Building stones of Edinburgh. 2nd edition.: Difference between revisions
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| Line 45: | Line 45: | ||
:Geological setting | :Geological setting | ||
:Scottish Devonian sandstone ('Old Red Sandstone') | |||
::Sandstones of Angus | ::Sandstones of Angus | ||
| Line 73: | Line 73: | ||
:::Passage Formation | :::Passage Formation | ||
Coal Measures | :Coal Measures | ||
Permian and Triassic Sandstone ('New Red Sandstone') of Dumfries & Galloway and Ayrshire | Permian and Triassic Sandstone ('New Red Sandstone') of Dumfries & Galloway and Ayrshire | ||
Appleby Group | ::Appleby Group | ||
Locharbriggs Sandstone Formation | :::Locharbriggs Sandstone Formation | ||
Thornhill Sandstone Formation | :::Thornhill Sandstone Formation | ||
Corncockle Sandstone Formation | :::Corncockle Sandstone Formation | ||
Mauchline Sandstone Formation | :::Mauchline Sandstone Formation | ||
Sherwood Sandstone Group | ::Sherwood Sandstone Group | ||
St Bees Sandstone Formation | :::St Bees Sandstone Formation | ||
Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of Moray | :Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of Moray | ||
Carboniferous sandstone from the Scottish Borders and England | :Carboniferous sandstone from the Scottish Borders and England | ||
::Lower Carboniferous | |||
:::Cementstone Group | |||
:::Fell Sandstone Group | |||
:::Scremerston Coal Group | |||
:::Lower and Middle Limestone Groups | |||
::Millstone Grit | |||
::Coal Measures | |||
References | :Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of England | ||
:References | |||
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: tests and properties|Chapter 4 Tests on building stones]] | [[Building stones of Edinburgh: tests and properties|Chapter 4 Tests on building stones]] | ||
History | :History | ||
Current methods of testing | :Current methods of testing | ||
Tests used as indicators of durability | :Tests used as indicators of durability | ||
Porosity | ::Porosity | ||
Water absorption | ::Water absorption | ||
Saturation coefficient | ::Saturation coefficient | ||
Acid immersion test | ::Acid immersion test | ||
Sodium sulphate crystallisation test | ::Sodium sulphate crystallisation test | ||
The mechanical properties of stone | :The mechanical properties of stone | ||
Strength tests | ::Strength tests | ||
Uniaxial or unconfined compression test | ::Uniaxial or unconfined compression test | ||
The point-load test | ::The point-load test | ||
Hardness | ::Hardness | ||
References | :References | ||
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: quarrying methods|Chapter 5 Quarrying methods]] | [[Building stones of Edinburgh: quarrying methods|Chapter 5 Quarrying methods]] | ||
Working of the stone | :Working of the stone | ||
Organisation of work | :Organisation of work | ||
The workmen | :The workmen | ||
References | :References | ||
[[Building stones of Edinburgh: use and availability of sandstones|Chapter 6 The use and availability of sandstone in Edinburgh]] | [[Building stones of Edinburgh: use and availability of sandstones|Chapter 6 The use and availability of sandstone in Edinburgh]] | ||
Methods of walling | :Methods of walling | ||
Surface finishes | :Surface finishes | ||
Smoothed ashlar | ::Smoothed ashlar | ||
Droved (boasted) work | ::Droved (boasted) work | ||
Tooled work | ::Tooled work | ||
Stugged (punched) work | ::Stugged (punched) work | ||
Broached work | ::Broached work | ||
Rock-faced (bull-faced, pitch-faced, rusticated) work | ::Rock-faced (bull-faced, pitch-faced, rusticated) work | ||
Vermiculated work | ::Vermiculated work | ||
Cladding | :Cladding | ||
Use of different stone in the same building | :Use of different stone in the same building | ||
Availability of stone: an historical perspective | :Availability of stone: an historical perspective | ||
References | :References | ||
Chapter 7 Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: Part 1. Edinburgh's Quarries and their Building Stone Products | Chapter 7 Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: Part 1. Edinburgh's Quarries and their Building Stone Products | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Kinnesswood Formation|Stone from the Kinnesswood Formation]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Kinnesswood Formation|Stone from the Kinnesswood Formation]] | ||
Burgh Muir (Meadows and Bruntsheld) and Grange Quarries | Burgh Muir (Meadows and Bruntsheld) and Grange Quarries | ||
| Line 187: | Line 189: | ||
Craigmillar and Hawkhill Wood Quarries | Craigmillar and Hawkhill Wood Quarries | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Ballagan Formation|Stone from the Ballagan Formation]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Ballagan Formation|Stone from the Ballagan Formation]] | ||
The 'Salisbury' Quarries (Camstone and Dumbiedykes) | ::The 'Salisbury' Quarries (Camstone and Dumbiedykes) | ||
Salisbury Crags Quarries | ::Salisbury Crags Quarries | ||
Greyfriar's Port Quarries | ::Greyfriar's Port Quarries | ||
Other Old Town Quarries | ::Other Old Town Quarries | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Gullane Formation|Stone from the Gullane Formation]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Gullane Formation|Stone from the Gullane Formation]] | ||
Craigleith | ::Craigleith | ||
Maidencraig | ::Maidencraig | ||
Barnton Park | ::Barnton Park | ||
Ravelston | ::Ravelston | ||
Craigcrook | ::Craigcrook | ||
Granton Quarries | ::Granton Quarries | ||
Bearford's Quarries | ::Bearford's Quarries | ||
Upper Quarry Holes (London Road Quarries) and Lower (Nether) Quarry Holes | ::Upper Quarry Holes (London Road Quarries) and Lower (Nether) Quarry Holes | ||
Quarries In the West End of the New Town | ::Quarries In the West End of the New Town | ||
Broughton Quarries | ::Broughton Quarries | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation|Stone from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation|Stone from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation]] | ||
Ravelston No. 2 and Ravelston Black | ::Ravelston No. 2 and Ravelston Black | ||
Leith Hill | ::Leith Hill | ||
Wardie | ::Wardie | ||
Hailes | ::Hailes | ||
Redhall | ::Redhall | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations|Stone from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations|Stone from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations]] | ||
Joppa Quarries | ::Joppa Quarries | ||
Niddrie | ::Niddrie | ||
Chapter 8. Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: part .2 Scottish and English quarries and their building stone products | Chapter 8. Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: part .2 Scottish and English quarries and their building stone products | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness|Stone from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness|Stone from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness]] | ||
Carmyllie and Leoch | Carmyllie and Leoch | ||
| Line 245: | Line 247: | ||
Caithness | Caithness | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of West Lothian|Stone from the Carboniferous of West Lothian]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of West Lothian|Stone from the Carboniferous of West Lothian]] | ||
Binny | Binny | ||
| Line 257: | Line 259: | ||
Craigton | Craigton | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of Fife|Stone from the Carboniferous of Fife]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of Fife|Stone from the Carboniferous of Fife]] | ||
Grange | Grange | ||
| Line 269: | Line 271: | ||
Fordell | Fordell | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas]] | ||
Bishopbriggs Quarries | Bishopbriggs Quarries | ||
| Line 289: | Line 291: | ||
Auchintea | Auchintea | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England]] | ||
Swinton and Whitsome Newton | ::Swinton and Whitsome Newton | ||
Fairloans | ::Fairloans | ||
Doddington | ::Doddington | ||
Craggo | ::Craggo | ||
Blaxter | ::Blaxter | ||
Darney | ::Darney | ||
Prudham | ::Prudham | ||
Gunnerton | ::Gunnerton | ||
Dunhouse | ::Dunhouse | ||
Stainton | ::Stainton | ||
Catcastle | ::Catcastle | ||
Wewield | ::Wewield | ||
Stoke Hall | ::Stoke Hall | ||
Stanton Moor | ::Stanton Moor | ||
Stancliffe | ::Stancliffe | ||
Springwell | ::Springwell | ||
Woodkirk | ::Woodkirk | ||
Heworthburn | ::Heworthburn | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria]] | ||
Locharbriggs | ::Locharbriggs | ||
Corncockle | ::Corncockle | ||
Gatetawbridge | ::Gatetawbridge | ||
Closeburn | ::Closeburn | ||
Corsehill | ::Corsehill | ||
Lazonby | ::Lazonby | ||
Moat | ::Moat | ||
[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Moray|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Moray]] | :[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Moray|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Moray]] | ||
Clashach | ::Clashach | ||
Spynie | ::Spynie | ||
References | :References | ||
Appendix 1 Glossary | Appendix 1 Glossary | ||
Revision as of 13:13, 3 May 2015
Contents
Foreword
Contents
Preface to the 2nd Edition
Preface to the 3rd Edition
Chapter 1 the City of Edinburgh and its geological backdrop
Chapter 2 the geological characteristics of building stones
- Introduction
- Sedimentary rocks
- Sandstones
- Bedding characteristics
- Sedimentary structures in sandstones
- Joints
- Classification of sandstones: mineralogy, grain and cement composition and colour
- Weathering
- Limestones
- Igneous rocks
- Metamorphic rocks
- Slate
- Marble
- References
Chapter 3 Stratigraphy and origin of sandstones used in Edinburgh
- Geological setting
- Scottish Devonian sandstone ('Old Red Sandstone')
- Sandstones of Angus
- Caithness Flagstones
- Carboniferous sandstone of the Midland Valley of Scotland
- Inyerclyde Group
- Kinnesswood Formation
- Ballagan Formation
- Strathclyde Group
- Arthur's Seat Volcanic Formation and Gullane Formation
- West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation
- Clackmannan Group
- Lower Limestone Formation
- Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations
- Passage Formation
- Coal Measures
Permian and Triassic Sandstone ('New Red Sandstone') of Dumfries & Galloway and Ayrshire
- Appleby Group
- Locharbriggs Sandstone Formation
- Thornhill Sandstone Formation
- Corncockle Sandstone Formation
- Mauchline Sandstone Formation
- Sherwood Sandstone Group
- St Bees Sandstone Formation
- Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of Moray
- Carboniferous sandstone from the Scottish Borders and England
- Lower Carboniferous
- Cementstone Group
- Fell Sandstone Group
- Scremerston Coal Group
- Lower and Middle Limestone Groups
- Millstone Grit
- Coal Measures
- Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of England
- References
Chapter 4 Tests on building stones
- History
- Current methods of testing
- Tests used as indicators of durability
- Porosity
- Water absorption
- Saturation coefficient
- Acid immersion test
- Sodium sulphate crystallisation test
- The mechanical properties of stone
- Strength tests
- Uniaxial or unconfined compression test
- The point-load test
- Hardness
- References
- Working of the stone
- Organisation of work
- The workmen
- References
Chapter 6 The use and availability of sandstone in Edinburgh
- Methods of walling
- Surface finishes
- Smoothed ashlar
- Droved (boasted) work
- Tooled work
- Stugged (punched) work
- Broached work
- Rock-faced (bull-faced, pitch-faced, rusticated) work
- Vermiculated work
- Cladding
- Use of different stone in the same building
- Availability of stone: an historical perspective
- References
Chapter 7 Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: Part 1. Edinburgh's Quarries and their Building Stone Products
Burgh Muir (Meadows and Bruntsheld) and Grange Quarries
Craigmillar and Hawkhill Wood Quarries
- The 'Salisbury' Quarries (Camstone and Dumbiedykes)
- Salisbury Crags Quarries
- Greyfriar's Port Quarries
- Other Old Town Quarries
- Craigleith
- Maidencraig
- Barnton Park
- Ravelston
- Craigcrook
- Granton Quarries
- Bearford's Quarries
- Upper Quarry Holes (London Road Quarries) and Lower (Nether) Quarry Holes
- Quarries In the West End of the New Town
- Broughton Quarries
- Ravelston No. 2 and Ravelston Black
- Leith Hill
- Wardie
- Hailes
- Redhall
- Joppa Quarries
- Niddrie
Chapter 8. Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: part .2 Scottish and English quarries and their building stone products
Carmyllie and Leoch
Caithness
Binny
Hermand
Dalmeny
Humble
Craigton
Grange
Newbigging
Cuhalo
Clunevar
Fordell
Bishopbriggs Quarries
Kenmure and Huntershill
Plean
Dullatur
Polmaise
Dunmore
Giffnock
Braehead
Auchintea
- Swinton and Whitsome Newton
- Fairloans
- Doddington
- Craggo
- Blaxter
- Darney
- Prudham
- Gunnerton
- Dunhouse
- Stainton
- Catcastle
- Wewield
- Stoke Hall
- Stanton Moor
- Stancliffe
- Springwell
- Woodkirk
- Heworthburn
- Locharbriggs
- Corncockle
- Gatetawbridge
- Closeburn
- Corsehill
- Lazonby
- Moat
- Clashach
- Spynie
- References
Appendix 1 Glossary
Appendix 2 Sandstone quarries: locations and stratigraphy
Appendix 3 Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings
Appendix 4 dates of operation and peak numbers employed in selected sandstone quarries appendix properties of building stones:
A. Comparative table of data
Appendix 5 Properties of building stones
B. Localities, descriptions and properties of building stones
C. Bibliography
Appendix 6 fossil trees from Craigleith, Granton and Redhall quarries
Index