Geology of the Andover area: Applied geology - Bulk minerals: Difference between revisions

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{{AndoverSE}}
{{AndoverSE}}
===BULK MINERALS===


Bulk mineral use is confined to three deposits in this district: sand and gravel, brick clay and chalk have been extracted in the past but there are no large-scale operations remaining in the district. Resources are won only a local basis and at need from older extraction sites. Further information can be obtained from the BGS BRITPITS database ([https://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/minerals/BRITPITS.html https://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/minerals/BRITPITS.html])
Bulk mineral use is confined to three deposits in this district: sand and gravel, brick clay and chalk have been extracted in the past but there are no large-scale operations remaining in the district. Resources are won only a local basis and at need from older extraction sites. Further information can be obtained from the BGS BRITPITS database ([https://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/minerals/BRITPITS.html https://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/minerals/BRITPITS.html])


==== Sand and gravel ====
==== Sand and gravel ====
There is no large-scale extraction of aggregate from any of the deposits in the district. Resources exist within the Upper Greensand (sand) and within the various Quaternary deposits (sand and gravel), but they are either not exploited or only worked on a local scale to support farms. Their grade and potential as a source of aggregate has not been tested.
There is no large-scale extraction of aggregate from any of the deposits in the district. Resources exist within the Upper Greensand (sand) and within the various Quaternary deposits (sand and gravel), but they are either not exploited or only worked on a local scale to support farms. Their grade and potential as a source of aggregate has not been tested.


==== Brick clays ====
==== Brick clays ====
The Lambeth Group, London Clay Formation and various Quaternary deposits were used for brickmaking in the past but there is no large-scale commercial manufacture in the district.
The Lambeth Group, London Clay Formation and various Quaternary deposits were used for brickmaking in the past but there is no large-scale commercial manufacture in the district.


==== Chalk ====
==== Chalk ====
Chalk has been extracted in the past for cement manufacture but this industry has ceased locally as production has switched to mega-site localities elsewhere in southern England. Some chalk is still won for agricultural liming, generally on a within-farm at-need basis but even this has declined in preference to commercial supply. This liming use has given rise to a large number of small, and now generally overgrown, quarries on the margins of the Upper Greensand and the clay-with-flints that were traditionally the deposits that required regular dressing to maintain productivity.
Chalk has been extracted in the past for cement manufacture but this industry has ceased locally as production has switched to mega-site localities elsewhere in southern England. Some chalk is still won for agricultural liming, generally on a within-farm at-need basis but even this has declined in preference to commercial supply. This liming use has given rise to a large number of small, and now generally overgrown, quarries on the margins of the Upper Greensand and the clay-with-flints that were traditionally the deposits that required regular dressing to maintain productivity.


=== BUILDING STONE ===
=== BUILDING STONE ===
=====Chalk=====
=====Chalk=====
Extensive use is made of the flints from the Chalk for building, particularly in churches and the larger houses and farms. The flint is used both as knapped squared blocks and as single-faced trimmed nodules. Flint shards derived from the knapping of dressed flint are often seen pressed into the wet mortar for decoration, a process known a ‘galletting’. Flint, as a waste product of chalk extraction and from 'field picking', has also been used to maintain farm tracks.
Extensive use is made of the flints from the Chalk for building, particularly in churches and the larger houses and farms. The flint is used both as knapped squared blocks and as single-faced trimmed nodules. Flint shards derived from the knapping of dressed flint are often seen pressed into the wet mortar for decoration, a process known a ‘galletting’. Flint, as a waste product of chalk extraction and from 'field picking', has also been used to maintain farm tracks.


The harder chalks from the Melbourn Rock Member and the Lewes Nodular Chalk Formation are incorporated into buildings to a small extent in this area. Their source is unknown, but both dressed blocks (suggesting some form of quarrying) and ‘field-picked’ clasts are seen in older buildings.
The harder chalks from the Melbourn Rock Member and the Lewes Nodular Chalk Formation are incorporated into buildings to a small extent in this area. Their source is unknown, but both dressed blocks (suggesting some form of quarrying) and ‘field-picked’ clasts are seen in older buildings.


A number of large houses in the district were built, rebuilt or remodelled using imported stone due to the lack of suitable building stone locally; for example, Highclere Castle, which was remodelled from a brick-built Elizabethan residence by a dressing of Bath Stone (see '''Plate 5''') and has recently been used as a location for the filming of Gosford Park.
A number of large houses in the district were built, rebuilt or remodelled using imported stone due to the lack of suitable building stone locally; for example, Highclere Castle, which was remodelled from a brick-built Elizabethan residence by a dressing of Bath Stone (see '''Plate P775267''') and has recently been used as a location for the filming of Gosford Park.


{| class="wikitable" width="100pt" style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; margin-bottom:10px; float:center; text-align:left;"
[[Image:P775267.jpg|thumb|200px| Highclere Castle [SU 4457 5880]. A Bath Stone edifice built in 1839-42 by Sir Charles Barry (who also built the Houses of Parliament) in the Jacobethan style (a Victorian revival of the architecture of the late 16th and early 17th century). The completely remodelled castle, replacing a square classic-style mansion and an earlier Elizabethan brick and freestone house. The site was formerly occupied by a medieval palace for the Bishops of Winchester. Photo P J Witney. P775267.]]
| <img src="https://bgsintranet/asset-bank/action/directLinkImage?assetId=369651&width=300&height=200">
|-
| '''Plate 5''' Highclere Castle [SU 4457 5880]. A Bath Stone edifice built in 1839-42 by Sir Charles Barry (who also built the Houses of Parliament) in the Jacobethan style (a Victorian revival of the architecture of the late 16th and early 17th century). The completely remodelled castle, replacing a square classic-style mansion and an earlier Elizabethan brick and freestone house. The site was formerly occupied by a medieval palace for the Bishops of Winchester. Photo P J Witney. [https://bgsintranet/asset-bank/action/viewFullSizedImage?id=369651&size=1000 P775267].
|}


=====Upper Greensand=====
=====Upper Greensand=====
There are records of extraction of the Upper Greensand Formation near Burghclere and Highclere in the 13th century for building stone. Both the common colloidal cherts and the indurated ‘malmstone’ facies are present in buildings locally.
There are records of extraction of the Upper Greensand Formation near Burghclere and Highclere in the 13th century for building stone. Both the common colloidal cherts and the indurated ‘malmstone’ facies are present in buildings locally.


== Geology of the Andover area - contents ==
== Geology of the Andover area contents ==
 
{{Andoverpages}}
[[Geology of the Andover area: Introduction|Introduction]]
 
: [[Geology of the Andover area: Geological setting|Geological setting]]
 
[[Geology of the Andover area: Concealed strata|Geological description ]]
 
: [[Geology of the Andover area: Concealed strata|Concealed strata]]
 
:: [[Geology of the Andover area: Concealed strata - Ordovician to Devonian|Ordovician to Devonian]]
 
:: [[Geology of the Andover area: Concealed strata - Carboniferous|Carboniferous]]
 
:: [[Geology of the Andover area: Concealed strata - Permian|Permian]]
 
:: [[Geology of the Andover area: Concealed strata - Triassic|Triassic]]
 
:: [[Geology of the Andover area: Concealed strata - Jurassic|Jurassic]]
 
:: [[Geology of the Andover area: Concealed strata - Cretaceous|Cretaceous]]
 
: [[Geology of the Andover area: Exposed strata - Upper Greensand Formation|Exposed Strata]]
 
:: [[Geology of the Andover area: Exposed strata - Upper Greensand Formation|Upper Greensand Formation (UGS)]]
 
:: [[Geology of the Andover area: Exposed strata - Chalk Group|Chalk Group]]
 
:: [[Geology of the Andover area: Exposed strata - Palaeogene|Palaeogene]]
 
:: [[Geology of the Andover area: Exposed strata - Quaternary|Quaternary]]
 
:: [[Geology of the Andover area: Exposed strata - Artificial ground|Artificial ground]]
 
[[Geology of the Andover area: Applied geology - Hydrogeology|Applied geology]]
 
: [[Geology of the Andover area: Applied geology - Hydrogeology|Hydrogeology]]
 
: '''Bulk minerals'''
 
: [[Geology of the Andover area: Applied geology - Geotechnical considerations and hazards|Geotechnical considerations and hazards]]
 
[[Geology of the Andover area: Information resources|Information resources]]
 
[[Geology of the Andover area: References|References]]
 
[[Andover - geological 50K map|Geological map]]
 


[[Category:Andover - the geology of the area| 017]]
[[Category:Andover - the geology of the area| 017]]

Latest revision as of 15:23, 28 July 2015

This page is part of a category of pages providing a summary of the geology of the Andover district (British Geological Survey Sheet 283), which extends over approximately 600 km2 of north-west Hampshire and a small part of eastern Wiltshire. Links to other pages in this category can be found at the foot of the page.
Authors: J Thompson, K A Lee, P M Hopson, A R Farrant, A J Newell, R J Marks, L B Bateson, M A Woods, I P Wilkinson and N J Smith.

Bulk mineral use is confined to three deposits in this district: sand and gravel, brick clay and chalk have been extracted in the past but there are no large-scale operations remaining in the district. Resources are won only a local basis and at need from older extraction sites. Further information can be obtained from the BGS BRITPITS database (https://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/minerals/BRITPITS.html)

Sand and gravel

There is no large-scale extraction of aggregate from any of the deposits in the district. Resources exist within the Upper Greensand (sand) and within the various Quaternary deposits (sand and gravel), but they are either not exploited or only worked on a local scale to support farms. Their grade and potential as a source of aggregate has not been tested.

Brick clays

The Lambeth Group, London Clay Formation and various Quaternary deposits were used for brickmaking in the past but there is no large-scale commercial manufacture in the district.

Chalk

Chalk has been extracted in the past for cement manufacture but this industry has ceased locally as production has switched to mega-site localities elsewhere in southern England. Some chalk is still won for agricultural liming, generally on a within-farm at-need basis but even this has declined in preference to commercial supply. This liming use has given rise to a large number of small, and now generally overgrown, quarries on the margins of the Upper Greensand and the clay-with-flints that were traditionally the deposits that required regular dressing to maintain productivity.

BUILDING STONE

Chalk

Extensive use is made of the flints from the Chalk for building, particularly in churches and the larger houses and farms. The flint is used both as knapped squared blocks and as single-faced trimmed nodules. Flint shards derived from the knapping of dressed flint are often seen pressed into the wet mortar for decoration, a process known a ‘galletting’. Flint, as a waste product of chalk extraction and from 'field picking', has also been used to maintain farm tracks.

The harder chalks from the Melbourn Rock Member and the Lewes Nodular Chalk Formation are incorporated into buildings to a small extent in this area. Their source is unknown, but both dressed blocks (suggesting some form of quarrying) and ‘field-picked’ clasts are seen in older buildings.

A number of large houses in the district were built, rebuilt or remodelled using imported stone due to the lack of suitable building stone locally; for example, Highclere Castle, which was remodelled from a brick-built Elizabethan residence by a dressing of Bath Stone (see Plate P775267) and has recently been used as a location for the filming of Gosford Park.

Highclere Castle [SU 4457 5880]. A Bath Stone edifice built in 1839-42 by Sir Charles Barry (who also built the Houses of Parliament) in the Jacobethan style (a Victorian revival of the architecture of the late 16th and early 17th century). The completely remodelled castle, replacing a square classic-style mansion and an earlier Elizabethan brick and freestone house. The site was formerly occupied by a medieval palace for the Bishops of Winchester. Photo P J Witney. P775267.
Upper Greensand

There are records of extraction of the Upper Greensand Formation near Burghclere and Highclere in the 13th century for building stone. Both the common colloidal cherts and the indurated ‘malmstone’ facies are present in buildings locally.

Geology of the Andover area — contents