Building stones of Edinburgh. 2nd edition.

Contents Foreword Contents Preface to the 2nd Edition Preface to the 3rd Edition Chapter 1 the City of Edinburgh and its geological backdrop Chapter 2 the geological characteristics of building stones Introduction Sedimentary rocks Sandstones Bedding characteristics Sedimentary structures in sandstones Joints Classification of sandstones: mineralogy, grain and cement composition and colour Weathering Limestones Igneous rocks Metamorphic rocks Slate Marble References Chapter 3 Stratigraphy and origin of sandstones used in Edinburgh Geological setting Scottish Devonian sandstone ('Old Red Sandstone') Sandstones of Angus Caithness Flagstones Carboniferous sandstone of the Midland Valley of Scotland Inyerclyde Group Kinnesswood Formation Ballagan Formation Strathclyde Group Arthur's Seat Volcanic Formation and Gullane Formation West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation Clackmannan Group Lower Limestone Formation Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations Passage Formation Coal Measures Permian and Triassic Sandstone ('New Red Sandstone') of Dumfries & Galloway and Ayrshire Appleby Group Locharbriggs Sandstone Formation Thornhill Sandstone Formation Corncockle Sandstone Formation Mauchline Sandstone Formation Sherwood Sandstone Group St Bees Sandstone Formation Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of Moray Carboniferous sandstone from the Scottish Borders and England Lower Carboniferous Cementstone Group Fell Sandstone Group Scremerston Coal Group Lower and Middle Limestone Groups Millstone Grit Coal Measures Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of England References Chapter 4 Tests on building stones History Current methods of testing Tests used as indicators of durability Porosity Water absorption Saturation coefficient Acid immersion test Sodium sulphate crystallisation test The mechanical properties of stone Strength tests Uniaxial or unconfined compression test The point-load test Hardness References Chapter 5 Quarrying methods Working of the stone Organisation of work The workmen References Chapter 6 The use and availability of sandstone in Edinburgh Methods of walling Surface finishes Smoothed ashlar Droved (boasted) work Tooled work Stugged (punched) work Broached work Rock-faced (bull-faced, pitch-faced, rusticated) work Vermiculated work Cladding Use of different stone in the same building Availability of stone: an historical perspective References Chapter 7 Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: Part 1. Edinburgh's Quarries and their Building Stone Products Stone from the Kinnesswood Formation Burgh Muir (Meadows and Bruntsheld) and Grange Quarries Craigmillar and Hawkhill Wood Quarries Stone from the Ballagan Formation The 'Salisbury' Quarries (Camstone and Dumbiedykes) Salisbury Crags Quarries Greyfriar's Port Quarries Other Old Town Quarries Stone from the Gullane Formation Craigleith Maidencraig Barnton Park Ravelston Craigcrook Granton Quarries Bearford's Quarries Upper Quarry Holes (London Road Quarries) and Lower (Nether) Quarry Holes Quarries In the West End of the New Town Broughton Quarries Stone from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation Ravelston No. 2 and Ravelston Black Leith Hill Wardie Hailes Redhall Stone from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations Joppa Quarries Niddrie Chapter 8. Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: part .2 Scottish and English quarries and their building stone products Stone from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness Carmyllie and Leoch Caithness Stone from the Carboniferous of West Lothian Binny Hermand Dalmeny Humble Craigton Stone from the Carboniferous of Fife Grange Newbigging Cuhalo Clunevar Fordell Stone from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas Bishopbriggs Quarries Kenmure and Huntershill Plean Dullatur Polmaise Dunmore Giffnock Braehead Auchintea Stone from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England Swinton and Whitsome Newton Fairloans Doddington Craggo Blaxter Darney Prudham Gunnerton Dunhouse Stainton Catcastle Wewield Stoke Hall Stanton Moor Stancliffe Springwell Woodkirk Heworthburn Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria Locharbriggs Corncockle Gatetawbridge Closeburn Corsehill Lazonby Moat Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Moray Clashach Spynie References Appendix 1 Glossary Appendix 2 Sandstone quarries: locations and stratigraphy Appendix 3 Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings Appendix 4 dates of operation and peak numbers employed in selected sandstone quarries appendix properties of building stones: A. Comparative table of data Appendix 5 Properties of building stones B. Localities, descriptions and properties of building stones C. Bibliography Appendix 6 fossil trees from Craigleith, Granton and Redhall quarries Index