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Contents
Contents
Foreword
Foreword
Contents
Contents
Preface to the 2nd Edition
Preface to the 2nd Edition
Preface to the 3rd Edition
Preface to the 3rd Edition
[[Building stones of Edinburgh - introduction|Chapter 1 the City of Edinburgh and its geological backdrop]]
[[Building stones of Edinburgh - introduction|Chapter 1 the City of Edinburgh and its geological backdrop]]
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: geological characteristics of building stones|Chapter 2 the geological characteristics of building stones]]
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: geological characteristics of building stones|Chapter 2 the geological characteristics of building stones]]
Introduction
Introduction
Sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Sandstones
Sandstones
Bedding characteristics
Bedding characteristics
Sedimentary structures in sandstones
Sedimentary structures in sandstones
Joints
Joints
Classification of sandstones: mineralogy, grain and cement composition and colour
Classification of sandstones: mineralogy, grain and cement composition and colour
Weathering
Weathering
Limestones
Limestones
Igneous rocks
Igneous rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Slate
Slate
Marble
Marble
References
References
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: stratigraphy and origin of sandstones|Chapter 3 Stratigraphy and origin of sandstones used in Edinburgh]]
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: stratigraphy and origin of sandstones|Chapter 3 Stratigraphy and origin of sandstones used in Edinburgh]]
Geological setting
Geological setting
Scottish Devonian sandstone ('Old Red Sandstone')
Scottish Devonian sandstone ('Old Red Sandstone')
Sandstones of Angus
Sandstones of Angus
Caithness Flagstones
Caithness Flagstones
Carboniferous sandstone of the Midland Valley of Scotland
Carboniferous sandstone of the Midland Valley of Scotland
Inyerclyde Group
Inyerclyde Group
Kinnesswood Formation
Kinnesswood Formation
Ballagan Formation
Ballagan Formation
Strathclyde Group
Strathclyde Group
Arthur's Seat Volcanic Formation and Gullane Formation
Arthur's Seat Volcanic Formation and Gullane Formation
West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation
West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation
Clackmannan Group
Clackmannan Group
Lower Limestone Formation
Lower Limestone Formation
Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations
Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations
Passage Formation
Passage Formation
Coal Measures
Coal Measures
Permian and Triassic Sandstone ('New Red Sandstone') of Dumfries & Galloway and Ayrshire
Permian and Triassic Sandstone ('New Red Sandstone') of Dumfries & Galloway and Ayrshire
Appleby Group
Appleby Group
Locharbriggs Sandstone Formation
Locharbriggs Sandstone Formation
Thornhill Sandstone Formation
Thornhill Sandstone Formation
Corncockle Sandstone Formation
Corncockle Sandstone Formation
Mauchline Sandstone Formation
Mauchline Sandstone Formation
Sherwood Sandstone Group
Sherwood Sandstone Group
St Bees Sandstone Formation
St Bees Sandstone Formation
Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of Moray
Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of Moray
Carboniferous sandstone from the Scottish Borders and England Lower Carboniferous
Carboniferous sandstone from the Scottish Borders and England Lower Carboniferous
Cementstone Group
Cementstone Group
Fell Sandstone Group
Fell Sandstone Group
Scremerston Coal Group
Scremerston Coal Group
Lower and Middle Limestone Groups
Lower and Middle Limestone Groups
Millstone Grit
Millstone Grit
Coal Measures
Coal Measures
Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of England
Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of England
References
References
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: tests and properties|Chapter 4 Tests on building stones]]
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: tests and properties|Chapter 4 Tests on building stones]]
History
History
Current methods of testing
Current methods of testing
Tests used as indicators of durability
Tests used as indicators of durability
Porosity
Porosity
Water absorption
Water absorption
Saturation coefficient
Saturation coefficient
Acid immersion test
Acid immersion test
Sodium sulphate crystallisation test
Sodium sulphate crystallisation test
The mechanical properties of stone
The mechanical properties of stone
Strength tests
Strength tests
Uniaxial or unconfined compression test
Uniaxial or unconfined compression test
The point-load test
The point-load test
Hardness
Hardness
References
References
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: quarrying methods|Chapter 5 Quarrying methods]]
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: quarrying methods|Chapter 5 Quarrying methods]]
Working of the stone
Working of the stone
Organisation of work
Organisation of work
The workmen
The workmen
References
References
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: use and availability of sandstones|Chapter 6 The use and availability of sandstone in Edinburgh]]
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: use and availability of sandstones|Chapter 6 The use and availability of sandstone in Edinburgh]]
Methods of walling
Methods of walling
Surface finishes
Surface finishes
Smoothed ashlar
Smoothed ashlar
Droved (boasted) work
Droved (boasted) work
Tooled work
Tooled work
Stugged (punched) work
Stugged (punched) work
Broached work
Broached work
Rock-faced (bull-faced, pitch-faced, rusticated) work
Rock-faced (bull-faced, pitch-faced, rusticated) work
Vermiculated work
Vermiculated work
Cladding
Cladding
Use of different stone in the same building
Use of different stone in the same building
Availability of stone: an historical perspective
Availability of stone: an historical perspective
References
References
Chapter 7 Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: Part 1. Edinburgh's Quarries and their Building Stone Products
Chapter 7 Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: Part 1. Edinburgh's Quarries and their Building Stone Products
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Kinnesswood Formation|Stone from the Kinnesswood Formation]]
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Kinnesswood Formation|Stone from the Kinnesswood Formation]]
Burgh Muir (Meadows and Bruntsheld) and Grange Quarries
Burgh Muir (Meadows and Bruntsheld) and Grange Quarries
Craigmillar and Hawkhill Wood Quarries
Craigmillar and Hawkhill Wood Quarries
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Ballagan Formation|Stone from the Ballagan Formation]]
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Ballagan Formation|Stone from the Ballagan Formation]]
The 'Salisbury' Quarries (Camstone and Dumbiedykes)
The 'Salisbury' Quarries (Camstone and Dumbiedykes)
Salisbury Crags Quarries
Salisbury Crags Quarries
Greyfriar's Port Quarries
Greyfriar's Port Quarries
Other Old Town Quarries
Other Old Town Quarries
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Gullane Formation|Stone from the Gullane Formation]]
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Gullane Formation|Stone from the Gullane Formation]]
Craigleith
Craigleith
Maidencraig
Maidencraig
Barnton Park
Barnton Park
Ravelston
Ravelston
Craigcrook
Craigcrook
Granton Quarries
Granton Quarries
Bearford's Quarries
Bearford's Quarries
Upper Quarry Holes (London Road Quarries) and Lower (Nether) Quarry Holes
Upper Quarry Holes (London Road Quarries) and Lower (Nether) Quarry Holes
Quarries In the West End of the New Town
Quarries In the West End of the New Town
Broughton Quarries
Broughton Quarries
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation|Stone from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation]]
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation|Stone from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation]]
Ravelston No. 2 and Ravelston Black
Ravelston No. 2 and Ravelston Black
Leith Hill
Leith Hill
Wardie
Wardie
Hailes
Hailes
Redhall
Redhall
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations|Stone from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations]]
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations|Stone from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations]]
Joppa Quarries
Joppa Quarries
Niddrie
Niddrie
Chapter 8. Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: part .2 Scottish and English quarries and their building stone products
Chapter 8. Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: part .2 Scottish and English quarries and their building stone products
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness|Stone from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness]]
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness|Stone from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness]]
Carmyllie and Leoch
Carmyllie and Leoch
Caithness
Caithness
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of West Lothian|Stone from the Carboniferous of West Lothian]]
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of West Lothian|Stone from the Carboniferous of West Lothian]]
Binny
Binny
Hermand
Hermand
Dalmeny
Dalmeny
Humble
Humble
Craigton
Craigton
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of Fife|Stone from the Carboniferous of Fife]]
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of Fife|Stone from the Carboniferous of Fife]]
Grange
Grange
Newbigging
Newbigging
Cuhalo
Cuhalo
Clunevar
Clunevar
Fordell
Fordell
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas]]
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas]]
Bishopbriggs Quarries
Bishopbriggs Quarries
Kenmure and Huntershill
Kenmure and Huntershill
Plean
Plean
Dullatur
Dullatur
Polmaise
Polmaise
Dunmore
Dunmore
Giffnock
Giffnock
Braehead
Braehead
Auchintea
Auchintea
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England]]
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England]]
Swinton and Whitsome Newton
Swinton and Whitsome Newton
Fairloans
Fairloans
Doddington
Doddington
Craggo
Craggo
Blaxter
Blaxter
Darney
Darney
Prudham
Prudham
Gunnerton
Gunnerton
Dunhouse
Dunhouse
Stainton
Stainton
Catcastle
Catcastle
Wewield
Wewield
Stoke Hall
Stoke Hall
Stanton Moor
Stanton Moor
Stancliffe
Stancliffe
Springwell
Springwell
Woodkirk
Woodkirk
Heworthburn
Heworthburn
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria]]
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria]]
Locharbriggs
Locharbriggs
Corncockle
Corncockle
Gatetawbridge
Gatetawbridge
Closeburn
Closeburn
Corsehill
Corsehill
Lazonby
Lazonby
Moat
Moat
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Moray|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Moray]]
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Moray|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Moray]]
Clashach
Clashach
Spynie
Spynie
References
References
Appendix 1 Glossary
Appendix 1 Glossary
[[Sandstone quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings - locations and stratigraphy|Appendix 2 Sandstone quarries: locations and stratigraphy]]
[[Sandstone quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings - locations and stratigraphy|Appendix 2 Sandstone quarries: locations and stratigraphy]]
[[Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings - alphabetical list by building|Appendix 3 Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings]]
[[Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings - alphabetical list by building|Appendix 3 Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings]]
Appendix 4 dates of operation and peak numbers employed in selected sandstone quarries appendix properties of building stones:
Appendix 4 dates of operation and peak numbers employed in selected sandstone quarries appendix properties of building stones:
A. Comparative table of data
A. Comparative table of data
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: tests and properties|Appendix 5 Properties of building stones]]
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: tests and properties|Appendix 5 Properties of building stones]]
B. Localities, descriptions and properties of building stones
B. Localities, descriptions and properties of building stones
C. Bibliography
C. Bibliography
Appendix 6 fossil trees from Craigleith, Granton and Redhall quarries
Appendix 6 fossil trees from Craigleith, Granton and Redhall quarries
Index
Index

Revision as of 12:31, 3 May 2015

Contents

Foreword

Contents

Preface to the 2nd Edition

Preface to the 3rd Edition

Chapter 1 the City of Edinburgh and its geological backdrop

Chapter 2 the geological characteristics of building stones

Introduction

Sedimentary rocks

Sandstones

Bedding characteristics

Sedimentary structures in sandstones

Joints

Classification of sandstones: mineralogy, grain and cement composition and colour

Weathering

Limestones

Igneous rocks

Metamorphic rocks

Slate

Marble

References

Chapter 3 Stratigraphy and origin of sandstones used in Edinburgh

Geological setting

Scottish Devonian sandstone ('Old Red Sandstone')

Sandstones of Angus

Caithness Flagstones

Carboniferous sandstone of the Midland Valley of Scotland

Inyerclyde Group

Kinnesswood Formation

Ballagan Formation

Strathclyde Group

Arthur's Seat Volcanic Formation and Gullane Formation

West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation

Clackmannan Group

Lower Limestone Formation

Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations

Passage Formation

Coal Measures

Permian and Triassic Sandstone ('New Red Sandstone') of Dumfries & Galloway and Ayrshire

Appleby Group

Locharbriggs Sandstone Formation

Thornhill Sandstone Formation

Corncockle Sandstone Formation

Mauchline Sandstone Formation

Sherwood Sandstone Group

St Bees Sandstone Formation

Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of Moray

Carboniferous sandstone from the Scottish Borders and England Lower Carboniferous

Cementstone Group

Fell Sandstone Group

Scremerston Coal Group

Lower and Middle Limestone Groups

Millstone Grit

Coal Measures

Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of England

References

Chapter 4 Tests on building stones

History

Current methods of testing

Tests used as indicators of durability

Porosity

Water absorption

Saturation coefficient

Acid immersion test

Sodium sulphate crystallisation test

The mechanical properties of stone

Strength tests

Uniaxial or unconfined compression test

The point-load test

Hardness

References

Chapter 5 Quarrying methods

Working of the stone

Organisation of work

The workmen

References

Chapter 6 The use and availability of sandstone in Edinburgh

Methods of walling

Surface finishes

Smoothed ashlar

Droved (boasted) work

Tooled work

Stugged (punched) work

Broached work

Rock-faced (bull-faced, pitch-faced, rusticated) work

Vermiculated work

Cladding

Use of different stone in the same building

Availability of stone: an historical perspective

References

Chapter 7 Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: Part 1. Edinburgh's Quarries and their Building Stone Products

Stone from the Kinnesswood Formation

Burgh Muir (Meadows and Bruntsheld) and Grange Quarries

Craigmillar and Hawkhill Wood Quarries

Stone from the Ballagan Formation

The 'Salisbury' Quarries (Camstone and Dumbiedykes)

Salisbury Crags Quarries

Greyfriar's Port Quarries

Other Old Town Quarries

Stone from the Gullane Formation

Craigleith

Maidencraig

Barnton Park

Ravelston

Craigcrook

Granton Quarries

Bearford's Quarries

Upper Quarry Holes (London Road Quarries) and Lower (Nether) Quarry Holes

Quarries In the West End of the New Town

Broughton Quarries

Stone from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation

Ravelston No. 2 and Ravelston Black

Leith Hill

Wardie

Hailes

Redhall

Stone from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations

Joppa Quarries

Niddrie

Chapter 8. Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: part .2 Scottish and English quarries and their building stone products

Stone from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness

Carmyllie and Leoch

Caithness

Stone from the Carboniferous of West Lothian

Binny

Hermand

Dalmeny

Humble

Craigton

Stone from the Carboniferous of Fife

Grange

Newbigging

Cuhalo

Clunevar

Fordell

Stone from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas

Bishopbriggs Quarries

Kenmure and Huntershill

Plean

Dullatur

Polmaise

Dunmore

Giffnock

Braehead

Auchintea

Stone from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England

Swinton and Whitsome Newton

Fairloans

Doddington

Craggo

Blaxter

Darney

Prudham

Gunnerton

Dunhouse

Stainton

Catcastle

Wewield

Stoke Hall

Stanton Moor

Stancliffe

Springwell

Woodkirk

Heworthburn

Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria

Locharbriggs

Corncockle

Gatetawbridge

Closeburn

Corsehill

Lazonby

Moat

Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Moray

Clashach

Spynie

References

Appendix 1 Glossary

Appendix 2 Sandstone quarries: locations and stratigraphy

Appendix 3 Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings

Appendix 4 dates of operation and peak numbers employed in selected sandstone quarries appendix properties of building stones:

A. Comparative table of data

Appendix 5 Properties of building stones

B. Localities, descriptions and properties of building stones

C. Bibliography

Appendix 6 fossil trees from Craigleith, Granton and Redhall quarries

Index