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'''From: McMillan, A.A., Gillanders, R.J. and Fairhurst, J.A. 1999 Building stones of Edinburgh. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Geological Society.''' | |||
The contents of this guidebook have been converted for [[Main Page|Earthwise<sup>TM</sup>]] | |||
Contents | Contents | ||
| Line 7: | Line 12: | ||
Preface to the 2nd Edition | Preface to the 2nd Edition | ||
[[Building stones of Edinburgh - introduction|Chapter 1 the City of Edinburgh and its geological backdrop]] | == [[Building stones of Edinburgh - introduction|Chapter 1 the City of Edinburgh and its geological backdrop]] == | ||
=== [[Building stones of Edinburgh: Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings]] === | |||
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: geological characteristics of building stones|Chapter 2 the geological characteristics of building stones]] | == [[Building stones of Edinburgh: geological characteristics of building stones|Chapter 2 the geological characteristics of building stones]] == | ||
Introduction | :Introduction | ||
Sedimentary rocks | :Sedimentary rocks | ||
Sandstones | ::Sandstones | ||
Bedding characteristics | :::Bedding characteristics | ||
Sedimentary structures in sandstones | :::Sedimentary structures in sandstones | ||
Joints | :::Joints | ||
Classification of sandstones: mineralogy, grain and cement composition and colour | :::Classification of sandstones: mineralogy, grain and cement composition and colour | ||
Weathering | :::Weathering | ||
Limestones | ::Limestones | ||
Igneous rocks | :Igneous rocks | ||
Metamorphic rocks | :Metamorphic rocks | ||
Slate | ::Slate | ||
Marble | ::Marble | ||
References | :References | ||
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: stratigraphy and origin of sandstones|Chapter 3 Stratigraphy and origin of sandstones used in Edinburgh]] | == [[Building stones of Edinburgh: stratigraphy and origin of sandstones|Chapter 3 Stratigraphy and origin of sandstones used in Edinburgh]] == | ||
Geological setting | :Geological setting | ||
Scottish Devonian sandstone ('Old Red Sandstone') | :Scottish Devonian sandstone ('Old Red Sandstone') | ||
Sandstones of Angus | ::Sandstones of Angus | ||
Caithness Flagstones | :Caithness Flagstones | ||
Carboniferous sandstone of the Midland Valley of Scotland | :Carboniferous sandstone of the Midland Valley of Scotland | ||
Inyerclyde Group | ::Inyerclyde Group | ||
Kinnesswood Formation | :::Kinnesswood Formation | ||
Ballagan Formation | :::Ballagan Formation | ||
Strathclyde Group | ::Strathclyde Group | ||
Arthur's Seat Volcanic Formation and Gullane Formation | :::Arthur's Seat Volcanic Formation and Gullane Formation | ||
West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation | :::West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation | ||
Clackmannan Group | ::Clackmannan Group | ||
Lower Limestone Formation | :::Lower Limestone Formation | ||
Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations | :::Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations | ||
Passage Formation | :::Passage Formation | ||
Coal Measures | :Coal Measures | ||
Permian and Triassic Sandstone ('New Red Sandstone') of Dumfries & Galloway and Ayrshire | Permian and Triassic Sandstone ('New Red Sandstone') of Dumfries & Galloway and Ayrshire | ||
Appleby Group | ::Appleby Group | ||
:::Locharbriggs Sandstone Formation | |||
:::Thornhill Sandstone Formation | |||
:::Corncockle Sandstone Formation | |||
:::Mauchline Sandstone Formation | |||
::Sherwood Sandstone Group | |||
:::St Bees Sandstone Formation | |||
:Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of Moray | |||
:Carboniferous sandstone from the Scottish Borders and England | |||
::Lower Carboniferous | |||
Cementstone Group | :::Cementstone Group | ||
Fell Sandstone Group | :::Fell Sandstone Group | ||
Scremerston Coal Group | :::Scremerston Coal Group | ||
Lower and Middle Limestone Groups | :::Lower and Middle Limestone Groups | ||
Millstone Grit | ::Millstone Grit | ||
Coal Measures | ::Coal Measures | ||
Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of England | :Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of England | ||
References | :References | ||
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: tests and properties|Chapter 4 Tests on building stones]] | == [[Building stones of Edinburgh: tests and properties|Chapter 4 Tests on building stones]] == | ||
History | :History | ||
Current methods of testing | :Current methods of testing | ||
Tests used as indicators of durability | :Tests used as indicators of durability | ||
Porosity | ::Porosity | ||
Water absorption | ::Water absorption | ||
Saturation coefficient | ::Saturation coefficient | ||
Acid immersion test | ::Acid immersion test | ||
Sodium sulphate crystallisation test | ::Sodium sulphate crystallisation test | ||
The mechanical properties of stone | :The mechanical properties of stone | ||
Strength tests | ::Strength tests | ||
Uniaxial or unconfined compression test | ::Uniaxial or unconfined compression test | ||
The point-load test | ::The point-load test | ||
Hardness | ::Hardness | ||
References | :References | ||
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: quarrying methods|Chapter 5 Quarrying methods]] | == [[Building stones of Edinburgh: quarrying methods|Chapter 5 Quarrying methods]] == | ||
Working of the stone | :Working of the stone | ||
Organisation of work | :Organisation of work | ||
The workmen | :The workmen | ||
References | :References | ||
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: use and availability of sandstones|Chapter 6 The use and availability of sandstone in Edinburgh]] | == [[Building stones of Edinburgh: use and availability of sandstones|Chapter 6 The use and availability of sandstone in Edinburgh]] == | ||
Methods of walling | :Methods of walling | ||
Surface finishes | :Surface finishes | ||
Smoothed ashlar | ::Smoothed ashlar | ||
Droved (boasted) work | ::Droved (boasted) work | ||
Tooled work | ::Tooled work | ||
Stugged (punched) work | ::Stugged (punched) work | ||
Broached work | ::Broached work | ||
Rock-faced (bull-faced, pitch-faced, rusticated) work | ::Rock-faced (bull-faced, pitch-faced, rusticated) work | ||
Vermiculated work | ::Vermiculated work | ||
Cladding | :Cladding | ||
Use of different stone in the same building | :Use of different stone in the same building | ||
Availability of stone: an historical perspective | :Availability of stone: an historical perspective | ||
References | :References | ||
Chapter 7 Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: Part 1. Edinburgh's | == Chapter 7 Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: Part 1. Edinburgh's quarries and their building stone products == | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Kinnesswood Formation|Stone from the Kinnesswood Formation]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Kinnesswood Formation|Stone from the Kinnesswood Formation]] | ||
Burgh Muir (Meadows and Bruntsheld) and Grange Quarries | Burgh Muir (Meadows and Bruntsheld) and Grange Quarries | ||
| Line 187: | Line 194: | ||
Craigmillar and Hawkhill Wood Quarries | Craigmillar and Hawkhill Wood Quarries | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Ballagan Formation|Stone from the Ballagan Formation]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Ballagan Formation|Stone from the Ballagan Formation]] | ||
The 'Salisbury' Quarries (Camstone and Dumbiedykes) | ::The 'Salisbury' Quarries (Camstone and Dumbiedykes) | ||
Salisbury Crags Quarries | ::Salisbury Crags Quarries | ||
Greyfriar's Port Quarries | ::Greyfriar's Port Quarries | ||
Other Old Town Quarries | ::Other Old Town Quarries | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Gullane Formation|Stone from the Gullane Formation]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Gullane Formation|Stone from the Gullane Formation]] | ||
Craigleith | ::Craigleith | ||
Maidencraig | ::Maidencraig | ||
Barnton Park | ::Barnton Park | ||
Ravelston | ::Ravelston | ||
Craigcrook | ::Craigcrook | ||
Granton Quarries | ::Granton Quarries | ||
Bearford's Quarries | ::Bearford's Quarries | ||
Upper Quarry Holes (London Road Quarries) and Lower (Nether) Quarry Holes | ::Upper Quarry Holes (London Road Quarries) and Lower (Nether) Quarry Holes | ||
Quarries In the West End of the New Town | ::Quarries In the West End of the New Town | ||
Broughton Quarries | ::Broughton Quarries | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation|Stone from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation|Stone from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation]] | ||
Ravelston No. 2 and Ravelston Black | ::Ravelston No. 2 and Ravelston Black | ||
Leith Hill | ::Leith Hill | ||
Wardie | ::Wardie | ||
Hailes | ::Hailes | ||
Redhall | ::Redhall | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations|Stone from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations|Stone from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations]] | ||
Joppa Quarries | ::Joppa Quarries | ||
Niddrie | ::Niddrie | ||
Chapter 8. Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: part .2 Scottish and English quarries and their building stone products | == Chapter 8. Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: part .2 Scottish and English quarries and their building stone products == | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness|Stone from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness|Stone from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness]] | ||
Carmyllie and Leoch | ::Carmyllie and Leoch | ||
Caithness | ::Caithness | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of West Lothian|Stone from the Carboniferous of West Lothian]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of West Lothian|Stone from the Carboniferous of West Lothian]] | ||
Binny | ::Binny | ||
Hermand | ::Hermand | ||
Dalmeny | ::Dalmeny | ||
::Humbie | |||
Craigton | ::Craigton | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of Fife|Stone from the Carboniferous of Fife]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of Fife|Stone from the Carboniferous of Fife]] | ||
Grange | ::Grange | ||
Newbigging | ::Newbigging | ||
Cuhalo | ::Cuhalo | ||
Clunevar | ::Clunevar | ||
Fordell | ::Fordell | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas]] | ||
Bishopbriggs Quarries | ::Bishopbriggs Quarries | ||
Kenmure and Huntershill | ::Kenmure and Huntershill | ||
Plean | ::Plean | ||
Dullatur | ::Dullatur | ||
Polmaise | ::Polmaise | ||
Dunmore | ::Dunmore | ||
Giffnock | ::Giffnock | ||
Braehead | ::Braehead | ||
Auchintea | ::Auchintea | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England]] | ||
Swinton and Whitsome Newton | ::Swinton and Whitsome Newton | ||
Fairloans | ::Fairloans | ||
Doddington | ::Doddington | ||
Craggo | ::Craggo | ||
Blaxter | ::Blaxter | ||
Darney | ::Darney | ||
Prudham | ::Prudham | ||
Gunnerton | ::Gunnerton | ||
Dunhouse | ::Dunhouse | ||
Stainton | ::Stainton | ||
Catcastle | ::Catcastle | ||
Wewield | ::Wewield | ||
Stoke Hall | ::Stoke Hall | ||
Stanton Moor | ::Stanton Moor | ||
Stancliffe | ::Stancliffe | ||
Springwell | ::Springwell | ||
Woodkirk | ::Woodkirk | ||
Heworthburn | ::Heworthburn | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria]] | ||
Locharbriggs | ::Locharbriggs | ||
Corncockle | ::Corncockle | ||
Gatetawbridge | ::Gatetawbridge | ||
Closeburn | ::Closeburn | ||
Corsehill | ::Corsehill | ||
Lazonby | ::Lazonby | ||
Moat | ::Moat | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Moray|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Moray]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Moray|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Moray]] | ||
Clashach | ::Clashach | ||
Spynie | ::Spynie | ||
References | :References | ||
Appendix 1 Glossary | == [[Glossary of terms relating to building stones of Edinburgh|Appendix 1 Glossary]] == | ||
[[Sandstone quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings - locations and stratigraphy|Appendix 2 Sandstone quarries: locations and stratigraphy]] | == [[Sandstone quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings - locations and stratigraphy|Appendix 2 Sandstone quarries: locations and stratigraphy]] == | ||
[[Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings - alphabetical list by building|Appendix 3 Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings]] | == [[Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings - alphabetical list by building|Appendix 3 Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings]] == | ||
Appendix 4 | == [[Dates of operation and peak numbers employed in selected Edinburgh sandstone quarries|Appendix 4 Dates of operation and peak numbers employed in selected sandstone quarries]] == | ||
== [[Building stones of Edinburgh: tests and properties|Appendix 5 Properties of building stones]] == | |||
:B. Localities, descriptions and properties of building stones | |||
:C. Bibliography | |||
== Appendix 6 fossil trees from Craigleith, Granton and Redhall quarries == | |||
Index | |||
[[Category:Edinburgh Geological Society]] | |||
[[category:Building stones]] | |||
Latest revision as of 14:48, 8 November 2015
From: McMillan, A.A., Gillanders, R.J. and Fairhurst, J.A. 1999 Building stones of Edinburgh. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Geological Society.
The contents of this guidebook have been converted for EarthwiseTM
Contents
Foreword
Contents
Preface to the 2nd Edition
Chapter 1 the City of Edinburgh and its geological backdrop
Building stones of Edinburgh: Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings
Chapter 2 the geological characteristics of building stones
- Introduction
- Sedimentary rocks
- Sandstones
- Bedding characteristics
- Sedimentary structures in sandstones
- Joints
- Classification of sandstones: mineralogy, grain and cement composition and colour
- Weathering
- Limestones
- Igneous rocks
- Metamorphic rocks
- Slate
- Marble
- References
Chapter 3 Stratigraphy and origin of sandstones used in Edinburgh
- Geological setting
- Scottish Devonian sandstone ('Old Red Sandstone')
- Sandstones of Angus
- Caithness Flagstones
- Carboniferous sandstone of the Midland Valley of Scotland
- Inyerclyde Group
- Kinnesswood Formation
- Ballagan Formation
- Strathclyde Group
- Arthur's Seat Volcanic Formation and Gullane Formation
- West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation
- Clackmannan Group
- Lower Limestone Formation
- Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations
- Passage Formation
- Coal Measures
Permian and Triassic Sandstone ('New Red Sandstone') of Dumfries & Galloway and Ayrshire
- Appleby Group
- Locharbriggs Sandstone Formation
- Thornhill Sandstone Formation
- Corncockle Sandstone Formation
- Mauchline Sandstone Formation
- Sherwood Sandstone Group
- St Bees Sandstone Formation
- Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of Moray
- Carboniferous sandstone from the Scottish Borders and England
- Lower Carboniferous
- Cementstone Group
- Fell Sandstone Group
- Scremerston Coal Group
- Lower and Middle Limestone Groups
- Millstone Grit
- Coal Measures
- Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of England
- References
Chapter 4 Tests on building stones
- History
- Current methods of testing
- Tests used as indicators of durability
- Porosity
- Water absorption
- Saturation coefficient
- Acid immersion test
- Sodium sulphate crystallisation test
- The mechanical properties of stone
- Strength tests
- Uniaxial or unconfined compression test
- The point-load test
- Hardness
- References
Chapter 5 Quarrying methods
- Working of the stone
- Organisation of work
- The workmen
- References
Chapter 6 The use and availability of sandstone in Edinburgh
- Methods of walling
- Surface finishes
- Smoothed ashlar
- Droved (boasted) work
- Tooled work
- Stugged (punched) work
- Broached work
- Rock-faced (bull-faced, pitch-faced, rusticated) work
- Vermiculated work
- Cladding
- Use of different stone in the same building
- Availability of stone: an historical perspective
- References
Chapter 7 Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: Part 1. Edinburgh's quarries and their building stone products
Burgh Muir (Meadows and Bruntsheld) and Grange Quarries
Craigmillar and Hawkhill Wood Quarries
- The 'Salisbury' Quarries (Camstone and Dumbiedykes)
- Salisbury Crags Quarries
- Greyfriar's Port Quarries
- Other Old Town Quarries
- Craigleith
- Maidencraig
- Barnton Park
- Ravelston
- Craigcrook
- Granton Quarries
- Bearford's Quarries
- Upper Quarry Holes (London Road Quarries) and Lower (Nether) Quarry Holes
- Quarries In the West End of the New Town
- Broughton Quarries
- Ravelston No. 2 and Ravelston Black
- Leith Hill
- Wardie
- Hailes
- Redhall
- Joppa Quarries
- Niddrie
Chapter 8. Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: part .2 Scottish and English quarries and their building stone products
- Carmyllie and Leoch
- Caithness
- Binny
- Hermand
- Dalmeny
- Humbie
- Craigton
- Grange
- Newbigging
- Cuhalo
- Clunevar
- Fordell
- Bishopbriggs Quarries
- Kenmure and Huntershill
- Plean
- Dullatur
- Polmaise
- Dunmore
- Giffnock
- Braehead
- Auchintea
- Swinton and Whitsome Newton
- Fairloans
- Doddington
- Craggo
- Blaxter
- Darney
- Prudham
- Gunnerton
- Dunhouse
- Stainton
- Catcastle
- Wewield
- Stoke Hall
- Stanton Moor
- Stancliffe
- Springwell
- Woodkirk
- Heworthburn
- Locharbriggs
- Corncockle
- Gatetawbridge
- Closeburn
- Corsehill
- Lazonby
- Moat
- Clashach
- Spynie
- References
Appendix 1 Glossary
Appendix 2 Sandstone quarries: locations and stratigraphy
Appendix 3 Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings
Appendix 4 Dates of operation and peak numbers employed in selected sandstone quarries
Appendix 5 Properties of building stones
- B. Localities, descriptions and properties of building stones
- C. Bibliography
Appendix 6 fossil trees from Craigleith, Granton and Redhall quarries
Index