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[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home | Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country | Hydrogeology by country]]  >> Hydrogeology of Swaziland
[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home | Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country | Hydrogeology by country]]  >> Hydrogeology of Eswatini




'''This page has limited information and needs to be updated. If you have more information on the hydrogeology of Swaziland, please get in touch!'''  
'''This page has limited information. If you have more information on the hydrogeology of Eswatini, please get in touch!'''  


[[File:CC-BY-SA_logo_88x31.png | frame | This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License]]]


The earliest known inhabitants of present-day Swaziland were Khoisan hunter gatherers, before Bantu people migrated into the area, possibly from the 4th century AD. Swazi people migrated in the 18th century, forming the present day kingdom in the mid-19th century. The ruling monarch granted land concessions to many Europeans in the late 19th century. From the late 19th century South Africa and later Britain held power, and Swaziland was influenced by tensions between British and Boers over the area of present-day South Africa. Under King Sobhuza, who was crowned in 1921, British colonial rule and the influence of South Africa gradually weakened, and Swaziland became fully independent in 1968. Following independence, the King continued to rule as an absolute monarch, with no democratic political parties. The country was relatively stable and saw gradual economic development. Civil protests in the 1990s were followed by reforms and the first elections under a new constitution in 2008. There has been further civil pressure for more reform since.  
The earliest known inhabitants of present-day Eswatini (previously Swaziland) were Khoisan hunter gatherers, before Bantu people migrated into the area, possibly from the 4th century AD. Swazi people migrated in the 18th century, forming the present day kingdom in the mid-19th century. The ruling monarch granted land concessions to many Europeans in the late 19th century. From the late 19th century South Africa and later Britain held power, and the region was influenced by tensions between British and Boers over the area of present-day South Africa. Under King Sobhuza, who was crowned in 1921, British colonial rule and the influence of South Africa gradually weakened, and Swaziland became fully independent in 1968. Following independence, the King continued to rule as an absolute monarch, with no democratic political parties. The country was relatively stable and saw gradual economic development. Civil protests in the 1990s were followed by reforms and the first elections under a new constitution in 2008. There has been further civil pressure for more reform since. The country renamed itself the Kingdom of Eswatini in 2018.  


The economy is fairly diverse, with agriculture, forestry, mining, services and manufacturing – particularly textiles – all contributing. The economy is closely linked to that of South Africa. The livelihoods of most of the population depend on subsistence smallholder arable and livestock farming, while large-scale commercial farming of crops such as sugar and citrus fruit generate export income. Remittances from South Africa, especially from the mining sector, are also important to the livelihoods of much of the population. Since the 1980s there has been little economic growth, related to various factors including government spending, reduction in tax receipts, reductions in textile exports to international markets, and the effect of HIV-AIDS – Swaziland has the highest HIV-AIDS infection rate in the world.  
The economy is fairly diverse, with agriculture, forestry, mining, services and manufacturing – particularly textiles – all contributing. The economy is closely linked to that of South Africa. The livelihoods of most of the population depend on subsistence smallholder arable and livestock farming, while large-scale commercial farming of crops such as sugar and citrus fruit generate export income. Remittances from South Africa, especially from the mining sector, are also important to the livelihoods of much of the population. Since the 1980s there has been little economic growth, related to various factors including government spending, reduction in tax receipts, reductions in textile exports to international markets, and the effect of HIV-AIDS – Eswatini has the highest HIV-AIDS infection rate in the world.  


Swaziland has relatively abundant water resources, with relatively high rainfall in upland areas, and a number of permanent rivers, with many major dams used for irrigation, hydroelectricity and tourism. There are no major aquifers, but groundwater is widely used for domestic water supplies, especially in drier areas.  
Eswatini has relatively abundant water resources, with relatively high rainfall in upland areas, and a number of permanent rivers, with many major dams used for irrigation, hydroelectricity and tourism. There are no major aquifers, but groundwater is widely used for domestic water supplies, especially in drier areas.  




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Please cite this page as: Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.
Please cite this page as: Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.


Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Swaziland. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Swaziland
Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Eswatini. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Swaziland


==Terms and conditions==
==Terms and conditions==
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==Geographical Setting==
==Geographical Setting==


[[File:Swaziland_Political.png | right | frame | Swaziland. Map developed from USGS GTOPOPO30; GADM global administrative areas; and UN Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. For more information on the map development and datasets see the [[Geography | geography resource page]].]]
[[File:Swaziland_Political.png | right | frame | Eswatini. Map developed from USGS GTOPOPO30; GADM global administrative areas; and UN Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. For more information on the map development and datasets see the [[Geography | geography resource page]].]]


===General===
===General===
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<nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat]
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat]




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[[File:Swaziland_ClimateZones.png | 375x365px |Koppen Geiger Climate Zones]][[File:Swaziland_ClimatePrecip.png | 375x365px |Average Annual Precipitation]][[File:Swaziland_ClimateTemp.png | 375x365px |Average Temperature]]
[[File:Swaziland_ClimateZones.png | 375x365px |Koppen Geiger Climate Zones]][[File:Swaziland_ClimatePrecip.png | 375x365px |Average Annual Precipitation]][[File:Swaziland_ClimateTemp.png | 375x365px |Average Temperature]]


[[File:Swaziland_pre_Monthly.png| 255x124px| Average monthly precipitation for Swaziland showing minimum and maximum (light blue), 25th and 75th percentile (blue), and median (dark blue) rainfall]] [[File:Swaziland_tmp_Monthly.png| 255x124px| Average monthly temperature for Swaziland showing minimum and maximum (orange), 25th and 75th percentile (red), and median (black) temperature]] [[File:Swaziland_pre_Qts.png | 255x124px | Quarterly precipitation over the period 1950-2012]] [[File:Swaziland_pre_Mts.png|255x124px | Monthly precipitation (blue) over the period 2000-2012 compared with the long term monthly average (red)]]
[[File:Swaziland_pre_Monthly.png| 255x124px| Average monthly precipitation for Eswatini showing minimum and maximum (light blue), 25th and 75th percentile (blue), and median (dark blue) rainfall]] [[File:Swaziland_tmp_Monthly.png| 255x124px| Average monthly temperature for Eswatini showing minimum and maximum (orange), 25th and 75th percentile (red), and median (black) temperature]] [[File:Swaziland_pre_Qts.png | 255x124px | Quarterly precipitation over the period 1950-2012]] [[File:Swaziland_pre_Mts.png|255x124px | Monthly precipitation (blue) over the period 2000-2012 compared with the long term monthly average (red)]]


More information on average rainfall and temperature for each of the climate zones in Swaziland can be seen at the [[Climate of Swaziland | Swaziland climate page]].
More information on average rainfall and temperature for each of the climate zones in Eswatini can be seen at the [[Climate of Swaziland | Eswatini climate page]].


These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. For more information see the [[Climate | climate resource page]].
These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. For more information see the [[Climate | climate resource page]].
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| [[File:Swaziland_Hydrology.png | frame | major surface water features of Swaziland. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. For more information on the map development and datasets see the [[Surface water | surface water resource page]].]]
| [[File:Swaziland_Hydrology.png | frame | major surface water features of Eswatini. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. For more information on the map development and datasets see the [[Surface water | surface water resource page]].]]
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| [[File:Swaziland_soil.png | frame | Soil Map of Swaziland, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. For more information on the map see the [[Soil | soil resource page]].]]
| [[File:Swaziland_soil.png | frame | Soil Map of Eswatini, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. For more information on the map see the [[Soil | soil resource page]].]]


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| [[File:Swaziland_LandCover.png | frame | Land Cover Map of Swaziland, from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009. For more information on the map see the [[Land cover | land cover resource page]].]]
| [[File:Swaziland_LandCover.png | frame | Land Cover Map of Eswatini, from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009. For more information on the map see the [[Land cover | land cover resource page]].]]
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===Water statistics===
{| class = "wikitable"
| || 1998 ||2000||2002||2005||2014||2015
|-
|Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%) || || ||  || || ||68.9
|-
|Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%) || || ||  || || ||93.6
|-
|Population affected by water related disease ||2,926 || ||  || || ||
|-
|Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year) || || ||  || ||2,051 ||
|-
|Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year) || No data || No data || No data || No data || No data||No data
|-
|Freshwater withdrawal as % of total renewable water resources || ||23.1 || || || ||
|-
|Total renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year) ||  || || || ||660 ||
|-
|Exploitable: Regular renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year) || No data || No data || No data || No data || No data||No data
|-
|Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year) || || ||  || ||660 ||
|-
|Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year) || No data || No data || No data || No data || No data||No data
|-
|Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year) || No data || No data || No data || No data || No data||No data
|-
|Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year) || No data || No data || No data || No data || No data||No data
|-
|Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year) || || || ||20.7|| ||
|-
|Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year)  || || || ||41.3|| ||
|-
|Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year) || ||1,006 || || || ||
|-
|Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources) <sup>1</sup> (Million cubic metres/year) || ||993||  || || ||
|-
|Irrigation water requirement (all water sources) <sup>1</sup> (Million cubic metres/year) || || || 313 || || ||
|-
|Area of permanent crops (ha) || || ||  || ||15,000 ||
|-
|Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha) || || ||  || ||190,000 ||
|-
|Total area of country cultivated (%) || || ||  || ||10.94 ||
|-
|Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha) || ||1,000 ||  || || ||
|-
|Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha) || No data || No data || No data || No data || No data||No data
|}
These statistics are sourced from [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO Aquastat]. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.
Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en Aquastat Main Database].
<sup>1</sup> More information on [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use_agr/index.stm irrigation water use and requirement statistics]


==Geology==
==Geology==


The geology map shows a simplified overview of the geology at a national scale (see the [[Geology | Geology resource page]] for more details). More information is available in the report [http://www.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/fulldetails.cfm?id=AGLA060022 UN (1989)] (see References section, below).  
The geology map shows a simplified overview of the geology at a national scale (see the [[Geology | Geology resource page]] for more details). More information is available in the report [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060022 UN (1989)] (see References section, below).  


{|
{|
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| [[File:Swaziland_Geology.png | center | thumb| 500px | Geology of Swaziland at 1:5 million scale. Developed from USGS map (Persits et al. 2002). For more information on the map development and datasets see the [[Geology | geology resource page]].]]
| [[File:Swaziland_Geology.png | center | thumb| 500px | Geology of Eswatini at 1:5 million scale. Based on map described by Persits et al. 2002/Furon and Lombard 1964. For more information on the map development and datasets see the [[Geology | geology resource page]].]]
|
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==Hydrogeology==
==Hydrogeology==


The hydrogeology map below shows a simplified overview of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the [[Hydrogeology Map | Hydrogeology map resource page]] for more details).  
The hydrogeology map below shows a simplified overview of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Hydrogeology Maps | Hydrogeology map resource page]] for more details).  


More information on the hydrogeology of Swaziland is available in the report [http://www.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/fulldetails.cfm?id=AGLA060022 United Nations (1989)] (see References section, below).  
More information on the hydrogeology of Eswatini is available in the report [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060022 United Nations (1989)] (see References section, below).  


Swaziland is also covered by the SADC hydrogeological map and atlas (2010), available through the [https://ggis.un-igrac.org/ggis-viewer/viewer/sadcgip/public/default SADC Groundwater Information Portal].
Eswatini is also covered by the SADC hydrogeological map and atlas (2010), available through the [https://sadc-gip.org/ SADC Groundwater Information Portal].


   
   
[[File:Swaziland_Hydrogeology.png]] [[File: Hydrogeology_Key.png | 500x195px]]
[[File:Swaziland_Hydrogeology.png | center | thumb | 500px | Hydrogeology of Eswatini at 1:5 million scale. For more information on how the map was developed see the [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Hydrogeology Maps | hydrogeology map]] resource page]]
 
[[File: Hydrogeology_Key.png | 500x195px]]
 
== Groundwater use and management ==
 
Groundwater resources are monitored and managed by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy through The Department of Water Affairs. The Ministry also has responsibility for water supply and management in rural areas ([https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/National%20groundwater%20monitoring%20programmes%20-%20A%20global%20overview%20of%20quantitative%20groundwater%20monitoring%20networks-2021%20update_0.pdf IGRAC 2020]).
 
[https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/National%20groundwater%20monitoring%20programmes%20-%20A%20global%20overview%20of%20quantitative%20groundwater%20monitoring%20networks-2021%20update_0.pdf IGRAC (2020)] report approximately 6,000 boreholes have been drilled, most used for domestic water supply, particularly in water stressed areas. Some are intended for monitoring of groundwater levels and quality.


===Groundwater monitoring===


Groundwater monitoring strategy has been revised in recent years to allow the use of monitoring boreholes for abstraction in drought-affected areas, and with input from the SADC Groundwater Monitoring Institute ([https://sadc-gmi.org/ SADC-GMI]).
Groundwater levels are generally measured only once after a borehole is drilled. Afterwards, it is the theoretical responsibility of the borehole user to monitor the water level, but this data is not always collected or shared with the Ministry (([https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/National%20groundwater%20monitoring%20programmes%20-%20A%20global%20overview%20of%20quantitative%20groundwater%20monitoring%20networks-2021%20update_0.pdf IGRAC 2020]). In the Ministry, borehole and any groundwater level and quality data are stored in Excel files. There is no access to the data by external users.
A groundwater monitoring pilot (started c. 2017-2020) involved monitoring groundwater levels and selected chemical parameters including major ions (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl, NO<small>3</small>, SO<small>4</small>, HCO<small>3</small> and CO<small>3</small>), conductivity (SEC) and pH ([https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/National%20groundwater%20monitoring%20programmes%20-%20A%20global%20overview%20of%20quantitative%20groundwater%20monitoring%20networks-2021%20update_0.pdf IGRAC 2020]). This pilot may also lead to the development of a national groundwater monitoring database.


=== Transboundary aquifers===
=== Transboundary aquifers===
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==References==
==References==
These, and other, references with information on the geology and hydrogeology of Swaziland may also be available through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=SZ&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].


''Online resources''
''Online resources''


[https://ggis.un-igrac.org/ggis-viewer/viewer/sadcgip/public/default SADC Groundwater Information Portal]
[https://sadc-gip.org/ SADC Groundwater Information Portal]
 
[https://www.sadc.int/pillars/water General information on surface water and groundwater resources in SADC]
 
Project [https://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/sccf-swaziland Adapting Water Resource Management In Eswatini To Manage Expected Climate Change]. Department of Water Affairs, Swaziland; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); Global Environment Facility (GEF).
 
[https://libguides.lib.uct.ac.za/GovtPubsWaterResources/WaterSwaziland Water Resources: Government Information: Library Guide: Swaziland]. University of Cape Town.
 
''Documents ''


[http://www.sadc.int/themes/natural-resources/water/ General information on surface water and groundwater resources in SADC]
IGRAC. 2020. [https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/National%20groundwater%20monitoring%20programmes%20-%20A%20global%20overview%20of%20quantitative%20groundwater%20monitoring%20networks-2021%20update_0.pdf Groundwater Monitoring Programmes: a global overview of quantitative groundwater monitoring networks].


Mlilo P, Mhlanga BFN and Senzanje A. 2008. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42761079_Emerging_Issues_in_Water_Resources_Management_in_Swaziland Emerging Issues in Water Resources Management in Swaziland]. Presentation at Governing Shared Resources: Connecting Local Experience to Global Challenges, 12th Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of the Commons, Cheltenham, UK, July 2008.


References with more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Swaziland can be accessed through the [http://www.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/searchResults.cfm?title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=SZ&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].
United Nations. 1989. [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060022 Groundwater in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa: Swaziland]. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development.


United Nations. 1989. [https://www.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/fulldetails.cfm?id=AGLA060022 Groundwater in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa: Swaziland]. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development.


==Return to the index pages==
Return to the index pages:
[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home | Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country | Hydrogeology by country]]  >> Hydrogeology of Swaziland
[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home | Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country | Hydrogeology by country]]   




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Latest revision as of 09:17, 13 December 2023

Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country >> Hydrogeology of Eswatini


This page has limited information. If you have more information on the hydrogeology of Eswatini, please get in touch!

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License

The earliest known inhabitants of present-day Eswatini (previously Swaziland) were Khoisan hunter gatherers, before Bantu people migrated into the area, possibly from the 4th century AD. Swazi people migrated in the 18th century, forming the present day kingdom in the mid-19th century. The ruling monarch granted land concessions to many Europeans in the late 19th century. From the late 19th century South Africa and later Britain held power, and the region was influenced by tensions between British and Boers over the area of present-day South Africa. Under King Sobhuza, who was crowned in 1921, British colonial rule and the influence of South Africa gradually weakened, and Swaziland became fully independent in 1968. Following independence, the King continued to rule as an absolute monarch, with no democratic political parties. The country was relatively stable and saw gradual economic development. Civil protests in the 1990s were followed by reforms and the first elections under a new constitution in 2008. There has been further civil pressure for more reform since. The country renamed itself the Kingdom of Eswatini in 2018.

The economy is fairly diverse, with agriculture, forestry, mining, services and manufacturing – particularly textiles – all contributing. The economy is closely linked to that of South Africa. The livelihoods of most of the population depend on subsistence smallholder arable and livestock farming, while large-scale commercial farming of crops such as sugar and citrus fruit generate export income. Remittances from South Africa, especially from the mining sector, are also important to the livelihoods of much of the population. Since the 1980s there has been little economic growth, related to various factors including government spending, reduction in tax receipts, reductions in textile exports to international markets, and the effect of HIV-AIDS – Eswatini has the highest HIV-AIDS infection rate in the world.

Eswatini has relatively abundant water resources, with relatively high rainfall in upland areas, and a number of permanent rivers, with many major dams used for irrigation, hydroelectricity and tourism. There are no major aquifers, but groundwater is widely used for domestic water supplies, especially in drier areas.


Compilers

Dr Kirsty Upton and Brighid Ó Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey, UK

Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute of Development Studies, UK

Please cite this page as: Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.

Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Eswatini. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Swaziland

Terms and conditions

The Africa Groundwater Atlas is hosted by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and includes information from third party sources. Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. If reproducing diagrams that include third party information, please cite both the Africa Groundwater Atlas and the third party sources. Please see the Terms of use for more information.

Geographical Setting

Eswatini. Map developed from USGS GTOPOPO30; GADM global administrative areas; and UN Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. For more information on the map development and datasets see the geography resource page.

General

Capital city Lomamba (royal / legislative); Mbabane (administrative)
Region Southern Africa
Border countries Mozambique, South Africa
Total surface area* 17,360 km2 (1,736,000 ha)
Total population (2015)* 1,286,900
Rural population (2015)* 1,013,000 (79%)
Urban population (2015)* 273,900 (21%)
UN Human Development Index (HDI) [highest = 1] (2014)* 0.5306

* Source: FAO Aquastat


Climate

Koppen Geiger Climate ZonesAverage Annual PrecipitationAverage Temperature

Average monthly precipitation for Eswatini showing minimum and maximum (light blue), 25th and 75th percentile (blue), and median (dark blue) rainfall Average monthly temperature for Eswatini showing minimum and maximum (orange), 25th and 75th percentile (red), and median (black) temperature Quarterly precipitation over the period 1950-2012 Monthly precipitation (blue) over the period 2000-2012 compared with the long term monthly average (red)

More information on average rainfall and temperature for each of the climate zones in Eswatini can be seen at the Eswatini climate page.

These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. For more information see the climate resource page.

Surface water


major surface water features of Eswatini. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. For more information on the map development and datasets see the surface water resource page.

Soil

Soil Map of Eswatini, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. For more information on the map see the soil resource page.

Land cover

Land Cover Map of Eswatini, from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009. For more information on the map see the land cover resource page.


Water statistics

1998 2000 2002 2005 2014 2015
Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%) 68.9
Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%) 93.6
Population affected by water related disease 2,926
Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year) 2,051
Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year) No data No data No data No data No data No data
Freshwater withdrawal as % of total renewable water resources 23.1
Total renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year) 660
Exploitable: Regular renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year) No data No data No data No data No data No data
Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year) 660
Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year) No data No data No data No data No data No data
Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year) No data No data No data No data No data No data
Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year) No data No data No data No data No data No data
Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year) 20.7
Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year) 41.3
Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year) 1,006
Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources) 1 (Million cubic metres/year) 993
Irrigation water requirement (all water sources) 1 (Million cubic metres/year) 313
Area of permanent crops (ha) 15,000
Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha) 190,000
Total area of country cultivated (%) 10.94
Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha) 1,000
Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha) No data No data No data No data No data No data

These statistics are sourced from FAO Aquastat. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.

Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the Aquastat Main Database.

1 More information on irrigation water use and requirement statistics

Geology

The geology map shows a simplified overview of the geology at a national scale (see the Geology resource page for more details). More information is available in the report UN (1989) (see References section, below).


Geology of Eswatini at 1:5 million scale. Based on map described by Persits et al. 2002/Furon and Lombard 1964. For more information on the map development and datasets see the geology resource page.

Hydrogeology

The hydrogeology map below shows a simplified overview of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the Hydrogeology map resource page for more details).

More information on the hydrogeology of Eswatini is available in the report United Nations (1989) (see References section, below).

Eswatini is also covered by the SADC hydrogeological map and atlas (2010), available through the SADC Groundwater Information Portal.


Hydrogeology of Eswatini at 1:5 million scale. For more information on how the map was developed see the hydrogeology map resource page

Groundwater use and management

Groundwater resources are monitored and managed by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy through The Department of Water Affairs. The Ministry also has responsibility for water supply and management in rural areas (IGRAC 2020).

IGRAC (2020) report approximately 6,000 boreholes have been drilled, most used for domestic water supply, particularly in water stressed areas. Some are intended for monitoring of groundwater levels and quality.

Groundwater monitoring

Groundwater monitoring strategy has been revised in recent years to allow the use of monitoring boreholes for abstraction in drought-affected areas, and with input from the SADC Groundwater Monitoring Institute (SADC-GMI).

Groundwater levels are generally measured only once after a borehole is drilled. Afterwards, it is the theoretical responsibility of the borehole user to monitor the water level, but this data is not always collected or shared with the Ministry ((IGRAC 2020). In the Ministry, borehole and any groundwater level and quality data are stored in Excel files. There is no access to the data by external users.

A groundwater monitoring pilot (started c. 2017-2020) involved monitoring groundwater levels and selected chemical parameters including major ions (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl, NO3, SO4, HCO3 and CO3), conductivity (SEC) and pH (IGRAC 2020). This pilot may also lead to the development of a national groundwater monitoring database.

Transboundary aquifers

For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the Transboundary aquifers resources page.

References

These, and other, references with information on the geology and hydrogeology of Swaziland may also be available through the Africa Groundwater Literature Archive.


Online resources

SADC Groundwater Information Portal

General information on surface water and groundwater resources in SADC

Project Adapting Water Resource Management In Eswatini To Manage Expected Climate Change. Department of Water Affairs, Swaziland; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); Global Environment Facility (GEF).

Water Resources: Government Information: Library Guide: Swaziland. University of Cape Town.


Documents

IGRAC. 2020. Groundwater Monitoring Programmes: a global overview of quantitative groundwater monitoring networks.

Mlilo P, Mhlanga BFN and Senzanje A. 2008. Emerging Issues in Water Resources Management in Swaziland. Presentation at Governing Shared Resources: Connecting Local Experience to Global Challenges, 12th Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of the Commons, Cheltenham, UK, July 2008.

United Nations. 1989. Groundwater in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa: Swaziland. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development.


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