Editing History of the British Geological Survey

[[File:P815508.jpg|thumbnail|The Geological Survey Act and the creation of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (Great Britain & Ireland)]]
== History of the British Geological Survey ==

== Brief timeline ==

'''1830 — Henry De la Beche begins mapping geology of Devon as a private endeavour'''

Henry Thomas De la Beche (1796‒1855), a Fellow of the Geological Society of London, had already published some papers on the geology of the Devon and Dorset coast when in 1830 he set about adding geology to the Ordnance one-inch topographical map of south-east Devon. When his private income became insecure, he sought to obtain official backing for the continuation of this work, which he saw as being of great practical utility to the nation.

'''1832 — De la Beche secures funding from Board of Ordnance to complete mapping of Devon'''

Thomas F Colby, Superintendent of the Ordnance Survey, recognised the practical value of adding geological information to the Ordnance map. He supported De la Beche’s request for financial assistance from the Board of Ordnance to complete a geological survey of Devon. De la Beche delivered his first completed map for engraving in May 1832 (Old Series one-inch sheet 22, SE Devon, surveyed 1830‒31). 

'''1835 — Ordnance Geological Survey'''

The success of De la Beche's work in Devon led to the establishment of the Ordnance Geological Survey in July 1835 as a branch of the Ordnance Survey, initially to extend the mapping into Cornwall, but ultimately with a view to surveying the whole country; De la Beche became its first Director. The support of both Colby and the Geological Society was a crucial factor in securing the future the Geological Survey.

'''1835 — Museum of Economic Geology'''

In August 1835, De la Beche obtained funding from the Board of Works to establish a museum at Craig's Court, Whitehall, London. The Museum of Economic Geology was furnished with a chemical laboratory which opened for commercial work in June 1839, while the museum itself was accessible to personal callers from August of that year, although its formal date of opening is usually stated to be 1841.

'''1840 — Mining Record Office'''

In April 1839 approval was given by Treasury for the Museum of Economic Geology to take custody of a proposed collection of mining records; this led to the establishment of a Mining Record Office following the appointment of a Keeper of Mining Records in October 1840. Statistical information on mineral production and trade was collected for selected minerals from 1845 but was expanded thereafter as an annual publication covering a wider range of minerals produced and traded in the UK from 1853. Responsibility for mineral statistics passed to the Home Office in 1881 and returned to BGS in the 1960s.

'''1845 — The Geological Survey Act and the creation of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (Great Britain & Ireland)'''

The Geological Survey Act of 1845 provided the Survey with a legal framework designed 'to facilitate the completion of a geological survey of Great Britain and Ireland.' Responsibility for the Survey, which now incorporated a geological department in Ireland, passed from the Board of Ordnance to the Office of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues, Works and Buildings. This transition meant that field officers of the Survey were no longer required to wear the military-style uniform of blue serge with brass buttons and a top hat!

'''1851 — A new Museum of Practical Geology'''

Having outgrown the limited accommodation at Craig’s Court, arrangements were put in hand in 1845 for erecting a new museum and offices for the Geological Survey. On 12 May 1851, the year of the Great Exhibition, the new Geological Survey and Museum of Practical Geology was formally opened by Prince Albert in Jermyn Street, a prime London location. The Survey offices and library were situated in the rear of the building, which fronted onto Piccadilly. Also included was a lecture theatre, laboratories and the Mining Record Office.

'''1851 — School of Mines'''

In November 1851 De la Beche inaugurated the Government School of Mines and of Science applied to the Arts, which would go on to become the Royal School of Mines. The school, based in the museum at Jermyn Street, provided instruction in chemistry, natural history with palaeontology, mechanical science, metallurgy, geology, and mining and mineralogy.

'''1853 — The Survey passed from the First Commissioner of Woods and Forests to the Department of Science and Art'''

'''1856 — The Survey passed from the Department of Science and Art to the Education Department of the Privy Council (Board of Education from 1899)''' <ref>In 1857 the Survey’s governing Department of Science and Art was formally transferred from the Board of Trade to become the Science and Art Department of the Committee of Council on Education, a move that displeased Murchison because he would no longer have direct access to a Minister of State (the President of the Board of Trade) but had instead to deal with an intermediary (the Privy Council on Education)</ref>

'''1872 — Separation of the Geological Survey and Museum from the Royal School of Mines'''

The Royal School of Mines and its teaching facilities was relocated from Jermyn Street to South Kensington, although the transfer was not fully completed until some years later. The School thus ceased to be part of the Geological Survey and Museum.

'''1905 — Geological Survey of Great Britain'''

On 1 April 1905, The Geological Survey of Ireland was transferred to the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. The Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (Great Britain & Ireland) was renamed Geological Survey of Great Britain.

'''1919 — The Survey passed to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research'''

On 1 November 1919 the Geological Survey and Museum was transferred to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR). Subsequently, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Act of 1956 amended aspects of the management of research functions and placed the DSIR under the charge of a Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; the forerunner of the current Research Councils.

'''1965 — The Science and Technology Act and the creation of the Institute of Geological Sciences'''

The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)—the BGS parent body—was confirmed by Royal Charter as a result of the 1965 Act. The Geological Survey and Museum was combined with the Overseas Geological Surveys (OGS) in the following year and renamed the Institute of Geological Sciences (IGS).

'''1984 — The Institute is renamed British Geological Survey'''

On 1 January 1984 the Institute of Geological Sciences was renamed the British Geological Survey. The next year the headquarters was relocated to Keyworth, near Nottingham and the offices and exhibits at the Geological Museum at South Kensington were relinquished to the Natural History Museum, which now form the Earth Galleries.

'''2018 — British Geological Survey (and NERC) becomes part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)'''

UKRI brings together seven existing UK research councils, Innovate UK and the Research and Knowledge Exchange functions of the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) into one unified body.

== List of Directors of the British Geological Survey ==

[[Henry Thomas De la Beche|Sir Henry Thomas De la Beche, 1835–1855. Director General from 1845]]

[[Roderick Impey Murchison Bart., K.C.B., LL.D., D.C.L., M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S. etc.|Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, 1855–1871 Director General]]

[[Andrew Crombie Ramsay|Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay, 1871–1881 Director General]]

[[Archibald Geikie|Sir Archibald Geikie, 1882–1901 Director General]]

[[Jethro Justinian Harris Teall M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.G.S., LL.D.|Sir Jethro Justinian Harris Teall, 1901–1914]]

[[Aubrey Strahan M.A., K.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.|Sir Aubrey Strahan,1914–1920]]

[[John Smith Flett Sir|Sir John Smith Flett, 1920–1935]]

[[Bernard Smith|Bernard Smith 1935–1936]]

[[Edward Battersby Bailey|Sir Edward Battersby Bailey 1937–1945]]

[[William Francis Porter McLintock|Dr William Francis Porter McLintock 1945–1950]]

[[William John Pugh|Sir William John Pugh 1950–1960]]

[[Cyril James Stubblefield|Sir Cyril James Stubblefield 1960–1966]]

[[Kingsley Charles Dunham Sir|Sir Kingsley Charles Dunham 1967–1976]]

[[Austin William Woodland|Dr Austin William Woodland 1976–1979]]

Sir George Malcolm Brown 1979–1985

G. I. Lumsden 1985–1987

F. G. Larminie 1987–1990

Dr Peter Cook 1990–1998

Dr David Falvey 1998–2006

Professor John Ludden CBE 2006–2019

Dr Karen Hanghøj 2019–

== Survey name changes ==

1832 Henry De la Beche contracted to map the geology of Devon

1835 Ordnance Geological Survey

1845 Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (Great Britain and Ireland)

1905 Geological Survey of Great Britain

1965 Institute of Geological Sciences

1984 British Geological Survey

== Location of Survey headquarters over time ==

1841-1851 Initially operating from temporary field addresses, but from 1845 based at the Museum of Economic Geology, Craig’s Court (cul-de-sac on the south side of Whitehall, 100 yards from Trafalgar Square)

1851-1933 Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, backing onto Piccadilly, London

1933-1984 New Museum of Practical Geology, later called The Geological Museum, Exhibition Road, London

1984- Keyworth, Nottingham

== Links  ==
===British Geological Survey - the legislative framework===

Bowie, R. [[British Geological Survey - the legislative framework|The legislative framework of the British Geological Survey]]. OR/11/019.

=== Full text histories of BGS on Earthwise ===

Flett, Sir John S. 1937. [[First hundred years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain|The first hundred years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain]]. (London: HMSO)

Bailey, Sir Edward. 1952. [[Geological Survey of Great Britain (by E.B. Bailey)|Geological Survey of Great Britain]]. (London: Thomas Murby)

Wilson, H E. 1985. [[Down to earth - one hundred and fifty years of the British Geological Survey|Down to earth: one hundred and fifty years of the British Geological Survey]]. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press) (Including the activities of the former Overseas Geological Surveys)

Cook, P J. 1998. [[History of the British Geological Survey 1990–1997|A history of the British Geological Survey, 1990-1997.]] British Geological Survey Technical Report WQ/98/1.

Hackett, D. 1999. [[Our corporate history. Key events affecting the British Geological Survey, 1967–1998|Our corporate history: key events affecting the British Geological Survey, 1967-1998.]] British Geological Survey Technical Report WQ/99/1.

Allen, P M. 2003. [[Geological survey in transition|A geological survey in transition.]] (Keyworth: British Geological Survey). [available to buy online]

Dixey, F. 1957. [[Colonial Geological Surveys 1947–1956: a review of progress during the past ten years|Colonial Geological Surveys, 1947-56: a review of progress during the past ten years.]] Colonial Geology and Mineral Resources, Supplement Series no. 2.

[[Instructions for the Local Directors of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland Henry de la Beche 22nd May 1845|Instructions for the Local Directors of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland Henry de la Beche 22nd May 1845]]. Geological surveying procedures and administrative
instructions issued when the Survey became the independent 'Geological Survey of Great Britain & Ireland in 1845.

[[Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland: A contemporary account of the Survey, 1897|Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland: A contemporary account of the Survey, 1897. Summary of Progress, 1897.]] [A contemporary account of the function and workings of the Survey]

'''Scotland'''

Wilson, R.B. 1977. [[History of the Geological Survey in Scotland|A history of the Geological Survey in Scotland.]] NERC, IGS.

Browitt, C. 1997. [[British Geological Survey in Scotland|The British Geological Survey in Scotland]] Unpublished ms. 

[[Category:History of the British Geological Survey]]

=== BGS admistrative archives ===
[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/services/ngdc/records/archive.html BGS Archive] Online catalogue to the administrative archives of BGS.

=== Timeline ===

[[Media:OriginsofBGS.jpg|Origins of BGS — a poster]] ([https://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=2695 download PDF])

=== Biographical information on early Survey staff ===

[[Pioneers of the British Geological Survey]] — brief details of all Survey staff up to c 1933. Includes listings of biographical works and obituaries.

[[Staff list of the Geological Survey and Museum, 1835–1935]] (from Flett's history)

=== Photographs and archives on Geoscenic ===
[http://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/viewHome Geoscenic] contains a wealth of Survey photographs from the 1890s to the present as well as a number of special collections by Survey staff below:

[http://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1392 Henry Mowbray Cadell collection of photographs and archives]

[http://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1395 A.G. MacGregor archive — 1936 Royal Society expedition to Montserrat]

[http://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1428 Ben Peach sketches]

[http://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1030 Dr. R. Kidston Carboniferous fossil plants]

[http://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1424 Survey staff photographs. Geological Survey and Museum and Royal School of Mines, 1850-1910. IGS1.639]

[http://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1421 Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, London. c1855 -1900. GSM.MG.E.5]

[http://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=2466 Joseph D. Hooker collection of microscope slides]

[http://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=2467 E.O. Teale photograph collection 1900s-1930s (mostly Africa)]

[http://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1425 J.V. Stephens Italy collection taken during the Second World War]

[http://geoscenic.bgs.ac.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1429 George Scott Johnstone collection - Scottish mountains]

=== Assorted topics ===

[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/archives/ACenturyOnFilm/home.html A century on film—a brief history of photography in BGS]

[[Geologists at war, 1939–1945]] contributions made by geologists to the war effort 

[[The Royal Hammerers and The Grizzly Bears - the dining clubs of the early Geological Survey]]

=== BGS maps and publications ===

[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/maps/home.html BGS maps portal]—view all the BGS published maps and sections including all the 'Old Series' maps, sections and the various 'index of colours'.

[http://www.geologicalmaps.net/irishhistmaps/index.cfm Irish historical geological maps]—view all the Irish historical maps and sections that were published during the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland days (up to 1905).

[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/publications/pubs.cfc?method=viewHome BGS publications viewer] - View most historical and current memoirs and other publications.

== References and further reading ==

For more information on the history of the British Geological Survey, former Overseas Geological Surveys and related organisations, see the following published works:

Bate, D G. 2010. Sir Henry Thomas De la Beche and the founding of the British Geological Survey. Mercian Geologist, 17 (3). 149–165.

Allen, P M. 2003. A geological survey in transition. (Keyworth: British Geological Survey). [available to buy online]

Bailey, Sir Edward. 1952. Geological Survey of Great Britain. (London: Thomas Murby)

Cook, P J, and Allen, P M. 1994. The example of the British Geological Survey: past, present and future. In: National Geological Surveys in the 21st century. Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 55, 15–23.

Cook, P J. 1998. A history of the British Geological Survey, 1990-1997. British Geological Survey Technical Report WQ/98/1.

Dixey, F. 1957. Colonial Geological Surveys, 1947-56: a review of progress during the past ten years. Colonial Geology and Mineral Resources, Supplement Series no. 2.

Flett, Sir John S. 1937. The first hundred years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. (London: HMSO)

Hackett, D. 1999. Our corporate history: key events affecting the British Geological Survey, 1967-1998. British Geological Survey Technical Report WQ/99/1.

Herries Davies, G L. 1983. Sheets of many colours: the mapping of Ireland's rocks 1750–1890. (Dublin: Royal Dublin Society.)

Herries Davies, G L. 1995. North from The Hook: 150 years of the Geological Survey of Ireland. (Dublin: Geological Survey of Ireland.)

McKenna, G. (Ed) [Unpublished manuscript] Instructions for the Local Directors of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland (330 KB pdf) by Henry De la Beche 22nd May 1845. Selected documents from the BGS Archives No. 1.

McIntosh, R P. 2012. Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland — a contemporary account of the Survey, 1897. Extract and illustrated from 1897 Geological Survey of Great Britain. Summary of Progress. [Unpublished].

McIntosh, R P. Origins of the British Geological Survey. 

Portlock, J E. 1843. Report on the geology of Londonderry, and of parts of Tyrone and Fermanagh. (Dublin: HMSO), Preface pp. iii-xi, for an account of the origins of the geological department of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland.

Seymour, W A. (ed.) 1980. A history of the Ordnance Survey. (Folkestone: Dawson)

[https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol38/pp257-259 Geological Muesum] In: Survey of London. Volume 38. South Kensington Museums Area. London: London County Council, 1975. p257-259.

Wilson, H E. 1985. Down to earth: one hundred and fifty years of the British Geological Survey. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press) (Including the activities of the former Overseas Geological Surveys)

== References ==

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