Hydrogeology of Eritrea: Difference between revisions

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'''This page has limited information and needs to be updated. If you have more information on the hydrogeology of Eritrea, please get in touch!'''  
'''This page has limited information. If you have more information on the hydrogeology of Eritrea, please get in touch!'''
[[File:CC-BY-SA_logo_88x31.png | frame | This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License]]]
 
Many ancient civilisations inhabited the area of present-day Eritrea. In the 16th century parts of the country came under Ottoman governance, including the coastal zone until the period of Italian colonisation in the late 19th century. During Italian occupation, the country saw major development of the industrial, agricultural and public service sectors. In the 1930s Italian Eritrea was merged with Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia as Italian East Africa. In 1941 Britain took over administration of Eritrea, and in 1950 the country was federated to Ethiopia. Ethiopia entirely annexed Eritrea in 1962, which was followed by 30 years of the Eritrean War for Independence, finally ending in 1991 when Ethiopian forces were defeated. The winning Eritrean People's Liberation Front has held power ever since in a one-party state. No national elections have been held in Eritrea since independence. Another border war with Ethiopia happened between 1998 and 2000, since when there has been periodic further unrest. International observers cite Eritrea as having one of the worst human rights records globally.
 
Eritrea’s economy was severely affected by decades of war, with widespread loss of infrastructure and livestock. Recent growth in GDP is in part due to the development of mining (particularly of gold and silver) and other industry. The country has large mineral resources that are so far largely undeveloped. Most of the population are employed in subsistence agriculture, including livestock farming. However, migration from Eritrea is high, and combined with compulsory military service has reduced the agricultural workforce, affecting productivity and food security. Remittances from abroad are estimated to account for about one third of GDP.
 
Eritrea has limited water resources. Average annual rainfall is low and unevenly distributed both seasonally and spatially, and much rainfall occurs as high intensity events that cause flash flooding but do not sustain perennial river flows. Groundwater supplies most of the country’s water supply needs.




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'''Dr Kirsty Upton''' and '''Brighid Ó Dochartaigh''', British Geological Survey, UK
'''Dr Kirsty Upton''' and '''Brighid Ó Dochartaigh''', British Geological Survey, UK


Please cite this page as: Upton & Ó Dochartaigh, 2016.
'''Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard''', Institute of Development Studies, UK


Bibliographic reference: Upton, K. & Ó Dochartaigh, B.É. 2016. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Eritrea. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Eritrea
Please cite this page as: Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.
 
Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Eritrea. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Eritrea


==Terms and conditions==
==Terms and conditions==


The Africa Groundwater Atlas is hosted by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and includes information from third party sources. Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. If reproducing diagrams that include third party information, please cite both the Africa Groundwater Atlas and the third party sources. Please see the [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Terms and Conditions | Terms and Conditions]] for more information.
The Africa Groundwater Atlas is hosted by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and includes information from third party sources. Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. If reproducing diagrams that include third party information, please cite both the Africa Groundwater Atlas and the third party sources. Please see the [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Terms of Use | Terms of use]] for more information.




==Geographical Setting==
==Geographical Setting==


[[File:Eritrea_Political.png | right | frame | Map of Eritrea (For more information on the datasets used in the map see the [[Geography | geography resources section]])]]  
[[File:Eritrea_Political.png | right | frame | Eritrea. Map developed from USGS GTOPOPO30; GADM global administrative areas; and UN Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. For more information on the map development and datasets see the [[Geography | geography resource page]]]]  


===General===
===General===
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{| class = "wikitable"
{| class = "wikitable"
|-
|-
|Estimated Population in 2013* || 6,333,135
|Capital city || Asmara
|-
|-
|Rural Population (% of total) (2013)* || 78.2%
|Region || Eastern Africa
|-
|-
|Total Surface Area* || 101,000 sq km
|Border countries || Sudan, Ethiopia, Djibouti
|-
|-
|Agricultural Land (% of total area) (2012)* || 75.2%
|Total surface area* ||117,600 km<sup>2</sup>  (11,760,000 ha)
|-
|-
|Capital City || Asmara
|Total population (2015)* || 5,228,000
|-
|-
|Region || Eastern Africa
|Rural population (2015)* ||3,703,000 (71%)
|-
|-
|Border Countries || Sudan, Ethiopia, Djibouti
|Urban population (2015)* ||1,525,000 (29%)
|-
|-
|Annual Freshwater Withdrawal (2013)* || 582 Million cubic metres
|UN Human Development Index (HDI) [highest = 1] (2014)*|| 0.3909
|-
|Annual Freshwater Withdrawal for Agriculture (2013)* || 94.5%
|-
|Annual Freshwater Withdrawal for Domestic Use (2013)* || 5.3%
|-
|Annual Freshwater Withdrawal for Industry (2013)* || 0.2%
|-
|Rural Population with Access to Improved Water Source (2012)* || n/a
|-
|Urban Population with Access to Improved Water Source (2012)* || n/a
|}
|}


<nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: World Bank
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat]




===Climate===
===Climate===


<gallery widths="375px" heights=365px mode=nolines>
[[File:Eritrea_ClimateZones.png | 375x365px |Koppen Geiger Climate Zones]][[File:Eritrea_ClimatePrecip.png | 375x365px |Average Annual Precipitation]][[File:Eritrea_ClimateTemp.png | 375x365px |Average Temperature]]
File:Eritrea_ClimateZones.png |Koppen Geiger Climate Zones
File:Eritrea_ClimatePrecip.png |Average Annual Precipitation
File:Eritrea_ClimateTemp.png |Average Temperature
</gallery>


[[File:Eritrea_pre_Monthly.png| 255x124px| Average monthly precipitation for Eritrea showing minimum and maximum (light blue), 25th and 75th percentile (blue), and median (dark blue) rainfall]] [[File:Eritrea_tmp_Monthly.png| 255x124px| Average monthly temperature for Eritrea showing minimum and maximum (orange), 25th and 75th percentile (red), and median (black) temperature]] [[File:Eritrea_pre_Qts.png | 255x124px | Quarterly precipitation over the period 1950-2012]] [[File:Eritrea_pre_Mts.png|255x124px | Monthly precipitation (blue) over the period 2000-2012 compared with the long term monthly average (red)]]  
[[File:Eritrea_pre_Monthly.png| 255x124px| Average monthly precipitation for Eritrea showing minimum and maximum (light blue), 25th and 75th percentile (blue), and median (dark blue) rainfall]] [[File:Eritrea_tmp_Monthly.png| 255x124px| Average monthly temperature for Eritrea showing minimum and maximum (orange), 25th and 75th percentile (red), and median (black) temperature]] [[File:Eritrea_pre_Qts.png | 255x124px | Quarterly precipitation over the period 1950-2012]] [[File:Eritrea_pre_Mts.png|255x124px | Monthly precipitation (blue) over the period 2000-2012 compared with the long term monthly average (red)]]
 
For further detail on the climate datasets used see the [[Climate | climate resources section]].
More information on average rainfall and temperature for each of the climate zones in Eritrea can be seen at the [[Climate of Eritrea | Eritrea climate page]].
 
These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. For more information see the [[Climate | climate resource page]].


===Surface water===
===Surface water===
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| [[File:Eritrea_Hydrology.png | frame | Surface Water Map of Eritrea (For more information on the datasets used in the map see the [[Surface water | surface water resources section]])]]
| [[File:Eritrea_Hydrology.png | frame | Major surface water features of Eritrea. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. For more information on the map development and datasets see the [[Surface water | surface water resources section]])]]
|}
|}


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{|
{|
|-
|-
| [[File:Eritrea_soil.png | frame | Soil Map of Eritrea (For map key and more information on the datasets used in the map see the [[Soil | soil resources section]])]]
| [[File:Eritrea_soil.png | frame | Soil Map of Eritrea, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. For more information on the map see the [[Soil | soil resource page]]]]


|
|
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|
|


| [[File:Eritrea_LandCover.png | frame | Land Cover Map of Eritrea (For map key and more information on the datasets used in the map see the [[Land cover | land cover resources section]])]]
| [[File:Eritrea_LandCover.png | frame | Land Cover Map of Eritrea, from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009. For more information on the map see the [[Land cover | land cover resource page]]]]
|}
|}


===Water statistics===


{| class = "wikitable"
| || 1993 ||2004||2014||2015
|-
|Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%) || || ||  || 53.3
|-
|Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%) || || ||  || 73.2
|-
|Population affected by water related disease || No data || No data || No data || No data
|-
|Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year) || || || 535.6 ||
|-
|Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year) || No data || No data || No data || No data
|-
|Freshwater withdrawal as % of total renewable water resources || || 7.956|| ||
|-
|Total renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year) ||  || ||500 ||
|-
|Exploitable: Regular renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year) || No data || No data || No data || No data
|-
|Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year) || || ||500  ||
|-
|Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year) || No data || No data || No data || No data
|-
|Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year) || || ||  ||
|-
|Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year) || || || ||
|-
|Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year) || ||1 || ||
|-
| Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year)  || ||31 || ||
|-
|Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year) || || 550|| ||
|-
|Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources)<sup>1</sup> (Million cubic metres/year) || No data || No data || No data || No data
|-
|Irrigation water requirement (all water sources)<sup>1</sup> (Million cubic metres/year) ||40 || ||  ||
|-
|Area of permanent crops (ha) || || || 2,000 ||
|-
|Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha) || || || 692,000 ||
|-
|Total area of country cultivated (%) || || || 5.884 ||
|-
|Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha) ||3,960 || ||  ||
|-
|Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha) || No data || No data || No data || No data
|}
These statistics are sourced from [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO Aquastat]. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.
Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en Aquastat Main Database].
<sup>1</sup> More information on [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use_agr/index.stm irrigation water use and requirement statistics]


==Geology==
==Geology==
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| [[File:Eritrea_Geology.png | frame | Simplified Geology of Eritrea (For more information on the datasets used in the map see the [[Geology | the Geology resources page]])]]
| [[File:Eritrea_Geology.png | thumb| center| 500 px|Geology of Eritrea at 1:5million scale. Developed from USGS map (Persits et al. 2002). For more information on the map development and datasets see the [[Geology | geology resource page]]]]
|}
|}


==Hydrogeology==
==Hydrogeology==


The hydrogeology map below shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the [[Hydrogeology Map | Hydrogeology Map]] resource page for more details).  
The hydrogeology map below shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Hydrogeology Maps | hydrogeology Map]] resource page for more details).  
 


[[File:Eritrea_Hydrogeology.png | center | thumb| 500px | Hydrogeology of Eritrea at 1:5million scale. For more information on how the map was developed see the [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Hydrogeology Maps | hydrogeology map]] resource page]]


[[File:Eritrea_Hydrogeology.png]] [[File: Hydrogeology_Key.png | 500x195px]]
[[File: Hydrogeology_Key.png | center| 500x195px]]




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==References==
==References==


References with more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Eritrea can be accessed through the [http://www.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/searchResults.cfm?title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=ER&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].
References with more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Eritrea can be accessed through the [https://www.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=ER&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].






==Return to the index pages==
Return to the index pages:
[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home | Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country | Hydrogeology by country]]  >> Hydrogeology of Eritrea
[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home | Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country | Hydrogeology by country]]  >> Hydrogeology of Eritrea


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<!--        PLEASE DO NOT DELETE BELOW THIS LINE        -->
[[Category:Hydrogeology by country|e]]
[[Category:Hydrogeology by country|e]]
[[Category:Africa Groundwater Atlas]]

Revision as of 10:10, 2 September 2019

Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country >> Hydrogeology of Eritrea


This page has limited information. If you have more information on the hydrogeology of Eritrea, please get in touch!

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License

Many ancient civilisations inhabited the area of present-day Eritrea. In the 16th century parts of the country came under Ottoman governance, including the coastal zone until the period of Italian colonisation in the late 19th century. During Italian occupation, the country saw major development of the industrial, agricultural and public service sectors. In the 1930s Italian Eritrea was merged with Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia as Italian East Africa. In 1941 Britain took over administration of Eritrea, and in 1950 the country was federated to Ethiopia. Ethiopia entirely annexed Eritrea in 1962, which was followed by 30 years of the Eritrean War for Independence, finally ending in 1991 when Ethiopian forces were defeated. The winning Eritrean People's Liberation Front has held power ever since in a one-party state. No national elections have been held in Eritrea since independence. Another border war with Ethiopia happened between 1998 and 2000, since when there has been periodic further unrest. International observers cite Eritrea as having one of the worst human rights records globally.

Eritrea’s economy was severely affected by decades of war, with widespread loss of infrastructure and livestock. Recent growth in GDP is in part due to the development of mining (particularly of gold and silver) and other industry. The country has large mineral resources that are so far largely undeveloped. Most of the population are employed in subsistence agriculture, including livestock farming. However, migration from Eritrea is high, and combined with compulsory military service has reduced the agricultural workforce, affecting productivity and food security. Remittances from abroad are estimated to account for about one third of GDP.

Eritrea has limited water resources. Average annual rainfall is low and unevenly distributed both seasonally and spatially, and much rainfall occurs as high intensity events that cause flash flooding but do not sustain perennial river flows. Groundwater supplies most of the country’s water supply needs.


Compilers

Dr Kirsty Upton and Brighid Ó Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey, UK

Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute of Development Studies, UK

Please cite this page as: Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.

Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Eritrea. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Eritrea

Terms and conditions

The Africa Groundwater Atlas is hosted by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and includes information from third party sources. Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. If reproducing diagrams that include third party information, please cite both the Africa Groundwater Atlas and the third party sources. Please see the Terms of use for more information.


Geographical Setting

Eritrea. Map developed from USGS GTOPOPO30; GADM global administrative areas; and UN Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. For more information on the map development and datasets see the geography resource page

General

Capital city Asmara
Region Eastern Africa
Border countries Sudan, Ethiopia, Djibouti
Total surface area* 117,600 km2 (11,760,000 ha)
Total population (2015)* 5,228,000
Rural population (2015)* 3,703,000 (71%)
Urban population (2015)* 1,525,000 (29%)
UN Human Development Index (HDI) [highest = 1] (2014)* 0.3909

* Source: FAO Aquastat


Climate

Koppen Geiger Climate ZonesAverage Annual PrecipitationAverage Temperature

Average monthly precipitation for Eritrea showing minimum and maximum (light blue), 25th and 75th percentile (blue), and median (dark blue) rainfall Average monthly temperature for Eritrea showing minimum and maximum (orange), 25th and 75th percentile (red), and median (black) temperature Quarterly precipitation over the period 1950-2012 Monthly precipitation (blue) over the period 2000-2012 compared with the long term monthly average (red)

More information on average rainfall and temperature for each of the climate zones in Eritrea can be seen at the Eritrea climate page.

These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. For more information see the climate resource page.

Surface water


Major surface water features of Eritrea. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. For more information on the map development and datasets see the surface water resources section)

Soil

Soil Map of Eritrea, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. For more information on the map see the soil resource page

Land cover

Land Cover Map of Eritrea, from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009. For more information on the map see the land cover resource page

Water statistics

1993 2004 2014 2015
Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%) 53.3
Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%) 73.2
Population affected by water related disease No data No data No data No data
Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year) 535.6
Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year) No data No data No data No data
Freshwater withdrawal as % of total renewable water resources 7.956
Total renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year) 500
Exploitable: Regular renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year) No data No data No data No data
Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year) 500
Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year) No data No data No data No data
Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year)
Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year)
Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year) 1
Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year) 31
Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year) 550
Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources)1 (Million cubic metres/year) No data No data No data No data
Irrigation water requirement (all water sources)1 (Million cubic metres/year) 40
Area of permanent crops (ha) 2,000
Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha) 692,000
Total area of country cultivated (%) 5.884
Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha) 3,960
Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha) No data No data No data No data

These statistics are sourced from FAO Aquastat. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.

Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the Aquastat Main Database.

1 More information on irrigation water use and requirement statistics

Geology

The geology map shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale.



Geology of Eritrea at 1:5million scale. Developed from USGS map (Persits et al. 2002). For more information on the map development and datasets see the geology resource page

Hydrogeology

The hydrogeology map below shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the hydrogeology Map resource page for more details).


Hydrogeology of Eritrea at 1:5million scale. For more information on how the map was developed see the hydrogeology map resource page



Transboundary aquifers

For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the Transboundary aquifers resources page.

References

References with more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Eritrea can be accessed through the Africa Groundwater Literature Archive.


Return to the index pages: Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country >> Hydrogeology of Eritrea