ca-rich) !! Orthopyroxene<br />
|-<br />
| N = || 82 || 141 || 40 || 6<br />
|-<br />
| SiO<sub>2</sub> || 0.03 || 40.20 || 51.22 || 54.67<br />
|-<br />
| TiO<sub>2</sub> || 2.69 || 0.03 || 0.94 || 0.38<br />
|-<br />
| Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 19.07 || 0.03 || 3.15 || 0.87<br />
|-<br />
| Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 32.49 || || 0.58 || 0.05<br />
|-<br />
| Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 13.40 || — || — || —<br />
|-<br />
| FeO || 20.60 || 12.33 || 6.07 || 14.25<br />
|-<br />
| MnO || 0.32 || 0.20 || 0.15 || 0.34<br />
|-<br />
| MgO || 10.52 || 47.35 || 16.02 || 28.02<br />
|-<br />
| CaO || 0.01 || 0.08 || 21.11 || 1.42<br />
|-<br />
| Total || 99.13 || 100.22 || 99.24 || 100.00<br />
|-<br />
| Mg* || 47.44 || 87.23 || 82.46 || 77.80<br />
|-<br />
| Cr* || 54.29 || — || — || —<br />
|}<br />
:N: number of analyses<br />
:Mg*- 100 X Mg/ (Mg + Fe2+) Cr* = 100 X Cr/ (Cr + Al)<br />
:Histograms of the compositional variation of olivine and chromite are given by Gallagher et al., 1989 (figs. 5 and 6)<br />
<br />
Relatively high chromium and magnesium values were recognised from two areas representing submarine deltas off Harris and Dibidil; new analyses from these areas are presented in (Figure 64) and (Figure 65). In the bay off Harris, 3 km<sup>2</sup> of sand sampled from the sea-bed surface in a mean water depth of 23 m contained on average 0.24% Cr and 7% Mg after removal of some 18% of shell calcite. The grade of the heavy mineral sands is therefore about 1% of chromite and 25% of forsteritic olivine from the mineral analyses given in (Table 13). It is concluded that tens of thousands of tonnes of chromite and more than 1 million tonnes of olivine and of calcite are present in the topmost 1 m of the Harris delta (utilising 2.2 g.cm<sup>-1</sup> as the wet density). The peak anomaly of 4% chromite and 50% olivine lies 1.8 km offshore.<br />
<br />
A smaller area of 1 km<sup>2</sup> of heavy mineral sand is present up to 1 km off the mouth of the Dibidil River in a mean water depth of 19 m (Figure 64). After dissolution of approximately 30% contained calcite a small number of surface samples from the submarine delta (Gallagher, 1989) average 0.19% Cr, equivalent to about 0.8% chromite, and 4.5% Mg (15–20% of forsteritic olivine). The peak anomaly of 1.2% chromite occurs only 350 m offshore of the mouth of the Dibidil river. The figures indicate 10 000 tonnes of chromite in the top metre of the delta. Other isolated sample sites off south-west and south-east Rum are somewhat anomalous in chromium and magnesium, as might be expected from tidal dispersion, but further sampling will be needed to properly assess their significance.<br />
<br />
A full evaluation of the true lateral extent and thickness of the deposits will require geophysical surveys and drilling of the deltaic sands. Heavy minerals will most likely be concentrated towards the base of the sand accumulations.<br />
<br />
=== Mineralogy ===<br />
The deltaic sediments are well-sorted medium- to fine-grained sands (125–500 pm) highly suitable for beneficiation by density or magnetic methods. The total amount of heavy minerals present increases with decreasing content of shell calcite, a feature which is likely to occur with depth in the deltas, and of quartz and feldspar. In five representative samples the total heavy mineral content ranged from 36 to 94% with olivine dominant, followed by clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene. Chromite-type spinels, magnetite and ilmenite make up 10–15% of the overall heavy-mineral fraction. Traces of platinum, palladium and gold were detected in a few of the samples (Gallagher, 1989).<br />
<br />
From analyses of the main heavy minerals (Table 13), it can be seen that chromite averages 32% Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (10.7–44.4%) and the olivine is forsterite-rich (FO<sub>87</sub>). Detailed investigation of 31 samples from and around the Harris and Dibidil deltas shows that the chromite and olivine, calculated on a calcite-free basis, form 0.22–3.98% and 5–41% respectively (Basham et al., 1989).<br />
<br />
Benificiation trials yielded concentrates of 86% chromite and 78% olivine with recoveries of 60% and 50% respectively. The size range and composition of the olivine in the marine sands compared well with the desired range for refractory use (Griffith, 1984). The iron content of the chromite is higher on average than that of South African chromites (25% FeO); nevertheless, in ferro-chrome production the tendency is towards acceptance of increasingly higher iron content (Power, 1985).<br />
<br />
== Samples ==<br />
<br />
Insert list of samples here<br />
<br />
== Archives == <br />
<br />
BGS Edinburgh Archive Drawer A10 has material relating to Rhum Offshore heavy minerals survey<br />
<br />
== Dr. Mike Gallagher photograph collection of Rum (transparencies) (not online) ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! BGS Image No.!! Caption !! Date<br />
|-<br />
| P100823 || Scotland mineral wealth talk. Coastline of Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102341 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102342 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102343 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102344 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102345 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102346 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102347 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102348 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102349 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102350 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102351 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102352 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102353 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102354 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102355 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102356 || Graph showing make up of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102357 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102358 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102359 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102360 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102361 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102362 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102363 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102364 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102365 || Chromite layer at base of peridotite above allivalite (white) on Hallival. Hallival, Rhum. || 01/04/1985<br />
|-<br />
| P102366 || Generalised map showing the Olivine - Chromium deltas of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102368 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102369 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102370 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102371 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102372 || Geologist takes a break in gorse on hillside. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102373 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102374 || Map of Scotland showing Rhum chromite. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102375 || Geologist on excursion through hills on Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102376 || Drainage basin of Allt nam Ba, Rhum from the sea. Askival (summit) and Askival plateau (in cloud). Allt nam Ba, Rhum. || 01/06/1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102377 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102378 || Rock outcrop on top of hill. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102379 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102380 || Geologists on the summit of Askival??? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102381 || Hallival?? Hallival, Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102382 || View through valley. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102383 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102384 || View of Askival, Rhum. Askival, Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102385 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102386 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102387 || Close up of Tertiary igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102388 || Close up of Tertiary igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102389 || View of raised beach. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102390 || View from summit of ????? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102391 || View through valley. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102392 || Geologists examine a rock outcrop showing layers. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102393 || Geologists examine a rock outcrop showing layers. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102394 || View of raised beach. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102395 || Bouguer Anomaly map of the islands of Rhum, Eigg, Canna and Sanday in the Inner Hebrides. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102396 || Aerial view of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102397 || Outline geology map of Rhum, note Hallival in Eastern Layered Series. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102398 || Solid geology map of Rhum, 1:20,000 scale. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102399 || Map showing Precambrian structure. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102400 || Generalised section of outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102401 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102402 || Map of the geology of the Timmins area.???? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102403 || Geological map of Canada. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102404 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102405 || ELS geology map of eastern Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102406 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102407 || Flow map. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102408 || Map of the geology of the Timmins area.???? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102409 || Inlet on coast of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102410 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102411 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102412 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102413 || View from Harris Bay, Mausoleum in distance. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102414 || Harrisite, found in Harris Bay, Rhum. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102415 || View of Askival from shore. Askival, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102416 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102417 || View over Rhum. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102418 || View of Askival from shore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102419 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102420 || View across Rhum. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102421 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102422 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102423 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102424 || View of the hills, Askival and Hallival Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102425 || Geologists standing in front of Askival and Hallival. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102426 || View of Hallival. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102427 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102428 || View of Inbhir Ghil from cliffs. Inbhir Ghil, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102429 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102430 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102431 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102432 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102433 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102434 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102435 || Geologists on excursion examine the rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102436 || Pier at Loch Scresort, Rhum. Pier, Loch Scresort, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102437 || Geologist on excursion to Rhum, Askival in the distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102438 || Offshore view of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102439 || View from Askival, Rhum out to sea. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102440 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102441 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102442 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102443 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102444 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102445 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102446 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102447 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102448 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102449 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - Cr spinels. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102450 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - chromite. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102451 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - Olivine. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102452 || View of Rhum from deck of ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102453 || View of Rhum from lab on ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102454 || View of Rhum from lab on ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102455 || Presentation slide. Graph of offshore sands showing percentages of calcite and olivine. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102456 || Presentation slide. Table of mineralogical analysis of samples TR1058 and TR1210. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102457 || Presentation slide. Table showing estimation of chromite content from whole-sand chemistry. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102458 || Presentation slide. Pi charts showing mineral composition. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102459 || Presentation slide. Section through Rhum shwing the different Layered Series. (Not BGS). Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102460 || Specimen of rock. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102461 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102462 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102463 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102464 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102465 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102466 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102467 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102468 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102469 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102470 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102471 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102472 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102473 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102474 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102475 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102476 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102477 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102478 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102479 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102480 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102481 || Bay at Harris with Bullough Mausoleum in distance, shallow dipping harrisites. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102482 || Generalised map of Scotland showing chromite areas (Rhum). Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102483 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102484 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102485 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102486 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102487 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102488 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102489 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102490 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102491 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102492 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102493 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102494 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102495 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102496 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102497 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102498 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102499 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102500 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102501 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102502 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102503 || View of Askival on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102504 || View of Askival on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102505 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102506 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102507 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102508 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102509 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102510 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102511 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102512 || View of Kinloch and harbour of Loch Scresort. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102513 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102514 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102515 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102516 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102517 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102518 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102519 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102520 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102521 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102522 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102523 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102524 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102525 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102526 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102527 || View of the lighthouse at Kinloch. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102528 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102529 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102530 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102531 || Boat on Loch Scresort, Kinloch in distance Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102532 || View of Kinloch and harbour of Loch Scresort. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102533 || Cave on coast, Bagh na h-Uamha. Bagh na h-Uamha, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102534 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102535 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102536 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102537 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival in middle of photograph. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102538 || View of Rhum from offshore, Hallival in middle of photograph. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102539 || Cave on coast, Bagh na h-Uamha. Bagh na h-Uamha, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102540 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102541 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102542 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102543 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102544 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102545 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102546 || Excursion members relax on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102547 || Small dinghy sails to Rhum from ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102548 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102549 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102550 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102551 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102552 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102553 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102554 || Church at Kinloch on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102555 || Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102556 || Rhum. || 1987<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
BASHAM, I R, BEDDOE-STEPHENS, B, and MACDONALD, A. 1989. Mineralogical assessment of submarine heavy mineral sands, southern Rhum. British Geological Survey Technical Report, WG/89/26. 12pp.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J. 1974. Rutile and zircon in Northumbrian beach sands. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, (Section B. Applied earth science.), Vol. 83, B97–98.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J. 1989. Marine deposits of olivine and chromite, Inner Hebrides. British Geological Survey Open File Data Package.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J BASHAM, I R, and 10 others. 1989. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B02868 Marine deposits of chromite and olivine, Inner Hebrides of Scotland. British Geological Survey Technical Report, WF/89/13]. British Geological Survey Mineral Reconnaissance Programme Report, No. 106. 20pp.<br />
<br />
GRIFFITHS, J. 1984. Olivine - exchanging new uses for old. Industrial Minerals, September 1984, 65–79.<br />
<br />
POWER, T. 1985. Chromite - the non-metallurgical market. Industrial Minerals, April 1985, 17–51.<br />
<br />
== Songs, ditties, poems, recitations from the Geological Survey Edinburgh Office dinner books ==<br />
<br />
=== Introduction ===<br />
<br />
A brief account of the dining clubs of the Geological Survey can be found here: [[The Royal Hammerers and The Grizzly Bears - the dining clubs of the early Geological Survey]].<br />
This page contains transcriptions of items that were in typescript form. The mostly earlier, handwritten songs etc still await transcription.<br />
<br />
=== The D.G. LSA361.1.101 ===<br />
<br />
(with apologies to R.K. Ford Roberts)<br />
<br />
(Songs of the Survey by a Junior Assistant, No. 4)<br />
<br />
There's a sharpnosed little man, Archie G<br /><br />
Rides the highest horse he can, our DG<br /><br />
And his staff devoutly pray<br /><br />
He the penalty will pay<br /><br />
When it throws him, some fine day, Archie G<br /><br />
Chorus:<br />
His official designation is DG<br />
We await his resignation, eagerly<br /><br />
For his title, you must know<br /><br />
Should be written with an O,<br /><br />
Slipped into the middle - so<br /><br />
D.O.G.<br /><br />
The name his parents called, our DG<br /><br />
Ends appropriately with 'bald', Archie G<br /><br />
Though his father doctored hair<br /><br />
He has little now to spare<br /><br />
As his soul his poll is bare, Archie G<br /><br />
He's half weasel and half rat, our DG<br /><br />
But he can't be called a flat, Archie G<br /><br />
He's a genius, taking pains<br /><br />
And celebrity he gains<br /><br />
Sucking other people's brains, Archie G<br /><br />
When we ask him for PA, our DG<br /><br />
He will have a lot to say, our DG<br /><br />
Tells us not to covet pelf<br /><br />
Throws our 'C forms' on the shelf<br /><br />
'Do you never help yourself Archie G<br /><br />
We've relied upon your word, Archie G<br /><br />
Till we found that course absurd, Archie G<br /><br />
You have lied and relied too<br /><br />
Ananias if he knew,<br /><br />
Would the kettle yield to you, Archie G<br /><br />
<br />
=== Oh, here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne LSA361.2.007 ===<br />
<br />
Oh, here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne,<br /><br />
Slainte and slainte and slainte till morn,<br /><br />
Whatever you’re fate you’re<br /><br />
The dacintest crature<br /><br />
Why there’s no one to bate yer <br /><br />
In this blessed town.<br />
<br />
You may talk o’ them chaps in the Royal Society<br /><br />
All talking rot for to gain notoriety<br /><br />
Faith both for science and modest propriety<br /><br />
Dr. John Horne you make hairs o’them all<br /><br />
Come now I venture to give you my word<br /><br />
Never the like of your logic was heard<br /><br />
from palaeontology<br /><br />
Right through geology<br /><br />
Downto petrology <br /><br />
If you got the call<br />
<br />
Dr. John Horne you’ve a wonderful way with us<br /><br />
Whether you wish to be serious or gay with us<br /><br />
Shure tis <u>we</u> would be plaised if you only could stay with us<br /><br />
You’ve got such a way with you Dr. John Horne<br /><br />
Still though withal you’re so jovial a soul<br /><br />
You’ve got your staff in the grandest control <br /><br />
coaxing the crazy ones<br /><br />
Soothing unaisy ones<br /><br />
Persuading the lazy ones<br /><br />
To come in in the morn.<br />
<br />
So here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne<br /><br />
Slainte and slainte and slainte till morn<br /><br />
Whatever your fate you’re<br /><br />
The dacintest crature<br /><br />
Why there’s no one to bate yer <br /><br />
In this blessed town.<br />
<br />
== The Survey Alphabet LSA361.2.218 ==<br />
<br />
A is for Andy, the first on the list,<br /><br />
Whose "faults" are unproved, though I’m sure they exist.<br />
<br />
B stands for Bailey. ‘Tis well known to all <br /><br />
He could "slide" long ere he had learnt to crawl.<br />
<br />
C is Carruthers, who gives up to corals<br /><br />
the time that should go to improving his morals. <sup>(1)</sup><br />
<br />
D stands for Dinham, with diffidence curet,<br /><br />
I mention him fourth, but he ought to come first. <sup>(2)</sup><br />
<br />
E is for Eyles, quite a recent recruit,<br /><br />
He’s still fairly sane; but in time he will suit.<br />
<br />
F stands for Fairley, that scoundrel who dares <br /><br />
To recast our expenses and challenge our fares.<br />
<br />
G is for Gibson. We can’t hope to find <br /><br />
When he goes, a Director so much to our mind.<br />
<br />
H stands for Haldane. Before the night’s past <br /><br />
We’ll toast the good doctor who treated him last.<br />
<br />
I is our Income, a thing we despise,<br /><br />
For it’s <u>Science</u> that always comes first in our eyes. <sup>(3)</sup><br />
<br />
J is John Horne and I wish that I knew<br /><br />
Where he gets his elixir of youth from. Don’t you?<br />
<br />
K is the knowledge we claim to possess<br /><br />
Of each others failings. It never grows less.<br />
<br />
L is our guest Robert Lunn Were it not <br /><br />
that politeness forbids, I could say quite a lot.<br />
<br />
M is Macgregor who comes from the West, <br /><br />
The other Macgregor? - Well, silence is best.<br />
<br />
N is Nepenthe we drink and forget<br /><br />
The hours spent with Gibson, the "minutes" from Flett.<br />
<br />
O is the "Old Sweat" who concocts fairy tales<br /><br />
There’s one called "The Norite which lived upon Shales"<br />
<br />
P is his Pen-name. I hazard a guess<br /><br />
That it’s not quite unknown to the "Daily Express".<br /><br />
<br />
Q is a Quibble. If I just knew the source<br /><br />
Of this scurrilous verse, I’d Burn-ett of course. <sup>(4)</sup><br />
<br />
R stands for Richey or Ross ~, which you please<br /><br />
There’s nothing too bad could be said about these.<br />
<br />
S stands for Simpson, an Aberdeen loon,<br /><br />
When Wilson’s been mentioned, my task’s over soon.<br />
<br />
T is for Torkington, also for Tait.<br /><br />
Their past life is such as I dare not relate.<br />
<br />
U are the Urgent demands that we get<br /><br />
For the Memoir (by Gibson) on "Cannels and Jet"<br />
<br />
V are the visions we see in our youth,<br /><br />
Embodied on memoirs and quoted as truth.<br />
<br />
W are the wishes we’d all like to write<br /><br />
To the friends who, though absent, are with us to-night.<br />
<br />
X is a symbol we use on our maps,<br /><br />
To convey our immense erudition - perhaps!<br />
<br />
Y are the Youngsters who have joined us of late,<br /><br />
(Dr Lee has just whispered, "Mon Dieu! what a fate".)<br />
<br />
Z stands for Zeolite, Zircon or Zinc.<br /><br />
Mr Chairman, why damn it! it's time for a drink.<br /><br />
<br />
(4)I apologise for the pun. One must make some concession to the English fondness for this peculiar form of humour.<br /><br />
<br />
== Christmas books LSA361.2.037 ==<br />
<br />
101 Bookmarket, <br /><br />
Edinburgh 10th December, l921.<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
Dear Sir,<br />
<br />
The Christmas season is once again with us. It is no doubt your intention to present your wife, your sweetheart, or your Assistant Director with a suitable gift. A new book is always acceptable and you cannot do better than place an order with us for one of the following:<br />
<br />
'''Memoirs of the Geological Survey:'''<br />
<br />
'''Special Report on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain, Vol. 101. Materials suitable for Tombstones.'''<br />
<br />
By .E.M. Anderson & G.V. Wilson. 80 pp. Price 4/6. <br /><br />
"Nature" says: mighty pronouncement on a grave subject".<br />
<br />
'''Vol. 102. Economic Resources of the principal Scottish Golf Courses.'''<br />
<br />
By J.S. Flett, D.Sc., L.L.D., F.R.S., etc., and W.F.P. McLintock, D.Sc.,<br /><br />
300 pp. - Price 25/-.<br /><br />
“The Geological Magazine" says: "The preparation of this volume has clearly been a labour of lore - the authors are thoroughly familiar with every part of the ground they describe".<br />
<br />
'''"The Economic Geology of the Campbeltown Coalfield, Area I".'''<br />
<br />
By B.N. Peach, J. Horne, G. Barrow, H. Kynaston, J.B. Hill, H.M. Cadell, E.H. Cunningham Craig, T.O. Bosworth, H.B. Maufe, C.T. Clough, L.W. Hinxman, R.G. Carruthers, E.M. Anderson, C.H. Dinham, B.Lightfoot, and J.E. Richey; with contributions by G.W. Grabham, J.S. Grant Wilson, S.B. Wilkinson , M. Macgregor and E.B. Bailey; and an appendix by G.W. Lee. 16 pp. Price 9d.<br />
<br />
'''"The Slatyband Ironstones of Lanarkshire" Vol. II, Introduction (continued) and Historical Notes, (Part 1). By C.H. Dinham, B.A.,'''<br />
<br />
This work is to be completed in 40 volumes, the last of which, containing Index and Tables of Errata, will be issued in the spring of 1956 Price 8/6 a volume or you can subscribe now for the full set by a cash payment of £20.<br />
<br />
'''New Books:'''<br />
<br />
'''"The Contamination of Modern Society by Capitalism". By H.H. Read.'''<br />
<br />
The Daily Express, says: "A new volume from the pen of a well-known contributor to our pages. Mr. Read here breaks new ground as an exponent of Guild Socialism. He maintains his thesis cleverly, but we would remind him that indignation is not proof nor invective argument". <br /><br />
"Modern poets and Old Furniture". By R.G. Carruthers.<br />
<br />
"The Times Literary Supplement" says: We have enjoyed this book very much - the author is never afraid to say exactly what he thinks". <br /><br />
"Through the Windows of Etive or what I saw in Argyllshire" By E.B. Bailey<br />
<br />
"The ‘Spectator" says: We predict a great success for this book. Nothing like it has appeared since "Alice in Wonderland".<br />
<br />
'''"Occasional Verses" By M; Macgregor.'''<br />
<br />
"The Glasgow Herald" says: This is a case where criticism is superfluous. We only need quote Mr Macgregor’s:<br />
<br />
<u>Lines to a Memoir.</u><br />
<br />
<u>1. Before publication</u>.<br />
<br />
The moving fingers write; and, being writ<br /><br />
The Memoir’ goes to press. Not all thy wit<br /><br />
Shall lure it back to cancel half a line<br /><br />
Not all thy tears wash out a word of it.<br />
<br />
<u>2. After publication</u>.<br />
<br />
I hardly think that it will ere be read.<br /><br />
The rose soon withers when its bloom is shed,<br /><br />
And every gem of style my Memoir were<br /><br />
Has been excised by some unkindly Head.<br /><br />
<br />
We shall be very glad to show you copies of the above, if your official duties allow you time to call.<br />
<br />
We are, Sir,<br />
<br />
Yours truly, <br />
<br />
Messrs. Grin and Price.<br />
<br />
== The Survey Alphabet LSA361.2.218 ==<br />
<br />
A is for Andy, the first on the list,<br /><br />
Whose "faults" are unproved, though I’m sure they exist.<br />
<br />
B stands for Bailey. ‘Tis well known to all <br /><br />
He could "slide" long ere he had learnt to crawl.<br />
<br />
C is Carruthers, who gives up to corals<br /><br />
the time that should go to improving his morals. <sup>(1)</sup><br />
<br />
D stands for Dinham, with diffidence curet,<br /><br />
I mention him fourth, but he ought to come first. <sup>(2)</sup><br />
<br />
E is for Eyles, quite a recent recruit,<br /><br />
He’s still fairly sane; but in time he will suit.<br />
<br />
F stands for Fairley, that scoundrel who dares <br /><br />
To recast our expenses and challenge our fares.<br />
<br />
G is for Gibson. We can’t hope to find <br /><br />
When he goes, a Director so much to our mind.<br />
<br />
H stands for Haldane. Before the night’s past <br /><br />
We’ll toast the good doctor who treated him last.<br />
<br />
I is our Income, a thing we despise,<br /><br />
For it’s <u>Science</u> that always comes first in our eyes. <sup>(3)</sup><br />
<br />
J is John Horne and I wish that I knew<br /><br />
Where he gets his elixir of youth from. Don’t you?<br />
<br />
K is the knowledge we claim to possess<br /><br />
Of each others failings. It never grows less.<br />
<br />
L is our guest Robert Lunn Were it not <br /><br />
that politeness forbids, I could say quite a lot.<br />
<br />
M is Macgregor who comes from the West, <br /><br />
The other Macgregor? - Well, silence is best.<br />
<br />
N is Nepenthe we drink and forget<br /><br />
The hours spent with Gibson, the "minutes" from Flett.<br />
<br />
O is the "Old Sweat" who concocts fairy tales<br /><br />
There’s one called "The Norite which lived upon Shales"<br />
<br />
P is his Pen-name. I hazard a guess<br /><br />
That it’s not quite unknown to the "Daily Express". <br /><br />
<br />
Q is a Quibble. If I just knew the source<br /><br />
Of this scurrilous verse, I’d Burn-ett of course. <sup>(4)</sup><br />
<br />
R stands for Richey or Ross ~, which you please<br /><br />
There’s nothing too bad could be said about these.<br />
<br />
S stands for Simpson, an Aberdeen loon,<br /><br />
When Wilson’s been mentioned, my task’s over soon.<br />
<br />
T is for Torkington, also for Tait.<br /><br />
Their past life is such as I dare not relate.<br />
<br />
U are the Urgent demands that we get<br /><br />
For the Memoir (by Gibson) on "Cannels and Jet"<br />
<br />
V are the visions we see in our youth,<br /><br />
Embodied on memoirs and quoted as truth.<br />
<br />
W are the wishes we’d all like to write<br /><br />
To the friends who, though absent, are with us to-night.<br />
<br />
X is a symbol we use on our maps,<br /><br />
To convey our immense erudition - perhaps!<br />
<br />
Y are the Youngsters who have joined us of late,<br /><br />
(Dr Lee has just whispered, "Mon Dieu! what a fate".)<br />
<br />
Z stands for Zeolite, Zircon or Zinc.<br /><br />
Mr Chairman, why damn it! it's time for a drink.<br /><br />
<br />
(4)I apologise for the pun. One must make some concession to the English fondness for this peculiar form of humour.<br /><br />
<br />
== McCall ==<br />
https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=User:Scotfot/sandbox_2&diff=58733
User:Scotfot/sandbox 2
2023-06-29T08:28:53Z
<p>Scotfot: </p>
<hr />
<div>Test link to https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome<br />
<br />
<br />
== Geological Survey of Ireland 1:63,360 maps ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
| align=center| '''Sheet number'''<br />
| align=center| '''Sheet name'''<br />
| align=center| '''Publication date'''<br />
| align=center| '''Statement of responsibility'''<br />
| align=center| '''Map'''<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;1<br />
|| Malin Head<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| R.J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR001A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;2<br />
|| Glengad Head<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Richard J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR002A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;3<br />
|| Tory Island<br />
|| February 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR003A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;4<br />
|| Dunfanaghy<br />
|| July 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan, R.J. Cruise F. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR004A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;5<br />
|| Carndonagh<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Richard J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR005A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;6<br />
|| Moville<br />
|| June 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan, R.J. Cruise, F.W. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR006A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;7<br />
|| Giant's Causeway<br />
|| August 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes, F.W. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR007A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;8<br />
|| Ballycastle<br />
|| August 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and Alex. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR008A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;8<br />
|| Ballycastle<br />
|| 1907<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and Alex. McHenry. Carboniferous boundary revised in 1906 by Alex. McHenry (also minor revisions) Edition of 1907.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR008B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;9<br />
|| Gweedore<br />
|| October 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Joseph Nolan, F.W. Egan and J.R. Kilroe.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR009A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;10<br />
|| Kilmacrenan<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR010A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;11<br />
|| Londonderry<br />
|| February 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, J. Nolan and R.J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR011A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;12<br />
|| Newtown Limavady<br />
|| October 1884<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR012A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;13<br />
|| Coleraine<br />
|| November 1883<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR013A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;13<br />
|| Coleraine<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;14<br />
|| Cushendall<br />
|| June 1886<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR014A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;14<br />
|| Cushendall<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and A. McHenry. Re-edited 1913.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR014B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;15<br />
|| Dunglow<br />
|| April 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J.R. Kilroe, A. McHenry and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR015A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;16<br />
|| Letterkenny<br />
|| May 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, F.W. Egan, A. McHenry and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR016A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;17<br />
|| Strabane<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR017A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;18<br />
|| Dungiven<br />
|| September 1884<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR018A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;19<br />
|| Maghera<br />
|| December 1882<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan and W.A. Traill.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR019A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;20<br />
|| Ballymena<br />
|| October 1883<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and W.A. Traill.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR020A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;20<br />
|| Ballymena<br />
|| 1969<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and W.A. Traill. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland [Print code] 50/69.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR020B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| October 1869<br />
|| Surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1883<br />
|| Surveyed by Geo.V. Du Noyer. Revised 1883. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 3/0 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1889<br />
|| Surveyed by Geo.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1947<br />
|| Surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer. Revised 1883 [Print code] 60/4/47.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;22<br />
|| Glen Bay<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR022A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;23<br />
|| Glenties<br />
|| 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR023A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| June 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 8/3 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1891<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Revised for Archaean rocks<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1914<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1965<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Re-edited 1914. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. 1965. [Print code] 60/65.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;25<br />
|| Newtown Stewart<br />
|| December 1886<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by S.B. Wilkinson, F.W. Egan and J.R. Kilroe.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR025A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;26<br />
|| Draperstown<br />
|| October 1882<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR026A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;26<br />
|| Draperstown<br />
|| 1963<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. [Print code] 60/63.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR026B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;27<br />
|| Cookstown<br />
|| May 1880<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR027A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;27<br />
|| Cookstown<br />
|| 1966<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. [Print code] 60/66<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR027B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;28<br />
|| Antrim<br />
|| October 1874<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer and W.E.L.E. Duffin.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR028A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| December 1869<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer. Notes to the fossil localities by W.H. Baily.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1883<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1898<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer. Revised edition published 1883. The Silurian area revised by F.W. Egan 1898.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1898<br />
|| Revised edition published 1883. The Silurian area revised by F.W. Egan 1898. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 3/9 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029C_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;30<br />
|| Kilcar<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR030A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| November 1888<br />
|| Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell. Metamorphic rocks east of Ballyshannon revised in 1890 by A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell. Metamorphic rocks west of Ballyshannon revised in 1890 by A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031C_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;32<br />
|| Pettigoe<br />
|| November 1885<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes, S.B. Wilkinson and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR032A_001 View map]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
= BGS175: 175th Anniversary Science Symposium of the founding of the British Geological Survey, 28th September, Royal Institution, London =<br />
<br />
The British Geological Survey is the world's oldest national geological survey and commemorated its 175th anniversary in 2010.<br />
<br />
The event was marked by a one-day science symposium on 28 September 2010.<br />
<br />
The symposium showcased our world-class science and technologies, demonstrating their relevance, societal benefits and positive impacts in addressing 21st century challenges; including living with environmental change, energy and natural resource security, rising CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and geohazards.<br />
<br />
* Peak metal: Scarcity of supply or scare story?<br />
* Bronze Age Mediterraneans may have visited Stonehenge<br />
* Modelling of Icelandic volcanic ash particles<br />
<br />
The event was attended by influential stakeholders including representatives from government, industry, academia, international geological surveys, students and the national media.<br />
<br />
Guest speakers included Dr Marcia McNutt, and [https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/staff/iain-stewart Professor Iain Stewart].<br />
<br />
Britain's best-known natural history film-maker, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Attenborough Sir David Attenborough], featured in the panel discussion to close the symposium.<br />
<br />
About the British Geological Survey, 2010.<br />
<br />
== Win a place at BGS175 ==<br />
<br />
The winners of a VIP day at the science symposium, featuring Sir David Attenborough, are listed in the table below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Jonathan Wyatt, SHROPSHIRE || Paul Colinese, LONDON<br />
|-<br />
| John Williams, SURREY || Sophie Hibben, KENT<br />
|-<br />
| Lisa Allan, LONDON || Rob Flanders, CHESHIRE<br />
|-<br />
| Vince Piper, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE || Steven Cadman, SURREY<br />
|-<br />
| Sahja Haji, LONDON || Litsa Breingan, LONDON<br />
|-<br />
| Paul Dotteridge, HERTFORDSHIRE || Stephen Metheringham, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE<br />
|-<br />
| Milo Brook, OXFORDSHIRE || Catherine Unsworth, LONDON<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== About the day ==<br />
<br />
===Symposium agenda===<br />
<br />
Download the oral programme 200 KB pdf<br />
<br />
===Keynote speakers and special guests===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''Video presentation''': [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NstzDgR4fE About the British Geological Survey - 175 years of geoscience]||<br />
|-<br />
|Sir David Attenborough wrote and narrated BBC's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snuna3fLYAg Uncovering Our Earliest Ancestor] ||[[File:Attenborough Thumb Copyright IanSalvage.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|Marcia McNutt, USGS Director, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISzUlINbB4o Introduction to The National Map]||[[File:Mcnutt USGS.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|Professor Iain Stewart in the BBC's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kphF71S5F0Q How Earth Made Us]. Iain tells the epic story of how the planet has shaped our history.||[[File:Stewart plymouth.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Presentations ==<br />
<br />
Insert Video: Panel session<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|'''Morning session A'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Opening address || John Ludden, Executive Director, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NstzDgR4fE About the BGS - 175 years of geoscience]|| <br />
|-<br />
| Twenty-first century survey || Denis Peach, Chief Scientist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Acuity, accuracy and application: from systematic geological mapping to responsive 3D+ surveys || Martin Smith, Head Geology & Landscape, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| From watercolour to web || Keith Westhead, Head Knowledge Exchange, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| '''Keynote''': Facing tomorrow’s challenges with integrated science || Marcia McNutt, Director, USGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Morning session B'''||<br />
|-<br />
| OneGeology: improving access to geoscience globally || Ian Jackson, Chief of Operations, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| North American liaisons || Garth Earls, Director, GSNI<br />
|-<br />
| Arabian adventures: geological mapping and climate change in Arabia || Andrew Farrant, Geologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Groundwater animals: extending our understanding of biodiversity in the UK || Louise Maurice, Groundwater ecologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Life just got complicated || Dr Phil Wilby, Geologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Afternoon session A'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Predict or prepare: natural hazards and human disasters || David Kerridge, Head Earth Hazards & Systems, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Groundwater, health and livelihoods in Africa || Alan MacDonald, Hydrogeologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Marine exploration || Robert Gatliff, Head Marine Geoscience, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Carbon capture and storage (CCS):demonstrating the concept || Andy Chadwick, Head CO2 Storage Research, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Future energy: renewable energy dividends from our coal mining legacy || Diarmad Campbell, Chief Geologist, Scotland, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Keynote: The human planet || Iain Stewart, Professor of Geosciences, Communication, University of Plymouth<br />
|-<br />
| '''Afternoon session B'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Malthus revisited? Population growth, environmental change and resource limits || Andrew Bloodworth, Head Minerals & Waste, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Looking forward to making predictions: BGS’s role in the next decade and beyond. || Andrew Hughes, Hydrogeologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Panel session'''||<br />
|-<br />
|Featuring: Sir David Attenborough, Marcia McNutt (Director, USGS) Iain Stewart (Chair), Randy Parrish (Head of NIGL), Kathryn Goodenough (Geologist, BGS), Mike Ellis (Head of Climate Science, BGS).||<br />
|-<br />
|'''Closing remarks'''||<br />
|-<br />
|Closing remarks by Jon Gluyas (BGS Board Chair), and BUFI poster prize presentation.||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx<br />
{{NRW}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Edward Greenly.png|thumb|Edward Greenly]]<br />
<br />
== Edward Greenly (1861–1951) ==<br />
<br />
Cofir am [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Edward Greenly]] yn bennaf am ei arolwg daearegol o Ynys Môn, gwaith y bu wrthi am bron pum mlynedd ar hugain o’i fywyd.<br />
<br />
Image caption: Edward Greenly. Llun trwy garedigrwydd Terry Williams<br />
<br />
== Edward Greenly (1861–1951) ==<br />
<br />
Campwaith pennaf [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Edward Greenly]] oedd cwblhau arolwg daearegol manwl o Ynys Môn. Cyhoeddwyd ''The Geology of Anglesey'' ([https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B01782 Volume 1] and [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B06824 Volume 2]) mewn dwy gyfrol yn 1919 ac yna yn 1920 fap daearegol ar y raddfa un fodfedd i’r filltir. Er bod rhannau o’r gwaith wedi’u diweddaru yn ystod y degawdau dilynol, erys ei astudiaeth yn glasur o fri rhyngwladol.<br />
<br />
=== Mapio Môn ===<br />
<br />
Wrth fapio ynys Môn, gwnaeth Greenly ddefnydd mawr o syniadau tectonig a ddatblygodd wrth iddo fynd i’r afael â gwaith maes cynharach yn Ucheldiroedd yr Alban. Roedd tair prif broblem yn ei wynebu: prinder brigiadau da, yn enwedig mewn ardaloedd mewndirol allweddol bwysig; presenoldeb creigiau gorchuddiol clytiog yn cuddio yn aml y baslawr Cyn-Gambriaidd hŷn; a phresenoldeb toriadau tectonig megis ffawtiau a chylchfaoedd croesrym a oedd yn aml yn rhwystro’r gwaith o gydberthyn gwahanol ddilyniannau o greigiau. Chwaraeodd ei wraig Annie Greenly (Barnard gynt), a oedd yn rhannu ei ddiddordeb mewn daeareg a diwinyddiaeth, rôl hollbwysig drwy baratoi’r mynegai i’w gyfrol.<br />
<br />
Ganed Greenly ym Mryste ac fe’i haddysgwyd yng Ngholeg Clifton. Bu’n fyfyriwr yng Ngholeg y Brifysgol, Llundain, cyn ymuno â’r Arolwg Daearegol yn 1889. Yn gyntaf, bu gofyn iddo baratoi arolwg o Ucheldiroedd gogledd-orllewin yr Alban. Daeth yn ffrind agos ac yn gydweithiwr i [[Benjamin Neeve Peach - biographical information|Ben Peach]] yr oedd ei archwiliadau wedi bod yn gyfrwng i ddatrys adeiledd cymhleth yr Alban (gan gynnwys adnabod a sylweddoli arwyddocâd Gwthiad Moine). Rhoddodd Greenly y gorau i’w waith gyda’r Arolwg yn 1895 er mwyn iddo, o’i ben a’i bastwn ei hun. roi cychwyn ar ei arolwg o Ynys Môn.<br />
<br />
=== Cyfraniadau pwysig i ddaeareg ===<br />
<br />
Yn gydnabyddiaeth am ei gyfraniadau pwysig i ddaeareg, cafodd Edward Greenly ei dderbyn yn aelod er anrhydedd o gymdeithasau daearegol Caeredin a Lerpwl, a Chymdeithas Hynafiaethwyr Môn. Dyfarnwyd iddo Fedal Lyell, fawr ei bri, y Gymdeithas Ddaearegol yn 1920, medal Cymdeithas Ddaearegol Lerpwl yn 1933 a doethuriaeth er anrhydedd Prifysgol Cymru yn 1920.<br />
<br />
Ar y cyd â Howel Williams, cyhoeddodd [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Greenly]] ''Methods of Geological Surveying'' yn 1930 a’i hunangofiant ''A Hand through Time: Memories Romantic'' and ''Geological'' a ymddangosodd yn 1938. Bu farw ym Mangor yn 1951 ac yn briodol iawn fe’i claddwyd ym mynwent Llangristiolus, Ynys Môn. Mae ei fedd wedi’i gyfnodi’n Safle Geoamrywiaeth o Bwysigrwydd Rhanbarthol (RIGS).<br />
== Table ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=Geologists' Association photograph albums [Green bound]=<br />
<br />
These two key albums of the GA focus on photographs of members. <br />
<br />
The first volume contains portraits of early GA members and then photographs of individuals or groups of members taken on GA field excursions 1922–1977. <br />
<br />
The second volume contains photographs of individuals or groups of members taken on GA field excursions 1979 to 1996.<br />
<br />
<br />
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx<br />
= Marine deposits of chromite and olivine off Rum =<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:P936564.jpg|thumb|Geological sketch map of the Rum district, Sheet 60. Based on BGS 1:250 000 Series sheets Tiree and Little Minch, with some additions from the 3rd (1:50 000) edition of Sheet 60 (Rum).]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P936665.jpg|thumb|Chromium and magnesium distribution in surficial marine sediments off Harris, Rum]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P936666.jpg|thumb|Chromium and magnesium distribution in surficial marine sediments off Dibidil, Rum.]]<br />
== Extract from the Rum Memoir ==<br />
<br />
[https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B01904 View original memoir]<br />
<br />
[https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/Memoirs/docs/B01904.html View memoir on Text viewer]<br />
<br />
As Rum is a National Nature Reserve, exploitation of chromite or other ore reserves on land could prove environmentally unacceptable. The marine dispersal of resistate minerals derived by glacial and fluvial erosion of the rocks of the Rum Central Complex has been investigated as a possible alternative for mineral exploitation. Black, heavy mineral sand occurs on the rocky beach in the bay at Harris, although well-defined high-water-mark bands such as are known from the Northumberland coast (Gallagher, 1974) are absent. The inshore area along 28 km of the southern coastline of Rum were surveyed in 1987, between A' Bhrideahach in the west and Loch Scresort in the east (Figure 1) and surficial marine sediment collected at 91 sites in water depths of 50 m or less within 3 km of the shore. After dissolution of shell calcite averaging 20% by weight, analysis of small shipboard samples yielded mean values of 0.12% Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and 3.5% Mg (Table 12).<br />
<br />
(Table 12) Composition of 91 marine sediment samples, southern Rum, analysed by X-ray fluorescence (after calcite dissolution.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Mean(%) !! s (%) !! Max. (%) !! Min. (%)<br />
|-<br />
| Mg || 3.5 || 2.6 || 14 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Ca || 1.7 || 0.82 || 5.3 || 0.47<br />
|-<br />
| Ti || 0.33 || 0.16 || 0.92 || 0.12<br />
|-<br />
| V || 0.009 || 0.005 || 0.29 || 0.001<br />
|-<br />
| Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 0.12 || 0.17 || 1.4 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Fe || 4.0 || 1.8 || 10.6 || 0.72<br />
|}<br />
:s = Standard deviation.<br />
<br />
(Table 13) Average composition of minerals in marine sediments from Harris Bay, Rum.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Chromite !! Olivine !! Clinopyroxene (Ca-rich) !! Orthopyroxene<br />
|-<br />
| N = || 82 || 141 || 40 || 6<br />
|-<br />
| SiO<sub>2</sub> || 0.03 || 40.20 || 51.22 || 54.67<br />
|-<br />
| TiO<sub>2</sub> || 2.69 || 0.03 || 0.94 || 0.38<br />
|-<br />
| Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 19.07 || 0.03 || 3.15 || 0.87<br />
|-<br />
| Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 32.49 || || 0.58 || 0.05<br />
|-<br />
| Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 13.40 || — || — || —<br />
|-<br />
| FeO || 20.60 || 12.33 || 6.07 || 14.25<br />
|-<br />
| MnO || 0.32 || 0.20 || 0.15 || 0.34<br />
|-<br />
| MgO || 10.52 || 47.35 || 16.02 || 28.02<br />
|-<br />
| CaO || 0.01 || 0.08 || 21.11 || 1.42<br />
|-<br />
| Total || 99.13 || 100.22 || 99.24 || 100.00<br />
|-<br />
| Mg* || 47.44 || 87.23 || 82.46 || 77.80<br />
|-<br />
| Cr* || 54.29 || — || — || —<br />
|}<br />
:N: number of analyses<br />
:Mg*- 100 X Mg/ (Mg + Fe2+) Cr* = 100 X Cr/ (Cr + Al)<br />
:Histograms of the compositional variation of olivine and chromite are given by Gallagher et al., 1989 (figs. 5 and 6)<br />
<br />
Relatively high chromium and magnesium values were recognised from two areas representing submarine deltas off Harris and Dibidil; new analyses from these areas are presented in (Figure 64) and (Figure 65). In the bay off Harris, 3 km<sup>2</sup> of sand sampled from the sea-bed surface in a mean water depth of 23 m contained on average 0.24% Cr and 7% Mg after removal of some 18% of shell calcite. The grade of the heavy mineral sands is therefore about 1% of chromite and 25% of forsteritic olivine from the mineral analyses given in (Table 13). It is concluded that tens of thousands of tonnes of chromite and more than 1 million tonnes of olivine and of calcite are present in the topmost 1 m of the Harris delta (utilising 2.2 g.cm<sup>-1</sup> as the wet density). The peak anomaly of 4% chromite and 50% olivine lies 1.8 km offshore.<br />
<br />
A smaller area of 1 km<sup>2</sup> of heavy mineral sand is present up to 1 km off the mouth of the Dibidil River in a mean water depth of 19 m (Figure 64). After dissolution of approximately 30% contained calcite a small number of surface samples from the submarine delta (Gallagher, 1989) average 0.19% Cr, equivalent to about 0.8% chromite, and 4.5% Mg (15–20% of forsteritic olivine). The peak anomaly of 1.2% chromite occurs only 350 m offshore of the mouth of the Dibidil river. The figures indicate 10 000 tonnes of chromite in the top metre of the delta. Other isolated sample sites off south-west and south-east Rum are somewhat anomalous in chromium and magnesium, as might be expected from tidal dispersion, but further sampling will be needed to properly assess their significance.<br />
<br />
A full evaluation of the true lateral extent and thickness of the deposits will require geophysical surveys and drilling of the deltaic sands. Heavy minerals will most likely be concentrated towards the base of the sand accumulations.<br />
<br />
=== Mineralogy ===<br />
The deltaic sediments are well-sorted medium- to fine-grained sands (125–500 pm) highly suitable for beneficiation by density or magnetic methods. The total amount of heavy minerals present increases with decreasing content of shell calcite, a feature which is likely to occur with depth in the deltas, and of quartz and feldspar. In five representative samples the total heavy mineral content ranged from 36 to 94% with olivine dominant, followed by clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene. Chromite-type spinels, magnetite and ilmenite make up 10–15% of the overall heavy-mineral fraction. Traces of platinum, palladium and gold were detected in a few of the samples (Gallagher, 1989).<br />
<br />
From analyses of the main heavy minerals (Table 13), it can be seen that chromite averages 32% Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (10.7–44.4%) and the olivine is forsterite-rich (FO<sub>87</sub>). Detailed investigation of 31 samples from and around the Harris and Dibidil deltas shows that the chromite and olivine, calculated on a calcite-free basis, form 0.22–3.98% and 5–41% respectively (Basham et al., 1989).<br />
<br />
Benificiation trials yielded concentrates of 86% chromite and 78% olivine with recoveries of 60% and 50% respectively. The size range and composition of the olivine in the marine sands compared well with the desired range for refractory use (Griffith, 1984). The iron content of the chromite is higher on average than that of South African chromites (25% FeO); nevertheless, in ferro-chrome production the tendency is towards acceptance of increasingly higher iron content (Power, 1985).<br />
<br />
== Samples ==<br />
<br />
Insert list of samples here<br />
<br />
== Archives == <br />
<br />
BGS Edinburgh Archive Drawer A10 has material relating to Rhum Offshore heavy minerals survey<br />
<br />
== Dr. Mike Gallagher photograph collection of Rum (transparencies) (not online) ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! BGS Image No.!! Caption !! Date<br />
|-<br />
| P100823 || Scotland mineral wealth talk. Coastline of Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102341 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102342 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102343 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102344 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102345 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102346 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102347 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102348 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102349 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102350 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102351 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102352 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102353 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102354 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102355 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102356 || Graph showing make up of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102357 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102358 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102359 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102360 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102361 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102362 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102363 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102364 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102365 || Chromite layer at base of peridotite above allivalite (white) on Hallival. Hallival, Rhum. || 01/04/1985<br />
|-<br />
| P102366 || Generalised map showing the Olivine - Chromium deltas of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102368 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102369 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102370 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102371 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102372 || Geologist takes a break in gorse on hillside. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102373 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102374 || Map of Scotland showing Rhum chromite. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102375 || Geologist on excursion through hills on Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102376 || Drainage basin of Allt nam Ba, Rhum from the sea. Askival (summit) and Askival plateau (in cloud). Allt nam Ba, Rhum. || 01/06/1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102377 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102378 || Rock outcrop on top of hill. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102379 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102380 || Geologists on the summit of Askival??? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102381 || Hallival?? Hallival, Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102382 || View through valley. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102383 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102384 || View of Askival, Rhum. Askival, Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102385 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102386 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102387 || Close up of Tertiary igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102388 || Close up of Tertiary igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102389 || View of raised beach. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102390 || View from summit of ????? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102391 || View through valley. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102392 || Geologists examine a rock outcrop showing layers. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102393 || Geologists examine a rock outcrop showing layers. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102394 || View of raised beach. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102395 || Bouguer Anomaly map of the islands of Rhum, Eigg, Canna and Sanday in the Inner Hebrides. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102396 || Aerial view of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102397 || Outline geology map of Rhum, note Hallival in Eastern Layered Series. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102398 || Solid geology map of Rhum, 1:20,000 scale. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102399 || Map showing Precambrian structure. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102400 || Generalised section of outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102401 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102402 || Map of the geology of the Timmins area.???? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102403 || Geological map of Canada. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102404 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102405 || ELS geology map of eastern Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102406 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102407 || Flow map. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102408 || Map of the geology of the Timmins area.???? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102409 || Inlet on coast of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102410 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102411 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102412 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102413 || View from Harris Bay, Mausoleum in distance. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102414 || Harrisite, found in Harris Bay, Rhum. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102415 || View of Askival from shore. Askival, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102416 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102417 || View over Rhum. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102418 || View of Askival from shore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102419 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102420 || View across Rhum. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102421 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102422 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102423 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102424 || View of the hills, Askival and Hallival Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102425 || Geologists standing in front of Askival and Hallival. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102426 || View of Hallival. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102427 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102428 || View of Inbhir Ghil from cliffs. Inbhir Ghil, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102429 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102430 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102431 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102432 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102433 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102434 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102435 || Geologists on excursion examine the rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102436 || Pier at Loch Scresort, Rhum. Pier, Loch Scresort, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102437 || Geologist on excursion to Rhum, Askival in the distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102438 || Offshore view of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102439 || View from Askival, Rhum out to sea. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102440 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102441 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102442 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102443 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102444 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102445 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102446 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102447 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102448 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102449 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - Cr spinels. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102450 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - chromite. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102451 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - Olivine. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102452 || View of Rhum from deck of ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102453 || View of Rhum from lab on ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102454 || View of Rhum from lab on ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102455 || Presentation slide. Graph of offshore sands showing percentages of calcite and olivine. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102456 || Presentation slide. Table of mineralogical analysis of samples TR1058 and TR1210. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102457 || Presentation slide. Table showing estimation of chromite content from whole-sand chemistry. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102458 || Presentation slide. Pi charts showing mineral composition. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102459 || Presentation slide. Section through Rhum shwing the different Layered Series. (Not BGS). Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102460 || Specimen of rock. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102461 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102462 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102463 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102464 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102465 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102466 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102467 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102468 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102469 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102470 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102471 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102472 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102473 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102474 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102475 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102476 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102477 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102478 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102479 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102480 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102481 || Bay at Harris with Bullough Mausoleum in distance, shallow dipping harrisites. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102482 || Generalised map of Scotland showing chromite areas (Rhum). Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102483 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102484 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102485 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102486 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102487 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102488 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102489 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102490 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102491 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102492 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102493 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102494 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102495 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102496 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102497 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102498 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102499 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102500 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102501 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102502 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102503 || View of Askival on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102504 || View of Askival on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102505 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102506 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102507 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102508 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102509 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102510 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102511 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102512 || View of Kinloch and harbour of Loch Scresort. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102513 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102514 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102515 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102516 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102517 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102518 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102519 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102520 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102521 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102522 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102523 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102524 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102525 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102526 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102527 || View of the lighthouse at Kinloch. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102528 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102529 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102530 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102531 || Boat on Loch Scresort, Kinloch in distance Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102532 || View of Kinloch and harbour of Loch Scresort. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102533 || Cave on coast, Bagh na h-Uamha. Bagh na h-Uamha, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102534 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102535 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102536 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102537 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival in middle of photograph. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102538 || View of Rhum from offshore, Hallival in middle of photograph. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102539 || Cave on coast, Bagh na h-Uamha. Bagh na h-Uamha, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102540 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102541 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102542 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102543 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102544 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102545 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102546 || Excursion members relax on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102547 || Small dinghy sails to Rhum from ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102548 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102549 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102550 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102551 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102552 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102553 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102554 || Church at Kinloch on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102555 || Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102556 || Rhum. || 1987<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
BASHAM, I R, BEDDOE-STEPHENS, B, and MACDONALD, A. 1989. Mineralogical assessment of submarine heavy mineral sands, southern Rhum. British Geological Survey Technical Report, WG/89/26. 12pp.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J. 1974. Rutile and zircon in Northumbrian beach sands. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, (Section B. Applied earth science.), Vol. 83, B97–98.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J. 1989. Marine deposits of olivine and chromite, Inner Hebrides. British Geological Survey Open File Data Package.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J BASHAM, I R, and 10 others. 1989. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B02868 Marine deposits of chromite and olivine, Inner Hebrides of Scotland. British Geological Survey Technical Report, WF/89/13]. British Geological Survey Mineral Reconnaissance Programme Report, No. 106. 20pp.<br />
<br />
GRIFFITHS, J. 1984. Olivine - exchanging new uses for old. Industrial Minerals, September 1984, 65–79.<br />
<br />
POWER, T. 1985. Chromite - the non-metallurgical market. Industrial Minerals, April 1985, 17–51.<br />
<br />
== Songs, ditties, poems, recitations from the Geological Survey Edinburgh Office dinner books ==<br />
<br />
=== Introduction ===<br />
<br />
A brief account of the dining clubs of the Geological Survey can be found here: [[The Royal Hammerers and The Grizzly Bears - the dining clubs of the early Geological Survey]].<br />
This page contains transcriptions of items that were in typescript form. The mostly earlier, handwritten songs etc still await transcription.<br />
<br />
=== The D.G. LSA361.1.101 ===<br />
<br />
(with apologies to R.K. Ford Roberts)<br />
<br />
(Songs of the Survey by a Junior Assistant, No. 4)<br />
<br />
There's a sharpnosed little man, Archie G<br /><br />
Rides the highest horse he can, our DG<br /><br />
And his staff devoutly pray<br /><br />
He the penalty will pay<br /><br />
When it throws him, some fine day, Archie G<br /><br />
Chorus:<br />
His official designation is DG<br />
We await his resignation, eagerly<br /><br />
For his title, you must know<br /><br />
Should be written with an O,<br /><br />
Slipped into the middle - so<br /><br />
D.O.G.<br /><br />
The name his parents called, our DG<br /><br />
Ends appropriately with 'bald', Archie G<br /><br />
Though his father doctored hair<br /><br />
He has little now to spare<br /><br />
As his soul his poll is bare, Archie G<br /><br />
He's half weasel and half rat, our DG<br /><br />
But he can't be called a flat, Archie G<br /><br />
He's a genius, taking pains<br /><br />
And celebrity he gains<br /><br />
Sucking other people's brains, Archie G<br /><br />
When we ask him for PA, our DG<br /><br />
He will have a lot to say, our DG<br /><br />
Tells us not to covet pelf<br /><br />
Throws our 'C forms' on the shelf<br /><br />
'Do you never help yourself Archie G<br /><br />
We've relied upon your word, Archie G<br /><br />
Till we found that course absurd, Archie G<br /><br />
You have lied and relied too<br /><br />
Ananias if he knew,<br /><br />
Would the kettle yield to you, Archie G<br /><br />
<br />
=== Oh, here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne LSA361.2.007 ===<br />
<br />
Oh, here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne,<br /><br />
Slainte and slainte and slainte till morn,<br /><br />
Whatever you’re fate you’re<br /><br />
The dacintest crature<br /><br />
Why there’s no one to bate yer <br /><br />
In this blessed town.<br />
<br />
You may talk o’ them chaps in the Royal Society<br /><br />
All talking rot for to gain notoriety<br /><br />
Faith both for science and modest propriety<br /><br />
Dr. John Horne you make hairs o’them all<br /><br />
Come now I venture to give you my word<br /><br />
Never the like of your logic was heard<br /><br />
from palaeontology<br /><br />
Right through geology<br /><br />
Downto petrology <br /><br />
If you got the call<br />
<br />
Dr. John Horne you’ve a wonderful way with us<br /><br />
Whether you wish to be serious or gay with us<br /><br />
Shure tis <u>we</u> would be plaised if you only could stay with us<br /><br />
You’ve got such a way with you Dr. John Horne<br /><br />
Still though withal you’re so jovial a soul<br /><br />
You’ve got your staff in the grandest control <br /><br />
coaxing the crazy ones<br /><br />
Soothing unaisy ones<br /><br />
Persuading the lazy ones<br /><br />
To come in in the morn.<br />
<br />
So here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne<br /><br />
Slainte and slainte and slainte till morn<br /><br />
Whatever your fate you’re<br /><br />
The dacintest crature<br /><br />
Why there’s no one to bate yer <br /><br />
In this blessed town.<br />
<br />
== The Survey Alphabet LSA361.2.218 ==<br />
<br />
A is for Andy, the first on the list,<br /><br />
Whose "faults" are unproved, though I’m sure they exist.<br />
<br />
B stands for Bailey. ‘Tis well known to all <br /><br />
He could "slide" long ere he had learnt to crawl.<br />
<br />
C is Carruthers, who gives up to corals<br /><br />
the time that should go to improving his morals. <sup>(1)</sup><br />
<br />
D stands for Dinham, with diffidence curet,<br /><br />
I mention him fourth, but he ought to come first. <sup>(2)</sup><br />
<br />
E is for Eyles, quite a recent recruit,<br /><br />
He’s still fairly sane; but in time he will suit.<br />
<br />
F stands for Fairley, that scoundrel who dares <br /><br />
To recast our expenses and challenge our fares.<br />
<br />
G is for Gibson. We can’t hope to find <br /><br />
When he goes, a Director so much to our mind.<br />
<br />
H stands for Haldane. Before the night’s past <br /><br />
We’ll toast the good doctor who treated him last.<br />
<br />
I is our Income, a thing we despise,<br /><br />
For it’s <u>Science</u> that always comes first in our eyes. <sup>(3)</sup><br />
<br />
J is John Horne and I wish that I knew<br /><br />
Where he gets his elixir of youth from. Don’t you?<br />
<br />
K is the knowledge we claim to possess<br /><br />
Of each others failings. It never grows less.<br />
<br />
L is our guest Robert Lunn Were it not <br /><br />
that politeness forbids, I could say quite a lot.<br />
<br />
M is Macgregor who comes from the West, <br /><br />
The other Macgregor? - Well, silence is best.<br />
<br />
N is Nepenthe we drink and forget<br /><br />
The hours spent with Gibson, the "minutes" from Flett.<br />
<br />
O is the "Old Sweat" who concocts fairy tales<br /><br />
There’s one called "The Norite which lived upon Shales"<br />
<br />
P is his Pen-name. I hazard a guess<br /><br />
That it’s not quite unknown to the "Daily Express".<br /><br />
<br />
Q is a Quibble. If I just knew the source<br /><br />
Of this scurrilous verse, I’d Burn-ett of course. <sup>(4)</sup><br />
<br />
R stands for Richey or Ross ~, which you please<br /><br />
There’s nothing too bad could be said about these.<br />
<br />
S stands for Simpson, an Aberdeen loon,<br /><br />
When Wilson’s been mentioned, my task’s over soon.<br />
<br />
T is for Torkington, also for Tait.<br /><br />
Their past life is such as I dare not relate.<br />
<br />
U are the Urgent demands that we get<br /><br />
For the Memoir (by Gibson) on "Cannels and Jet"<br />
<br />
V are the visions we see in our youth,<br /><br />
Embodied on memoirs and quoted as truth.<br />
<br />
W are the wishes we’d all like to write<br /><br />
To the friends who, though absent, are with us to-night.<br />
<br />
X is a symbol we use on our maps,<br /><br />
To convey our immense erudition - perhaps!<br />
<br />
Y are the Youngsters who have joined us of late,<br /><br />
(Dr Lee has just whispered, "Mon Dieu! what a fate".)<br />
<br />
Z stands for Zeolite, Zircon or Zinc.<br /><br />
Mr Chairman, why damn it! it's time for a drink.<br /><br />
<br />
(4)I apologise for the pun. One must make some concession to the English fondness for this peculiar form of humour.<br /><br />
<br />
== Christmas books LSA361.2.037 ==<br />
<br />
101 Bookmarket, <br /><br />
Edinburgh 10th December, l921.<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
Dear Sir,<br />
<br />
The Christmas season is once again with us. It is no doubt your intention to present your wife, your sweetheart, or your Assistant Director with a suitable gift. A new book is always acceptable and you cannot do better than place an order with us for one of the following:<br />
<br />
'''Memoirs of the Geological Survey:'''<br />
<br />
'''Special Report on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain, Vol. 101. Materials suitable for Tombstones.'''<br />
<br />
By .E.M. Anderson & G.V. Wilson. 80 pp. Price 4/6. <br /><br />
"Nature" says: mighty pronouncement on a grave subject".<br />
<br />
'''Vol. 102. Economic Resources of the principal Scottish Golf Courses.'''<br />
<br />
By J.S. Flett, D.Sc., L.L.D., F.R.S., etc., and W.F.P. McLintock, D.Sc.,<br /><br />
300 pp. - Price 25/-.<br /><br />
“The Geological Magazine" says: "The preparation of this volume has clearly been a labour of lore - the authors are thoroughly familiar with every part of the ground they describe".<br />
<br />
'''"The Economic Geology of the Campbeltown Coalfield, Area I".'''<br />
<br />
By B.N. Peach, J. Horne, G. Barrow, H. Kynaston, J.B. Hill, H.M. Cadell, E.H. Cunningham Craig, T.O. Bosworth, H.B. Maufe, C.T. Clough, L.W. Hinxman, R.G. Carruthers, E.M. Anderson, C.H. Dinham, B.Lightfoot, and J.E. Richey; with contributions by G.W. Grabham, J.S. Grant Wilson, S.B. Wilkinson , M. Macgregor and E.B. Bailey; and an appendix by G.W. Lee. 16 pp. Price 9d.<br />
<br />
'''"The Slatyband Ironstones of Lanarkshire" Vol. II, Introduction (continued) and Historical Notes, (Part 1). By C.H. Dinham, B.A.,'''<br />
<br />
This work is to be completed in 40 volumes, the last of which, containing Index and Tables of Errata, will be issued in the spring of 1956 Price 8/6 a volume or you can subscribe now for the full set by a cash payment of £20.<br />
<br />
'''New Books:'''<br />
<br />
'''"The Contamination of Modern Society by Capitalism". By H.H. Read.'''<br />
<br />
The Daily Express, says: "A new volume from the pen of a well-known contributor to our pages. Mr. Read here breaks new ground as an exponent of Guild Socialism. He maintains his thesis cleverly, but we would remind him that indignation is not proof nor invective argument". <br /><br />
"Modern poets and Old Furniture". By R.G. Carruthers.<br />
<br />
"The Times Literary Supplement" says: We have enjoyed this book very much - the author is never afraid to say exactly what he thinks". <br /><br />
"Through the Windows of Etive or what I saw in Argyllshire" By E.B. Bailey<br />
<br />
"The ‘Spectator" says: We predict a great success for this book. Nothing like it has appeared since "Alice in Wonderland".<br />
<br />
'''"Occasional Verses" By M; Macgregor.'''<br />
<br />
"The Glasgow Herald" says: This is a case where criticism is superfluous. We only need quote Mr Macgregor’s:<br />
<br />
<u>Lines to a Memoir.</u><br />
<br />
<u>1. Before publication</u>.<br />
<br />
The moving fingers write; and, being writ<br /><br />
The Memoir’ goes to press. Not all thy wit<br /><br />
Shall lure it back to cancel half a line<br /><br />
Not all thy tears wash out a word of it.<br />
<br />
<u>2. After publication</u>.<br />
<br />
I hardly think that it will ere be read.<br /><br />
The rose soon withers when its bloom is shed,<br /><br />
And every gem of style my Memoir were<br /><br />
Has been excised by some unkindly Head.<br /><br />
<br />
We shall be very glad to show you copies of the above, if your official duties allow you time to call.<br />
<br />
We are, Sir,<br />
<br />
Yours truly, <br />
<br />
Messrs. Grin and Price.<br />
<br />
== The Survey Alphabet LSA361.2.218 ==<br />
<br />
A is for Andy, the first on the list,<br /><br />
Whose "faults" are unproved, though I’m sure they exist.<br />
<br />
B stands for Bailey. ‘Tis well known to all <br /><br />
He could "slide" long ere he had learnt to crawl.<br />
<br />
C is Carruthers, who gives up to corals<br /><br />
the time that should go to improving his morals. <sup>(1)</sup><br />
<br />
D stands for Dinham, with diffidence curet,<br /><br />
I mention him fourth, but he ought to come first. <sup>(2)</sup><br />
<br />
E is for Eyles, quite a recent recruit,<br /><br />
He’s still fairly sane; but in time he will suit.<br />
<br />
F stands for Fairley, that scoundrel who dares <br /><br />
To recast our expenses and challenge our fares.<br />
<br />
G is for Gibson. We can’t hope to find <br /><br />
When he goes, a Director so much to our mind.<br />
<br />
H stands for Haldane. Before the night’s past <br /><br />
We’ll toast the good doctor who treated him last.<br />
<br />
I is our Income, a thing we despise,<br /><br />
For it’s <u>Science</u> that always comes first in our eyes. <sup>(3)</sup><br />
<br />
J is John Horne and I wish that I knew<br /><br />
Where he gets his elixir of youth from. Don’t you?<br />
<br />
K is the knowledge we claim to possess<br /><br />
Of each others failings. It never grows less.<br />
<br />
L is our guest Robert Lunn Were it not <br /><br />
that politeness forbids, I could say quite a lot.<br />
<br />
M is Macgregor who comes from the West, <br /><br />
The other Macgregor? - Well, silence is best.<br />
<br />
N is Nepenthe we drink and forget<br /><br />
The hours spent with Gibson, the "minutes" from Flett.<br />
<br />
O is the "Old Sweat" who concocts fairy tales<br /><br />
There’s one called "The Norite which lived upon Shales"<br />
<br />
P is his Pen-name. I hazard a guess<br /><br />
That it’s not quite unknown to the "Daily Express". <br /><br />
<br />
Q is a Quibble. If I just knew the source<br /><br />
Of this scurrilous verse, I’d Burn-ett of course. <sup>(4)</sup><br />
<br />
R stands for Richey or Ross ~, which you please<br /><br />
There’s nothing too bad could be said about these.<br />
<br />
S stands for Simpson, an Aberdeen loon,<br /><br />
When Wilson’s been mentioned, my task’s over soon.<br />
<br />
T is for Torkington, also for Tait.<br /><br />
Their past life is such as I dare not relate.<br />
<br />
U are the Urgent demands that we get<br /><br />
For the Memoir (by Gibson) on "Cannels and Jet"<br />
<br />
V are the visions we see in our youth,<br /><br />
Embodied on memoirs and quoted as truth.<br />
<br />
W are the wishes we’d all like to write<br /><br />
To the friends who, though absent, are with us to-night.<br />
<br />
X is a symbol we use on our maps,<br /><br />
To convey our immense erudition - perhaps!<br />
<br />
Y are the Youngsters who have joined us of late,<br /><br />
(Dr Lee has just whispered, "Mon Dieu! what a fate".)<br />
<br />
Z stands for Zeolite, Zircon or Zinc.<br /><br />
Mr Chairman, why damn it! it's time for a drink.<br /><br />
<br />
(4)I apologise for the pun. One must make some concession to the English fondness for this peculiar form of humour.<br /><br />
<br />
== McCall ==<br />
https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=User:Scotfot/sandbox_2&diff=58732
User:Scotfot/sandbox 2
2023-06-29T08:28:13Z
<p>Scotfot: </p>
<hr />
<div>Test link to [https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Geological Survey of Ireland 1:63,360 maps ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
| align=center| '''Sheet number'''<br />
| align=center| '''Sheet name'''<br />
| align=center| '''Publication date'''<br />
| align=center| '''Statement of responsibility'''<br />
| align=center| '''Map'''<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;1<br />
|| Malin Head<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| R.J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR001A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;2<br />
|| Glengad Head<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Richard J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR002A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;3<br />
|| Tory Island<br />
|| February 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR003A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;4<br />
|| Dunfanaghy<br />
|| July 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan, R.J. Cruise F. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR004A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;5<br />
|| Carndonagh<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Richard J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR005A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;6<br />
|| Moville<br />
|| June 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan, R.J. Cruise, F.W. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR006A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;7<br />
|| Giant's Causeway<br />
|| August 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes, F.W. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR007A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;8<br />
|| Ballycastle<br />
|| August 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and Alex. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR008A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;8<br />
|| Ballycastle<br />
|| 1907<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and Alex. McHenry. Carboniferous boundary revised in 1906 by Alex. McHenry (also minor revisions) Edition of 1907.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR008B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;9<br />
|| Gweedore<br />
|| October 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Joseph Nolan, F.W. Egan and J.R. Kilroe.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR009A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;10<br />
|| Kilmacrenan<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR010A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;11<br />
|| Londonderry<br />
|| February 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, J. Nolan and R.J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR011A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;12<br />
|| Newtown Limavady<br />
|| October 1884<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR012A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;13<br />
|| Coleraine<br />
|| November 1883<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR013A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;13<br />
|| Coleraine<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;14<br />
|| Cushendall<br />
|| June 1886<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR014A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;14<br />
|| Cushendall<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and A. McHenry. Re-edited 1913.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR014B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;15<br />
|| Dunglow<br />
|| April 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J.R. Kilroe, A. McHenry and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR015A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;16<br />
|| Letterkenny<br />
|| May 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, F.W. Egan, A. McHenry and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR016A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;17<br />
|| Strabane<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR017A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;18<br />
|| Dungiven<br />
|| September 1884<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR018A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;19<br />
|| Maghera<br />
|| December 1882<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan and W.A. Traill.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR019A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;20<br />
|| Ballymena<br />
|| October 1883<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and W.A. Traill.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR020A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;20<br />
|| Ballymena<br />
|| 1969<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and W.A. Traill. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland [Print code] 50/69.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR020B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| October 1869<br />
|| Surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1883<br />
|| Surveyed by Geo.V. Du Noyer. Revised 1883. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 3/0 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1889<br />
|| Surveyed by Geo.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1947<br />
|| Surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer. Revised 1883 [Print code] 60/4/47.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;22<br />
|| Glen Bay<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR022A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;23<br />
|| Glenties<br />
|| 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR023A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| June 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 8/3 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1891<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Revised for Archaean rocks<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1914<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1965<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Re-edited 1914. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. 1965. [Print code] 60/65.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;25<br />
|| Newtown Stewart<br />
|| December 1886<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by S.B. Wilkinson, F.W. Egan and J.R. Kilroe.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR025A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;26<br />
|| Draperstown<br />
|| October 1882<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR026A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;26<br />
|| Draperstown<br />
|| 1963<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. [Print code] 60/63.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR026B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;27<br />
|| Cookstown<br />
|| May 1880<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR027A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;27<br />
|| Cookstown<br />
|| 1966<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. [Print code] 60/66<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR027B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;28<br />
|| Antrim<br />
|| October 1874<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer and W.E.L.E. Duffin.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR028A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| December 1869<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer. Notes to the fossil localities by W.H. Baily.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1883<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1898<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer. Revised edition published 1883. The Silurian area revised by F.W. Egan 1898.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1898<br />
|| Revised edition published 1883. The Silurian area revised by F.W. Egan 1898. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 3/9 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029C_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;30<br />
|| Kilcar<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR030A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| November 1888<br />
|| Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell. Metamorphic rocks east of Ballyshannon revised in 1890 by A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell. Metamorphic rocks west of Ballyshannon revised in 1890 by A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031C_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;32<br />
|| Pettigoe<br />
|| November 1885<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes, S.B. Wilkinson and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR032A_001 View map]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
= BGS175: 175th Anniversary Science Symposium of the founding of the British Geological Survey, 28th September, Royal Institution, London =<br />
<br />
The British Geological Survey is the world's oldest national geological survey and commemorated its 175th anniversary in 2010.<br />
<br />
The event was marked by a one-day science symposium on 28 September 2010.<br />
<br />
The symposium showcased our world-class science and technologies, demonstrating their relevance, societal benefits and positive impacts in addressing 21st century challenges; including living with environmental change, energy and natural resource security, rising CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and geohazards.<br />
<br />
* Peak metal: Scarcity of supply or scare story?<br />
* Bronze Age Mediterraneans may have visited Stonehenge<br />
* Modelling of Icelandic volcanic ash particles<br />
<br />
The event was attended by influential stakeholders including representatives from government, industry, academia, international geological surveys, students and the national media.<br />
<br />
Guest speakers included Dr Marcia McNutt, and [https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/staff/iain-stewart Professor Iain Stewart].<br />
<br />
Britain's best-known natural history film-maker, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Attenborough Sir David Attenborough], featured in the panel discussion to close the symposium.<br />
<br />
About the British Geological Survey, 2010.<br />
<br />
== Win a place at BGS175 ==<br />
<br />
The winners of a VIP day at the science symposium, featuring Sir David Attenborough, are listed in the table below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Jonathan Wyatt, SHROPSHIRE || Paul Colinese, LONDON<br />
|-<br />
| John Williams, SURREY || Sophie Hibben, KENT<br />
|-<br />
| Lisa Allan, LONDON || Rob Flanders, CHESHIRE<br />
|-<br />
| Vince Piper, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE || Steven Cadman, SURREY<br />
|-<br />
| Sahja Haji, LONDON || Litsa Breingan, LONDON<br />
|-<br />
| Paul Dotteridge, HERTFORDSHIRE || Stephen Metheringham, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE<br />
|-<br />
| Milo Brook, OXFORDSHIRE || Catherine Unsworth, LONDON<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== About the day ==<br />
<br />
===Symposium agenda===<br />
<br />
Download the oral programme 200 KB pdf<br />
<br />
===Keynote speakers and special guests===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''Video presentation''': [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NstzDgR4fE About the British Geological Survey - 175 years of geoscience]||<br />
|-<br />
|Sir David Attenborough wrote and narrated BBC's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snuna3fLYAg Uncovering Our Earliest Ancestor] ||[[File:Attenborough Thumb Copyright IanSalvage.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|Marcia McNutt, USGS Director, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISzUlINbB4o Introduction to The National Map]||[[File:Mcnutt USGS.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|Professor Iain Stewart in the BBC's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kphF71S5F0Q How Earth Made Us]. Iain tells the epic story of how the planet has shaped our history.||[[File:Stewart plymouth.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Presentations ==<br />
<br />
Insert Video: Panel session<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|'''Morning session A'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Opening address || John Ludden, Executive Director, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NstzDgR4fE About the BGS - 175 years of geoscience]|| <br />
|-<br />
| Twenty-first century survey || Denis Peach, Chief Scientist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Acuity, accuracy and application: from systematic geological mapping to responsive 3D+ surveys || Martin Smith, Head Geology & Landscape, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| From watercolour to web || Keith Westhead, Head Knowledge Exchange, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| '''Keynote''': Facing tomorrow’s challenges with integrated science || Marcia McNutt, Director, USGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Morning session B'''||<br />
|-<br />
| OneGeology: improving access to geoscience globally || Ian Jackson, Chief of Operations, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| North American liaisons || Garth Earls, Director, GSNI<br />
|-<br />
| Arabian adventures: geological mapping and climate change in Arabia || Andrew Farrant, Geologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Groundwater animals: extending our understanding of biodiversity in the UK || Louise Maurice, Groundwater ecologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Life just got complicated || Dr Phil Wilby, Geologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Afternoon session A'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Predict or prepare: natural hazards and human disasters || David Kerridge, Head Earth Hazards & Systems, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Groundwater, health and livelihoods in Africa || Alan MacDonald, Hydrogeologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Marine exploration || Robert Gatliff, Head Marine Geoscience, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Carbon capture and storage (CCS):demonstrating the concept || Andy Chadwick, Head CO2 Storage Research, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Future energy: renewable energy dividends from our coal mining legacy || Diarmad Campbell, Chief Geologist, Scotland, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Keynote: The human planet || Iain Stewart, Professor of Geosciences, Communication, University of Plymouth<br />
|-<br />
| '''Afternoon session B'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Malthus revisited? Population growth, environmental change and resource limits || Andrew Bloodworth, Head Minerals & Waste, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Looking forward to making predictions: BGS’s role in the next decade and beyond. || Andrew Hughes, Hydrogeologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Panel session'''||<br />
|-<br />
|Featuring: Sir David Attenborough, Marcia McNutt (Director, USGS) Iain Stewart (Chair), Randy Parrish (Head of NIGL), Kathryn Goodenough (Geologist, BGS), Mike Ellis (Head of Climate Science, BGS).||<br />
|-<br />
|'''Closing remarks'''||<br />
|-<br />
|Closing remarks by Jon Gluyas (BGS Board Chair), and BUFI poster prize presentation.||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx<br />
{{NRW}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Edward Greenly.png|thumb|Edward Greenly]]<br />
<br />
== Edward Greenly (1861–1951) ==<br />
<br />
Cofir am [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Edward Greenly]] yn bennaf am ei arolwg daearegol o Ynys Môn, gwaith y bu wrthi am bron pum mlynedd ar hugain o’i fywyd.<br />
<br />
Image caption: Edward Greenly. Llun trwy garedigrwydd Terry Williams<br />
<br />
== Edward Greenly (1861–1951) ==<br />
<br />
Campwaith pennaf [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Edward Greenly]] oedd cwblhau arolwg daearegol manwl o Ynys Môn. Cyhoeddwyd ''The Geology of Anglesey'' ([https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B01782 Volume 1] and [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B06824 Volume 2]) mewn dwy gyfrol yn 1919 ac yna yn 1920 fap daearegol ar y raddfa un fodfedd i’r filltir. Er bod rhannau o’r gwaith wedi’u diweddaru yn ystod y degawdau dilynol, erys ei astudiaeth yn glasur o fri rhyngwladol.<br />
<br />
=== Mapio Môn ===<br />
<br />
Wrth fapio ynys Môn, gwnaeth Greenly ddefnydd mawr o syniadau tectonig a ddatblygodd wrth iddo fynd i’r afael â gwaith maes cynharach yn Ucheldiroedd yr Alban. Roedd tair prif broblem yn ei wynebu: prinder brigiadau da, yn enwedig mewn ardaloedd mewndirol allweddol bwysig; presenoldeb creigiau gorchuddiol clytiog yn cuddio yn aml y baslawr Cyn-Gambriaidd hŷn; a phresenoldeb toriadau tectonig megis ffawtiau a chylchfaoedd croesrym a oedd yn aml yn rhwystro’r gwaith o gydberthyn gwahanol ddilyniannau o greigiau. Chwaraeodd ei wraig Annie Greenly (Barnard gynt), a oedd yn rhannu ei ddiddordeb mewn daeareg a diwinyddiaeth, rôl hollbwysig drwy baratoi’r mynegai i’w gyfrol.<br />
<br />
Ganed Greenly ym Mryste ac fe’i haddysgwyd yng Ngholeg Clifton. Bu’n fyfyriwr yng Ngholeg y Brifysgol, Llundain, cyn ymuno â’r Arolwg Daearegol yn 1889. Yn gyntaf, bu gofyn iddo baratoi arolwg o Ucheldiroedd gogledd-orllewin yr Alban. Daeth yn ffrind agos ac yn gydweithiwr i [[Benjamin Neeve Peach - biographical information|Ben Peach]] yr oedd ei archwiliadau wedi bod yn gyfrwng i ddatrys adeiledd cymhleth yr Alban (gan gynnwys adnabod a sylweddoli arwyddocâd Gwthiad Moine). Rhoddodd Greenly y gorau i’w waith gyda’r Arolwg yn 1895 er mwyn iddo, o’i ben a’i bastwn ei hun. roi cychwyn ar ei arolwg o Ynys Môn.<br />
<br />
=== Cyfraniadau pwysig i ddaeareg ===<br />
<br />
Yn gydnabyddiaeth am ei gyfraniadau pwysig i ddaeareg, cafodd Edward Greenly ei dderbyn yn aelod er anrhydedd o gymdeithasau daearegol Caeredin a Lerpwl, a Chymdeithas Hynafiaethwyr Môn. Dyfarnwyd iddo Fedal Lyell, fawr ei bri, y Gymdeithas Ddaearegol yn 1920, medal Cymdeithas Ddaearegol Lerpwl yn 1933 a doethuriaeth er anrhydedd Prifysgol Cymru yn 1920.<br />
<br />
Ar y cyd â Howel Williams, cyhoeddodd [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Greenly]] ''Methods of Geological Surveying'' yn 1930 a’i hunangofiant ''A Hand through Time: Memories Romantic'' and ''Geological'' a ymddangosodd yn 1938. Bu farw ym Mangor yn 1951 ac yn briodol iawn fe’i claddwyd ym mynwent Llangristiolus, Ynys Môn. Mae ei fedd wedi’i gyfnodi’n Safle Geoamrywiaeth o Bwysigrwydd Rhanbarthol (RIGS).<br />
== Table ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=Geologists' Association photograph albums [Green bound]=<br />
<br />
These two key albums of the GA focus on photographs of members. <br />
<br />
The first volume contains portraits of early GA members and then photographs of individuals or groups of members taken on GA field excursions 1922–1977. <br />
<br />
The second volume contains photographs of individuals or groups of members taken on GA field excursions 1979 to 1996.<br />
<br />
<br />
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx<br />
= Marine deposits of chromite and olivine off Rum =<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:P936564.jpg|thumb|Geological sketch map of the Rum district, Sheet 60. Based on BGS 1:250 000 Series sheets Tiree and Little Minch, with some additions from the 3rd (1:50 000) edition of Sheet 60 (Rum).]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P936665.jpg|thumb|Chromium and magnesium distribution in surficial marine sediments off Harris, Rum]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P936666.jpg|thumb|Chromium and magnesium distribution in surficial marine sediments off Dibidil, Rum.]]<br />
== Extract from the Rum Memoir ==<br />
<br />
[https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B01904 View original memoir]<br />
<br />
[https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/Memoirs/docs/B01904.html View memoir on Text viewer]<br />
<br />
As Rum is a National Nature Reserve, exploitation of chromite or other ore reserves on land could prove environmentally unacceptable. The marine dispersal of resistate minerals derived by glacial and fluvial erosion of the rocks of the Rum Central Complex has been investigated as a possible alternative for mineral exploitation. Black, heavy mineral sand occurs on the rocky beach in the bay at Harris, although well-defined high-water-mark bands such as are known from the Northumberland coast (Gallagher, 1974) are absent. The inshore area along 28 km of the southern coastline of Rum were surveyed in 1987, between A' Bhrideahach in the west and Loch Scresort in the east (Figure 1) and surficial marine sediment collected at 91 sites in water depths of 50 m or less within 3 km of the shore. After dissolution of shell calcite averaging 20% by weight, analysis of small shipboard samples yielded mean values of 0.12% Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and 3.5% Mg (Table 12).<br />
<br />
(Table 12) Composition of 91 marine sediment samples, southern Rum, analysed by X-ray fluorescence (after calcite dissolution.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Mean(%) !! s (%) !! Max. (%) !! Min. (%)<br />
|-<br />
| Mg || 3.5 || 2.6 || 14 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Ca || 1.7 || 0.82 || 5.3 || 0.47<br />
|-<br />
| Ti || 0.33 || 0.16 || 0.92 || 0.12<br />
|-<br />
| V || 0.009 || 0.005 || 0.29 || 0.001<br />
|-<br />
| Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 0.12 || 0.17 || 1.4 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Fe || 4.0 || 1.8 || 10.6 || 0.72<br />
|}<br />
:s = Standard deviation.<br />
<br />
(Table 13) Average composition of minerals in marine sediments from Harris Bay, Rum.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Chromite !! Olivine !! Clinopyroxene (Ca-rich) !! Orthopyroxene<br />
|-<br />
| N = || 82 || 141 || 40 || 6<br />
|-<br />
| SiO<sub>2</sub> || 0.03 || 40.20 || 51.22 || 54.67<br />
|-<br />
| TiO<sub>2</sub> || 2.69 || 0.03 || 0.94 || 0.38<br />
|-<br />
| Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 19.07 || 0.03 || 3.15 || 0.87<br />
|-<br />
| Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 32.49 || || 0.58 || 0.05<br />
|-<br />
| Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 13.40 || — || — || —<br />
|-<br />
| FeO || 20.60 || 12.33 || 6.07 || 14.25<br />
|-<br />
| MnO || 0.32 || 0.20 || 0.15 || 0.34<br />
|-<br />
| MgO || 10.52 || 47.35 || 16.02 || 28.02<br />
|-<br />
| CaO || 0.01 || 0.08 || 21.11 || 1.42<br />
|-<br />
| Total || 99.13 || 100.22 || 99.24 || 100.00<br />
|-<br />
| Mg* || 47.44 || 87.23 || 82.46 || 77.80<br />
|-<br />
| Cr* || 54.29 || — || — || —<br />
|}<br />
:N: number of analyses<br />
:Mg*- 100 X Mg/ (Mg + Fe2+) Cr* = 100 X Cr/ (Cr + Al)<br />
:Histograms of the compositional variation of olivine and chromite are given by Gallagher et al., 1989 (figs. 5 and 6)<br />
<br />
Relatively high chromium and magnesium values were recognised from two areas representing submarine deltas off Harris and Dibidil; new analyses from these areas are presented in (Figure 64) and (Figure 65). In the bay off Harris, 3 km<sup>2</sup> of sand sampled from the sea-bed surface in a mean water depth of 23 m contained on average 0.24% Cr and 7% Mg after removal of some 18% of shell calcite. The grade of the heavy mineral sands is therefore about 1% of chromite and 25% of forsteritic olivine from the mineral analyses given in (Table 13). It is concluded that tens of thousands of tonnes of chromite and more than 1 million tonnes of olivine and of calcite are present in the topmost 1 m of the Harris delta (utilising 2.2 g.cm<sup>-1</sup> as the wet density). The peak anomaly of 4% chromite and 50% olivine lies 1.8 km offshore.<br />
<br />
A smaller area of 1 km<sup>2</sup> of heavy mineral sand is present up to 1 km off the mouth of the Dibidil River in a mean water depth of 19 m (Figure 64). After dissolution of approximately 30% contained calcite a small number of surface samples from the submarine delta (Gallagher, 1989) average 0.19% Cr, equivalent to about 0.8% chromite, and 4.5% Mg (15–20% of forsteritic olivine). The peak anomaly of 1.2% chromite occurs only 350 m offshore of the mouth of the Dibidil river. The figures indicate 10 000 tonnes of chromite in the top metre of the delta. Other isolated sample sites off south-west and south-east Rum are somewhat anomalous in chromium and magnesium, as might be expected from tidal dispersion, but further sampling will be needed to properly assess their significance.<br />
<br />
A full evaluation of the true lateral extent and thickness of the deposits will require geophysical surveys and drilling of the deltaic sands. Heavy minerals will most likely be concentrated towards the base of the sand accumulations.<br />
<br />
=== Mineralogy ===<br />
The deltaic sediments are well-sorted medium- to fine-grained sands (125–500 pm) highly suitable for beneficiation by density or magnetic methods. The total amount of heavy minerals present increases with decreasing content of shell calcite, a feature which is likely to occur with depth in the deltas, and of quartz and feldspar. In five representative samples the total heavy mineral content ranged from 36 to 94% with olivine dominant, followed by clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene. Chromite-type spinels, magnetite and ilmenite make up 10–15% of the overall heavy-mineral fraction. Traces of platinum, palladium and gold were detected in a few of the samples (Gallagher, 1989).<br />
<br />
From analyses of the main heavy minerals (Table 13), it can be seen that chromite averages 32% Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (10.7–44.4%) and the olivine is forsterite-rich (FO<sub>87</sub>). Detailed investigation of 31 samples from and around the Harris and Dibidil deltas shows that the chromite and olivine, calculated on a calcite-free basis, form 0.22–3.98% and 5–41% respectively (Basham et al., 1989).<br />
<br />
Benificiation trials yielded concentrates of 86% chromite and 78% olivine with recoveries of 60% and 50% respectively. The size range and composition of the olivine in the marine sands compared well with the desired range for refractory use (Griffith, 1984). The iron content of the chromite is higher on average than that of South African chromites (25% FeO); nevertheless, in ferro-chrome production the tendency is towards acceptance of increasingly higher iron content (Power, 1985).<br />
<br />
== Samples ==<br />
<br />
Insert list of samples here<br />
<br />
== Archives == <br />
<br />
BGS Edinburgh Archive Drawer A10 has material relating to Rhum Offshore heavy minerals survey<br />
<br />
== Dr. Mike Gallagher photograph collection of Rum (transparencies) (not online) ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! BGS Image No.!! Caption !! Date<br />
|-<br />
| P100823 || Scotland mineral wealth talk. Coastline of Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102341 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102342 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102343 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102344 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102345 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102346 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102347 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102348 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102349 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102350 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102351 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102352 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102353 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102354 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102355 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102356 || Graph showing make up of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102357 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102358 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102359 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102360 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102361 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102362 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102363 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102364 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102365 || Chromite layer at base of peridotite above allivalite (white) on Hallival. Hallival, Rhum. || 01/04/1985<br />
|-<br />
| P102366 || Generalised map showing the Olivine - Chromium deltas of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102368 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102369 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102370 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102371 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102372 || Geologist takes a break in gorse on hillside. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102373 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102374 || Map of Scotland showing Rhum chromite. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102375 || Geologist on excursion through hills on Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102376 || Drainage basin of Allt nam Ba, Rhum from the sea. Askival (summit) and Askival plateau (in cloud). Allt nam Ba, Rhum. || 01/06/1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102377 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102378 || Rock outcrop on top of hill. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102379 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102380 || Geologists on the summit of Askival??? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102381 || Hallival?? Hallival, Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102382 || View through valley. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102383 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102384 || View of Askival, Rhum. Askival, Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102385 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102386 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102387 || Close up of Tertiary igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102388 || Close up of Tertiary igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102389 || View of raised beach. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102390 || View from summit of ????? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102391 || View through valley. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102392 || Geologists examine a rock outcrop showing layers. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102393 || Geologists examine a rock outcrop showing layers. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102394 || View of raised beach. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102395 || Bouguer Anomaly map of the islands of Rhum, Eigg, Canna and Sanday in the Inner Hebrides. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102396 || Aerial view of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102397 || Outline geology map of Rhum, note Hallival in Eastern Layered Series. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102398 || Solid geology map of Rhum, 1:20,000 scale. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102399 || Map showing Precambrian structure. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102400 || Generalised section of outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102401 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102402 || Map of the geology of the Timmins area.???? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102403 || Geological map of Canada. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102404 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102405 || ELS geology map of eastern Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102406 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102407 || Flow map. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102408 || Map of the geology of the Timmins area.???? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102409 || Inlet on coast of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102410 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102411 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102412 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102413 || View from Harris Bay, Mausoleum in distance. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102414 || Harrisite, found in Harris Bay, Rhum. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102415 || View of Askival from shore. Askival, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102416 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102417 || View over Rhum. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102418 || View of Askival from shore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102419 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102420 || View across Rhum. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102421 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102422 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102423 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102424 || View of the hills, Askival and Hallival Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102425 || Geologists standing in front of Askival and Hallival. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102426 || View of Hallival. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102427 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102428 || View of Inbhir Ghil from cliffs. Inbhir Ghil, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102429 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102430 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102431 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102432 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102433 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102434 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102435 || Geologists on excursion examine the rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102436 || Pier at Loch Scresort, Rhum. Pier, Loch Scresort, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102437 || Geologist on excursion to Rhum, Askival in the distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102438 || Offshore view of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102439 || View from Askival, Rhum out to sea. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102440 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102441 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102442 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102443 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102444 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102445 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102446 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102447 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102448 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102449 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - Cr spinels. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102450 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - chromite. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102451 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - Olivine. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102452 || View of Rhum from deck of ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102453 || View of Rhum from lab on ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102454 || View of Rhum from lab on ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102455 || Presentation slide. Graph of offshore sands showing percentages of calcite and olivine. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102456 || Presentation slide. Table of mineralogical analysis of samples TR1058 and TR1210. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102457 || Presentation slide. Table showing estimation of chromite content from whole-sand chemistry. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102458 || Presentation slide. Pi charts showing mineral composition. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102459 || Presentation slide. Section through Rhum shwing the different Layered Series. (Not BGS). Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102460 || Specimen of rock. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102461 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102462 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102463 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102464 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102465 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102466 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102467 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102468 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102469 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102470 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102471 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102472 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102473 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102474 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102475 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102476 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102477 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102478 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102479 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102480 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102481 || Bay at Harris with Bullough Mausoleum in distance, shallow dipping harrisites. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102482 || Generalised map of Scotland showing chromite areas (Rhum). Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102483 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102484 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102485 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102486 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102487 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102488 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102489 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102490 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102491 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102492 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102493 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102494 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102495 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102496 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102497 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102498 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102499 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102500 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102501 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102502 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102503 || View of Askival on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102504 || View of Askival on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102505 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102506 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102507 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102508 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102509 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102510 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102511 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102512 || View of Kinloch and harbour of Loch Scresort. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102513 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102514 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102515 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102516 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102517 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102518 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102519 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102520 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102521 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102522 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102523 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102524 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102525 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102526 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102527 || View of the lighthouse at Kinloch. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102528 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102529 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102530 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102531 || Boat on Loch Scresort, Kinloch in distance Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102532 || View of Kinloch and harbour of Loch Scresort. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102533 || Cave on coast, Bagh na h-Uamha. Bagh na h-Uamha, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102534 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102535 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102536 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102537 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival in middle of photograph. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102538 || View of Rhum from offshore, Hallival in middle of photograph. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102539 || Cave on coast, Bagh na h-Uamha. Bagh na h-Uamha, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102540 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102541 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102542 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102543 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102544 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102545 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102546 || Excursion members relax on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102547 || Small dinghy sails to Rhum from ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102548 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102549 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102550 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102551 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102552 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102553 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102554 || Church at Kinloch on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102555 || Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102556 || Rhum. || 1987<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
BASHAM, I R, BEDDOE-STEPHENS, B, and MACDONALD, A. 1989. Mineralogical assessment of submarine heavy mineral sands, southern Rhum. British Geological Survey Technical Report, WG/89/26. 12pp.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J. 1974. Rutile and zircon in Northumbrian beach sands. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, (Section B. Applied earth science.), Vol. 83, B97–98.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J. 1989. Marine deposits of olivine and chromite, Inner Hebrides. British Geological Survey Open File Data Package.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J BASHAM, I R, and 10 others. 1989. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B02868 Marine deposits of chromite and olivine, Inner Hebrides of Scotland. British Geological Survey Technical Report, WF/89/13]. British Geological Survey Mineral Reconnaissance Programme Report, No. 106. 20pp.<br />
<br />
GRIFFITHS, J. 1984. Olivine - exchanging new uses for old. Industrial Minerals, September 1984, 65–79.<br />
<br />
POWER, T. 1985. Chromite - the non-metallurgical market. Industrial Minerals, April 1985, 17–51.<br />
<br />
== Songs, ditties, poems, recitations from the Geological Survey Edinburgh Office dinner books ==<br />
<br />
=== Introduction ===<br />
<br />
A brief account of the dining clubs of the Geological Survey can be found here: [[The Royal Hammerers and The Grizzly Bears - the dining clubs of the early Geological Survey]].<br />
This page contains transcriptions of items that were in typescript form. The mostly earlier, handwritten songs etc still await transcription.<br />
<br />
=== The D.G. LSA361.1.101 ===<br />
<br />
(with apologies to R.K. Ford Roberts)<br />
<br />
(Songs of the Survey by a Junior Assistant, No. 4)<br />
<br />
There's a sharpnosed little man, Archie G<br /><br />
Rides the highest horse he can, our DG<br /><br />
And his staff devoutly pray<br /><br />
He the penalty will pay<br /><br />
When it throws him, some fine day, Archie G<br /><br />
Chorus:<br />
His official designation is DG<br />
We await his resignation, eagerly<br /><br />
For his title, you must know<br /><br />
Should be written with an O,<br /><br />
Slipped into the middle - so<br /><br />
D.O.G.<br /><br />
The name his parents called, our DG<br /><br />
Ends appropriately with 'bald', Archie G<br /><br />
Though his father doctored hair<br /><br />
He has little now to spare<br /><br />
As his soul his poll is bare, Archie G<br /><br />
He's half weasel and half rat, our DG<br /><br />
But he can't be called a flat, Archie G<br /><br />
He's a genius, taking pains<br /><br />
And celebrity he gains<br /><br />
Sucking other people's brains, Archie G<br /><br />
When we ask him for PA, our DG<br /><br />
He will have a lot to say, our DG<br /><br />
Tells us not to covet pelf<br /><br />
Throws our 'C forms' on the shelf<br /><br />
'Do you never help yourself Archie G<br /><br />
We've relied upon your word, Archie G<br /><br />
Till we found that course absurd, Archie G<br /><br />
You have lied and relied too<br /><br />
Ananias if he knew,<br /><br />
Would the kettle yield to you, Archie G<br /><br />
<br />
=== Oh, here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne LSA361.2.007 ===<br />
<br />
Oh, here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne,<br /><br />
Slainte and slainte and slainte till morn,<br /><br />
Whatever you’re fate you’re<br /><br />
The dacintest crature<br /><br />
Why there’s no one to bate yer <br /><br />
In this blessed town.<br />
<br />
You may talk o’ them chaps in the Royal Society<br /><br />
All talking rot for to gain notoriety<br /><br />
Faith both for science and modest propriety<br /><br />
Dr. John Horne you make hairs o’them all<br /><br />
Come now I venture to give you my word<br /><br />
Never the like of your logic was heard<br /><br />
from palaeontology<br /><br />
Right through geology<br /><br />
Downto petrology <br /><br />
If you got the call<br />
<br />
Dr. John Horne you’ve a wonderful way with us<br /><br />
Whether you wish to be serious or gay with us<br /><br />
Shure tis <u>we</u> would be plaised if you only could stay with us<br /><br />
You’ve got such a way with you Dr. John Horne<br /><br />
Still though withal you’re so jovial a soul<br /><br />
You’ve got your staff in the grandest control <br /><br />
coaxing the crazy ones<br /><br />
Soothing unaisy ones<br /><br />
Persuading the lazy ones<br /><br />
To come in in the morn.<br />
<br />
So here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne<br /><br />
Slainte and slainte and slainte till morn<br /><br />
Whatever your fate you’re<br /><br />
The dacintest crature<br /><br />
Why there’s no one to bate yer <br /><br />
In this blessed town.<br />
<br />
== The Survey Alphabet LSA361.2.218 ==<br />
<br />
A is for Andy, the first on the list,<br /><br />
Whose "faults" are unproved, though I’m sure they exist.<br />
<br />
B stands for Bailey. ‘Tis well known to all <br /><br />
He could "slide" long ere he had learnt to crawl.<br />
<br />
C is Carruthers, who gives up to corals<br /><br />
the time that should go to improving his morals. <sup>(1)</sup><br />
<br />
D stands for Dinham, with diffidence curet,<br /><br />
I mention him fourth, but he ought to come first. <sup>(2)</sup><br />
<br />
E is for Eyles, quite a recent recruit,<br /><br />
He’s still fairly sane; but in time he will suit.<br />
<br />
F stands for Fairley, that scoundrel who dares <br /><br />
To recast our expenses and challenge our fares.<br />
<br />
G is for Gibson. We can’t hope to find <br /><br />
When he goes, a Director so much to our mind.<br />
<br />
H stands for Haldane. Before the night’s past <br /><br />
We’ll toast the good doctor who treated him last.<br />
<br />
I is our Income, a thing we despise,<br /><br />
For it’s <u>Science</u> that always comes first in our eyes. <sup>(3)</sup><br />
<br />
J is John Horne and I wish that I knew<br /><br />
Where he gets his elixir of youth from. Don’t you?<br />
<br />
K is the knowledge we claim to possess<br /><br />
Of each others failings. It never grows less.<br />
<br />
L is our guest Robert Lunn Were it not <br /><br />
that politeness forbids, I could say quite a lot.<br />
<br />
M is Macgregor who comes from the West, <br /><br />
The other Macgregor? - Well, silence is best.<br />
<br />
N is Nepenthe we drink and forget<br /><br />
The hours spent with Gibson, the "minutes" from Flett.<br />
<br />
O is the "Old Sweat" who concocts fairy tales<br /><br />
There’s one called "The Norite which lived upon Shales"<br />
<br />
P is his Pen-name. I hazard a guess<br /><br />
That it’s not quite unknown to the "Daily Express".<br /><br />
<br />
Q is a Quibble. If I just knew the source<br /><br />
Of this scurrilous verse, I’d Burn-ett of course. <sup>(4)</sup><br />
<br />
R stands for Richey or Ross ~, which you please<br /><br />
There’s nothing too bad could be said about these.<br />
<br />
S stands for Simpson, an Aberdeen loon,<br /><br />
When Wilson’s been mentioned, my task’s over soon.<br />
<br />
T is for Torkington, also for Tait.<br /><br />
Their past life is such as I dare not relate.<br />
<br />
U are the Urgent demands that we get<br /><br />
For the Memoir (by Gibson) on "Cannels and Jet"<br />
<br />
V are the visions we see in our youth,<br /><br />
Embodied on memoirs and quoted as truth.<br />
<br />
W are the wishes we’d all like to write<br /><br />
To the friends who, though absent, are with us to-night.<br />
<br />
X is a symbol we use on our maps,<br /><br />
To convey our immense erudition - perhaps!<br />
<br />
Y are the Youngsters who have joined us of late,<br /><br />
(Dr Lee has just whispered, "Mon Dieu! what a fate".)<br />
<br />
Z stands for Zeolite, Zircon or Zinc.<br /><br />
Mr Chairman, why damn it! it's time for a drink.<br /><br />
<br />
(4)I apologise for the pun. One must make some concession to the English fondness for this peculiar form of humour.<br /><br />
<br />
== Christmas books LSA361.2.037 ==<br />
<br />
101 Bookmarket, <br /><br />
Edinburgh 10th December, l921.<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
Dear Sir,<br />
<br />
The Christmas season is once again with us. It is no doubt your intention to present your wife, your sweetheart, or your Assistant Director with a suitable gift. A new book is always acceptable and you cannot do better than place an order with us for one of the following:<br />
<br />
'''Memoirs of the Geological Survey:'''<br />
<br />
'''Special Report on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain, Vol. 101. Materials suitable for Tombstones.'''<br />
<br />
By .E.M. Anderson & G.V. Wilson. 80 pp. Price 4/6. <br /><br />
"Nature" says: mighty pronouncement on a grave subject".<br />
<br />
'''Vol. 102. Economic Resources of the principal Scottish Golf Courses.'''<br />
<br />
By J.S. Flett, D.Sc., L.L.D., F.R.S., etc., and W.F.P. McLintock, D.Sc.,<br /><br />
300 pp. - Price 25/-.<br /><br />
“The Geological Magazine" says: "The preparation of this volume has clearly been a labour of lore - the authors are thoroughly familiar with every part of the ground they describe".<br />
<br />
'''"The Economic Geology of the Campbeltown Coalfield, Area I".'''<br />
<br />
By B.N. Peach, J. Horne, G. Barrow, H. Kynaston, J.B. Hill, H.M. Cadell, E.H. Cunningham Craig, T.O. Bosworth, H.B. Maufe, C.T. Clough, L.W. Hinxman, R.G. Carruthers, E.M. Anderson, C.H. Dinham, B.Lightfoot, and J.E. Richey; with contributions by G.W. Grabham, J.S. Grant Wilson, S.B. Wilkinson , M. Macgregor and E.B. Bailey; and an appendix by G.W. Lee. 16 pp. Price 9d.<br />
<br />
'''"The Slatyband Ironstones of Lanarkshire" Vol. II, Introduction (continued) and Historical Notes, (Part 1). By C.H. Dinham, B.A.,'''<br />
<br />
This work is to be completed in 40 volumes, the last of which, containing Index and Tables of Errata, will be issued in the spring of 1956 Price 8/6 a volume or you can subscribe now for the full set by a cash payment of £20.<br />
<br />
'''New Books:'''<br />
<br />
'''"The Contamination of Modern Society by Capitalism". By H.H. Read.'''<br />
<br />
The Daily Express, says: "A new volume from the pen of a well-known contributor to our pages. Mr. Read here breaks new ground as an exponent of Guild Socialism. He maintains his thesis cleverly, but we would remind him that indignation is not proof nor invective argument". <br /><br />
"Modern poets and Old Furniture". By R.G. Carruthers.<br />
<br />
"The Times Literary Supplement" says: We have enjoyed this book very much - the author is never afraid to say exactly what he thinks". <br /><br />
"Through the Windows of Etive or what I saw in Argyllshire" By E.B. Bailey<br />
<br />
"The ‘Spectator" says: We predict a great success for this book. Nothing like it has appeared since "Alice in Wonderland".<br />
<br />
'''"Occasional Verses" By M; Macgregor.'''<br />
<br />
"The Glasgow Herald" says: This is a case where criticism is superfluous. We only need quote Mr Macgregor’s:<br />
<br />
<u>Lines to a Memoir.</u><br />
<br />
<u>1. Before publication</u>.<br />
<br />
The moving fingers write; and, being writ<br /><br />
The Memoir’ goes to press. Not all thy wit<br /><br />
Shall lure it back to cancel half a line<br /><br />
Not all thy tears wash out a word of it.<br />
<br />
<u>2. After publication</u>.<br />
<br />
I hardly think that it will ere be read.<br /><br />
The rose soon withers when its bloom is shed,<br /><br />
And every gem of style my Memoir were<br /><br />
Has been excised by some unkindly Head.<br /><br />
<br />
We shall be very glad to show you copies of the above, if your official duties allow you time to call.<br />
<br />
We are, Sir,<br />
<br />
Yours truly, <br />
<br />
Messrs. Grin and Price.<br />
<br />
== The Survey Alphabet LSA361.2.218 ==<br />
<br />
A is for Andy, the first on the list,<br /><br />
Whose "faults" are unproved, though I’m sure they exist.<br />
<br />
B stands for Bailey. ‘Tis well known to all <br /><br />
He could "slide" long ere he had learnt to crawl.<br />
<br />
C is Carruthers, who gives up to corals<br /><br />
the time that should go to improving his morals. <sup>(1)</sup><br />
<br />
D stands for Dinham, with diffidence curet,<br /><br />
I mention him fourth, but he ought to come first. <sup>(2)</sup><br />
<br />
E is for Eyles, quite a recent recruit,<br /><br />
He’s still fairly sane; but in time he will suit.<br />
<br />
F stands for Fairley, that scoundrel who dares <br /><br />
To recast our expenses and challenge our fares.<br />
<br />
G is for Gibson. We can’t hope to find <br /><br />
When he goes, a Director so much to our mind.<br />
<br />
H stands for Haldane. Before the night’s past <br /><br />
We’ll toast the good doctor who treated him last.<br />
<br />
I is our Income, a thing we despise,<br /><br />
For it’s <u>Science</u> that always comes first in our eyes. <sup>(3)</sup><br />
<br />
J is John Horne and I wish that I knew<br /><br />
Where he gets his elixir of youth from. Don’t you?<br />
<br />
K is the knowledge we claim to possess<br /><br />
Of each others failings. It never grows less.<br />
<br />
L is our guest Robert Lunn Were it not <br /><br />
that politeness forbids, I could say quite a lot.<br />
<br />
M is Macgregor who comes from the West, <br /><br />
The other Macgregor? - Well, silence is best.<br />
<br />
N is Nepenthe we drink and forget<br /><br />
The hours spent with Gibson, the "minutes" from Flett.<br />
<br />
O is the "Old Sweat" who concocts fairy tales<br /><br />
There’s one called "The Norite which lived upon Shales"<br />
<br />
P is his Pen-name. I hazard a guess<br /><br />
That it’s not quite unknown to the "Daily Express". <br /><br />
<br />
Q is a Quibble. If I just knew the source<br /><br />
Of this scurrilous verse, I’d Burn-ett of course. <sup>(4)</sup><br />
<br />
R stands for Richey or Ross ~, which you please<br /><br />
There’s nothing too bad could be said about these.<br />
<br />
S stands for Simpson, an Aberdeen loon,<br /><br />
When Wilson’s been mentioned, my task’s over soon.<br />
<br />
T is for Torkington, also for Tait.<br /><br />
Their past life is such as I dare not relate.<br />
<br />
U are the Urgent demands that we get<br /><br />
For the Memoir (by Gibson) on "Cannels and Jet"<br />
<br />
V are the visions we see in our youth,<br /><br />
Embodied on memoirs and quoted as truth.<br />
<br />
W are the wishes we’d all like to write<br /><br />
To the friends who, though absent, are with us to-night.<br />
<br />
X is a symbol we use on our maps,<br /><br />
To convey our immense erudition - perhaps!<br />
<br />
Y are the Youngsters who have joined us of late,<br /><br />
(Dr Lee has just whispered, "Mon Dieu! what a fate".)<br />
<br />
Z stands for Zeolite, Zircon or Zinc.<br /><br />
Mr Chairman, why damn it! it's time for a drink.<br /><br />
<br />
(4)I apologise for the pun. One must make some concession to the English fondness for this peculiar form of humour.<br /><br />
<br />
== McCall ==<br />
https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=User:Scotfot/sandbox_2&diff=58731
User:Scotfot/sandbox 2
2023-06-29T08:27:40Z
<p>Scotfot: </p>
<hr />
<div>Test link to https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome<br />
<br />
<br />
== Geological Survey of Ireland 1:63,360 maps ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
| align=center| '''Sheet number'''<br />
| align=center| '''Sheet name'''<br />
| align=center| '''Publication date'''<br />
| align=center| '''Statement of responsibility'''<br />
| align=center| '''Map'''<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;1<br />
|| Malin Head<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| R.J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR001A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;2<br />
|| Glengad Head<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Richard J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR002A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;3<br />
|| Tory Island<br />
|| February 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR003A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;4<br />
|| Dunfanaghy<br />
|| July 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan, R.J. Cruise F. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR004A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;5<br />
|| Carndonagh<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Richard J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR005A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;6<br />
|| Moville<br />
|| June 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan, R.J. Cruise, F.W. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR006A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;7<br />
|| Giant's Causeway<br />
|| August 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes, F.W. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR007A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;8<br />
|| Ballycastle<br />
|| August 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and Alex. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR008A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;8<br />
|| Ballycastle<br />
|| 1907<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and Alex. McHenry. Carboniferous boundary revised in 1906 by Alex. McHenry (also minor revisions) Edition of 1907.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR008B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;9<br />
|| Gweedore<br />
|| October 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Joseph Nolan, F.W. Egan and J.R. Kilroe.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR009A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;10<br />
|| Kilmacrenan<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR010A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;11<br />
|| Londonderry<br />
|| February 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, J. Nolan and R.J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR011A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;12<br />
|| Newtown Limavady<br />
|| October 1884<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR012A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;13<br />
|| Coleraine<br />
|| November 1883<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR013A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;13<br />
|| Coleraine<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;14<br />
|| Cushendall<br />
|| June 1886<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR014A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;14<br />
|| Cushendall<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and A. McHenry. Re-edited 1913.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR014B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;15<br />
|| Dunglow<br />
|| April 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J.R. Kilroe, A. McHenry and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR015A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;16<br />
|| Letterkenny<br />
|| May 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, F.W. Egan, A. McHenry and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR016A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;17<br />
|| Strabane<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR017A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;18<br />
|| Dungiven<br />
|| September 1884<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR018A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;19<br />
|| Maghera<br />
|| December 1882<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan and W.A. Traill.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR019A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;20<br />
|| Ballymena<br />
|| October 1883<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and W.A. Traill.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR020A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;20<br />
|| Ballymena<br />
|| 1969<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and W.A. Traill. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland [Print code] 50/69.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR020B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| October 1869<br />
|| Surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1883<br />
|| Surveyed by Geo.V. Du Noyer. Revised 1883. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 3/0 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1889<br />
|| Surveyed by Geo.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1947<br />
|| Surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer. Revised 1883 [Print code] 60/4/47.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;22<br />
|| Glen Bay<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR022A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;23<br />
|| Glenties<br />
|| 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR023A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| June 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 8/3 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1891<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Revised for Archaean rocks<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1914<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1965<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Re-edited 1914. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. 1965. [Print code] 60/65.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;25<br />
|| Newtown Stewart<br />
|| December 1886<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by S.B. Wilkinson, F.W. Egan and J.R. Kilroe.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR025A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;26<br />
|| Draperstown<br />
|| October 1882<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR026A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;26<br />
|| Draperstown<br />
|| 1963<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. [Print code] 60/63.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR026B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;27<br />
|| Cookstown<br />
|| May 1880<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR027A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;27<br />
|| Cookstown<br />
|| 1966<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. [Print code] 60/66<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR027B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;28<br />
|| Antrim<br />
|| October 1874<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer and W.E.L.E. Duffin.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR028A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| December 1869<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer. Notes to the fossil localities by W.H. Baily.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1883<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1898<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer. Revised edition published 1883. The Silurian area revised by F.W. Egan 1898.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1898<br />
|| Revised edition published 1883. The Silurian area revised by F.W. Egan 1898. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 3/9 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029C_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;30<br />
|| Kilcar<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR030A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| November 1888<br />
|| Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell. Metamorphic rocks east of Ballyshannon revised in 1890 by A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell. Metamorphic rocks west of Ballyshannon revised in 1890 by A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031C_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;32<br />
|| Pettigoe<br />
|| November 1885<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes, S.B. Wilkinson and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR032A_001 View map]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
= BGS175: 175th Anniversary Science Symposium of the founding of the British Geological Survey, 28th September, Royal Institution, London =<br />
<br />
The British Geological Survey is the world's oldest national geological survey and commemorated its 175th anniversary in 2010.<br />
<br />
The event was marked by a one-day science symposium on 28 September 2010.<br />
<br />
The symposium showcased our world-class science and technologies, demonstrating their relevance, societal benefits and positive impacts in addressing 21st century challenges; including living with environmental change, energy and natural resource security, rising CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and geohazards.<br />
<br />
* Peak metal: Scarcity of supply or scare story?<br />
* Bronze Age Mediterraneans may have visited Stonehenge<br />
* Modelling of Icelandic volcanic ash particles<br />
<br />
The event was attended by influential stakeholders including representatives from government, industry, academia, international geological surveys, students and the national media.<br />
<br />
Guest speakers included Dr Marcia McNutt, and [https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/staff/iain-stewart Professor Iain Stewart].<br />
<br />
Britain's best-known natural history film-maker, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Attenborough Sir David Attenborough], featured in the panel discussion to close the symposium.<br />
<br />
About the British Geological Survey, 2010.<br />
<br />
== Win a place at BGS175 ==<br />
<br />
The winners of a VIP day at the science symposium, featuring Sir David Attenborough, are listed in the table below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Jonathan Wyatt, SHROPSHIRE || Paul Colinese, LONDON<br />
|-<br />
| John Williams, SURREY || Sophie Hibben, KENT<br />
|-<br />
| Lisa Allan, LONDON || Rob Flanders, CHESHIRE<br />
|-<br />
| Vince Piper, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE || Steven Cadman, SURREY<br />
|-<br />
| Sahja Haji, LONDON || Litsa Breingan, LONDON<br />
|-<br />
| Paul Dotteridge, HERTFORDSHIRE || Stephen Metheringham, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE<br />
|-<br />
| Milo Brook, OXFORDSHIRE || Catherine Unsworth, LONDON<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== About the day ==<br />
<br />
===Symposium agenda===<br />
<br />
Download the oral programme 200 KB pdf<br />
<br />
===Keynote speakers and special guests===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''Video presentation''': [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NstzDgR4fE About the British Geological Survey - 175 years of geoscience]||<br />
|-<br />
|Sir David Attenborough wrote and narrated BBC's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snuna3fLYAg Uncovering Our Earliest Ancestor] ||[[File:Attenborough Thumb Copyright IanSalvage.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|Marcia McNutt, USGS Director, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISzUlINbB4o Introduction to The National Map]||[[File:Mcnutt USGS.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|Professor Iain Stewart in the BBC's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kphF71S5F0Q How Earth Made Us]. Iain tells the epic story of how the planet has shaped our history.||[[File:Stewart plymouth.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Presentations ==<br />
<br />
Insert Video: Panel session<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|'''Morning session A'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Opening address || John Ludden, Executive Director, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NstzDgR4fE About the BGS - 175 years of geoscience]|| <br />
|-<br />
| Twenty-first century survey || Denis Peach, Chief Scientist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Acuity, accuracy and application: from systematic geological mapping to responsive 3D+ surveys || Martin Smith, Head Geology & Landscape, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| From watercolour to web || Keith Westhead, Head Knowledge Exchange, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| '''Keynote''': Facing tomorrow’s challenges with integrated science || Marcia McNutt, Director, USGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Morning session B'''||<br />
|-<br />
| OneGeology: improving access to geoscience globally || Ian Jackson, Chief of Operations, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| North American liaisons || Garth Earls, Director, GSNI<br />
|-<br />
| Arabian adventures: geological mapping and climate change in Arabia || Andrew Farrant, Geologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Groundwater animals: extending our understanding of biodiversity in the UK || Louise Maurice, Groundwater ecologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Life just got complicated || Dr Phil Wilby, Geologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Afternoon session A'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Predict or prepare: natural hazards and human disasters || David Kerridge, Head Earth Hazards & Systems, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Groundwater, health and livelihoods in Africa || Alan MacDonald, Hydrogeologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Marine exploration || Robert Gatliff, Head Marine Geoscience, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Carbon capture and storage (CCS):demonstrating the concept || Andy Chadwick, Head CO2 Storage Research, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Future energy: renewable energy dividends from our coal mining legacy || Diarmad Campbell, Chief Geologist, Scotland, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Keynote: The human planet || Iain Stewart, Professor of Geosciences, Communication, University of Plymouth<br />
|-<br />
| '''Afternoon session B'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Malthus revisited? Population growth, environmental change and resource limits || Andrew Bloodworth, Head Minerals & Waste, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Looking forward to making predictions: BGS’s role in the next decade and beyond. || Andrew Hughes, Hydrogeologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Panel session'''||<br />
|-<br />
|Featuring: Sir David Attenborough, Marcia McNutt (Director, USGS) Iain Stewart (Chair), Randy Parrish (Head of NIGL), Kathryn Goodenough (Geologist, BGS), Mike Ellis (Head of Climate Science, BGS).||<br />
|-<br />
|'''Closing remarks'''||<br />
|-<br />
|Closing remarks by Jon Gluyas (BGS Board Chair), and BUFI poster prize presentation.||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx<br />
{{NRW}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Edward Greenly.png|thumb|Edward Greenly]]<br />
<br />
== Edward Greenly (1861–1951) ==<br />
<br />
Cofir am [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Edward Greenly]] yn bennaf am ei arolwg daearegol o Ynys Môn, gwaith y bu wrthi am bron pum mlynedd ar hugain o’i fywyd.<br />
<br />
Image caption: Edward Greenly. Llun trwy garedigrwydd Terry Williams<br />
<br />
== Edward Greenly (1861–1951) ==<br />
<br />
Campwaith pennaf [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Edward Greenly]] oedd cwblhau arolwg daearegol manwl o Ynys Môn. Cyhoeddwyd ''The Geology of Anglesey'' ([https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B01782 Volume 1] and [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B06824 Volume 2]) mewn dwy gyfrol yn 1919 ac yna yn 1920 fap daearegol ar y raddfa un fodfedd i’r filltir. Er bod rhannau o’r gwaith wedi’u diweddaru yn ystod y degawdau dilynol, erys ei astudiaeth yn glasur o fri rhyngwladol.<br />
<br />
=== Mapio Môn ===<br />
<br />
Wrth fapio ynys Môn, gwnaeth Greenly ddefnydd mawr o syniadau tectonig a ddatblygodd wrth iddo fynd i’r afael â gwaith maes cynharach yn Ucheldiroedd yr Alban. Roedd tair prif broblem yn ei wynebu: prinder brigiadau da, yn enwedig mewn ardaloedd mewndirol allweddol bwysig; presenoldeb creigiau gorchuddiol clytiog yn cuddio yn aml y baslawr Cyn-Gambriaidd hŷn; a phresenoldeb toriadau tectonig megis ffawtiau a chylchfaoedd croesrym a oedd yn aml yn rhwystro’r gwaith o gydberthyn gwahanol ddilyniannau o greigiau. Chwaraeodd ei wraig Annie Greenly (Barnard gynt), a oedd yn rhannu ei ddiddordeb mewn daeareg a diwinyddiaeth, rôl hollbwysig drwy baratoi’r mynegai i’w gyfrol.<br />
<br />
Ganed Greenly ym Mryste ac fe’i haddysgwyd yng Ngholeg Clifton. Bu’n fyfyriwr yng Ngholeg y Brifysgol, Llundain, cyn ymuno â’r Arolwg Daearegol yn 1889. Yn gyntaf, bu gofyn iddo baratoi arolwg o Ucheldiroedd gogledd-orllewin yr Alban. Daeth yn ffrind agos ac yn gydweithiwr i [[Benjamin Neeve Peach - biographical information|Ben Peach]] yr oedd ei archwiliadau wedi bod yn gyfrwng i ddatrys adeiledd cymhleth yr Alban (gan gynnwys adnabod a sylweddoli arwyddocâd Gwthiad Moine). Rhoddodd Greenly y gorau i’w waith gyda’r Arolwg yn 1895 er mwyn iddo, o’i ben a’i bastwn ei hun. roi cychwyn ar ei arolwg o Ynys Môn.<br />
<br />
=== Cyfraniadau pwysig i ddaeareg ===<br />
<br />
Yn gydnabyddiaeth am ei gyfraniadau pwysig i ddaeareg, cafodd Edward Greenly ei dderbyn yn aelod er anrhydedd o gymdeithasau daearegol Caeredin a Lerpwl, a Chymdeithas Hynafiaethwyr Môn. Dyfarnwyd iddo Fedal Lyell, fawr ei bri, y Gymdeithas Ddaearegol yn 1920, medal Cymdeithas Ddaearegol Lerpwl yn 1933 a doethuriaeth er anrhydedd Prifysgol Cymru yn 1920.<br />
<br />
Ar y cyd â Howel Williams, cyhoeddodd [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Greenly]] ''Methods of Geological Surveying'' yn 1930 a’i hunangofiant ''A Hand through Time: Memories Romantic'' and ''Geological'' a ymddangosodd yn 1938. Bu farw ym Mangor yn 1951 ac yn briodol iawn fe’i claddwyd ym mynwent Llangristiolus, Ynys Môn. Mae ei fedd wedi’i gyfnodi’n Safle Geoamrywiaeth o Bwysigrwydd Rhanbarthol (RIGS).<br />
== Table ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=Geologists' Association photograph albums [Green bound]=<br />
<br />
These two key albums of the GA focus on photographs of members. <br />
<br />
The first volume contains portraits of early GA members and then photographs of individuals or groups of members taken on GA field excursions 1922–1977. <br />
<br />
The second volume contains photographs of individuals or groups of members taken on GA field excursions 1979 to 1996.<br />
<br />
<br />
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx<br />
= Marine deposits of chromite and olivine off Rum =<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:P936564.jpg|thumb|Geological sketch map of the Rum district, Sheet 60. Based on BGS 1:250 000 Series sheets Tiree and Little Minch, with some additions from the 3rd (1:50 000) edition of Sheet 60 (Rum).]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P936665.jpg|thumb|Chromium and magnesium distribution in surficial marine sediments off Harris, Rum]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P936666.jpg|thumb|Chromium and magnesium distribution in surficial marine sediments off Dibidil, Rum.]]<br />
== Extract from the Rum Memoir ==<br />
<br />
[https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B01904 View original memoir]<br />
<br />
[https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/Memoirs/docs/B01904.html View memoir on Text viewer]<br />
<br />
As Rum is a National Nature Reserve, exploitation of chromite or other ore reserves on land could prove environmentally unacceptable. The marine dispersal of resistate minerals derived by glacial and fluvial erosion of the rocks of the Rum Central Complex has been investigated as a possible alternative for mineral exploitation. Black, heavy mineral sand occurs on the rocky beach in the bay at Harris, although well-defined high-water-mark bands such as are known from the Northumberland coast (Gallagher, 1974) are absent. The inshore area along 28 km of the southern coastline of Rum were surveyed in 1987, between A' Bhrideahach in the west and Loch Scresort in the east (Figure 1) and surficial marine sediment collected at 91 sites in water depths of 50 m or less within 3 km of the shore. After dissolution of shell calcite averaging 20% by weight, analysis of small shipboard samples yielded mean values of 0.12% Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and 3.5% Mg (Table 12).<br />
<br />
(Table 12) Composition of 91 marine sediment samples, southern Rum, analysed by X-ray fluorescence (after calcite dissolution.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Mean(%) !! s (%) !! Max. (%) !! Min. (%)<br />
|-<br />
| Mg || 3.5 || 2.6 || 14 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Ca || 1.7 || 0.82 || 5.3 || 0.47<br />
|-<br />
| Ti || 0.33 || 0.16 || 0.92 || 0.12<br />
|-<br />
| V || 0.009 || 0.005 || 0.29 || 0.001<br />
|-<br />
| Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 0.12 || 0.17 || 1.4 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Fe || 4.0 || 1.8 || 10.6 || 0.72<br />
|}<br />
:s = Standard deviation.<br />
<br />
(Table 13) Average composition of minerals in marine sediments from Harris Bay, Rum.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Chromite !! Olivine !! Clinopyroxene (Ca-rich) !! Orthopyroxene<br />
|-<br />
| N = || 82 || 141 || 40 || 6<br />
|-<br />
| SiO<sub>2</sub> || 0.03 || 40.20 || 51.22 || 54.67<br />
|-<br />
| TiO<sub>2</sub> || 2.69 || 0.03 || 0.94 || 0.38<br />
|-<br />
| Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 19.07 || 0.03 || 3.15 || 0.87<br />
|-<br />
| Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 32.49 || || 0.58 || 0.05<br />
|-<br />
| Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 13.40 || — || — || —<br />
|-<br />
| FeO || 20.60 || 12.33 || 6.07 || 14.25<br />
|-<br />
| MnO || 0.32 || 0.20 || 0.15 || 0.34<br />
|-<br />
| MgO || 10.52 || 47.35 || 16.02 || 28.02<br />
|-<br />
| CaO || 0.01 || 0.08 || 21.11 || 1.42<br />
|-<br />
| Total || 99.13 || 100.22 || 99.24 || 100.00<br />
|-<br />
| Mg* || 47.44 || 87.23 || 82.46 || 77.80<br />
|-<br />
| Cr* || 54.29 || — || — || —<br />
|}<br />
:N: number of analyses<br />
:Mg*- 100 X Mg/ (Mg + Fe2+) Cr* = 100 X Cr/ (Cr + Al)<br />
:Histograms of the compositional variation of olivine and chromite are given by Gallagher et al., 1989 (figs. 5 and 6)<br />
<br />
Relatively high chromium and magnesium values were recognised from two areas representing submarine deltas off Harris and Dibidil; new analyses from these areas are presented in (Figure 64) and (Figure 65). In the bay off Harris, 3 km<sup>2</sup> of sand sampled from the sea-bed surface in a mean water depth of 23 m contained on average 0.24% Cr and 7% Mg after removal of some 18% of shell calcite. The grade of the heavy mineral sands is therefore about 1% of chromite and 25% of forsteritic olivine from the mineral analyses given in (Table 13). It is concluded that tens of thousands of tonnes of chromite and more than 1 million tonnes of olivine and of calcite are present in the topmost 1 m of the Harris delta (utilising 2.2 g.cm<sup>-1</sup> as the wet density). The peak anomaly of 4% chromite and 50% olivine lies 1.8 km offshore.<br />
<br />
A smaller area of 1 km<sup>2</sup> of heavy mineral sand is present up to 1 km off the mouth of the Dibidil River in a mean water depth of 19 m (Figure 64). After dissolution of approximately 30% contained calcite a small number of surface samples from the submarine delta (Gallagher, 1989) average 0.19% Cr, equivalent to about 0.8% chromite, and 4.5% Mg (15–20% of forsteritic olivine). The peak anomaly of 1.2% chromite occurs only 350 m offshore of the mouth of the Dibidil river. The figures indicate 10 000 tonnes of chromite in the top metre of the delta. Other isolated sample sites off south-west and south-east Rum are somewhat anomalous in chromium and magnesium, as might be expected from tidal dispersion, but further sampling will be needed to properly assess their significance.<br />
<br />
A full evaluation of the true lateral extent and thickness of the deposits will require geophysical surveys and drilling of the deltaic sands. Heavy minerals will most likely be concentrated towards the base of the sand accumulations.<br />
<br />
=== Mineralogy ===<br />
The deltaic sediments are well-sorted medium- to fine-grained sands (125–500 pm) highly suitable for beneficiation by density or magnetic methods. The total amount of heavy minerals present increases with decreasing content of shell calcite, a feature which is likely to occur with depth in the deltas, and of quartz and feldspar. In five representative samples the total heavy mineral content ranged from 36 to 94% with olivine dominant, followed by clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene. Chromite-type spinels, magnetite and ilmenite make up 10–15% of the overall heavy-mineral fraction. Traces of platinum, palladium and gold were detected in a few of the samples (Gallagher, 1989).<br />
<br />
From analyses of the main heavy minerals (Table 13), it can be seen that chromite averages 32% Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (10.7–44.4%) and the olivine is forsterite-rich (FO<sub>87</sub>). Detailed investigation of 31 samples from and around the Harris and Dibidil deltas shows that the chromite and olivine, calculated on a calcite-free basis, form 0.22–3.98% and 5–41% respectively (Basham et al., 1989).<br />
<br />
Benificiation trials yielded concentrates of 86% chromite and 78% olivine with recoveries of 60% and 50% respectively. The size range and composition of the olivine in the marine sands compared well with the desired range for refractory use (Griffith, 1984). The iron content of the chromite is higher on average than that of South African chromites (25% FeO); nevertheless, in ferro-chrome production the tendency is towards acceptance of increasingly higher iron content (Power, 1985).<br />
<br />
== Samples ==<br />
<br />
Insert list of samples here<br />
<br />
== Archives == <br />
<br />
BGS Edinburgh Archive Drawer A10 has material relating to Rhum Offshore heavy minerals survey<br />
<br />
== Dr. Mike Gallagher photograph collection of Rum (transparencies) (not online) ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! BGS Image No.!! Caption !! Date<br />
|-<br />
| P100823 || Scotland mineral wealth talk. Coastline of Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102341 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102342 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102343 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102344 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102345 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102346 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102347 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102348 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102349 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102350 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102351 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102352 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102353 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102354 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102355 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102356 || Graph showing make up of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102357 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102358 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102359 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102360 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102361 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102362 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102363 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102364 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102365 || Chromite layer at base of peridotite above allivalite (white) on Hallival. Hallival, Rhum. || 01/04/1985<br />
|-<br />
| P102366 || Generalised map showing the Olivine - Chromium deltas of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102368 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102369 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102370 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102371 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102372 || Geologist takes a break in gorse on hillside. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102373 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102374 || Map of Scotland showing Rhum chromite. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102375 || Geologist on excursion through hills on Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102376 || Drainage basin of Allt nam Ba, Rhum from the sea. Askival (summit) and Askival plateau (in cloud). Allt nam Ba, Rhum. || 01/06/1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102377 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102378 || Rock outcrop on top of hill. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102379 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102380 || Geologists on the summit of Askival??? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102381 || Hallival?? Hallival, Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102382 || View through valley. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102383 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102384 || View of Askival, Rhum. Askival, Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102385 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102386 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102387 || Close up of Tertiary igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102388 || Close up of Tertiary igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102389 || View of raised beach. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102390 || View from summit of ????? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102391 || View through valley. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102392 || Geologists examine a rock outcrop showing layers. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102393 || Geologists examine a rock outcrop showing layers. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102394 || View of raised beach. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102395 || Bouguer Anomaly map of the islands of Rhum, Eigg, Canna and Sanday in the Inner Hebrides. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102396 || Aerial view of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102397 || Outline geology map of Rhum, note Hallival in Eastern Layered Series. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102398 || Solid geology map of Rhum, 1:20,000 scale. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102399 || Map showing Precambrian structure. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102400 || Generalised section of outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102401 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102402 || Map of the geology of the Timmins area.???? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102403 || Geological map of Canada. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102404 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102405 || ELS geology map of eastern Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102406 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102407 || Flow map. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102408 || Map of the geology of the Timmins area.???? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102409 || Inlet on coast of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102410 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102411 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102412 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102413 || View from Harris Bay, Mausoleum in distance. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102414 || Harrisite, found in Harris Bay, Rhum. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102415 || View of Askival from shore. Askival, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102416 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102417 || View over Rhum. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102418 || View of Askival from shore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102419 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102420 || View across Rhum. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102421 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102422 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102423 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102424 || View of the hills, Askival and Hallival Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102425 || Geologists standing in front of Askival and Hallival. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102426 || View of Hallival. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102427 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102428 || View of Inbhir Ghil from cliffs. Inbhir Ghil, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102429 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102430 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102431 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102432 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102433 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102434 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102435 || Geologists on excursion examine the rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102436 || Pier at Loch Scresort, Rhum. Pier, Loch Scresort, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102437 || Geologist on excursion to Rhum, Askival in the distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102438 || Offshore view of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102439 || View from Askival, Rhum out to sea. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102440 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102441 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102442 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102443 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102444 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102445 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102446 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102447 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102448 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102449 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - Cr spinels. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102450 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - chromite. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102451 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - Olivine. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102452 || View of Rhum from deck of ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102453 || View of Rhum from lab on ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102454 || View of Rhum from lab on ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102455 || Presentation slide. Graph of offshore sands showing percentages of calcite and olivine. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102456 || Presentation slide. Table of mineralogical analysis of samples TR1058 and TR1210. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102457 || Presentation slide. Table showing estimation of chromite content from whole-sand chemistry. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102458 || Presentation slide. Pi charts showing mineral composition. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102459 || Presentation slide. Section through Rhum shwing the different Layered Series. (Not BGS). Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102460 || Specimen of rock. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102461 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102462 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102463 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102464 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102465 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102466 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102467 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102468 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102469 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102470 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102471 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102472 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102473 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102474 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102475 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102476 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102477 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102478 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102479 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102480 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102481 || Bay at Harris with Bullough Mausoleum in distance, shallow dipping harrisites. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102482 || Generalised map of Scotland showing chromite areas (Rhum). Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102483 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102484 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102485 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102486 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102487 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102488 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102489 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102490 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102491 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102492 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102493 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102494 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102495 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102496 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102497 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102498 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102499 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102500 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102501 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102502 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102503 || View of Askival on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102504 || View of Askival on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102505 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102506 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102507 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102508 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102509 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102510 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102511 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102512 || View of Kinloch and harbour of Loch Scresort. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102513 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102514 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102515 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102516 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102517 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102518 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102519 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102520 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102521 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102522 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102523 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102524 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102525 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102526 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102527 || View of the lighthouse at Kinloch. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102528 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102529 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102530 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102531 || Boat on Loch Scresort, Kinloch in distance Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102532 || View of Kinloch and harbour of Loch Scresort. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102533 || Cave on coast, Bagh na h-Uamha. Bagh na h-Uamha, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102534 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102535 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102536 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102537 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival in middle of photograph. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102538 || View of Rhum from offshore, Hallival in middle of photograph. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102539 || Cave on coast, Bagh na h-Uamha. Bagh na h-Uamha, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102540 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102541 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102542 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102543 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102544 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102545 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102546 || Excursion members relax on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102547 || Small dinghy sails to Rhum from ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102548 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102549 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102550 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102551 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102552 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102553 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102554 || Church at Kinloch on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102555 || Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102556 || Rhum. || 1987<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
BASHAM, I R, BEDDOE-STEPHENS, B, and MACDONALD, A. 1989. Mineralogical assessment of submarine heavy mineral sands, southern Rhum. British Geological Survey Technical Report, WG/89/26. 12pp.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J. 1974. Rutile and zircon in Northumbrian beach sands. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, (Section B. Applied earth science.), Vol. 83, B97–98.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J. 1989. Marine deposits of olivine and chromite, Inner Hebrides. British Geological Survey Open File Data Package.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J BASHAM, I R, and 10 others. 1989. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B02868 Marine deposits of chromite and olivine, Inner Hebrides of Scotland. British Geological Survey Technical Report, WF/89/13]. British Geological Survey Mineral Reconnaissance Programme Report, No. 106. 20pp.<br />
<br />
GRIFFITHS, J. 1984. Olivine - exchanging new uses for old. Industrial Minerals, September 1984, 65–79.<br />
<br />
POWER, T. 1985. Chromite - the non-metallurgical market. Industrial Minerals, April 1985, 17–51.<br />
<br />
== Songs, ditties, poems, recitations from the Geological Survey Edinburgh Office dinner books ==<br />
<br />
=== Introduction ===<br />
<br />
A brief account of the dining clubs of the Geological Survey can be found here: [[The Royal Hammerers and The Grizzly Bears - the dining clubs of the early Geological Survey]].<br />
This page contains transcriptions of items that were in typescript form. The mostly earlier, handwritten songs etc still await transcription.<br />
<br />
=== The D.G. LSA361.1.101 ===<br />
<br />
(with apologies to R.K. Ford Roberts)<br />
<br />
(Songs of the Survey by a Junior Assistant, No. 4)<br />
<br />
There's a sharpnosed little man, Archie G<br /><br />
Rides the highest horse he can, our DG<br /><br />
And his staff devoutly pray<br /><br />
He the penalty will pay<br /><br />
When it throws him, some fine day, Archie G<br /><br />
Chorus:<br />
His official designation is DG<br />
We await his resignation, eagerly<br /><br />
For his title, you must know<br /><br />
Should be written with an O,<br /><br />
Slipped into the middle - so<br /><br />
D.O.G.<br /><br />
The name his parents called, our DG<br /><br />
Ends appropriately with 'bald', Archie G<br /><br />
Though his father doctored hair<br /><br />
He has little now to spare<br /><br />
As his soul his poll is bare, Archie G<br /><br />
He's half weasel and half rat, our DG<br /><br />
But he can't be called a flat, Archie G<br /><br />
He's a genius, taking pains<br /><br />
And celebrity he gains<br /><br />
Sucking other people's brains, Archie G<br /><br />
When we ask him for PA, our DG<br /><br />
He will have a lot to say, our DG<br /><br />
Tells us not to covet pelf<br /><br />
Throws our 'C forms' on the shelf<br /><br />
'Do you never help yourself Archie G<br /><br />
We've relied upon your word, Archie G<br /><br />
Till we found that course absurd, Archie G<br /><br />
You have lied and relied too<br /><br />
Ananias if he knew,<br /><br />
Would the kettle yield to you, Archie G<br /><br />
<br />
=== Oh, here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne LSA361.2.007 ===<br />
<br />
Oh, here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne,<br /><br />
Slainte and slainte and slainte till morn,<br /><br />
Whatever you’re fate you’re<br /><br />
The dacintest crature<br /><br />
Why there’s no one to bate yer <br /><br />
In this blessed town.<br />
<br />
You may talk o’ them chaps in the Royal Society<br /><br />
All talking rot for to gain notoriety<br /><br />
Faith both for science and modest propriety<br /><br />
Dr. John Horne you make hairs o’them all<br /><br />
Come now I venture to give you my word<br /><br />
Never the like of your logic was heard<br /><br />
from palaeontology<br /><br />
Right through geology<br /><br />
Downto petrology <br /><br />
If you got the call<br />
<br />
Dr. John Horne you’ve a wonderful way with us<br /><br />
Whether you wish to be serious or gay with us<br /><br />
Shure tis <u>we</u> would be plaised if you only could stay with us<br /><br />
You’ve got such a way with you Dr. John Horne<br /><br />
Still though withal you’re so jovial a soul<br /><br />
You’ve got your staff in the grandest control <br /><br />
coaxing the crazy ones<br /><br />
Soothing unaisy ones<br /><br />
Persuading the lazy ones<br /><br />
To come in in the morn.<br />
<br />
So here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne<br /><br />
Slainte and slainte and slainte till morn<br /><br />
Whatever your fate you’re<br /><br />
The dacintest crature<br /><br />
Why there’s no one to bate yer <br /><br />
In this blessed town.<br />
<br />
== The Survey Alphabet LSA361.2.218 ==<br />
<br />
A is for Andy, the first on the list,<br /><br />
Whose "faults" are unproved, though I’m sure they exist.<br />
<br />
B stands for Bailey. ‘Tis well known to all <br /><br />
He could "slide" long ere he had learnt to crawl.<br />
<br />
C is Carruthers, who gives up to corals<br /><br />
the time that should go to improving his morals. <sup>(1)</sup><br />
<br />
D stands for Dinham, with diffidence curet,<br /><br />
I mention him fourth, but he ought to come first. <sup>(2)</sup><br />
<br />
E is for Eyles, quite a recent recruit,<br /><br />
He’s still fairly sane; but in time he will suit.<br />
<br />
F stands for Fairley, that scoundrel who dares <br /><br />
To recast our expenses and challenge our fares.<br />
<br />
G is for Gibson. We can’t hope to find <br /><br />
When he goes, a Director so much to our mind.<br />
<br />
H stands for Haldane. Before the night’s past <br /><br />
We’ll toast the good doctor who treated him last.<br />
<br />
I is our Income, a thing we despise,<br /><br />
For it’s <u>Science</u> that always comes first in our eyes. <sup>(3)</sup><br />
<br />
J is John Horne and I wish that I knew<br /><br />
Where he gets his elixir of youth from. Don’t you?<br />
<br />
K is the knowledge we claim to possess<br /><br />
Of each others failings. It never grows less.<br />
<br />
L is our guest Robert Lunn Were it not <br /><br />
that politeness forbids, I could say quite a lot.<br />
<br />
M is Macgregor who comes from the West, <br /><br />
The other Macgregor? - Well, silence is best.<br />
<br />
N is Nepenthe we drink and forget<br /><br />
The hours spent with Gibson, the "minutes" from Flett.<br />
<br />
O is the "Old Sweat" who concocts fairy tales<br /><br />
There’s one called "The Norite which lived upon Shales"<br />
<br />
P is his Pen-name. I hazard a guess<br /><br />
That it’s not quite unknown to the "Daily Express".<br /><br />
<br />
Q is a Quibble. If I just knew the source<br /><br />
Of this scurrilous verse, I’d Burn-ett of course. <sup>(4)</sup><br />
<br />
R stands for Richey or Ross ~, which you please<br /><br />
There’s nothing too bad could be said about these.<br />
<br />
S stands for Simpson, an Aberdeen loon,<br /><br />
When Wilson’s been mentioned, my task’s over soon.<br />
<br />
T is for Torkington, also for Tait.<br /><br />
Their past life is such as I dare not relate.<br />
<br />
U are the Urgent demands that we get<br /><br />
For the Memoir (by Gibson) on "Cannels and Jet"<br />
<br />
V are the visions we see in our youth,<br /><br />
Embodied on memoirs and quoted as truth.<br />
<br />
W are the wishes we’d all like to write<br /><br />
To the friends who, though absent, are with us to-night.<br />
<br />
X is a symbol we use on our maps,<br /><br />
To convey our immense erudition - perhaps!<br />
<br />
Y are the Youngsters who have joined us of late,<br /><br />
(Dr Lee has just whispered, "Mon Dieu! what a fate".)<br />
<br />
Z stands for Zeolite, Zircon or Zinc.<br /><br />
Mr Chairman, why damn it! it's time for a drink.<br /><br />
<br />
(4)I apologise for the pun. One must make some concession to the English fondness for this peculiar form of humour.<br /><br />
<br />
== Christmas books LSA361.2.037 ==<br />
<br />
101 Bookmarket, <br /><br />
Edinburgh 10th December, l921.<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
Dear Sir,<br />
<br />
The Christmas season is once again with us. It is no doubt your intention to present your wife, your sweetheart, or your Assistant Director with a suitable gift. A new book is always acceptable and you cannot do better than place an order with us for one of the following:<br />
<br />
'''Memoirs of the Geological Survey:'''<br />
<br />
'''Special Report on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain, Vol. 101. Materials suitable for Tombstones.'''<br />
<br />
By .E.M. Anderson & G.V. Wilson. 80 pp. Price 4/6. <br /><br />
"Nature" says: mighty pronouncement on a grave subject".<br />
<br />
'''Vol. 102. Economic Resources of the principal Scottish Golf Courses.'''<br />
<br />
By J.S. Flett, D.Sc., L.L.D., F.R.S., etc., and W.F.P. McLintock, D.Sc.,<br /><br />
300 pp. - Price 25/-.<br /><br />
“The Geological Magazine" says: "The preparation of this volume has clearly been a labour of lore - the authors are thoroughly familiar with every part of the ground they describe".<br />
<br />
'''"The Economic Geology of the Campbeltown Coalfield, Area I".'''<br />
<br />
By B.N. Peach, J. Horne, G. Barrow, H. Kynaston, J.B. Hill, H.M. Cadell, E.H. Cunningham Craig, T.O. Bosworth, H.B. Maufe, C.T. Clough, L.W. Hinxman, R.G. Carruthers, E.M. Anderson, C.H. Dinham, B.Lightfoot, and J.E. Richey; with contributions by G.W. Grabham, J.S. Grant Wilson, S.B. Wilkinson , M. Macgregor and E.B. Bailey; and an appendix by G.W. Lee. 16 pp. Price 9d.<br />
<br />
'''"The Slatyband Ironstones of Lanarkshire" Vol. II, Introduction (continued) and Historical Notes, (Part 1). By C.H. Dinham, B.A.,'''<br />
<br />
This work is to be completed in 40 volumes, the last of which, containing Index and Tables of Errata, will be issued in the spring of 1956 Price 8/6 a volume or you can subscribe now for the full set by a cash payment of £20.<br />
<br />
'''New Books:'''<br />
<br />
'''"The Contamination of Modern Society by Capitalism". By H.H. Read.'''<br />
<br />
The Daily Express, says: "A new volume from the pen of a well-known contributor to our pages. Mr. Read here breaks new ground as an exponent of Guild Socialism. He maintains his thesis cleverly, but we would remind him that indignation is not proof nor invective argument". <br /><br />
"Modern poets and Old Furniture". By R.G. Carruthers.<br />
<br />
"The Times Literary Supplement" says: We have enjoyed this book very much - the author is never afraid to say exactly what he thinks". <br /><br />
"Through the Windows of Etive or what I saw in Argyllshire" By E.B. Bailey<br />
<br />
"The ‘Spectator" says: We predict a great success for this book. Nothing like it has appeared since "Alice in Wonderland".<br />
<br />
'''"Occasional Verses" By M; Macgregor.'''<br />
<br />
"The Glasgow Herald" says: This is a case where criticism is superfluous. We only need quote Mr Macgregor’s:<br />
<br />
<u>Lines to a Memoir.</u><br />
<br />
<u>1. Before publication</u>.<br />
<br />
The moving fingers write; and, being writ<br /><br />
The Memoir’ goes to press. Not all thy wit<br /><br />
Shall lure it back to cancel half a line<br /><br />
Not all thy tears wash out a word of it.<br />
<br />
<u>2. After publication</u>.<br />
<br />
I hardly think that it will ere be read.<br /><br />
The rose soon withers when its bloom is shed,<br /><br />
And every gem of style my Memoir were<br /><br />
Has been excised by some unkindly Head.<br /><br />
<br />
We shall be very glad to show you copies of the above, if your official duties allow you time to call.<br />
<br />
We are, Sir,<br />
<br />
Yours truly, <br />
<br />
Messrs. Grin and Price.<br />
<br />
== The Survey Alphabet LSA361.2.218 ==<br />
<br />
A is for Andy, the first on the list,<br /><br />
Whose "faults" are unproved, though I’m sure they exist.<br />
<br />
B stands for Bailey. ‘Tis well known to all <br /><br />
He could "slide" long ere he had learnt to crawl.<br />
<br />
C is Carruthers, who gives up to corals<br /><br />
the time that should go to improving his morals. <sup>(1)</sup><br />
<br />
D stands for Dinham, with diffidence curet,<br /><br />
I mention him fourth, but he ought to come first. <sup>(2)</sup><br />
<br />
E is for Eyles, quite a recent recruit,<br /><br />
He’s still fairly sane; but in time he will suit.<br />
<br />
F stands for Fairley, that scoundrel who dares <br /><br />
To recast our expenses and challenge our fares.<br />
<br />
G is for Gibson. We can’t hope to find <br /><br />
When he goes, a Director so much to our mind.<br />
<br />
H stands for Haldane. Before the night’s past <br /><br />
We’ll toast the good doctor who treated him last.<br />
<br />
I is our Income, a thing we despise,<br /><br />
For it’s <u>Science</u> that always comes first in our eyes. <sup>(3)</sup><br />
<br />
J is John Horne and I wish that I knew<br /><br />
Where he gets his elixir of youth from. Don’t you?<br />
<br />
K is the knowledge we claim to possess<br /><br />
Of each others failings. It never grows less.<br />
<br />
L is our guest Robert Lunn Were it not <br /><br />
that politeness forbids, I could say quite a lot.<br />
<br />
M is Macgregor who comes from the West, <br /><br />
The other Macgregor? - Well, silence is best.<br />
<br />
N is Nepenthe we drink and forget<br /><br />
The hours spent with Gibson, the "minutes" from Flett.<br />
<br />
O is the "Old Sweat" who concocts fairy tales<br /><br />
There’s one called "The Norite which lived upon Shales"<br />
<br />
P is his Pen-name. I hazard a guess<br /><br />
That it’s not quite unknown to the "Daily Express". <br /><br />
<br />
Q is a Quibble. If I just knew the source<br /><br />
Of this scurrilous verse, I’d Burn-ett of course. <sup>(4)</sup><br />
<br />
R stands for Richey or Ross ~, which you please<br /><br />
There’s nothing too bad could be said about these.<br />
<br />
S stands for Simpson, an Aberdeen loon,<br /><br />
When Wilson’s been mentioned, my task’s over soon.<br />
<br />
T is for Torkington, also for Tait.<br /><br />
Their past life is such as I dare not relate.<br />
<br />
U are the Urgent demands that we get<br /><br />
For the Memoir (by Gibson) on "Cannels and Jet"<br />
<br />
V are the visions we see in our youth,<br /><br />
Embodied on memoirs and quoted as truth.<br />
<br />
W are the wishes we’d all like to write<br /><br />
To the friends who, though absent, are with us to-night.<br />
<br />
X is a symbol we use on our maps,<br /><br />
To convey our immense erudition - perhaps!<br />
<br />
Y are the Youngsters who have joined us of late,<br /><br />
(Dr Lee has just whispered, "Mon Dieu! what a fate".)<br />
<br />
Z stands for Zeolite, Zircon or Zinc.<br /><br />
Mr Chairman, why damn it! it's time for a drink.<br /><br />
<br />
(4)I apologise for the pun. One must make some concession to the English fondness for this peculiar form of humour.<br /><br />
<br />
== McCall ==<br />
https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=User:Scotfot/sandbox_2&diff=58730
User:Scotfot/sandbox 2
2023-06-28T15:20:13Z
<p>Scotfot: /* Ships - alphabetical list of ships used in BGS offshore operations */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Geological Survey of Ireland 1:63,360 maps ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
| align=center| '''Sheet number'''<br />
| align=center| '''Sheet name'''<br />
| align=center| '''Publication date'''<br />
| align=center| '''Statement of responsibility'''<br />
| align=center| '''Map'''<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;1<br />
|| Malin Head<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| R.J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR001A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;2<br />
|| Glengad Head<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Richard J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR002A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;3<br />
|| Tory Island<br />
|| February 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR003A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;4<br />
|| Dunfanaghy<br />
|| July 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan, R.J. Cruise F. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR004A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;5<br />
|| Carndonagh<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Richard J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR005A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;6<br />
|| Moville<br />
|| June 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan, R.J. Cruise, F.W. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR006A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;7<br />
|| Giant's Causeway<br />
|| August 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes, F.W. Egan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR007A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;8<br />
|| Ballycastle<br />
|| August 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and Alex. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR008A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;8<br />
|| Ballycastle<br />
|| 1907<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and Alex. McHenry. Carboniferous boundary revised in 1906 by Alex. McHenry (also minor revisions) Edition of 1907.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR008B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;9<br />
|| Gweedore<br />
|| October 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Joseph Nolan, F.W. Egan and J.R. Kilroe.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR009A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;10<br />
|| Kilmacrenan<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR010A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;11<br />
|| Londonderry<br />
|| February 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, J. Nolan and R.J. Cruise.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR011A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;12<br />
|| Newtown Limavady<br />
|| October 1884<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR012A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;13<br />
|| Coleraine<br />
|| November 1883<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR013A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;13<br />
|| Coleraine<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;14<br />
|| Cushendall<br />
|| June 1886<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR014A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;14<br />
|| Cushendall<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and A. McHenry. Re-edited 1913.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR014B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;15<br />
|| Dunglow<br />
|| April 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J.R. Kilroe, A. McHenry and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR015A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;16<br />
|| Letterkenny<br />
|| May 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, F.W. Egan, A. McHenry and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR016A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;17<br />
|| Strabane<br />
|| December 1888<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.H. Kinahan, S.B. Wilkinson, J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR017A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;18<br />
|| Dungiven<br />
|| September 1884<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan and F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR018A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;19<br />
|| Maghera<br />
|| December 1882<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan and W.A. Traill.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR019A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;20<br />
|| Ballymena<br />
|| October 1883<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and W.A. Traill.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR020A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;20<br />
|| Ballymena<br />
|| 1969<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes and W.A. Traill. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland [Print code] 50/69.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR020B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| October 1869<br />
|| Surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1883<br />
|| Surveyed by Geo.V. Du Noyer. Revised 1883. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 3/0 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1889<br />
|| Surveyed by Geo.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;21<br />
|| Larne<br />
|| 1947<br />
|| Surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer. Revised 1883 [Print code] 60/4/47.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR021D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;22<br />
|| Glen Bay<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR022A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;23<br />
|| Glenties<br />
|| 1889<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR023A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| June 1887<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 8/3 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1891<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Revised for Archaean rocks<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1914<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;24<br />
|| Donegal<br />
|| 1965<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by R.G. Symes, F.W. Egan, J.R. Kilroe and W.F. Mitchell. Re-edited 1914. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. 1965. [Print code] 60/65.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR024D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;25<br />
|| Newtown Stewart<br />
|| December 1886<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by S.B. Wilkinson, F.W. Egan and J.R. Kilroe.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR025A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;26<br />
|| Draperstown<br />
|| October 1882<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR026A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;26<br />
|| Draperstown<br />
|| 1963<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by J. Nolan. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. [Print code] 60/63.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR026B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;27<br />
|| Cookstown<br />
|| May 1880<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR027A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;27<br />
|| Cookstown<br />
|| 1966<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by F.W. Egan. Reprinted for the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. [Print code] 60/66<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR027B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;28<br />
|| Antrim<br />
|| October 1874<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by G.V. Du Noyer and W.E.L.E. Duffin.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR028A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| December 1869<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer. Notes to the fossil localities by W.H. Baily.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1883<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1898<br />
|| G.V. Du Noyer. Revised edition published 1883. The Silurian area revised by F.W. Egan 1898.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029D_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;29<br />
|| Carrickfergus<br />
|| 1898<br />
|| Revised edition published 1883. The Silurian area revised by F.W. Egan 1898. Ordnance Survey, Revised Price 3/9 net. [In red ink.]<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR029C_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;30<br />
|| Kilcar<br />
|| August 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR030A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| November 1888<br />
|| Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031A_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell. Metamorphic rocks east of Ballyshannon revised in 1890 by A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031B_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1890<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell. Metamorphic rocks west of Ballyshannon revised in 1890 by A. McHenry.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR031C_001 View map]<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;31<br />
|| Ballyshannon<br />
|| 1913<br />
|| Rich'd G. Symes and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| No map image<br />
|- <br />
|| &nbsp;32<br />
|| Pettigoe<br />
|| November 1885<br />
|| Geologically surveyed by Rich'd G. Symes, S.B. Wilkinson and W.F. Mitchell.<br />
|| [https://largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/irishmaps.html?id=IR032A_001 View map]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
= BGS175: 175th Anniversary Science Symposium of the founding of the British Geological Survey, 28th September, Royal Institution, London =<br />
<br />
The British Geological Survey is the world's oldest national geological survey and commemorated its 175th anniversary in 2010.<br />
<br />
The event was marked by a one-day science symposium on 28 September 2010.<br />
<br />
The symposium showcased our world-class science and technologies, demonstrating their relevance, societal benefits and positive impacts in addressing 21st century challenges; including living with environmental change, energy and natural resource security, rising CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and geohazards.<br />
<br />
* Peak metal: Scarcity of supply or scare story?<br />
* Bronze Age Mediterraneans may have visited Stonehenge<br />
* Modelling of Icelandic volcanic ash particles<br />
<br />
The event was attended by influential stakeholders including representatives from government, industry, academia, international geological surveys, students and the national media.<br />
<br />
Guest speakers included Dr Marcia McNutt, and [https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/staff/iain-stewart Professor Iain Stewart].<br />
<br />
Britain's best-known natural history film-maker, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Attenborough Sir David Attenborough], featured in the panel discussion to close the symposium.<br />
<br />
About the British Geological Survey, 2010.<br />
<br />
== Win a place at BGS175 ==<br />
<br />
The winners of a VIP day at the science symposium, featuring Sir David Attenborough, are listed in the table below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Jonathan Wyatt, SHROPSHIRE || Paul Colinese, LONDON<br />
|-<br />
| John Williams, SURREY || Sophie Hibben, KENT<br />
|-<br />
| Lisa Allan, LONDON || Rob Flanders, CHESHIRE<br />
|-<br />
| Vince Piper, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE || Steven Cadman, SURREY<br />
|-<br />
| Sahja Haji, LONDON || Litsa Breingan, LONDON<br />
|-<br />
| Paul Dotteridge, HERTFORDSHIRE || Stephen Metheringham, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE<br />
|-<br />
| Milo Brook, OXFORDSHIRE || Catherine Unsworth, LONDON<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== About the day ==<br />
<br />
===Symposium agenda===<br />
<br />
Download the oral programme 200 KB pdf<br />
<br />
===Keynote speakers and special guests===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''Video presentation''': [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NstzDgR4fE About the British Geological Survey - 175 years of geoscience]||<br />
|-<br />
|Sir David Attenborough wrote and narrated BBC's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snuna3fLYAg Uncovering Our Earliest Ancestor] ||[[File:Attenborough Thumb Copyright IanSalvage.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|Marcia McNutt, USGS Director, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISzUlINbB4o Introduction to The National Map]||[[File:Mcnutt USGS.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|Professor Iain Stewart in the BBC's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kphF71S5F0Q How Earth Made Us]. Iain tells the epic story of how the planet has shaped our history.||[[File:Stewart plymouth.jpg]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Presentations ==<br />
<br />
Insert Video: Panel session<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|'''Morning session A'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Opening address || John Ludden, Executive Director, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NstzDgR4fE About the BGS - 175 years of geoscience]|| <br />
|-<br />
| Twenty-first century survey || Denis Peach, Chief Scientist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Acuity, accuracy and application: from systematic geological mapping to responsive 3D+ surveys || Martin Smith, Head Geology & Landscape, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| From watercolour to web || Keith Westhead, Head Knowledge Exchange, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| '''Keynote''': Facing tomorrow’s challenges with integrated science || Marcia McNutt, Director, USGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Morning session B'''||<br />
|-<br />
| OneGeology: improving access to geoscience globally || Ian Jackson, Chief of Operations, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| North American liaisons || Garth Earls, Director, GSNI<br />
|-<br />
| Arabian adventures: geological mapping and climate change in Arabia || Andrew Farrant, Geologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Groundwater animals: extending our understanding of biodiversity in the UK || Louise Maurice, Groundwater ecologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Life just got complicated || Dr Phil Wilby, Geologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Afternoon session A'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Predict or prepare: natural hazards and human disasters || David Kerridge, Head Earth Hazards & Systems, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Groundwater, health and livelihoods in Africa || Alan MacDonald, Hydrogeologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Marine exploration || Robert Gatliff, Head Marine Geoscience, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Carbon capture and storage (CCS):demonstrating the concept || Andy Chadwick, Head CO2 Storage Research, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Future energy: renewable energy dividends from our coal mining legacy || Diarmad Campbell, Chief Geologist, Scotland, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Keynote: The human planet || Iain Stewart, Professor of Geosciences, Communication, University of Plymouth<br />
|-<br />
| '''Afternoon session B'''||<br />
|-<br />
| Malthus revisited? Population growth, environmental change and resource limits || Andrew Bloodworth, Head Minerals & Waste, BGS<br />
|-<br />
| Looking forward to making predictions: BGS’s role in the next decade and beyond. || Andrew Hughes, Hydrogeologist, BGS<br />
|-<br />
|'''Panel session'''||<br />
|-<br />
|Featuring: Sir David Attenborough, Marcia McNutt (Director, USGS) Iain Stewart (Chair), Randy Parrish (Head of NIGL), Kathryn Goodenough (Geologist, BGS), Mike Ellis (Head of Climate Science, BGS).||<br />
|-<br />
|'''Closing remarks'''||<br />
|-<br />
|Closing remarks by Jon Gluyas (BGS Board Chair), and BUFI poster prize presentation.||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx<br />
{{NRW}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Edward Greenly.png|thumb|Edward Greenly]]<br />
<br />
== Edward Greenly (1861–1951) ==<br />
<br />
Cofir am [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Edward Greenly]] yn bennaf am ei arolwg daearegol o Ynys Môn, gwaith y bu wrthi am bron pum mlynedd ar hugain o’i fywyd.<br />
<br />
Image caption: Edward Greenly. Llun trwy garedigrwydd Terry Williams<br />
<br />
== Edward Greenly (1861–1951) ==<br />
<br />
Campwaith pennaf [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Edward Greenly]] oedd cwblhau arolwg daearegol manwl o Ynys Môn. Cyhoeddwyd ''The Geology of Anglesey'' ([https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B01782 Volume 1] and [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B06824 Volume 2]) mewn dwy gyfrol yn 1919 ac yna yn 1920 fap daearegol ar y raddfa un fodfedd i’r filltir. Er bod rhannau o’r gwaith wedi’u diweddaru yn ystod y degawdau dilynol, erys ei astudiaeth yn glasur o fri rhyngwladol.<br />
<br />
=== Mapio Môn ===<br />
<br />
Wrth fapio ynys Môn, gwnaeth Greenly ddefnydd mawr o syniadau tectonig a ddatblygodd wrth iddo fynd i’r afael â gwaith maes cynharach yn Ucheldiroedd yr Alban. Roedd tair prif broblem yn ei wynebu: prinder brigiadau da, yn enwedig mewn ardaloedd mewndirol allweddol bwysig; presenoldeb creigiau gorchuddiol clytiog yn cuddio yn aml y baslawr Cyn-Gambriaidd hŷn; a phresenoldeb toriadau tectonig megis ffawtiau a chylchfaoedd croesrym a oedd yn aml yn rhwystro’r gwaith o gydberthyn gwahanol ddilyniannau o greigiau. Chwaraeodd ei wraig Annie Greenly (Barnard gynt), a oedd yn rhannu ei ddiddordeb mewn daeareg a diwinyddiaeth, rôl hollbwysig drwy baratoi’r mynegai i’w gyfrol.<br />
<br />
Ganed Greenly ym Mryste ac fe’i haddysgwyd yng Ngholeg Clifton. Bu’n fyfyriwr yng Ngholeg y Brifysgol, Llundain, cyn ymuno â’r Arolwg Daearegol yn 1889. Yn gyntaf, bu gofyn iddo baratoi arolwg o Ucheldiroedd gogledd-orllewin yr Alban. Daeth yn ffrind agos ac yn gydweithiwr i [[Benjamin Neeve Peach - biographical information|Ben Peach]] yr oedd ei archwiliadau wedi bod yn gyfrwng i ddatrys adeiledd cymhleth yr Alban (gan gynnwys adnabod a sylweddoli arwyddocâd Gwthiad Moine). Rhoddodd Greenly y gorau i’w waith gyda’r Arolwg yn 1895 er mwyn iddo, o’i ben a’i bastwn ei hun. roi cychwyn ar ei arolwg o Ynys Môn.<br />
<br />
=== Cyfraniadau pwysig i ddaeareg ===<br />
<br />
Yn gydnabyddiaeth am ei gyfraniadau pwysig i ddaeareg, cafodd Edward Greenly ei dderbyn yn aelod er anrhydedd o gymdeithasau daearegol Caeredin a Lerpwl, a Chymdeithas Hynafiaethwyr Môn. Dyfarnwyd iddo Fedal Lyell, fawr ei bri, y Gymdeithas Ddaearegol yn 1920, medal Cymdeithas Ddaearegol Lerpwl yn 1933 a doethuriaeth er anrhydedd Prifysgol Cymru yn 1920.<br />
<br />
Ar y cyd â Howel Williams, cyhoeddodd [[Edward Greenly D.Sc.|Greenly]] ''Methods of Geological Surveying'' yn 1930 a’i hunangofiant ''A Hand through Time: Memories Romantic'' and ''Geological'' a ymddangosodd yn 1938. Bu farw ym Mangor yn 1951 ac yn briodol iawn fe’i claddwyd ym mynwent Llangristiolus, Ynys Môn. Mae ei fedd wedi’i gyfnodi’n Safle Geoamrywiaeth o Bwysigrwydd Rhanbarthol (RIGS).<br />
== Table ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=Geologists' Association photograph albums [Green bound]=<br />
<br />
These two key albums of the GA focus on photographs of members. <br />
<br />
The first volume contains portraits of early GA members and then photographs of individuals or groups of members taken on GA field excursions 1922–1977. <br />
<br />
The second volume contains photographs of individuals or groups of members taken on GA field excursions 1979 to 1996.<br />
<br />
<br />
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx<br />
= Marine deposits of chromite and olivine off Rum =<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:P936564.jpg|thumb|Geological sketch map of the Rum district, Sheet 60. Based on BGS 1:250 000 Series sheets Tiree and Little Minch, with some additions from the 3rd (1:50 000) edition of Sheet 60 (Rum).]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P936665.jpg|thumb|Chromium and magnesium distribution in surficial marine sediments off Harris, Rum]]<br />
<br />
[[File:P936666.jpg|thumb|Chromium and magnesium distribution in surficial marine sediments off Dibidil, Rum.]]<br />
== Extract from the Rum Memoir ==<br />
<br />
[https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B01904 View original memoir]<br />
<br />
[https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/Memoirs/docs/B01904.html View memoir on Text viewer]<br />
<br />
As Rum is a National Nature Reserve, exploitation of chromite or other ore reserves on land could prove environmentally unacceptable. The marine dispersal of resistate minerals derived by glacial and fluvial erosion of the rocks of the Rum Central Complex has been investigated as a possible alternative for mineral exploitation. Black, heavy mineral sand occurs on the rocky beach in the bay at Harris, although well-defined high-water-mark bands such as are known from the Northumberland coast (Gallagher, 1974) are absent. The inshore area along 28 km of the southern coastline of Rum were surveyed in 1987, between A' Bhrideahach in the west and Loch Scresort in the east (Figure 1) and surficial marine sediment collected at 91 sites in water depths of 50 m or less within 3 km of the shore. After dissolution of shell calcite averaging 20% by weight, analysis of small shipboard samples yielded mean values of 0.12% Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and 3.5% Mg (Table 12).<br />
<br />
(Table 12) Composition of 91 marine sediment samples, southern Rum, analysed by X-ray fluorescence (after calcite dissolution.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Mean(%) !! s (%) !! Max. (%) !! Min. (%)<br />
|-<br />
| Mg || 3.5 || 2.6 || 14 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Ca || 1.7 || 0.82 || 5.3 || 0.47<br />
|-<br />
| Ti || 0.33 || 0.16 || 0.92 || 0.12<br />
|-<br />
| V || 0.009 || 0.005 || 0.29 || 0.001<br />
|-<br />
| Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 0.12 || 0.17 || 1.4 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Fe || 4.0 || 1.8 || 10.6 || 0.72<br />
|}<br />
:s = Standard deviation.<br />
<br />
(Table 13) Average composition of minerals in marine sediments from Harris Bay, Rum.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Chromite !! Olivine !! Clinopyroxene (Ca-rich) !! Orthopyroxene<br />
|-<br />
| N = || 82 || 141 || 40 || 6<br />
|-<br />
| SiO<sub>2</sub> || 0.03 || 40.20 || 51.22 || 54.67<br />
|-<br />
| TiO<sub>2</sub> || 2.69 || 0.03 || 0.94 || 0.38<br />
|-<br />
| Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 19.07 || 0.03 || 3.15 || 0.87<br />
|-<br />
| Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 32.49 || || 0.58 || 0.05<br />
|-<br />
| Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> || 13.40 || — || — || —<br />
|-<br />
| FeO || 20.60 || 12.33 || 6.07 || 14.25<br />
|-<br />
| MnO || 0.32 || 0.20 || 0.15 || 0.34<br />
|-<br />
| MgO || 10.52 || 47.35 || 16.02 || 28.02<br />
|-<br />
| CaO || 0.01 || 0.08 || 21.11 || 1.42<br />
|-<br />
| Total || 99.13 || 100.22 || 99.24 || 100.00<br />
|-<br />
| Mg* || 47.44 || 87.23 || 82.46 || 77.80<br />
|-<br />
| Cr* || 54.29 || — || — || —<br />
|}<br />
:N: number of analyses<br />
:Mg*- 100 X Mg/ (Mg + Fe2+) Cr* = 100 X Cr/ (Cr + Al)<br />
:Histograms of the compositional variation of olivine and chromite are given by Gallagher et al., 1989 (figs. 5 and 6)<br />
<br />
Relatively high chromium and magnesium values were recognised from two areas representing submarine deltas off Harris and Dibidil; new analyses from these areas are presented in (Figure 64) and (Figure 65). In the bay off Harris, 3 km<sup>2</sup> of sand sampled from the sea-bed surface in a mean water depth of 23 m contained on average 0.24% Cr and 7% Mg after removal of some 18% of shell calcite. The grade of the heavy mineral sands is therefore about 1% of chromite and 25% of forsteritic olivine from the mineral analyses given in (Table 13). It is concluded that tens of thousands of tonnes of chromite and more than 1 million tonnes of olivine and of calcite are present in the topmost 1 m of the Harris delta (utilising 2.2 g.cm<sup>-1</sup> as the wet density). The peak anomaly of 4% chromite and 50% olivine lies 1.8 km offshore.<br />
<br />
A smaller area of 1 km<sup>2</sup> of heavy mineral sand is present up to 1 km off the mouth of the Dibidil River in a mean water depth of 19 m (Figure 64). After dissolution of approximately 30% contained calcite a small number of surface samples from the submarine delta (Gallagher, 1989) average 0.19% Cr, equivalent to about 0.8% chromite, and 4.5% Mg (15–20% of forsteritic olivine). The peak anomaly of 1.2% chromite occurs only 350 m offshore of the mouth of the Dibidil river. The figures indicate 10 000 tonnes of chromite in the top metre of the delta. Other isolated sample sites off south-west and south-east Rum are somewhat anomalous in chromium and magnesium, as might be expected from tidal dispersion, but further sampling will be needed to properly assess their significance.<br />
<br />
A full evaluation of the true lateral extent and thickness of the deposits will require geophysical surveys and drilling of the deltaic sands. Heavy minerals will most likely be concentrated towards the base of the sand accumulations.<br />
<br />
=== Mineralogy ===<br />
The deltaic sediments are well-sorted medium- to fine-grained sands (125–500 pm) highly suitable for beneficiation by density or magnetic methods. The total amount of heavy minerals present increases with decreasing content of shell calcite, a feature which is likely to occur with depth in the deltas, and of quartz and feldspar. In five representative samples the total heavy mineral content ranged from 36 to 94% with olivine dominant, followed by clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene. Chromite-type spinels, magnetite and ilmenite make up 10–15% of the overall heavy-mineral fraction. Traces of platinum, palladium and gold were detected in a few of the samples (Gallagher, 1989).<br />
<br />
From analyses of the main heavy minerals (Table 13), it can be seen that chromite averages 32% Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (10.7–44.4%) and the olivine is forsterite-rich (FO<sub>87</sub>). Detailed investigation of 31 samples from and around the Harris and Dibidil deltas shows that the chromite and olivine, calculated on a calcite-free basis, form 0.22–3.98% and 5–41% respectively (Basham et al., 1989).<br />
<br />
Benificiation trials yielded concentrates of 86% chromite and 78% olivine with recoveries of 60% and 50% respectively. The size range and composition of the olivine in the marine sands compared well with the desired range for refractory use (Griffith, 1984). The iron content of the chromite is higher on average than that of South African chromites (25% FeO); nevertheless, in ferro-chrome production the tendency is towards acceptance of increasingly higher iron content (Power, 1985).<br />
<br />
== Samples ==<br />
<br />
Insert list of samples here<br />
<br />
== Archives == <br />
<br />
BGS Edinburgh Archive Drawer A10 has material relating to Rhum Offshore heavy minerals survey<br />
<br />
== Dr. Mike Gallagher photograph collection of Rum (transparencies) (not online) ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! BGS Image No.!! Caption !! Date<br />
|-<br />
| P100823 || Scotland mineral wealth talk. Coastline of Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102341 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102342 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102343 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102344 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102345 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102346 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102347 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102348 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102349 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102350 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102351 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102352 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102353 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102354 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102355 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102356 || Graph showing make up of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102357 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102358 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102359 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102360 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102361 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102362 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102363 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102364 || Photomicrograph of the Rhum sands. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102365 || Chromite layer at base of peridotite above allivalite (white) on Hallival. Hallival, Rhum. || 01/04/1985<br />
|-<br />
| P102366 || Generalised map showing the Olivine - Chromium deltas of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102368 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102369 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102370 || Harris Bay chromium-olivine marine sands. Harris Bay, south-west Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102371 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102372 || Geologist takes a break in gorse on hillside. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102373 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102374 || Map of Scotland showing Rhum chromite. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102375 || Geologist on excursion through hills on Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102376 || Drainage basin of Allt nam Ba, Rhum from the sea. Askival (summit) and Askival plateau (in cloud). Allt nam Ba, Rhum. || 01/06/1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102377 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102378 || Rock outcrop on top of hill. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102379 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102380 || Geologists on the summit of Askival??? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102381 || Hallival?? Hallival, Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102382 || View through valley. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102383 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102384 || View of Askival, Rhum. Askival, Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102385 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102386 || View over Rhum to Eigg?? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102387 || Close up of Tertiary igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102388 || Close up of Tertiary igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102389 || View of raised beach. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102390 || View from summit of ????? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102391 || View through valley. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102392 || Geologists examine a rock outcrop showing layers. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102393 || Geologists examine a rock outcrop showing layers. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102394 || View of raised beach. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102395 || Bouguer Anomaly map of the islands of Rhum, Eigg, Canna and Sanday in the Inner Hebrides. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102396 || Aerial view of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102397 || Outline geology map of Rhum, note Hallival in Eastern Layered Series. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102398 || Solid geology map of Rhum, 1:20,000 scale. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102399 || Map showing Precambrian structure. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102400 || Generalised section of outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102401 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102402 || Map of the geology of the Timmins area.???? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102403 || Geological map of Canada. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102404 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102405 || ELS geology map of eastern Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102406 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102407 || Flow map. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102408 || Map of the geology of the Timmins area.???? Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102409 || Inlet on coast of Rhum. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102410 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102411 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102412 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || <br />
|-<br />
| P102413 || View from Harris Bay, Mausoleum in distance. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102414 || Harrisite, found in Harris Bay, Rhum. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102415 || View of Askival from shore. Askival, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102416 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102417 || View over Rhum. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102418 || View of Askival from shore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102419 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102420 || View across Rhum. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102421 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102422 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102423 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102424 || View of the hills, Askival and Hallival Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102425 || Geologists standing in front of Askival and Hallival. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102426 || View of Hallival. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102427 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102428 || View of Inbhir Ghil from cliffs. Inbhir Ghil, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102429 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102430 || Close up of rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102431 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102432 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102433 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102434 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102435 || Geologists on excursion examine the rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102436 || Pier at Loch Scresort, Rhum. Pier, Loch Scresort, Rhum. || 1986<br />
|-<br />
| P102437 || Geologist on excursion to Rhum, Askival in the distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102438 || Offshore view of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102439 || View from Askival, Rhum out to sea. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102440 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102441 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102442 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102443 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102444 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102445 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102446 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102447 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102448 || Monitor image of offshore sand/mineral readings around coast of Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102449 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - Cr spinels. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102450 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - chromite. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102451 || Presentation slide. Graph showing offshore sands - Olivine. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102452 || View of Rhum from deck of ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102453 || View of Rhum from lab on ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102454 || View of Rhum from lab on ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102455 || Presentation slide. Graph of offshore sands showing percentages of calcite and olivine. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102456 || Presentation slide. Table of mineralogical analysis of samples TR1058 and TR1210. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102457 || Presentation slide. Table showing estimation of chromite content from whole-sand chemistry. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102458 || Presentation slide. Pi charts showing mineral composition. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102459 || Presentation slide. Section through Rhum shwing the different Layered Series. (Not BGS). Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102460 || Specimen of rock. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102461 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102462 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102463 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102464 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102465 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102466 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102467 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102468 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102469 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102470 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102471 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102472 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102473 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102474 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102475 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102476 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102477 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102478 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102479 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102480 || Close up of igneous rock outcrop. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102481 || Bay at Harris with Bullough Mausoleum in distance, shallow dipping harrisites. Harris Bay, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102482 || Generalised map of Scotland showing chromite areas (Rhum). Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102483 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102484 || Members of excursion on boat to Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102485 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102486 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102487 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102488 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102489 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102490 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102491 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102492 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102493 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102494 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102495 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102496 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102497 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102498 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102499 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102500 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102501 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102502 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102503 || View of Askival on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102504 || View of Askival on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102505 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102506 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102507 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102508 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102509 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102510 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102511 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102512 || View of Kinloch and harbour of Loch Scresort. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102513 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102514 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102515 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102516 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102517 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102518 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102519 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102520 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102521 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102522 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102523 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102524 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102525 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102526 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102527 || View of the lighthouse at Kinloch. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102528 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102529 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102530 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102531 || Boat on Loch Scresort, Kinloch in distance Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102532 || View of Kinloch and harbour of Loch Scresort. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102533 || Cave on coast, Bagh na h-Uamha. Bagh na h-Uamha, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102534 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102535 || View of yacht, Rhum in distance. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102536 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102537 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival in middle of photograph. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102538 || View of Rhum from offshore, Hallival in middle of photograph. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102539 || Cave on coast, Bagh na h-Uamha. Bagh na h-Uamha, Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102540 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102541 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102542 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102543 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102544 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102545 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102546 || Excursion members relax on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102547 || Small dinghy sails to Rhum from ship. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102548 || View of Rhum from offshore, Askival and Hallival on skyline. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102549 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102550 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102551 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102552 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102553 || View of Rhum from offshore. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102554 || Church at Kinloch on Rhum. Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102555 || Rhum. || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| P102556 || Rhum. || 1987<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
BASHAM, I R, BEDDOE-STEPHENS, B, and MACDONALD, A. 1989. Mineralogical assessment of submarine heavy mineral sands, southern Rhum. British Geological Survey Technical Report, WG/89/26. 12pp.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J. 1974. Rutile and zircon in Northumbrian beach sands. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, (Section B. Applied earth science.), Vol. 83, B97–98.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J. 1989. Marine deposits of olivine and chromite, Inner Hebrides. British Geological Survey Open File Data Package.<br />
<br />
GALLAGHER, M J BASHAM, I R, and 10 others. 1989. [https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B02868 Marine deposits of chromite and olivine, Inner Hebrides of Scotland. British Geological Survey Technical Report, WF/89/13]. British Geological Survey Mineral Reconnaissance Programme Report, No. 106. 20pp.<br />
<br />
GRIFFITHS, J. 1984. Olivine - exchanging new uses for old. Industrial Minerals, September 1984, 65–79.<br />
<br />
POWER, T. 1985. Chromite - the non-metallurgical market. Industrial Minerals, April 1985, 17–51.<br />
<br />
== Songs, ditties, poems, recitations from the Geological Survey Edinburgh Office dinner books ==<br />
<br />
=== Introduction ===<br />
<br />
A brief account of the dining clubs of the Geological Survey can be found here: [[The Royal Hammerers and The Grizzly Bears - the dining clubs of the early Geological Survey]].<br />
This page contains transcriptions of items that were in typescript form. The mostly earlier, handwritten songs etc still await transcription.<br />
<br />
=== The D.G. LSA361.1.101 ===<br />
<br />
(with apologies to R.K. Ford Roberts)<br />
<br />
(Songs of the Survey by a Junior Assistant, No. 4)<br />
<br />
There's a sharpnosed little man, Archie G<br /><br />
Rides the highest horse he can, our DG<br /><br />
And his staff devoutly pray<br /><br />
He the penalty will pay<br /><br />
When it throws him, some fine day, Archie G<br /><br />
Chorus:<br />
His official designation is DG<br />
We await his resignation, eagerly<br /><br />
For his title, you must know<br /><br />
Should be written with an O,<br /><br />
Slipped into the middle - so<br /><br />
D.O.G.<br /><br />
The name his parents called, our DG<br /><br />
Ends appropriately with 'bald', Archie G<br /><br />
Though his father doctored hair<br /><br />
He has little now to spare<br /><br />
As his soul his poll is bare, Archie G<br /><br />
He's half weasel and half rat, our DG<br /><br />
But he can't be called a flat, Archie G<br /><br />
He's a genius, taking pains<br /><br />
And celebrity he gains<br /><br />
Sucking other people's brains, Archie G<br /><br />
When we ask him for PA, our DG<br /><br />
He will have a lot to say, our DG<br /><br />
Tells us not to covet pelf<br /><br />
Throws our 'C forms' on the shelf<br /><br />
'Do you never help yourself Archie G<br /><br />
We've relied upon your word, Archie G<br /><br />
Till we found that course absurd, Archie G<br /><br />
You have lied and relied too<br /><br />
Ananias if he knew,<br /><br />
Would the kettle yield to you, Archie G<br /><br />
<br />
=== Oh, here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne LSA361.2.007 ===<br />
<br />
Oh, here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne,<br /><br />
Slainte and slainte and slainte till morn,<br /><br />
Whatever you’re fate you’re<br /><br />
The dacintest crature<br /><br />
Why there’s no one to bate yer <br /><br />
In this blessed town.<br />
<br />
You may talk o’ them chaps in the Royal Society<br /><br />
All talking rot for to gain notoriety<br /><br />
Faith both for science and modest propriety<br /><br />
Dr. John Horne you make hairs o’them all<br /><br />
Come now I venture to give you my word<br /><br />
Never the like of your logic was heard<br /><br />
from palaeontology<br /><br />
Right through geology<br /><br />
Downto petrology <br /><br />
If you got the call<br />
<br />
Dr. John Horne you’ve a wonderful way with us<br /><br />
Whether you wish to be serious or gay with us<br /><br />
Shure tis <u>we</u> would be plaised if you only could stay with us<br /><br />
You’ve got such a way with you Dr. John Horne<br /><br />
Still though withal you’re so jovial a soul<br /><br />
You’ve got your staff in the grandest control <br /><br />
coaxing the crazy ones<br /><br />
Soothing unaisy ones<br /><br />
Persuading the lazy ones<br /><br />
To come in in the morn.<br />
<br />
So here’s a health to you Dr. John Horne<br /><br />
Slainte and slainte and slainte till morn<br /><br />
Whatever your fate you’re<br /><br />
The dacintest crature<br /><br />
Why there’s no one to bate yer <br /><br />
In this blessed town.<br />
<br />
== The Survey Alphabet LSA361.2.218 ==<br />
<br />
A is for Andy, the first on the list,<br /><br />
Whose "faults" are unproved, though I’m sure they exist.<br />
<br />
B stands for Bailey. ‘Tis well known to all <br /><br />
He could "slide" long ere he had learnt to crawl.<br />
<br />
C is Carruthers, who gives up to corals<br /><br />
the time that should go to improving his morals. <sup>(1)</sup><br />
<br />
D stands for Dinham, with diffidence curet,<br /><br />
I mention him fourth, but he ought to come first. <sup>(2)</sup><br />
<br />
E is for Eyles, quite a recent recruit,<br /><br />
He’s still fairly sane; but in time he will suit.<br />
<br />
F stands for Fairley, that scoundrel who dares <br /><br />
To recast our expenses and challenge our fares.<br />
<br />
G is for Gibson. We can’t hope to find <br /><br />
When he goes, a Director so much to our mind.<br />
<br />
H stands for Haldane. Before the night’s past <br /><br />
We’ll toast the good doctor who treated him last.<br />
<br />
I is our Income, a thing we despise,<br /><br />
For it’s <u>Science</u> that always comes first in our eyes. <sup>(3)</sup><br />
<br />
J is John Horne and I wish that I knew<br /><br />
Where he gets his elixir of youth from. Don’t you?<br />
<br />
K is the knowledge we claim to possess<br /><br />
Of each others failings. It never grows less.<br />
<br />
L is our guest Robert Lunn Were it not <br /><br />
that politeness forbids, I could say quite a lot.<br />
<br />
M is Macgregor who comes from the West, <br /><br />
The other Macgregor? - Well, silence is best.<br />
<br />
N is Nepenthe we drink and forget<br /><br />
The hours spent with Gibson, the "minutes" from Flett.<br />
<br />
O is the "Old Sweat" who concocts fairy tales<br /><br />
There’s one called "The Norite which lived upon Shales"<br />
<br />
P is his Pen-name. I hazard a guess<br /><br />
That it’s not quite unknown to the "Daily Express".<br /><br />
<br />
Q is a Quibble. If I just knew the source<br /><br />
Of this scurrilous verse, I’d Burn-ett of course. <sup>(4)</sup><br />
<br />
R stands for Richey or Ross ~, which you please<br /><br />
There’s nothing too bad could be said about these.<br />
<br />
S stands for Simpson, an Aberdeen loon,<br /><br />
When Wilson’s been mentioned, my task’s over soon.<br />
<br />
T is for Torkington, also for Tait.<br /><br />
Their past life is such as I dare not relate.<br />
<br />
U are the Urgent demands that we get<br /><br />
For the Memoir (by Gibson) on "Cannels and Jet"<br />
<br />
V are the visions we see in our youth,<br /><br />
Embodied on memoirs and quoted as truth.<br />
<br />
W are the wishes we’d all like to write<br /><br />
To the friends who, though absent, are with us to-night.<br />
<br />
X is a symbol we use on our maps,<br /><br />
To convey our immense erudition - perhaps!<br />
<br />
Y are the Youngsters who have joined us of late,<br /><br />
(Dr Lee has just whispered, "Mon Dieu! what a fate".)<br />
<br />
Z stands for Zeolite, Zircon or Zinc.<br /><br />
Mr Chairman, why damn it! it's time for a drink.<br /><br />
<br />
(4)I apologise for the pun. One must make some concession to the English fondness for this peculiar form of humour.<br /><br />
<br />
== Christmas books LSA361.2.037 ==<br />
<br />
101 Bookmarket, <br /><br />
Edinburgh 10th December, l921.<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
Dear Sir,<br />
<br />
The Christmas season is once again with us. It is no doubt your intention to present your wife, your sweetheart, or your Assistant Director with a suitable gift. A new book is always acceptable and you cannot do better than place an order with us for one of the following:<br />
<br />
'''Memoirs of the Geological Survey:'''<br />
<br />
'''Special Report on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain, Vol. 101. Materials suitable for Tombstones.'''<br />
<br />
By .E.M. Anderson & G.V. Wilson. 80 pp. Price 4/6. <br /><br />
"Nature" says: mighty pronouncement on a grave subject".<br />
<br />
'''Vol. 102. Economic Resources of the principal Scottish Golf Courses.'''<br />
<br />
By J.S. Flett, D.Sc., L.L.D., F.R.S., etc., and W.F.P. McLintock, D.Sc.,<br /><br />
300 pp. - Price 25/-.<br /><br />
“The Geological Magazine" says: "The preparation of this volume has clearly been a labour of lore - the authors are thoroughly familiar with every part of the ground they describe".<br />
<br />
'''"The Economic Geology of the Campbeltown Coalfield, Area I".'''<br />
<br />
By B.N. Peach, J. Horne, G. Barrow, H. Kynaston, J.B. Hill, H.M. Cadell, E.H. Cunningham Craig, T.O. Bosworth, H.B. Maufe, C.T. Clough, L.W. Hinxman, R.G. Carruthers, E.M. Anderson, C.H. Dinham, B.Lightfoot, and J.E. Richey; with contributions by G.W. Grabham, J.S. Grant Wilson, S.B. Wilkinson , M. Macgregor and E.B. Bailey; and an appendix by G.W. Lee. 16 pp. Price 9d.<br />
<br />
'''"The Slatyband Ironstones of Lanarkshire" Vol. II, Introduction (continued) and Historical Notes, (Part 1). By C.H. Dinham, B.A.,'''<br />
<br />
This work is to be completed in 40 volumes, the last of which, containing Index and Tables of Errata, will be issued in the spring of 1956 Price 8/6 a volume or you can subscribe now for the full set by a cash payment of £20.<br />
<br />
'''New Books:'''<br />
<br />
'''"The Contamination of Modern Society by Capitalism". By H.H. Read.'''<br />
<br />
The Daily Express, says: "A new volume from the pen of a well-known contributor to our pages. Mr. Read here breaks new ground as an exponent of Guild Socialism. He maintains his thesis cleverly, but we would remind him that indignation is not proof nor invective argument". <br /><br />
"Modern poets and Old Furniture". By R.G. Carruthers.<br />
<br />
"The Times Literary Supplement" says: We have enjoyed this book very much - the author is never afraid to say exactly what he thinks". <br /><br />
"Through the Windows of Etive or what I saw in Argyllshire" By E.B. Bailey<br />
<br />
"The ‘Spectator" says: We predict a great success for this book. Nothing like it has appeared since "Alice in Wonderland".<br />
<br />
'''"Occasional Verses" By M; Macgregor.'''<br />
<br />
"The Glasgow Herald" says: This is a case where criticism is superfluous. We only need quote Mr Macgregor’s:<br />
<br />
<u>Lines to a Memoir.</u><br />
<br />
<u>1. Before publication</u>.<br />
<br />
The moving fingers write; and, being writ<br /><br />
The Memoir’ goes to press. Not all thy wit<br /><br />
Shall lure it back to cancel half a line<br /><br />
Not all thy tears wash out a word of it.<br />
<br />
<u>2. After publication</u>.<br />
<br />
I hardly think that it will ere be read.<br /><br />
The rose soon withers when its bloom is shed,<br /><br />
And every gem of style my Memoir were<br /><br />
Has been excised by some unkindly Head.<br /><br />
<br />
We shall be very glad to show you copies of the above, if your official duties allow you time to call.<br />
<br />
We are, Sir,<br />
<br />
Yours truly, <br />
<br />
Messrs. Grin and Price.<br />
<br />
== The Survey Alphabet LSA361.2.218 ==<br />
<br />
A is for Andy, the first on the list,<br /><br />
Whose "faults" are unproved, though I’m sure they exist.<br />
<br />
B stands for Bailey. ‘Tis well known to all <br /><br />
He could "slide" long ere he had learnt to crawl.<br />
<br />
C is Carruthers, who gives up to corals<br /><br />
the time that should go to improving his morals. <sup>(1)</sup><br />
<br />
D stands for Dinham, with diffidence curet,<br /><br />
I mention him fourth, but he ought to come first. <sup>(2)</sup><br />
<br />
E is for Eyles, quite a recent recruit,<br /><br />
He’s still fairly sane; but in time he will suit.<br />
<br />
F stands for Fairley, that scoundrel who dares <br /><br />
To recast our expenses and challenge our fares.<br />
<br />
G is for Gibson. We can’t hope to find <br /><br />
When he goes, a Director so much to our mind.<br />
<br />
H stands for Haldane. Before the night’s past <br /><br />
We’ll toast the good doctor who treated him last.<br />
<br />
I is our Income, a thing we despise,<br /><br />
For it’s <u>Science</u> that always comes first in our eyes. <sup>(3)</sup><br />
<br />
J is John Horne and I wish that I knew<br /><br />
Where he gets his elixir of youth from. Don’t you?<br />
<br />
K is the knowledge we claim to possess<br /><br />
Of each others failings. It never grows less.<br />
<br />
L is our guest Robert Lunn Were it not <br /><br />
that politeness forbids, I could say quite a lot.<br />
<br />
M is Macgregor who comes from the West, <br /><br />
The other Macgregor? - Well, silence is best.<br />
<br />
N is Nepenthe we drink and forget<br /><br />
The hours spent with Gibson, the "minutes" from Flett.<br />
<br />
O is the "Old Sweat" who concocts fairy tales<br /><br />
There’s one called "The Norite which lived upon Shales"<br />
<br />
P is his Pen-name. I hazard a guess<br /><br />
That it’s not quite unknown to the "Daily Express". <br /><br />
<br />
Q is a Quibble. If I just knew the source<br /><br />
Of this scurrilous verse, I’d Burn-ett of course. <sup>(4)</sup><br />
<br />
R stands for Richey or Ross ~, which you please<br /><br />
There’s nothing too bad could be said about these.<br />
<br />
S stands for Simpson, an Aberdeen loon,<br /><br />
When Wilson’s been mentioned, my task’s over soon.<br />
<br />
T is for Torkington, also for Tait.<br /><br />
Their past life is such as I dare not relate.<br />
<br />
U are the Urgent demands that we get<br /><br />
For the Memoir (by Gibson) on "Cannels and Jet"<br />
<br />
V are the visions we see in our youth,<br /><br />
Embodied on memoirs and quoted as truth.<br />
<br />
W are the wishes we’d all like to write<br /><br />
To the friends who, though absent, are with us to-night.<br />
<br />
X is a symbol we use on our maps,<br /><br />
To convey our immense erudition - perhaps!<br />
<br />
Y are the Youngsters who have joined us of late,<br /><br />
(Dr Lee has just whispered, "Mon Dieu! what a fate".)<br />
<br />
Z stands for Zeolite, Zircon or Zinc.<br /><br />
Mr Chairman, why damn it! it's time for a drink.<br /><br />
<br />
(4)I apologise for the pun. One must make some concession to the English fondness for this peculiar form of humour.<br /><br />
<br />
== McCall ==<br />
https://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Ships_-_alphabetical_list_of_ships_used_in_BGS_offshore_operations&diff=58729
Ships - alphabetical list of ships used in BGS offshore operations
2023-06-28T13:20:36Z
<p>Scotfot: /* List of ships */</p>
<hr />
<div>== List of ships ==<br />
<br />
The list is in alphabetical order ignoring designations such as "MV" and "RSS".<br />
<br />
Main page for offshore operations: [[Offshore operations - history, British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| '''Image''' || '''Ship name'''|| '''Number of cruises'''<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Acadian Searcher || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Alba Na Mara || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || THV Alert || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Antares || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Aora || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Aqua Star || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Aurora || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Bata Greine || 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P1027738.JPG|thumb]] || Bavenit ||<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Belgica || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Bibby Tethra || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Big Buster || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Blue Shark || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Bon Entente || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Branding || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Braw Lads || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Brenda || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Briarthorn || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV British Enterprise Four || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV British Magnus || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Bucentaur || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Bulldog || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Calanus || 6<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P682037.jpg|thumb]] || [https://www.shipspotting.com/photos/128989 '''MV Cape Shore'''] || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Caribe Tide || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Cefas Endeavour || 41<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Celtic Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Celtic Wildcat || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Challenger || 14<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:P507234.jpg|thumb]] || '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_Charles_Darwin RRS Charles Darwin]''' || 12<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Charterer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Clupea || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Coastal Guardian || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Colonel Templar || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Confidante || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Conserver || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Corystes || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Crisilla || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Discovery || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Discovery || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Donquesto || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Dorset Lass || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Emerald || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Emu Surveyor || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Endrick 2 || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || EP Hutchinson || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Exact || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ferder || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Franklin || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Fugro Meridian || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Gardline Locator || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Geco Tau || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Girl Anne III || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Gleaner || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Gorsethorn || 17<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Greyhound Tracker || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Grigory Mikheev || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Hakon Mosby || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Heathergate || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Hecate || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Hecla || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Helicopter || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Hereema Surveyor || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Hesperides || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Hovercraft || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Humber Guardian || 5<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P511534.jpg|thumb|]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noosfera_(icebreaker) RRS James Clark Ross] || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_James_Cook RRS James Cook]''' || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || John Lund || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS John Murray || 19<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P857178.jpg|thumb]] || RV Justo Sierra || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Kommandor Iona || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Kommandor Jack || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Kommandor Michael || 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P506758.jpg|thumb]] || RV Kommandor Subsea || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Kommandor Therese || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV L'Espoir || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Locator || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Marbella || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Maria W || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Marine Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Mariner || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Marion Dufresne || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Meteor || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Minto || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Moray Firth IV || 10<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FPV Morven || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Neptune || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Noctiluca || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Norbjorn || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Noroit || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Norskald || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Observer || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ocean Seeker || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Oil Hunter || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ole Wirum || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Olna Firth || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Pelagia || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Petroswift || 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P1021975.jpg|thumb]]|| NLV Pharos || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Pisces || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLV_Pole_Star NLV Pole Star] || 8<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Prince Madog || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || TSS Profiler || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Proud Seahorse || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Quintail || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Remote Sensor || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Researcher || 12<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Rosherville || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Samuel Baxter || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Sandpebbler || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Scotia || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Sea Profiler || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Sea Vigil || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Seabeam || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Sealab || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Severn Guardian || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Shackleton || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Shorething || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Solent Guardian || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || TS Somerset || 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P261452.jpg|thumb|]] || MV Sperus || 14<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Steel Fish || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Stella Maris || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Strathclyde || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Strathyre II || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Surveyor || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MPV Teal || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Three Counties || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Endeavour || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Voyager || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RMAS Tormentor || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Tridens || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Triton || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || VFS Gauss || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Vickers Venturer || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Vidar Viking || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Vigilant || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Volans || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FPV Watchful || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Water Guardian || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wessex Explorer || 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P741111.jpg|thumb|]] || RV White Ribbon || 24<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P261432.jpg|thumb|]] || MV Whitethorn || 37<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wilma Russell || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wyke || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Xplorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Zephyr || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Zodiac || 4<br />
|}</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:P1021975.jpg&diff=58728
File:P1021975.jpg
2023-06-28T13:19:30Z
<p>Scotfot: Pharos - ship used by the British Geological Survey during offshore operations.</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
Pharos - ship used by the British Geological Survey during offshore operations.<br />
== Licencing ==<br />
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|}<br />
[[Category:License tags]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Ships_-_alphabetical_list_of_ships_used_in_BGS_offshore_operations&diff=58727
Ships - alphabetical list of ships used in BGS offshore operations
2023-06-28T13:17:02Z
<p>Scotfot: /* List of ships */</p>
<hr />
<div>== List of ships ==<br />
<br />
The list is in alphabetical order ignoring designations such as "MV" and "RSS".<br />
<br />
Main page for offshore operations: [[Offshore operations - history, British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| '''Image''' || '''Ship name'''|| '''Number of cruises'''<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Acadian Searcher || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Alba Na Mara || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || THV Alert || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Antares || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Aora || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Aqua Star || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Aurora || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Bata Greine || 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P1027738.JPG|thumb]] || Bavenit ||<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Belgica || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Bibby Tethra || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Big Buster || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Blue Shark || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Bon Entente || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Branding || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Braw Lads || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Brenda || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Briarthorn || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV British Enterprise Four || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV British Magnus || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Bucentaur || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Bulldog || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Calanus || 6<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P682037.jpg|thumb]] || [https://www.shipspotting.com/photos/128989 '''MV Cape Shore'''] || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Caribe Tide || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Cefas Endeavour || 41<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Celtic Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Celtic Wildcat || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Challenger || 14<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:P507234.jpg|thumb]] || '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_Charles_Darwin RRS Charles Darwin]''' || 12<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Charterer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Clupea || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Coastal Guardian || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Colonel Templar || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Confidante || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Conserver || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Corystes || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Crisilla || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Discovery || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Discovery || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Donquesto || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Dorset Lass || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Emerald || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Emu Surveyor || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Endrick 2 || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || EP Hutchinson || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Exact || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ferder || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Franklin || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Fugro Meridian || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Gardline Locator || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Geco Tau || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Girl Anne III || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Gleaner || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Gorsethorn || 17<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Greyhound Tracker || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Grigory Mikheev || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Hakon Mosby || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Heathergate || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Hecate || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Hecla || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Helicopter || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Hereema Surveyor || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Hesperides || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Hovercraft || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Humber Guardian || 5<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P511534.jpg|thumb|]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noosfera_(icebreaker) RRS James Clark Ross] || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_James_Cook RRS James Cook]''' || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || John Lund || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS John Murray || 19<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P857178.jpg|thumb]] || RV Justo Sierra || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Kommandor Iona || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Kommandor Jack || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Kommandor Michael || 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P506758.jpg|thumb]] || RV Kommandor Subsea || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Kommandor Therese || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV L'Espoir || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Locator || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Marbella || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Maria W || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Marine Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Mariner || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Marion Dufresne || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Meteor || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Minto || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Moray Firth IV || 10<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FPV Morven || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Neptune || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Noctiluca || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Norbjorn || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Noroit || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Norskald || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Observer || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ocean Seeker || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Oil Hunter || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ole Wirum || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Olna Firth || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Pelagia || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Petroswift || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || NLV Pharos || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Pisces || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLV_Pole_Star NLV Pole Star] || 8<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Prince Madog || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || TSS Profiler || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Proud Seahorse || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Quintail || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Remote Sensor || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Researcher || 12<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Rosherville || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Samuel Baxter || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Sandpebbler || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Scotia || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Sea Profiler || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Sea Vigil || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Seabeam || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Sealab || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Severn Guardian || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Shackleton || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Shorething || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Solent Guardian || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || TS Somerset || 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P261452.jpg|thumb|]] || MV Sperus || 14<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Steel Fish || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Stella Maris || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Strathclyde || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Strathyre II || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Surveyor || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MPV Teal || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Three Counties || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Endeavour || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Voyager || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RMAS Tormentor || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Tridens || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Triton || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || VFS Gauss || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Vickers Venturer || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Vidar Viking || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Vigilant || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Volans || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FPV Watchful || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Water Guardian || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wessex Explorer || 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P741111.jpg|thumb|]] || RV White Ribbon || 24<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P261432.jpg|thumb|]] || MV Whitethorn || 37<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wilma Russell || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wyke || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Xplorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Zephyr || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Zodiac || 4<br />
|}</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:P857178.jpg&diff=58726
File:P857178.jpg
2023-06-28T13:15:56Z
<p>Scotfot: Justo Sierra - ship used by British Geological Survey during offshore operations.</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
Justo Sierra - ship used by British Geological Survey during offshore operations.<br />
== Licencing ==<br />
__notoc__<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100% style="background:#f0f8ff; font-size:80%"<br />
| Download of 1000 x 1000 pixel images is free for all non-commercial use - all we ask in return is for you to acknowledge BGS when using our images. Click our Terms and Conditions link below for information on acknowledgement text, and to find out about using our images commercially.<br />
<br />
====Copyright====<br />
<br />
The images featured on this site unless otherwise indicated are copyright material of the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), of which the British Geological Survey is a component body. The British Geological Survey encourages the use of its material in promoting geological and environmental sciences.<br />
The images may be reproduced free of charge for any non-commercial use in any format or medium provided they are reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading or derogatory context. <br />
Where any images on this site are being republished or copied to others, the source of the material must be identified and the copyright status acknowledged. <br />
The permission to reproduce UKRI protected material does not extend to any images on this site which are identified as being the copyright of a third party. Authorisation to reproduce such material must be obtained from the copyright holders concerned.<br />
<br />
====Non-commercial Use====<br />
<br />
Use of the images downloaded from this site and reproduced digitally or otherwise may only be used for non-commercial purposes, which are:-<br />
<br />
* Private study or research for a non-commercial purpose<br />
* Education – for teaching, preparation and examination purposes<br />
<br />
When using the images please credit 'British Geological Survey' and include the catalogue reference ('P Number') of the item to allow others to access the original image or document. <br />
Non-commercial users of the images from this site are restricted to downloading no more than 30 images, without seeking further permission from [mailto:enquiries@bgs.ac.uk enquiries@bgs.ac.uk]<br />
<br />
====Commercial Use====<br />
<br />
For commercial use of these images for which higher resolution images are available, individual permissions and/or licences arrangements should be agreed by contacting [mailto:enquiries@bgs.ac.uk enquiries@bgs.ac.uk]<br />
<br />
Commercial use will include publications in books (including educational books), newspapers, journals, magazines, CDs and DVDs, etc, where a cover charge is applied; broadcasts on TV, film and theatre; and display in trade fairs, galleries, etc. If you are in doubt as to whether your intended use is commercial, please contact [mailto:enquiries@bgs.ac.uk enquiries@bgs.ac.uk]<br />
<br />
====Warranty====<br />
Use of the images downloaded from this site is at the users own risk. UKRI gives no warranty as to the quality of the images or the medium on which they are provided or their suitability for any use.<br />
<br />
====Ordnance Survey topography====<br />
Maps and diagrams in Earthwise use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data ©Crown Copyright and database rights 2015. Ordnance Survey Licence No. 100021290 EUL.<br />
|}<br />
[[Category:License tags]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Ships_-_alphabetical_list_of_ships_used_in_BGS_offshore_operations&diff=58725
Ships - alphabetical list of ships used in BGS offshore operations
2023-06-28T13:06:58Z
<p>Scotfot: /* List of ships */</p>
<hr />
<div>== List of ships ==<br />
<br />
The list is in alphabetical order ignoring designations such as "MV" and "RSS".<br />
<br />
Main page for offshore operations: [[Offshore operations - history, British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| '''Image''' || '''Ship name'''|| '''Number of cruises'''<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Acadian Searcher || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Alba Na Mara || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || THV Alert || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Antares || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Aora || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Aqua Star || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Aurora || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Bata Greine || 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P1027738.JPG|thumb]] || Bavenit ||<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Belgica || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Bibby Tethra || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Big Buster || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Blue Shark || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Bon Entente || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Branding || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Braw Lads || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Brenda || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Briarthorn || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV British Enterprise Four || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV British Magnus || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Bucentaur || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Bulldog || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Calanus || 6<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P682037.jpg|thumb]] || [https://www.shipspotting.com/photos/128989 '''MV Cape Shore'''] || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Caribe Tide || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Cefas Endeavour || 41<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Celtic Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Celtic Wildcat || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Challenger || 14<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:P507234.jpg|thumb]] || '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_Charles_Darwin RRS Charles Darwin]''' || 12<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Charterer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Clupea || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Coastal Guardian || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Colonel Templar || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Confidante || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Conserver || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Corystes || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Crisilla || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Discovery || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Discovery || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Donquesto || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Dorset Lass || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Emerald || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Emu Surveyor || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Endrick 2 || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || EP Hutchinson || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Exact || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ferder || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Franklin || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Fugro Meridian || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Gardline Locator || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Geco Tau || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Girl Anne III || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Gleaner || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Gorsethorn || 17<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Greyhound Tracker || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Grigory Mikheev || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Hakon Mosby || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Heathergate || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Hecate || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Hecla || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Helicopter || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Hereema Surveyor || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Hesperides || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Hovercraft || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Humber Guardian || 5<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P511534.jpg|thumb|]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noosfera_(icebreaker) RRS James Clark Ross] || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_James_Cook RRS James Cook]''' || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || John Lund || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS John Murray || 19<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Justo Sierra || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Kommandor Iona || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Kommandor Jack || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Kommandor Michael || 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P506758.jpg|thumb]] || RV Kommandor Subsea || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Kommandor Therese || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV L'Espoir || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Locator || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Marbella || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Maria W || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Marine Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Mariner || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Marion Dufresne || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Meteor || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Minto || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Moray Firth IV || 10<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FPV Morven || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Neptune || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Noctiluca || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Norbjorn || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Noroit || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Norskald || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Observer || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ocean Seeker || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Oil Hunter || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ole Wirum || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Olna Firth || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Pelagia || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Petroswift || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || NLV Pharos || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Pisces || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLV_Pole_Star NLV Pole Star] || 8<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Prince Madog || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || TSS Profiler || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Proud Seahorse || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Quintail || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Remote Sensor || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Researcher || 12<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Rosherville || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Samuel Baxter || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Sandpebbler || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Scotia || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Sea Profiler || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Sea Vigil || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Seabeam || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Sealab || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Severn Guardian || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Shackleton || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Shorething || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Solent Guardian || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || TS Somerset || 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P261452.jpg|thumb|]] || MV Sperus || 14<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Steel Fish || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Stella Maris || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Strathclyde || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Strathyre II || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Surveyor || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MPV Teal || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Three Counties || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Endeavour || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Voyager || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RMAS Tormentor || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Tridens || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Triton || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || VFS Gauss || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Vickers Venturer || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Vidar Viking || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Vigilant || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Volans || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FPV Watchful || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Water Guardian || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wessex Explorer || 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P741111.jpg|thumb|]] || RV White Ribbon || 24<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P261432.jpg|thumb|]] || MV Whitethorn || 37<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wilma Russell || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wyke || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Xplorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Zephyr || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Zodiac || 4<br />
|}</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:P1027738.JPG&diff=58724
File:P1027738.JPG
2023-06-28T13:05:57Z
<p>Scotfot: Bavenit - ship used by the British Geological Survey for offshore exploration. Photographer: Graham Tulloch.</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
Bavenit - ship used by the British Geological Survey for offshore exploration. Photographer: Graham Tulloch.<br />
== Licencing ==<br />
__notoc__<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100% style="background:#f0f8ff; font-size:80%"<br />
| Download of 1000 x 1000 pixel images is free for all non-commercial use - all we ask in return is for you to acknowledge BGS when using our images. Click our Terms and Conditions link below for information on acknowledgement text, and to find out about using our images commercially.<br />
<br />
====Copyright====<br />
<br />
The images featured on this site unless otherwise indicated are copyright material of the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), of which the British Geological Survey is a component body. The British Geological Survey encourages the use of its material in promoting geological and environmental sciences.<br />
The images may be reproduced free of charge for any non-commercial use in any format or medium provided they are reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading or derogatory context. <br />
Where any images on this site are being republished or copied to others, the source of the material must be identified and the copyright status acknowledged. <br />
The permission to reproduce UKRI protected material does not extend to any images on this site which are identified as being the copyright of a third party. Authorisation to reproduce such material must be obtained from the copyright holders concerned.<br />
<br />
====Non-commercial Use====<br />
<br />
Use of the images downloaded from this site and reproduced digitally or otherwise may only be used for non-commercial purposes, which are:-<br />
<br />
* Private study or research for a non-commercial purpose<br />
* Education – for teaching, preparation and examination purposes<br />
<br />
When using the images please credit 'British Geological Survey' and include the catalogue reference ('P Number') of the item to allow others to access the original image or document. <br />
Non-commercial users of the images from this site are restricted to downloading no more than 30 images, without seeking further permission from [mailto:enquiries@bgs.ac.uk enquiries@bgs.ac.uk]<br />
<br />
====Commercial Use====<br />
<br />
For commercial use of these images for which higher resolution images are available, individual permissions and/or licences arrangements should be agreed by contacting [mailto:enquiries@bgs.ac.uk enquiries@bgs.ac.uk]<br />
<br />
Commercial use will include publications in books (including educational books), newspapers, journals, magazines, CDs and DVDs, etc, where a cover charge is applied; broadcasts on TV, film and theatre; and display in trade fairs, galleries, etc. If you are in doubt as to whether your intended use is commercial, please contact [mailto:enquiries@bgs.ac.uk enquiries@bgs.ac.uk]<br />
<br />
====Warranty====<br />
Use of the images downloaded from this site is at the users own risk. UKRI gives no warranty as to the quality of the images or the medium on which they are provided or their suitability for any use.<br />
<br />
====Ordnance Survey topography====<br />
Maps and diagrams in Earthwise use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data ©Crown Copyright and database rights 2015. Ordnance Survey Licence No. 100021290 EUL.<br />
|}<br />
[[Category:License tags]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Ships_-_alphabetical_list_of_ships_used_in_BGS_offshore_operations&diff=58723
Ships - alphabetical list of ships used in BGS offshore operations
2023-06-28T12:58:58Z
<p>Scotfot: /* List of ships */</p>
<hr />
<div>== List of ships ==<br />
<br />
The list is in alphabetical order ignoring designations such as "MV" and "RSS".<br />
<br />
Main page for offshore operations: [[Offshore operations - history, British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| '''Image''' || '''Ship name'''|| '''Number of cruises'''<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Acadian Searcher || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Alba Na Mara || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || THV Alert || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Antares || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Aora || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Aqua Star || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Aurora || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Bata Greine || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Bavenit ||<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Belgica || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Bibby Tethra || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Big Buster || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Blue Shark || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Bon Entente || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Branding || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Braw Lads || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Brenda || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Briarthorn || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV British Enterprise Four || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV British Magnus || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Bucentaur || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Bulldog || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Calanus || 6<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P682037.jpg|thumb]] || [https://www.shipspotting.com/photos/128989 '''MV Cape Shore'''] || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Caribe Tide || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Cefas Endeavour || 41<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Celtic Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Celtic Wildcat || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Challenger || 14<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:P507234.jpg|thumb]] || '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_Charles_Darwin RRS Charles Darwin]''' || 12<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Charterer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Clupea || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Coastal Guardian || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Colonel Templar || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Confidante || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Conserver || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Corystes || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Crisilla || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Discovery || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Discovery || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Donquesto || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Dorset Lass || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Emerald || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Emu Surveyor || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Endrick 2 || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || EP Hutchinson || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Exact || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ferder || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Franklin || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Fugro Meridian || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Gardline Locator || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Geco Tau || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Girl Anne III || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Gleaner || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Gorsethorn || 17<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Greyhound Tracker || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Grigory Mikheev || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Hakon Mosby || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Heathergate || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Hecate || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Hecla || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Helicopter || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Hereema Surveyor || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Hesperides || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Hovercraft || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Humber Guardian || 5<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P511534.jpg|thumb|]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noosfera_(icebreaker) RRS James Clark Ross] || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_James_Cook RRS James Cook]''' || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || John Lund || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS John Murray || 19<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Justo Sierra || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Kommandor Iona || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Kommandor Jack || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Kommandor Michael || 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P506758.jpg|thumb]] || RV Kommandor Subsea || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Kommandor Therese || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV L'Espoir || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Locator || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Marbella || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Maria W || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Marine Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Mariner || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Marion Dufresne || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Meteor || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Minto || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Moray Firth IV || 10<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FPV Morven || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Neptune || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Noctiluca || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Norbjorn || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Noroit || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Norskald || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Observer || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ocean Seeker || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Oil Hunter || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ole Wirum || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Olna Firth || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Pelagia || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Petroswift || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || NLV Pharos || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Pisces || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLV_Pole_Star NLV Pole Star] || 8<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Prince Madog || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || TSS Profiler || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Proud Seahorse || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Quintail || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Remote Sensor || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Researcher || 12<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Rosherville || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Samuel Baxter || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Sandpebbler || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Scotia || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Sea Profiler || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Sea Vigil || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Seabeam || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Sealab || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Severn Guardian || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Shackleton || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Shorething || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Solent Guardian || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || TS Somerset || 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P261452.jpg|thumb|]] || MV Sperus || 14<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Steel Fish || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Stella Maris || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Strathclyde || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Strathyre II || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Surveyor || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MPV Teal || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Three Counties || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Endeavour || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Voyager || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RMAS Tormentor || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Tridens || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Triton || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || VFS Gauss || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Vickers Venturer || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Vidar Viking || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Vigilant || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Volans || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FPV Watchful || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Water Guardian || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wessex Explorer || 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P741111.jpg|thumb|]] || RV White Ribbon || 24<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P261432.jpg|thumb|]] || MV Whitethorn || 37<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wilma Russell || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wyke || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Xplorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Zephyr || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Zodiac || 4<br />
|}</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Ships_-_alphabetical_list_of_ships_used_in_BGS_offshore_operations&diff=58722
Ships - alphabetical list of ships used in BGS offshore operations
2023-06-28T11:21:32Z
<p>Scotfot: /* List of ships */</p>
<hr />
<div>== List of ships ==<br />
<br />
The list is in alphabetical order ignoring designations such as "MV" and "RSS".<br />
<br />
Main page for offshore operations: [[Offshore operations - history, British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| '''Image''' || '''Ship name'''|| '''Number of cruises'''<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Acadian Searcher || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Alba Na Mara || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || THV Alert || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Antares || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Aora || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Aqua Star || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Aurora || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Bata Greine || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Belgica || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Bibby Tethra || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Big Buster || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Blue Shark || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Bon Entente || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Branding || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Braw Lads || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Brenda || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Briarthorn || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV British Enterprise Four || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV British Magnus || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Bucentaur || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Bulldog || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Calanus || 6<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P682037.jpg|thumb]] || [https://www.shipspotting.com/photos/128989 '''MV Cape Shore'''] || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Caribe Tide || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Cefas Endeavour || 41<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Celtic Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Celtic Wildcat || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Challenger || 14<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:P507234.jpg|thumb]] || '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_Charles_Darwin RRS Charles Darwin]''' || 12<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Charterer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Clupea || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Coastal Guardian || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Colonel Templar || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Confidante || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Conserver || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Corystes || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Crisilla || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Discovery || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Discovery || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Donquesto || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Dorset Lass || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Emerald || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Emu Surveyor || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Endrick 2 || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || EP Hutchinson || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Exact || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ferder || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Franklin || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Fugro Meridian || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Gardline Locator || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Geco Tau || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Girl Anne III || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Gleaner || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Gorsethorn || 17<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Greyhound Tracker || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Grigory Mikheev || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Hakon Mosby || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Heathergate || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Hecate || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Hecla || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Helicopter || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Hereema Surveyor || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Hesperides || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Hovercraft || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Humber Guardian || 5<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P511534.jpg|thumb|]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noosfera_(icebreaker) RRS James Clark Ross] || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_James_Cook RRS James Cook]''' || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || John Lund || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS John Murray || 19<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Justo Sierra || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Kommandor Iona || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Kommandor Jack || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Kommandor Michael || 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P506758.jpg|thumb]] || RV Kommandor Subsea || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Kommandor Therese || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV L'Espoir || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Locator || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Marbella || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Maria W || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Marine Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Mariner || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Marion Dufresne || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Meteor || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Minto || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Moray Firth IV || 10<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FPV Morven || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Neptune || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Noctiluca || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Norbjorn || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Noroit || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Norskald || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Observer || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ocean Seeker || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Oil Hunter || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ole Wirum || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Olna Firth || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Pelagia || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Petroswift || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || NLV Pharos || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Pisces || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLV_Pole_Star NLV Pole Star] || 8<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Prince Madog || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || TSS Profiler || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Proud Seahorse || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Quintail || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Remote Sensor || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Researcher || 12<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Rosherville || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Samuel Baxter || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Sandpebbler || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Scotia || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Sea Profiler || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Sea Vigil || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Seabeam || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Sealab || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Severn Guardian || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Shackleton || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Shorething || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Solent Guardian || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || TS Somerset || 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P261452.jpg|thumb|]] || MV Sperus || 14<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Steel Fish || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Stella Maris || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Strathclyde || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Strathyre II || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Surveyor || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MPV Teal || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Three Counties || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Endeavour || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Voyager || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RMAS Tormentor || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Tridens || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Triton || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || VFS Gauss || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Vickers Venturer || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Vidar Viking || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Vigilant || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Volans || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FPV Watchful || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Water Guardian || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wessex Explorer || 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P741111.jpg|thumb|]] || RV White Ribbon || 24<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P261432.jpg|thumb|]] || MV Whitethorn || 37<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wilma Russell || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wyke || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Xplorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Zephyr || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Zodiac || 4<br />
|}</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Ships_-_alphabetical_list_of_ships_used_in_BGS_offshore_operations&diff=58721
Ships - alphabetical list of ships used in BGS offshore operations
2023-06-28T11:20:56Z
<p>Scotfot: /* List of ships */</p>
<hr />
<div>== List of ships ==<br />
<br />
The list is in alphabetical order ignoring designations such as "MV" and "RSS".<br />
<br />
Main page for offshore operations: [[Offshore operations - history, British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| '''Image''' || '''Ship name'''|| '''Number of cruises'''<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Acadian Searcher || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Alba Na Mara || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || THV Alert || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Antares || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Aora || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Aqua Star || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Aurora || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Bata Greine || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Belgica || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Bibby Tethra || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Big Buster || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Blue Shark || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Bon Entente || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Branding || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Braw Lads || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Brenda || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Briarthorn || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV British Enterprise Four || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV British Magnus || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Bucentaur || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Bulldog || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Calanus || 6<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P682037.jpg|thumb]] || [https://www.shipspotting.com/photos/128989 MV Cape Shore] || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Caribe Tide || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Cefas Endeavour || 41<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Celtic Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Celtic Wildcat || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Challenger || 14<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:P507234.jpg|thumb]] || '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_Charles_Darwin RRS Charles Darwin]''' || 12<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Charterer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Clupea || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Coastal Guardian || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Colonel Templar || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Confidante || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Conserver || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Corystes || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Crisilla || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Discovery || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Discovery || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Donquesto || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Dorset Lass || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Emerald || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Emu Surveyor || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Endrick 2 || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || EP Hutchinson || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Exact || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ferder || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Franklin || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Fugro Meridian || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Gardline Locator || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Geco Tau || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Girl Anne III || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Gleaner || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Gorsethorn || 17<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Greyhound Tracker || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Grigory Mikheev || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Hakon Mosby || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Heathergate || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Hecate || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Hecla || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Helicopter || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Hereema Surveyor || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Hesperides || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Hovercraft || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Humber Guardian || 5<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P511534.jpg|thumb|]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noosfera_(icebreaker) RRS James Clark Ross] || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_James_Cook RRS James Cook]''' || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || John Lund || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS John Murray || 19<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Justo Sierra || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Kommandor Iona || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Kommandor Jack || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Kommandor Michael || 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P506758.jpg|thumb]] || RV Kommandor Subsea || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Kommandor Therese || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV L'Espoir || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Locator || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Marbella || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Maria W || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Marine Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Mariner || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Marion Dufresne || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Meteor || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Minto || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Moray Firth IV || 10<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FPV Morven || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Neptune || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Noctiluca || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Norbjorn || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Noroit || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Norskald || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Observer || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ocean Seeker || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Oil Hunter || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ole Wirum || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Olna Firth || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Pelagia || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Petroswift || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || NLV Pharos || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Pisces || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLV_Pole_Star NLV Pole Star] || 8<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Prince Madog || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || TSS Profiler || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Proud Seahorse || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Quintail || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Remote Sensor || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Researcher || 12<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Rosherville || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Samuel Baxter || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Sandpebbler || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Scotia || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Sea Profiler || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Sea Vigil || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Seabeam || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Sealab || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Severn Guardian || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Shackleton || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Shorething || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Solent Guardian || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || TS Somerset || 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P261452.jpg|thumb|]] || MV Sperus || 14<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Steel Fish || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Stella Maris || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Strathclyde || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Strathyre II || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Surveyor || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MPV Teal || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Three Counties || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Endeavour || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Voyager || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RMAS Tormentor || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Tridens || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Triton || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || VFS Gauss || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Vickers Venturer || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Vidar Viking || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Vigilant || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Volans || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FPV Watchful || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Water Guardian || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wessex Explorer || 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P741111.jpg|thumb|]] || RV White Ribbon || 24<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P261432.jpg|thumb|]] || MV Whitethorn || 37<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wilma Russell || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wyke || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Xplorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Zephyr || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Zodiac || 4<br />
|}</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Ships_-_alphabetical_list_of_ships_used_in_BGS_offshore_operations&diff=58720
Ships - alphabetical list of ships used in BGS offshore operations
2023-06-28T11:17:42Z
<p>Scotfot: /* List of ships */</p>
<hr />
<div>== List of ships ==<br />
<br />
The list is in alphabetical order ignoring designations such as "MV" and "RSS".<br />
<br />
Main page for offshore operations: [[Offshore operations - history, British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| '''Image''' || '''Ship name'''|| '''Number of cruises'''<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Acadian Searcher || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Alba Na Mara || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || THV Alert || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Antares || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Aora || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Aqua Star || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Aurora || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Bata Greine || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Belgica || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Bibby Tethra || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Big Buster || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Blue Shark || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Bon Entente || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Branding || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Braw Lads || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Brenda || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Briarthorn || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV British Enterprise Four || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV British Magnus || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Bucentaur || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Bulldog || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Calanus || 6<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P682037.jpg|thumb]] || MV Cape Shore || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Caribe Tide || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Cefas Endeavour || 41<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Celtic Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Celtic Wildcat || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Challenger || 14<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:P507234.jpg|thumb]] || '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_Charles_Darwin RRS Charles Darwin]''' || 12<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Charterer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Clupea || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Coastal Guardian || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Colonel Templar || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Confidante || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Conserver || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Corystes || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Crisilla || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Discovery || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Discovery || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Donquesto || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Dorset Lass || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Emerald || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Emu Surveyor || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Endrick 2 || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || EP Hutchinson || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Exact || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ferder || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Franklin || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Fugro Meridian || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Gardline Locator || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Geco Tau || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Girl Anne III || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Gleaner || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Gorsethorn || 17<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Greyhound Tracker || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Grigory Mikheev || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Hakon Mosby || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Heathergate || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Hecate || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Hecla || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Helicopter || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Hereema Surveyor || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Hesperides || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Hovercraft || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Humber Guardian || 5<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P511534.jpg|thumb|]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noosfera_(icebreaker) RRS James Clark Ross] || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_James_Cook RRS James Cook]''' || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || John Lund || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS John Murray || 19<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Justo Sierra || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Kommandor Iona || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Kommandor Jack || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Kommandor Michael || 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P506758.jpg|thumb]] || RV Kommandor Subsea || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Kommandor Therese || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV L'Espoir || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Locator || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Marbella || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Maria W || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Marine Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Mariner || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Marion Dufresne || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Meteor || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Minto || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Moray Firth IV || 10<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FPV Morven || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Neptune || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Noctiluca || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Norbjorn || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Noroit || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Norskald || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Observer || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ocean Seeker || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Oil Hunter || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ole Wirum || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Olna Firth || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Pelagia || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Petroswift || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || NLV Pharos || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Pisces || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLV_Pole_Star NLV Pole Star] || 8<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Prince Madog || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || TSS Profiler || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Proud Seahorse || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Quintail || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Remote Sensor || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Researcher || 12<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Rosherville || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Samuel Baxter || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Sandpebbler || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Scotia || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Sea Profiler || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Sea Vigil || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Seabeam || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Sealab || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Severn Guardian || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Shackleton || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Shorething || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Solent Guardian || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || TS Somerset || 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P261452.jpg|thumb|]] || MV Sperus || 14<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Steel Fish || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Stella Maris || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Strathclyde || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Strathyre II || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Surveyor || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MPV Teal || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Three Counties || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Endeavour || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Voyager || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RMAS Tormentor || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Tridens || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Triton || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || VFS Gauss || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Vickers Venturer || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Vidar Viking || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Vigilant || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Volans || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FPV Watchful || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Water Guardian || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wessex Explorer || 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P741111.jpg|thumb|]] || RV White Ribbon || 24<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P261432.jpg|thumb|]] || MV Whitethorn || 37<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wilma Russell || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wyke || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Xplorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Zephyr || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Zodiac || 4<br />
|}</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:P682037.jpg&diff=58719
File:P682037.jpg
2023-06-28T11:16:09Z
<p>Scotfot: Cape Shore - ship used in British Geological Survey offshore exploration. Photograph by Graham K. Lott.</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
Cape Shore - ship used in British Geological Survey offshore exploration. Photograph by Graham K. Lott.<br />
== Licencing ==<br />
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Maps and diagrams in Earthwise use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data ©Crown Copyright and database rights 2015. Ordnance Survey Licence No. 100021290 EUL.<br />
|}<br />
[[Category:License tags]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Ships_-_alphabetical_list_of_ships_used_in_BGS_offshore_operations&diff=58718
Ships - alphabetical list of ships used in BGS offshore operations
2023-06-21T18:52:31Z
<p>Scotfot: /* List of ships */</p>
<hr />
<div>== List of ships ==<br />
<br />
The list is in alphabetical order ignoring designations such as "MV" and "RSS".<br />
<br />
Main page for offshore operations: [[Offshore operations - history, British Geological Survey]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| '''Image''' || '''Ship name'''|| '''Number of cruises'''<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Acadian Searcher || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Alba Na Mara || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || THV Alert || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Antares || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Aora || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Aqua Star || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Aurora || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Bata Greine || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Belgica || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Bibby Tethra || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Big Buster || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Blue Shark || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Bon Entente || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Branding || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Braw Lads || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Brenda || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Briarthorn || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV British Enterprise Four || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV British Magnus || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Bucentaur || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Bulldog || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Calanus || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Cape Shore || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Caribe Tide || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Cefas Endeavour || 41<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Celtic Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Celtic Wildcat || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Challenger || 14<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:P507234.jpg|thumb]] || '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_Charles_Darwin RRS Charles Darwin]''' || 12<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Charterer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Clupea || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Coastal Guardian || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Colonel Templar || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Confidante || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Conserver || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Corystes || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Crisilla || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Discovery || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Discovery || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Donquesto || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Dorset Lass || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Emerald || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Emu Surveyor || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Endrick 2 || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || EP Hutchinson || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Exact || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ferder || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Franklin || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Fugro Meridian || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Gardline Locator || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Geco Tau || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Girl Anne III || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Gleaner || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Gorsethorn || 17<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Greyhound Tracker || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Grigory Mikheev || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Hakon Mosby || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Heathergate || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Hecate || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || HMS Hecla || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Helicopter || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Hereema Surveyor || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Hesperides || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Hovercraft || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Humber Guardian || 5<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P511534.jpg|thumb|]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noosfera_(icebreaker) RRS James Clark Ross] || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_James_Cook RRS James Cook]''' || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || John Lund || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS John Murray || 19<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Justo Sierra || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Kommandor Iona || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Kommandor Jack || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Kommandor Michael || 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P506758.jpg|thumb]] || RV Kommandor Subsea || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Kommandor Therese || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV L'Espoir || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Locator || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Marbella || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Maria W || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Marine Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Mariner || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Marion Dufresne || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Meteor || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Minto || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Moray Firth IV || 10<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FPV Morven || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Neptune || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Noctiluca || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Norbjorn || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Noroit || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Norskald || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Observer || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ocean Seeker || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Oil Hunter || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Ole Wirum || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Olna Firth || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Pelagia || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Petroswift || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || NLV Pharos || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Pisces || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLV_Pole_Star NLV Pole Star] || 8<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Prince Madog || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || TSS Profiler || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Proud Seahorse || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Quintail || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Remote Sensor || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Researcher || 12<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Rosherville || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Samuel Baxter || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Sandpebbler || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FRV Scotia || 6<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Sea Profiler || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Sea Vigil || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Seabeam || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Sealab || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Severn Guardian || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RRS Shackleton || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Shorething || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Solent Guardian || 7<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || TS Somerset || 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P261452.jpg|thumb|]] || MV Sperus || 14<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Steel Fish || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Stella Maris || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Strathclyde || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FV Strathyre II || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Surveyor || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MPV Teal || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Three Counties || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Endeavour || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Explorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Titan Voyager || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RMAS Tormentor || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Tridens || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Triton || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || VFS Gauss || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || RV Vickers Venturer || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Vidar Viking || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || MV Vigilant || 4<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Volans || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || FPV Watchful || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Water Guardian || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wessex Explorer || 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P741111.jpg|thumb|]] || RV White Ribbon || 24<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:P261432.jpg|thumb|]] || MV Whitethorn || 37<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wilma Russell || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Wyke || 2<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Xplorer || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Zephyr || 1<br />
|-<br />
| Awaiting image || Zodiac || 4<br />
|}</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:P506758.jpg&diff=58717
File:P506758.jpg
2023-06-21T18:50:02Z
<p>Scotfot: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
RV Kommandor Subsea ship sailing into Scrabster, Thurso, Caithness, 1986. Photographer: G.J. Tulloch.<br />
<br />
== Licencing ==<br />
__notoc__<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100% style="background:#f0f8ff; font-size:80%"<br />
| Download of 1000 x 1000 pixel images is free for all non-commercial use - all we ask in return is for you to acknowledge BGS when using our images. Click our Terms and Conditions link below for information on acknowledgement text, and to find out about using our images commercially.<br />
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====Copyright====<br />
<br />
The images featured on this site unless otherwise indicated are copyright material of the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), of which the British Geological Survey is a component body. The British Geological Survey encourages the use of its material in promoting geological and environmental sciences.<br />
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Where any images on this site are being republished or copied to others, the source of the material must be identified and the copyright status acknowledged. <br />
The permission to reproduce UKRI protected material does not extend to any images on this site which are identified as being the copyright of a third party. Authorisation to reproduce such material must be obtained from the copyright holders concerned.<br />
<br />
====Non-commercial Use====<br />
<br />
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====Commercial Use====<br />
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Use of the images downloaded from this site is at the users own risk. UKRI gives no warranty as to the quality of the images or the medium on which they are provided or their suitability for any use.<br />
<br />
====Ordnance Survey topography====<br />
Maps and diagrams in Earthwise use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data ©Crown Copyright and database rights 2015. Ordnance Survey Licence No. 100021290 EUL.<br />
|}<br />
[[Category:License tags]]</div>
Scotfot
https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:P506758.jpg&diff=58716
File:P506758.jpg
2023-06-21T18:49:36Z
<p>Scotfot: RV Kommandor Subsea ship sailing into Scrabster, Thurso, Caithness. Photographer: G.J. Tulloch.</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
RV Kommandor Subsea ship sailing into Scrabster, Thurso, Caithness. Photographer: G.J. Tulloch.<br />
== Licencing ==<br />
__notoc__<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100% style="background:#f0f8ff; font-size:80%"<br />
| Download of 1000 x 1000 pixel images is free for all non-commercial use - all we ask in return is for you to acknowledge BGS when using our images. Click our Terms and Conditions link below for information on acknowledgement text, and to find out about using our images commercially.<br />
<br />
====Copyright====<br />
<br />
The images featured on this site unless otherwise indicated are copyright material of the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), of which the British Geological Survey is a component body. The British Geological Survey encourages the use of its material in promoting geological and environmental sciences.<br />
The images may be reproduced free of charge for any non-commercial use in any format or medium provided they are reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading or derogatory context. <br />
Where any images on this site are being republished or copied to others, the source of the material must be identified and the copyright status acknowledged. <br />
The permission to reproduce UKRI protected material does not extend to any images on this site which are identified as being the copyright of a third party. Authorisation to reproduce such material must be obtained from the copyright holders concerned.<br />
<br />
====Non-commercial Use====<br />
<br />
Use of the images downloaded from this site and reproduced digitally or otherwise may only be used for non-commercial purposes, which are:-<br />
<br />
* Private study or research for a non-commercial purpose<br />
* Education – for teaching, preparation and examination purposes<br />
<br />
When using the images please credit 'British Geological Survey' and include the catalogue reference ('P Number') of the item to allow others to access the original image or document. <br />
Non-commercial users of the images from this site are restricted to downloading no more than 30 images, without seeking further permission from [mailto:enquiries@bgs.ac.uk enquiries@bgs.ac.uk]<br />
<br />
====Commercial Use====<br />
<br />
For commercial use of these images for which higher resolution images are available, individual permissions and/or licences arrangements should be agreed by contacting [mailto:enquiries@bgs.ac.uk enquiries@bgs.ac.uk]<br />
<br />
Commercial use will include publications in books (including educational books), newspapers, journals, magazines, CDs and DVDs, etc, where a cover charge is applied; broadcasts on TV, film and theatre; and display in trade fairs, galleries, etc. If you are in doubt as to whether your intended use is commercial, please contact [mailto:enquiries@bgs.ac.uk enquiries@bgs.ac.uk]<br />
<br />
====Warranty====<br />
Use of the images downloaded from this site is at the users own risk. UKRI gives no warranty as to the quality of the images or the medium on which they are provided or their suitability for any use.<br />
<br />
====Ordnance Survey topography====<br />
Maps and diagrams in Earthwise use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data ©Crown Copyright and database rights 2015. Ordnance Survey Licence No. 100021290 EUL.<br />
|}<br />
[[Category:License tags]]</div>
Scotfot