Building stones of Edinburgh. 2nd edition.

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Contents

Foreword

Contents

Preface to the 2nd Edition

Preface to the 3rd Edition

Chapter 1 the City of Edinburgh and its geological backdrop

Chapter 2 the geological characteristics of building stones

Introduction

Sedimentary rocks

Sandstones

Bedding characteristics

Sedimentary structures in sandstones

Joints

Classification of sandstones: mineralogy, grain and cement composition and colour

Weathering

Limestones

Igneous rocks

Metamorphic rocks

Slate

Marble

References

Chapter 3 Stratigraphy and origin of sandstones used in Edinburgh

Geological setting

Scottish Devonian sandstone ('Old Red Sandstone')

Sandstones of Angus

Caithness Flagstones

Carboniferous sandstone of the Midland Valley of Scotland

Inyerclyde Group

Kinnesswood Formation

Ballagan Formation

Strathclyde Group

Arthur's Seat Volcanic Formation and Gullane Formation

West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation

Clackmannan Group

Lower Limestone Formation

Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations

Passage Formation

Coal Measures

Permian and Triassic Sandstone ('New Red Sandstone') of Dumfries & Galloway and Ayrshire

Appleby Group

Locharbriggs Sandstone Formation

Thornhill Sandstone Formation

Corncockle Sandstone Formation

Mauchline Sandstone Formation

Sherwood Sandstone Group

St Bees Sandstone Formation

Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of Moray

Carboniferous sandstone from the Scottish Borders and England Lower Carboniferous

Cementstone Group

Fell Sandstone Group

Scremerston Coal Group

Lower and Middle Limestone Groups

Millstone Grit

Coal Measures

Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of England

References

Chapter 4 Tests on building stones

History

Current methods of testing

Tests used as indicators of durability

Porosity

Water absorption

Saturation coefficient

Acid immersion test

Sodium sulphate crystallisation test

The mechanical properties of stone

Strength tests

Uniaxial or unconfined compression test

The point-load test

Hardness

References

Chapter 5 Quarrying methods

Working of the stone

Organisation of work

The workmen

References

Chapter 6 The use and availability of sandstone in Edinburgh

Methods of walling

Surface finishes

Smoothed ashlar

Droved (boasted) work

Tooled work

Stugged (punched) work

Broached work

Rock-faced (bull-faced, pitch-faced, rusticated) work

Vermiculated work

Cladding

Use of different stone in the same building

Availability of stone: an historical perspective

References

Chapter 7 Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: Part 1. Edinburgh's Quarries and their Building Stone Products

Stone from the Kinnesswood Formation

Burgh Muir (Meadows and Bruntsheld) and Grange Quarries

Craigmillar and Hawkhill Wood Quarries

Stone from the Ballagan Formation

The 'Salisbury' Quarries (Camstone and Dumbiedykes)

Salisbury Crags Quarries

Greyfriar's Port Quarries

Other Old Town Quarries

Stone from the Gullane Formation

Craigleith

Maidencraig

Barnton Park

Ravelston

Craigcrook

Granton Quarries

Bearford's Quarries

Upper Quarry Holes (London Road Quarries) and Lower (Nether) Quarry Holes

Quarries In the West End of the New Town

Broughton Quarries

Stone from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation

Ravelston No. 2 and Ravelston Black

Leith Hill

Wardie

Hailes

Redhall

Stone from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations

Joppa Quarries

Niddrie

Chapter 8. Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: part .2 Scottish and English quarries and their building stone products

Stone from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness

Carmyllie and Leoch

Caithness

Stone from the Carboniferous of West Lothian

Binny

Hermand

Dalmeny

Humble

Craigton

Stone from the Carboniferous of Fife

Grange

Newbigging

Cuhalo

Clunevar

Fordell

Stone from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas

Bishopbriggs Quarries

Kenmure and Huntershill

Plean

Dullatur

Polmaise

Dunmore

Giffnock

Braehead

Auchintea

Stone from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England

Swinton and Whitsome Newton

Fairloans

Doddington

Craggo

Blaxter

Darney

Prudham

Gunnerton

Dunhouse

Stainton

Catcastle

Wewield

Stoke Hall

Stanton Moor

Stancliffe

Springwell

Woodkirk

Heworthburn

Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria

Locharbriggs

Corncockle

Gatetawbridge

Closeburn

Corsehill

Lazonby

Moat

Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Moray

Clashach

Spynie

References

Appendix 1 Glossary

Appendix 2 Sandstone quarries: locations and stratigraphy

Appendix 3 Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings

Appendix 4 dates of operation and peak numbers employed in selected sandstone quarries appendix properties of building stones:

A. Comparative table of data

Appendix 5 Properties of building stones

B. Localities, descriptions and properties of building stones

C. Bibliography

Appendix 6 fossil trees from Craigleith, Granton and Redhall quarries

Index