Hydrogeology of Democratic Republic of the Congo: Difference between revisions

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| [[File:DemocraticRepublicOfCongo_LandCover.png | frame | Land Cover Map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009. For more information on the map see the [[Land cover | land cover resource page]]]]
| [[File:DemocraticRepublicOfCongo_LandCover.png | frame | Land Cover Map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009. For more information on the map see the [[Land cover | land cover resource page]]]]
|}
|}
===Water statistics===
{| class = "wikitable"
| || 2000||2005||2011||2014||2015
|-
|Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%) || || ||  || ||31.2
|-
|Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%) || || ||  || ||81.1
|-
|Population affected by water related disease || No data || No data || No data || No data || No data
|-
|Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year) || || ||  ||11,648 ||
|-
|Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year)|| No data || No data || No data || No data || No data
|-
|Freshwater withdrawal as % of total renewable water resources || ||0.0533 || || ||
|-
|Renewable groundwater resources (Million cubic metres/year) || No data || No data || No data || No data || No data
|-
|Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year) || || ||  ||421,000 ||
|-
|Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year) || No data || No data || No data || No data || No data
|-
|Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year) || || ||  || ||
|-
|Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year) || || ||  || ||
|-
|Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year) || ||146.8 || || ||
|-
| Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year)  || ||464.9 || || ||
|-
|Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year) || ||71.9 || || ||
|-
|Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources)<sup>1</sup> (Million cubic metres/year) || ||71.9 ||  || ||
|-
|Irrigation water requirement (all water sources)<sup>1</sup> (Million cubic metres/year) ||19.6 || ||  || ||
|-
|Area of permanent crops (ha) || || ||  ||900,000 ||
|-
|Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha) || || ||  ||8,000,000 ||
|-
|Total area of country cultivated (%) || || ||  ||3.412 ||
|-
|Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha) || No data || No data || No data || No data || No data
|-
|Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha) || No data || No data || No data || No data || No data
|}
These statistics are sourced from [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO Aquastat]. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.
Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en Aquastat Main Database].
<sup>1</sup> More information on [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use_agr/index.stm irrigation water use and requirement statistics]


==Geology==
==Geology==

Revision as of 14:21, 5 April 2018

Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country >> Hydrogeology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo


Some of the textual information on this page was taken from the chapter on the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Zaire) in the report ‘Groundwater in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa’ (UN 1989). This information is outdated. If you have more recent information on the hydrogeology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, please get in touch!


Compilers

Dr Kirsty Upton and Brighid Ó Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey, UK

Please cite this page as: Upton & Ó Dochartaigh, 2016.

Bibliographic reference: Upton, K. & Ó Dochartaigh, B.É. 2016. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo

Terms and conditions

The Africa Groundwater Atlas is hosted by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and includes information from third party sources. Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. If reproducing diagrams that include third party information, please cite both the Africa Groundwater Atlas and the third party sources. Please see the Terms of use for more information.

Geographical Setting

The central part of the country is a large basin ranging in altitude from 350 to 700 m above sea level, with broad steep-sided valleys. To the east of this basin is a mountain ridge from 2300 to 3800 m above sea level that marks the edge of the East African Rift. To the south are the high Kasai and Shaba plateaus, from 1000 to 2000m above sea level. To the west are the Mayumbe hills, around 750 m in elevation, with narrow cols and valleys. To the north the basin is bounded by the watershed of the Oubangui river. The coastal area in the west, on the Atlantic Ocean, contains largely low land and sandy beaches, or cliffs.

Democratic Republic of the Congo. Map developed from USGS GTOPOPO30; GADM global administrative areas; and UN Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. For more information on the map development and datasets see the geography resource page

General

Capital city Kinshasa
Region Central Africa
Border countries Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, Angola
Total surface area* 2,000,000 km2 (200,000,000 ha)
Total population (2015)* 77,267,000
Rural population (2015)* 46,992,000 (61%)
Urban population (2015)* 30,275,000 (39%)
UN Human Development Index (HDI) [highest = 1] (2014)* 0.4331

* Source: FAO Aquastat

Climate

The Democratic Republic of the Congo lies on the equator. Average temperatures across much of the country are around 25 degrees C, except in the eastern mountains where average temperatures are around 20 degrees C. There is much cloud cover over much of the year, with the maximum sunshine in the dry season.

Average annual rainfall for the whole country is over 1,200 mm, rising to more than 2,000 mm in the central basin, and falling to a minimum of around 850 mm at the western coast. There is a single rainy season, from September to June in the south and from February to November in the north; and a single dry season, in June and July in the south and December and January in the north.

Koppen Geiger Climate ZonesAverage Annual PrecipitationAverage Temperature

Average monthly precipitation for the Democratic Republic of the Congo showing minimum and maximum (light blue), 25th and 75th percentile (blue), and median (dark blue) rainfall Average monthly temperature for the Democratic Republic of the Congo showing minimum and maximum (orange), 25th and 75th percentile (red), and median (black) temperature Quarterly precipitation over the period 1950-2012 Monthly precipitation (blue) over the period 2000-2012 compared with the long term monthly average (red)

More information on average rainfall and temperature for each of the climate zones in Democratic Republic of the Congo can be seen at the Democratic Republic of the Congo climate page.

These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. For more information see the climate resource page.

Surface water

The Congo river - the largest river basin in Africa - drains all surface water in the country. It has many large tributaries, many of which have been dammed for hydroelectric power production.

Major surface water features of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. For more information on the map development and datasets see the surface water resource [page

Soil

Soil Map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. For more information on the map see the soil resource page

Land cover

Land Cover Map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009. For more information on the map see the land cover resource page

Water statistics

2000 2005 2011 2014 2015
Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%) 31.2
Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%) 81.1
Population affected by water related disease No data No data No data No data No data
Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year) 11,648
Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year) No data No data No data No data No data
Freshwater withdrawal as % of total renewable water resources 0.0533
Renewable groundwater resources (Million cubic metres/year) No data No data No data No data No data
Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year) 421,000
Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year) No data No data No data No data No data
Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year)
Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year)
Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year) 146.8
Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year) 464.9
Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year) 71.9
Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources)1 (Million cubic metres/year) 71.9
Irrigation water requirement (all water sources)1 (Million cubic metres/year) 19.6
Area of permanent crops (ha) 900,000
Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha) 8,000,000
Total area of country cultivated (%) 3.412
Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha) No data No data No data No data No data
Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha) No data No data No data No data No data

These statistics are sourced from FAO Aquastat. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.

Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the Aquastat Main Database.

1 More information on irrigation water use and requirement statistics


Geology

This section provides a summary of the geology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. More information is available in the report UN (1989). (see References section, below).

The geology map shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale (see the Geology resources page for more details).

Geology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo at 1:5 million scale. Developed from USGS map (Persits et al. 2002). For more information on the map development and datasets see the geology resource page

Summary

The oldest rocks are Precambrian in age, of various types but all variously metamorphised and deformed. Overlying these ancient Precambrian rocks are a series of unmetamorphosed and largely undeformed sedimentary rocks, ranging in age from Palaeozoic (largely Upper Carboniferous) to Quaternary. There are also small areas of Quaternary volcanic rocks in the far east, associated with the East African Rift. Across much of the country there is a cover of Tertiary to Quaternary sediments, which are largely unconsolidated, including valley alluvium and lateritic gravels.


Geological Environments
Key Formations Period Lithology
Sedimentary, largely unconsolidated
Alluvium, lacustrine, aeolian, lateritic and other unconsolidated deposits Tertiary to Quaternary Fine to coarse sands and gravels; clays and sandy clays. In some areas, such as underlying the Batékés Plateau and southeast Kasaï, the sediments consist mainly of semi-continuous sandy loam and soft sandstone (Partow 2011).
Sedimentary, consolidated
Soft sandstones and argillaceous rocks Cretaceous
Well-consolidated sandstones and argillaceous rocks Upper Carboniferous to Jurassic Karoo-type sandstones and in some cases calcareous rocks.
Precambrian
Metasedimentary rocks Precambrian Metamorphosed quartzites, schists, limestones, dolomitic limestones and dolomites. The calcareous rocks are often karstic.
Crystalline granitic and metamorphic rocks Precambrian Crystalline granitic and metamorphic basement rocks, part of the African Craton

Hydrogeology

This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. More information is available in the report United Nations (1989) (see References section, below).

The hydrogeology map shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the hydrogeology Map resource page for more details).

The DRC is also covered by the SADC hydrogeological map and atlas (2010), available through the SADC Groundwater Information Portal.

Hydrogeology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo at 1:5 million scale. For more information on how the map was developed see the hydrogeology map resource page


Unconsolidated or Consolidated Sedimentary - Intergranular Flow

Named Aquifers General Description
Alluvial sands and gravels; lateritic gravels; aeolian sands; other sand and gravel deposits Boreholes in unconsolidated sands and gravels, between 5 and 15 m thick, have recorded specific yield values of 1.5 to 10 m³/hour/m of drawdown; transmissivity 0.1.65 x 10-3 (United Nations 1989).

In the Cuvette Centrale and Oubangui areas, coarse alluvial sediments up to 120 m thick occur, with recharge from direct rainfall infiltration and indirectly from river infiltration. Areas which are known to have particularly good potential include Libenge and the alluvial plain between the N’Djili River and Ngaliema Bay in Kinshasa (Partow 2011).

The Tertiary-Quaternary aquifer underlying the Batékés Plateau and southeast Kasaï, consisting mainly of semi-continuous sandy loam and soft sandstone, is up to 100 m thick. It has relatively low productivity, although it sustains many streams by baseflow. Recharge is largely from direct rainfall infiltration (Partow 2011).



Sedimentary - Intergranular & Fracture Flow

Named Aquifers General Description
Cretaceous and Mesozoic-Palaeozoic sandstones A borehole in soft Cretaceous sandstones, which have layers of argillaceous material, was recorded at 160 m deep, with a specific yield value of 4 m³/hour/m of drawdown; transmissivity value of 130 m²/day, and a storage coefficient of 6.5 x 10-4 (United Nations 1989).

Mesozoic Karoo-type sandstone and calcareous aquifers, which occur in large parts of the Cuvette Centrale, including around Gemena, Kisingani and northern Kasaï, receive rapid recharge. They have low to moderate productivity. In certain areas, fracturing has led to the development of karstic systems, which have higher productivity (Partow 2011).

Groundwater is likely to be low in dissolved solids and minerals (Partow 2011).

Sedimentary - Fracture Flow

Named Aquifers General Description
Metamorphosed limestones and dolomitic limestones, including the Lubumbashi dolomites; quartzites and other non-calcareous rocks Karstic metamorphosed limestones and dolomitic limestones can form highly productive aquifers, dominated by rapid karstic flow, such as the Lubumbashi dolomites in southern Katanga (Partow 2011). Boreholes up to 150 m deep are recorded, with specific yield values of 3 to 11 m³/hour/m of drawdown; a transmissivity value of 130 m²/day, and a storage coefficient of 0.3 x 10-5 (United Nations 1989).

Non-karstic Precambrian metasedimentary rocks typically form low productivity aquifers, possibly locally moderately productive where there is extensive fracturing.

Karstic and carbonate aquifers have alkaline groundwater. Where there are sulphide minerals in the rock, as in some schists, or in gypsum, as found at Katanga, groundwater can be highly mineralised (Partow 2011).

Basement

Named Aquifers General Description
Precambrian Basement Crystalline basement rocks. Forms local aquifers in weathered and/or fractured zones, usually low producivity but occasionally moderate. The aquifer properties are controlled by the depth of weathering (regolith) and the degree of fracturing of unweathered bedrock. Fractured bedrock alone can sometimes supply relatively good yields, but has low storage and cannot sustain these yields in the long term. Weathered regolith provides additional storage.

Groundwater typically has low levels of mineralisation and a below-neutral pH (Partow 2011).

Groundwater Status

Most of the information in this section is taken from Partow (2011), who provides a detailed overview of water issues in the country (see Reference section, below).

Information on the extent and quality of groundwater resources and springs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is scarce, and where available is often outdated and of limited geographic coverage (Partow 2011).

However, the available information points to pressures on groundwater resources in some areas. Increasing water demand, combined in some cases with drought-prone areas, has led to seasonal water shortages in some areas (Partow 2011).

Groundwater use and management

Most of the information in this section is taken from Partow (2011), who provides a detailed overview of water issues in the country (see Reference section, below).

Groundwater use

Despite the abundance of surface waters, and the fact that up to date and accurate information on water use in the country is not available (Partow 2011), the vast majority of the population - some 90 percent - is thought to be dependent on groundwater for drinking water, mainly from springs (Partow 2011). These springs are mainly simple capped spring heads, and are used both in rural villages and in the rapidly growing peri-urban areas. Large-scale water production from springs through distribution networks is also an important water source for many cities, including Mbuji-Mayi, Lubumbashi, Kisingani, Bunia, Beni, Gemena and Lisala (Partow 2011).

Groundwater is also abstracted from hand dug wells, using hand pumps or mechanical pumps. Groundwater from wells is estimated to account for approximately 10 percent of the country's drinking water supply (Partow 2011).

There are only an estimated 1,000 deep-drilled boreholes in the country, most of which were drilled between the 1960s and 1980s, especially during the International Decade for Water Supply and Sanitation. They abstract from various aquifers, with yields ranging from 15 to 300 m³/h (United Nations 1989) (although mostly from 15 to 80 m³/h - Partow, 2011). Since the 1990s, limited borehole drilling has been carried out, though in the past several years it has been rapidly developing with international assistance.

Groundwater monitoring

There is no inventory of springs at national and provincial levels (Partow 2011).

Groundwater legislation and management

Partow (2011) provides a detailed discussion of the water sector in the Democratic Republic of the Congo as of 2010, including responsible bodies and legislation and how these are changing.


Transboundary aquifers

The Democratic Republic of the Congo shares a number of aquifers with neighbouring countries. These include (Altchenko and Vilholth 2013):

- the Kalahari/Katanga basin, shared with Zambia;

- the Congo/Zambezi basin, shared with Angola;

- the Tanganyika aquifer, shared with Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi;

- the Precambrian dolomitic aquifer, shared with Angola;

- a coastal sedimentary aquifer shared with Angola;

- the Cuvette Centale aquifer, shared with the Congo;

- the Mgahinga aquifer, shared with Rwanda and Uganda; and

- the Western Rift Valley Sediment aquifer, shared with Uganda.


For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the Transboundary aquifers resources page


References

The following provide more information on the geology and hydrogeology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Many of these, and others, can be accessed through the Africa Groundwater Literature Archive

Online resources

SADC Groundwater Information Portal

General information on surface water and groundwater resources in SADC


Documents

Altchenko Y and Vilholth KG. 2013. Transboundary aquifer mapping and management in Africa: a harmonised approach. Hydrogeology Journal Vol.21, Issue 7, pp. 1497-1517.

Ndembo J. 2009. Apport des outils Hydrogéochimiques et Isotopiques à la gestion de l’Aquifère du Mont AMBA (République Démocratique du Congo). Thèse, Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse. pp. 203.

United Nations. 1989. Groundwater in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa: Zaire. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development, Natural Resources/Water Series No.19, ST/TCD/6.

Partow H. 2011. Water issues in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Challenges and Opportunities. United Nations Environment Programme Technical Report

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Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country >> Hydrogeology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo