Building stones of Edinburgh. 2nd edition.: Difference between revisions
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Contents | Contents | ||
Foreword | Foreword | ||
Contents | Contents | ||
Preface to the 2nd Edition | Preface to the 2nd Edition | ||
Preface to the 3rd Edition | Preface to the 3rd Edition | ||
[[Building stones of Edinburgh - introduction|Chapter 1 the City of Edinburgh and its geological backdrop]] | [[Building stones of Edinburgh - introduction|Chapter 1 the City of Edinburgh and its geological backdrop]] | ||
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: geological characteristics of building stones|Chapter 2 the geological characteristics of building stones]] | [[Building stones of Edinburgh: geological characteristics of building stones|Chapter 2 the geological characteristics of building stones]] | ||
Introduction | Introduction | ||
Sedimentary rocks | Sedimentary rocks | ||
Sandstones | Sandstones | ||
Bedding characteristics | Bedding characteristics | ||
Sedimentary structures in sandstones | Sedimentary structures in sandstones | ||
Joints | Joints | ||
Classification of sandstones: mineralogy, grain and cement composition and colour | Classification of sandstones: mineralogy, grain and cement composition and colour | ||
Weathering | Weathering | ||
Limestones | Limestones | ||
Igneous rocks | Igneous rocks | ||
Metamorphic rocks | Metamorphic rocks | ||
Slate | Slate | ||
Marble | Marble | ||
References | References | ||
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: stratigraphy and origin of sandstones|Chapter 3 Stratigraphy and origin of sandstones used in Edinburgh]] | [[Building stones of Edinburgh: stratigraphy and origin of sandstones|Chapter 3 Stratigraphy and origin of sandstones used in Edinburgh]] | ||
Geological setting | Geological setting | ||
Scottish Devonian sandstone ('Old Red Sandstone') | Scottish Devonian sandstone ('Old Red Sandstone') | ||
Sandstones of Angus | Sandstones of Angus | ||
Caithness Flagstones | Caithness Flagstones | ||
Carboniferous sandstone of the Midland Valley of Scotland | Carboniferous sandstone of the Midland Valley of Scotland | ||
Inyerclyde Group | Inyerclyde Group | ||
Kinnesswood Formation | Kinnesswood Formation | ||
Ballagan Formation | Ballagan Formation | ||
Strathclyde Group | Strathclyde Group | ||
Arthur's Seat Volcanic Formation and Gullane Formation | Arthur's Seat Volcanic Formation and Gullane Formation | ||
West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation | West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation | ||
Clackmannan Group | Clackmannan Group | ||
Lower Limestone Formation | Lower Limestone Formation | ||
Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations | Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations | ||
Passage Formation | Passage Formation | ||
Coal Measures | Coal Measures | ||
Permian and Triassic Sandstone ('New Red Sandstone') of Dumfries & Galloway and Ayrshire | Permian and Triassic Sandstone ('New Red Sandstone') of Dumfries & Galloway and Ayrshire | ||
Appleby Group | Appleby Group | ||
Locharbriggs Sandstone Formation | Locharbriggs Sandstone Formation | ||
Thornhill Sandstone Formation | Thornhill Sandstone Formation | ||
Corncockle Sandstone Formation | Corncockle Sandstone Formation | ||
Mauchline Sandstone Formation | Mauchline Sandstone Formation | ||
Sherwood Sandstone Group | Sherwood Sandstone Group | ||
St Bees Sandstone Formation | St Bees Sandstone Formation | ||
Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of Moray | Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of Moray | ||
Carboniferous sandstone from the Scottish Borders and England Lower Carboniferous | Carboniferous sandstone from the Scottish Borders and England Lower Carboniferous | ||
Cementstone Group | Cementstone Group | ||
Fell Sandstone Group | Fell Sandstone Group | ||
Scremerston Coal Group | Scremerston Coal Group | ||
Lower and Middle Limestone Groups | Lower and Middle Limestone Groups | ||
Millstone Grit | Millstone Grit | ||
Coal Measures | Coal Measures | ||
Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of England | Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of England | ||
References | References | ||
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: tests and properties|Chapter 4 Tests on building stones]] | [[Building stones of Edinburgh: tests and properties|Chapter 4 Tests on building stones]] | ||
History | History | ||
Current methods of testing | Current methods of testing | ||
Tests used as indicators of durability | Tests used as indicators of durability | ||
Porosity | Porosity | ||
Water absorption | Water absorption | ||
Saturation coefficient | Saturation coefficient | ||
Acid immersion test | Acid immersion test | ||
Sodium sulphate crystallisation test | Sodium sulphate crystallisation test | ||
The mechanical properties of stone | The mechanical properties of stone | ||
Strength tests | Strength tests | ||
Uniaxial or unconfined compression test | Uniaxial or unconfined compression test | ||
The point-load test | The point-load test | ||
Hardness | Hardness | ||
References | References | ||
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: quarrying methods|Chapter 5 Quarrying methods]] | [[Building stones of Edinburgh: quarrying methods|Chapter 5 Quarrying methods]] | ||
Working of the stone | Working of the stone | ||
Organisation of work | Organisation of work | ||
The workmen | The workmen | ||
References | References | ||
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: use and availability of sandstones|Chapter 6 The use and availability of sandstone in Edinburgh]] | [[Building stones of Edinburgh: use and availability of sandstones|Chapter 6 The use and availability of sandstone in Edinburgh]] | ||
Methods of walling | Methods of walling | ||
Surface finishes | Surface finishes | ||
Smoothed ashlar | Smoothed ashlar | ||
Droved (boasted) work | Droved (boasted) work | ||
Tooled work | Tooled work | ||
Stugged (punched) work | Stugged (punched) work | ||
Broached work | Broached work | ||
Rock-faced (bull-faced, pitch-faced, rusticated) work | Rock-faced (bull-faced, pitch-faced, rusticated) work | ||
Vermiculated work | Vermiculated work | ||
Cladding | Cladding | ||
Use of different stone in the same building | Use of different stone in the same building | ||
Availability of stone: an historical perspective | Availability of stone: an historical perspective | ||
References | References | ||
Chapter 7 Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: Part 1. Edinburgh's Quarries and their Building Stone Products | Chapter 7 Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: Part 1. Edinburgh's Quarries and their Building Stone Products | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Kinnesswood Formation|Stone from the Kinnesswood Formation]] | [[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Kinnesswood Formation|Stone from the Kinnesswood Formation]] | ||
Burgh Muir (Meadows and Bruntsheld) and Grange Quarries | Burgh Muir (Meadows and Bruntsheld) and Grange Quarries | ||
Craigmillar and Hawkhill Wood Quarries | Craigmillar and Hawkhill Wood Quarries | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Ballagan Formation|Stone from the Ballagan Formation]] | [[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Ballagan Formation|Stone from the Ballagan Formation]] | ||
The 'Salisbury' Quarries (Camstone and Dumbiedykes) | The 'Salisbury' Quarries (Camstone and Dumbiedykes) | ||
Salisbury Crags Quarries | Salisbury Crags Quarries | ||
Greyfriar's Port Quarries | Greyfriar's Port Quarries | ||
Other Old Town Quarries | Other Old Town Quarries | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Gullane Formation|Stone from the Gullane Formation]] | [[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Gullane Formation|Stone from the Gullane Formation]] | ||
Craigleith | Craigleith | ||
Maidencraig | Maidencraig | ||
Barnton Park | Barnton Park | ||
Ravelston | Ravelston | ||
Craigcrook | Craigcrook | ||
Granton Quarries | Granton Quarries | ||
Bearford's Quarries | Bearford's Quarries | ||
Upper Quarry Holes (London Road Quarries) and Lower (Nether) Quarry Holes | Upper Quarry Holes (London Road Quarries) and Lower (Nether) Quarry Holes | ||
Quarries In the West End of the New Town | Quarries In the West End of the New Town | ||
Broughton Quarries | Broughton Quarries | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation|Stone from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation]] | [[Building stones in Edinburgh from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation|Stone from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation]] | ||
Ravelston No. 2 and Ravelston Black | Ravelston No. 2 and Ravelston Black | ||
Leith Hill | Leith Hill | ||
Wardie | Wardie | ||
Hailes | Hailes | ||
Redhall | Redhall | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations|Stone from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations]] | [[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations|Stone from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations]] | ||
Joppa Quarries | Joppa Quarries | ||
Niddrie | Niddrie | ||
Chapter 8. Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: part .2 Scottish and English quarries and their building stone products | Chapter 8. Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: part .2 Scottish and English quarries and their building stone products | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness|Stone from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness]] | [[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness|Stone from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness]] | ||
Carmyllie and Leoch | Carmyllie and Leoch | ||
Caithness | Caithness | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of West Lothian|Stone from the Carboniferous of West Lothian]] | [[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of West Lothian|Stone from the Carboniferous of West Lothian]] | ||
Binny | Binny | ||
Hermand | Hermand | ||
Dalmeny | Dalmeny | ||
Humble | Humble | ||
Craigton | Craigton | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of Fife|Stone from the Carboniferous of Fife]] | [[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of Fife|Stone from the Carboniferous of Fife]] | ||
Grange | Grange | ||
Newbigging | Newbigging | ||
Cuhalo | Cuhalo | ||
Clunevar | Clunevar | ||
Fordell | Fordell | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas]] | [[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas]] | ||
Bishopbriggs Quarries | Bishopbriggs Quarries | ||
Kenmure and Huntershill | Kenmure and Huntershill | ||
Plean | Plean | ||
Dullatur | Dullatur | ||
Polmaise | Polmaise | ||
Dunmore | Dunmore | ||
Giffnock | Giffnock | ||
Braehead | Braehead | ||
Auchintea | Auchintea | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England]] | [[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England]] | ||
Swinton and Whitsome Newton | Swinton and Whitsome Newton | ||
Fairloans | Fairloans | ||
Doddington | Doddington | ||
Craggo | Craggo | ||
Blaxter | Blaxter | ||
Darney | Darney | ||
Prudham | Prudham | ||
Gunnerton | Gunnerton | ||
Dunhouse | Dunhouse | ||
Stainton | Stainton | ||
Catcastle | Catcastle | ||
Wewield | Wewield | ||
Stoke Hall | Stoke Hall | ||
Stanton Moor | Stanton Moor | ||
Stancliffe | Stancliffe | ||
Springwell | Springwell | ||
Woodkirk | Woodkirk | ||
Heworthburn | Heworthburn | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria]] | [[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria]] | ||
Locharbriggs | Locharbriggs | ||
Corncockle | Corncockle | ||
Gatetawbridge | Gatetawbridge | ||
Closeburn | Closeburn | ||
Corsehill | Corsehill | ||
Lazonby | Lazonby | ||
Moat | Moat | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Moray|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Moray]] | [[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Moray|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Moray]] | ||
Clashach | Clashach | ||
Spynie | Spynie | ||
References | References | ||
Appendix 1 Glossary | Appendix 1 Glossary | ||
[[Sandstone quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings - locations and stratigraphy|Appendix 2 Sandstone quarries: locations and stratigraphy]] | [[Sandstone quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings - locations and stratigraphy|Appendix 2 Sandstone quarries: locations and stratigraphy]] | ||
[[Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings - alphabetical list by building|Appendix 3 Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings]] | [[Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings - alphabetical list by building|Appendix 3 Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings]] | ||
Appendix 4 dates of operation and peak numbers employed in selected sandstone quarries appendix properties of building stones: | Appendix 4 dates of operation and peak numbers employed in selected sandstone quarries appendix properties of building stones: | ||
A. Comparative table of data | A. Comparative table of data | ||
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: tests and properties|Appendix 5 Properties of building stones]] | [[Building stones of Edinburgh: tests and properties|Appendix 5 Properties of building stones]] | ||
B. Localities, descriptions and properties of building stones | B. Localities, descriptions and properties of building stones | ||
C. Bibliography | C. Bibliography | ||
Appendix 6 fossil trees from Craigleith, Granton and Redhall quarries | Appendix 6 fossil trees from Craigleith, Granton and Redhall quarries | ||
Index | Index |
Revision as of 12:31, 3 May 2015
Contents
Foreword
Contents
Preface to the 2nd Edition
Preface to the 3rd Edition
Chapter 1 the City of Edinburgh and its geological backdrop
Chapter 2 the geological characteristics of building stones
Introduction
Sedimentary rocks
Sandstones
Bedding characteristics
Sedimentary structures in sandstones
Joints
Classification of sandstones: mineralogy, grain and cement composition and colour
Weathering
Limestones
Igneous rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Slate
Marble
References
Chapter 3 Stratigraphy and origin of sandstones used in Edinburgh
Geological setting
Scottish Devonian sandstone ('Old Red Sandstone')
Sandstones of Angus
Caithness Flagstones
Carboniferous sandstone of the Midland Valley of Scotland
Inyerclyde Group
Kinnesswood Formation
Ballagan Formation
Strathclyde Group
Arthur's Seat Volcanic Formation and Gullane Formation
West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation
Clackmannan Group
Lower Limestone Formation
Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations
Passage Formation
Coal Measures
Permian and Triassic Sandstone ('New Red Sandstone') of Dumfries & Galloway and Ayrshire
Appleby Group
Locharbriggs Sandstone Formation
Thornhill Sandstone Formation
Corncockle Sandstone Formation
Mauchline Sandstone Formation
Sherwood Sandstone Group
St Bees Sandstone Formation
Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of Moray
Carboniferous sandstone from the Scottish Borders and England Lower Carboniferous
Cementstone Group
Fell Sandstone Group
Scremerston Coal Group
Lower and Middle Limestone Groups
Millstone Grit
Coal Measures
Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of England
References
Chapter 4 Tests on building stones
History
Current methods of testing
Tests used as indicators of durability
Porosity
Water absorption
Saturation coefficient
Acid immersion test
Sodium sulphate crystallisation test
The mechanical properties of stone
Strength tests
Uniaxial or unconfined compression test
The point-load test
Hardness
References
Working of the stone
Organisation of work
The workmen
References
Chapter 6 The use and availability of sandstone in Edinburgh
Methods of walling
Surface finishes
Smoothed ashlar
Droved (boasted) work
Tooled work
Stugged (punched) work
Broached work
Rock-faced (bull-faced, pitch-faced, rusticated) work
Vermiculated work
Cladding
Use of different stone in the same building
Availability of stone: an historical perspective
References
Chapter 7 Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: Part 1. Edinburgh's Quarries and their Building Stone Products
Stone from the Kinnesswood Formation
Burgh Muir (Meadows and Bruntsheld) and Grange Quarries
Craigmillar and Hawkhill Wood Quarries
Stone from the Ballagan Formation
The 'Salisbury' Quarries (Camstone and Dumbiedykes)
Salisbury Crags Quarries
Greyfriar's Port Quarries
Other Old Town Quarries
Stone from the Gullane Formation
Craigleith
Maidencraig
Barnton Park
Ravelston
Craigcrook
Granton Quarries
Bearford's Quarries
Upper Quarry Holes (London Road Quarries) and Lower (Nether) Quarry Holes
Quarries In the West End of the New Town
Broughton Quarries
Stone from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation
Ravelston No. 2 and Ravelston Black
Leith Hill
Wardie
Hailes
Redhall
Stone from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations
Joppa Quarries
Niddrie
Chapter 8. Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: part .2 Scottish and English quarries and their building stone products
Stone from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness
Carmyllie and Leoch
Caithness
Stone from the Carboniferous of West Lothian
Binny
Hermand
Dalmeny
Humble
Craigton
Stone from the Carboniferous of Fife
Grange
Newbigging
Cuhalo
Clunevar
Fordell
Stone from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas
Bishopbriggs Quarries
Kenmure and Huntershill
Plean
Dullatur
Polmaise
Dunmore
Giffnock
Braehead
Auchintea
Stone from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England
Swinton and Whitsome Newton
Fairloans
Doddington
Craggo
Blaxter
Darney
Prudham
Gunnerton
Dunhouse
Stainton
Catcastle
Wewield
Stoke Hall
Stanton Moor
Stancliffe
Springwell
Woodkirk
Heworthburn
Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria
Locharbriggs
Corncockle
Gatetawbridge
Closeburn
Corsehill
Lazonby
Moat
Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Moray
Clashach
Spynie
References
Appendix 1 Glossary
Appendix 2 Sandstone quarries: locations and stratigraphy
Appendix 3 Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings
Appendix 4 dates of operation and peak numbers employed in selected sandstone quarries appendix properties of building stones:
A. Comparative table of data
Appendix 5 Properties of building stones
B. Localities, descriptions and properties of building stones
C. Bibliography
Appendix 6 fossil trees from Craigleith, Granton and Redhall quarries
Index