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[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home | Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country | Hydrogeology by country]] >> Hydrogeology of Burkina Faso | [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home | Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country | Hydrogeology by country]] >> Hydrogeology of Burkina Faso | ||
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==Authors== | ==Authors== | ||
− | ''' | + | '''Youssouf Koussoubé''', Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso |
'''Kirsty Upton''', '''Brighid Ó Dochartaigh''', British Geological Survey, UK | '''Kirsty Upton''', '''Brighid Ó Dochartaigh''', British Geological Survey, UK | ||
− | + | Please cite this page as: Koussobé, Upton and Ó Dochartaigh, 2016. | |
− | + | Bibliographic reference: Koussobé, Y, Upton, K, and Ó Dochartaigh, B É. 2016. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Burkina Faso. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Burkina_Faso | |
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− | Bibliographic reference: | ||
==Terms and conditions== | ==Terms and conditions== | ||
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{| class = "wikitable" | {| class = "wikitable" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Estimated population in 2013* || 16 934 839 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Rural population (% of total) (2013)* || 71.8% | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Total surface area* || 273 600 sq km | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Agricultural land (% of total area) (2012)* || 44.1% | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Capital city || Ouagadougou | |Capital city || Ouagadougou | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |Region || | + | |Region || Western Africa |
|- | |- | ||
− | |Border countries || Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Togo | + | |Border countries || Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Togo |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Annual freshwater withdrawal (2013)* || 818 million cubic metres |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Annual freshwater withdrawal for agriculture (2013)* || 51.4% |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Annual freshwater withdrawal for domestic use (2013)* || 45.9% |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Annual freshwater withdrawal for industry (2013)* || 2.7% |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Rural population with access to improved water source (2012)* || 75.8% |
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Urban population with access to improved water source (2012)* || 97.5% | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | <nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: | + | <nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: World Bank |
+ | |||
===Climate=== | ===Climate=== | ||
− | Burkina Faso can be divided into three climate zones, with rainfall decreasing from south to north. There is a distinct dry season during winter months, and wet season during summer months. | + | Burkina Faso can be divided into three climate zones, with rainfall decreasing from south to north. There is a distinct dry season during winter months, and wet season during summer months. |
− | + | ||
− | [[File:Burkina Faso_ClimateZones.png | + | These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. For more information see the [[Climate | climate resource page]]. |
+ | <gallery widths="375px" heights=365px mode=nolines> | ||
+ | File:Burkina Faso_ClimateZones.png |Koppen Geiger Climate Zones | ||
+ | File:Burkina Faso_ClimatePrecip.png |Average Annual Precipitation | ||
+ | File:Burkina Faso_ClimateTemp.png |Average Temperature | ||
+ | </gallery> | ||
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− | + | [[File: Burkina Faso_pre_Monthly.png| 255x124px| Average monthly precipitation for Burkina Faso showing minimum and maximum (light blue), 25th and 75th percentile (blue), and median (dark blue) rainfall]] [[File: Burkina Faso_tmp_Monthly.png| 255x124px| Average monthly temperature for Burkina Faso showing minimum and maximum (orange), 25th and 75th percentile (red), and median (black) temperature]] [[File: Burkina Faso_pre_Qts.png | 255x124px | Quarterly precipitation over the period 1950-2012]] [[File: Burkina Faso_pre_Mts.png|255x124px | Monthly precipitation (blue) over the period 2000-2012 compared with the long term monthly average (red)]] | |
+ | |||
===Surface water=== | ===Surface water=== | ||
− | The | + | The centre, south and west of Burkina Faso are drained by tributaries of the Volta system, including the Nakambe, Mouhoun and Comoé rivers. The north and east are drained by rivers of the Niger basin. Many of the smaller rivers are ephemeral, drying during the dry season. There are a number of natural lakes. Many valleys are dammed to store wet season rainfall: in 2001 there were approximately 2000 reservoirs with a total storage volume estimated at 2.66 billion cubic metres (Obuobie and Barry, 2012) |
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− | The north and east are drained by rivers of the Niger basin. | ||
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− | Many smaller rivers are ephemeral, drying during the dry season. There are a number of natural lakes. Many valleys are dammed to store wet season rainfall: in 2001 there were approximately 2000 reservoirs with a total storage volume estimated at 2.66 billion cubic metres (Obuobie and Barry, 2012) | ||
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| [[File: Burkina Faso_Hydrology.png | frame | | | [[File: Burkina Faso_Hydrology.png | frame | | ||
− | Major surface water features of | + | Major surface water features of Algeria. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the [[Surface water | surface water resource page]]]] |
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==Geology== | ==Geology== | ||
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The geology map on this page shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale (see [[Geology | the Geology resources page]] for more details). | The geology map on this page shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale (see [[Geology | the Geology resources page]] for more details). | ||
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A higher resolution map at 1:1 000 000 scale is published by the Ministere des Mines, des Carrieres et de l'Energie (Castaing et al., 2003a, 2003b). | A higher resolution map at 1:1 000 000 scale is published by the Ministere des Mines, des Carrieres et de l'Energie (Castaing et al., 2003a, 2003b). | ||
− | [[File: | + | [[File:BurkinaFaso_Geology3.png | centre | thumb| 500 px| Geology of Burkina Faso at 1:5 million scale. Developed from USGS map (Persits et al., 2002). For more information on how the map was developed see the [[Geology | geology resource page]]]] |
{| class = "wikitable" | {| class = "wikitable" | ||
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|Birimian volcano-sedimentary and plutonic rocks; Eburnean granitoid rocks. | |Birimian volcano-sedimentary and plutonic rocks; Eburnean granitoid rocks. | ||
||Precambrian | ||Precambrian | ||
− | ||Basement | + | ||Basement complext of Archaean and Birimian age, consisting of belts of Birimian volcano-sedimentary and plutonic rocks intruded by large batholiths of Eburnean granitoid rocks. It includes basalt, andesite, rhyolite, rhyodacite, dacite, felsic tuffs, gabbro, diorite, granites, gneisses, shales, schists, quartzites and greenstones (Castaing et al., 2003b). |
||Two major north-north-east-trending sinistral shear zones divide the Basement rocks into three domains: eastern, central and western, with variably north-east or north to north-north-east-trending structural features (Castaing et al., 2003b). | ||Two major north-north-east-trending sinistral shear zones divide the Basement rocks into three domains: eastern, central and western, with variably north-east or north to north-north-east-trending structural features (Castaing et al., 2003b). | ||
|} | |} | ||
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==Hydrogeology== | ==Hydrogeology== | ||
− | + | This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Burkina Faso. More information is available in the references listed at the bottom of this page. Many of these references can be accessed through the [http://www.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/index.cfm Africa Groundwater Literature Archive]. | |
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− | This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Burkina Faso. More information is available in the references listed at the bottom of this page. Many of these references can be accessed through the [ | ||
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− | + | The hydrogeology map on this page shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the [[Hydrogeology Map | Hydrogeology map]] resource page for more details). | |
− | [[File: | + | [[File:BurkinaFaso_Hydrogeology3.png| center | thumb| 500px|| Hydrogeology of Burkina Faso at 1:5 million scale. For more information on how the map was developed see the [[Hydrogeology Map | Hydrogeology map]] resource page]] |
+ | Geology is the main control on aquifer productivity and groundwater potential. | ||
====Unconsolidated==== | ====Unconsolidated==== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
− | ==Groundwater | + | ==Groundwater Status== |
===Groundwater quantity=== | ===Groundwater quantity=== | ||
− | Average recharge rates are estimated at 5 mm/year in the drier north and 50 mm/year in the south, but | + | Average recharge rates are estimated at 5 mm/year in the drier north and 50 mm/year in the south, but local estimates range up to 250 mm/year (Obuobie and Barry 2012). |
===Groundwater quality=== | ===Groundwater quality=== | ||
− | Generally, groundwater in Burkina Faso is of suitable quality for drinking water supplies, although there are local problems. Naturally occuring arsenic has been identified as a problem in some areas, particularly associated with zones of gold mineralisation in Birimian (Lower Proterozoic) volcano-sedimentary rocks (Smedley et al. | + | Generally, groundwater in Burkina Faso is of suitable quality for drinking water supplies, although there are local problems. Naturally occuring arsenic has been identified as a problem in some areas, particularly associated with zones of gold mineralisation in Birimian (Lower Proterozoic) volcano-sedimentary rocks (Smedley et al. 2007). Pollution from nitrate is thought to be common in shallow groundwater sources, derived from domestic waste as well as agricultural sources, often highest in areas of high housing density (BGS 2002). Groundwater in some areas of northwest Burkina Faso has high salinity (BGS 2002). |
==Groundwater use and management== | ==Groundwater use and management== | ||
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=== Groundwater use=== | === Groundwater use=== | ||
− | Groundwater in Burkina Faso is used mainly for | + | Groundwater in Burkina Faso is used mainly for domestic water supply, particularly in small towns and rural areas; the city of Bobo Diolasso also relies on groundwater. Groundwater supplies around 15% of water supply to the capital Ouagadougou, but is particularly important in the dry season. Some groundwater is used for small scale market garden irrigation, for example supporting dry season cultivation in the south. It is also used for for livestock watering. Industry is the smallest user of groundwater in the country (Obuobie and Barry 2012). |
− | + | Groundwater abstraction is mainly from boreholes and wells. Most boreholes are fitted with pumps: typically mechanised in urban areas, and hand pumps in rural areas. | |
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=== Groundwater management=== | === Groundwater management=== | ||
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There are no major transboundary aquifers in Burkina Faso. | There are no major transboundary aquifers in Burkina Faso. | ||
− | For further | + | For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the [[Transboundary aquifers | Transboundary aquifers resources page]] |
+ | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
The following references provide more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Burkina Faso. | The following references provide more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Burkina Faso. | ||
− | These, and others, can be accessed through the [ | + | These, and others, can be accessed through the [http://www.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/searchResults.cfm?title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=BF&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive]. |
'''Useful websites''' | '''Useful websites''' | ||
− | + | Bureau des Mines et de la Geologie du Burkina. http://www.bumigeb.bf/index.htm | |
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− | + | ===Geology: key references=== | |
− | Castaing | + | Castaing C, Le Metour J et Billa M (Coordonnateurs). 2003a. Carte géologique et minière du Burkina Faso à 1/1 000 000. Projet SYSMIN 7 ACP BK 074: Cartographie géologique au Burkina Faso; Ministere des Mines, des Carriers et de l'Energie; Direction des Etudes et de la Planification; financé par l'Union Européenne. |
− | + | Castaing C, Billa M, Milési J P, Thieblemont D, Le Metour J, Egal F, Donzeau M (Coordonnateurs). 2003b. Notice explicative de la carte géologique et minière du Burkina Faso à 1/1 000 000. Projet SYSMIN 7 ACP BK 074: Cartographie géologique au Burkina Faso; Ministere des Mines, des Carriers et de l'Energie; Direction des Etudes et de la Planification; financé par l'Union Européenne. | |
− | IWACO | + | Hottin G et Ouédraogo OF. 1975. Notice explicative de la carte géologique à 1/1 000 000 de la |
+ | - IWACO ·1989· Etude du bilan du Burkina Faso. Rapport intermédiaire de la deuxième phase 1987-1990. Tome 2 : inventaire des ressources en eau | ||
− | Sattran | + | Sattran V et Wenmenga U. 2002. Géologie du Burkina Faso (Czech Edition), 10 dec 2002, République de Haute-Volta, Edition BRGM, 56p |
− | ===Hydrogeology references=== | + | ===Hydrogeology: key references=== |
BGS. 2002. Groundwater Quality: Burkina Faso. British Geological Survey. http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/groundwater-quality-information-burkina-faso.pdf | BGS. 2002. Groundwater Quality: Burkina Faso. British Geological Survey. http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/groundwater-quality-information-burkina-faso.pdf | ||
− | + | Ministère de l'eau. 1993. Notice explicative de la carte hydrogéologique du Burkina Faso échelle 1:5OO.OOO, feuille Ouagadougou - DEP du Ministètre de l'eau, Assistance technique : IWACO B.V., Financement: Burkina FasolPays-Bas, 4Sp. + cartes | |
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− | Ministère de l'eau. 1993. Notice explicative de la carte hydrogéologique du Burkina Faso échelle 1:5OO OOO, feuille Ouagadougou - DEP du Ministètre de l'eau, Assistance technique : IWACO B.V., Financement: Burkina FasolPays-Bas, 4Sp. + cartes | ||
Ministère de l'eau. 1988. Rapport de fin de projet : travaux et résultats hydrogéologiques - projet d'hydraulique villageoise Yatenga II, CCE, FED, Convention n034981BF, 48 p+annexes | Ministère de l'eau. 1988. Rapport de fin de projet : travaux et résultats hydrogéologiques - projet d'hydraulique villageoise Yatenga II, CCE, FED, Convention n034981BF, 48 p+annexes | ||
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Ministère de l'eau. 1990. Etude des ressources en eau souterraine du Yatenga - CIEH, série hydrogéologie, 138p. | Ministère de l'eau. 1990. Etude des ressources en eau souterraine du Yatenga - CIEH, série hydrogéologie, 138p. | ||
− | + | Ministère de l'environnement et de l'eau. 1998. Politique et stratégies en matière d'eau 126p. | |
− | + | Obuobie E and Barry B. 2012. Burkina Faso, in Groundwater Availability and Use in Sub-Saharan Africa; a review of fifteen countries. Pavelic P et al. (Eds). International Water Management Institute, Sri Lanka. | |
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− | + | Smedley PL, Knudsen J and Maiga D. 2007. Arsenic in groundwater from mineralised Proterozoic basement rocks of Burkina Faso. Applied Geochemistry 22, 1074-1092. | |
+ | UN. 1988. Burkina Faso, in Ground water in North and West Africa. Natural Resources/Water Series No. 18, ST/TCD/5. Department of Technical Co-operation for Development and Economic Commission for Africa. | ||
− | Return to | + | ==Return to the index pages== |
− | [[Overview of Africa Groundwater Atlas | Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country | Hydrogeology by country]] | + | [[Overview of Africa Groundwater Atlas | Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country | Hydrogeology by country]] >> Hydrogeology of Burkina Faso |
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