https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Ipswichian_Interglacial,_Quaternary,_Northern_England&feed=atom&action=historyIpswichian Interglacial, Quaternary, Northern England - Revision history2024-03-29T02:13:25ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.41.0https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Ipswichian_Interglacial,_Quaternary,_Northern_England&diff=28151&oldid=prevDbk at 16:13, 5 May 20162016-05-05T16:13:17Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:13, 5 May 2016</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''From: Stone, P, Millward, D, Young, B, Merritt, J W, Clarke, S M, McCormac, M and Lawrence, D J D. 2010. [[British regional geology: Northern England|British regional geology: Northern England]]. Fifth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.'''</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{NERG}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__FORCETOC__</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__FORCETOC__</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During this interval of climatic amelioration, the district became cloaked in mixed deciduous forest, which eventually included a peculiarly large proportion of hornbeam and alder in addition to birch, pine, oak and holly. Representative deposits are not common, most being only tentatively dated and lacking in stratigraphical continuity. One well-documented terrestrial deposit that crops out in a river cliff of the Scandal Beck, at the southern edge of the Vale of Eden drumlin field, is the Scandal Beck Peat Bed [[Media:P916098.jpg|(P916098)]]a. It comprises at least 4 m of organic mud, sand, gravel and compressed peat containing pollen, coleoptera and plant macrofossils indicative of the closing stages of an interglacial. The organic deposits occur in the core of a drumlin, overlain by two units of till, but stratigraphical uncertainties remain because weathered diamicton similar to the lower till unit also occurs beneath the organic deposits, suggesting that the latter may have been ice-rafted, although probably not very far. Another possibly Ipswichian organic deposit was found between tills in a borehole near Dalton-in-Furness, south Cumbria.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During this interval of climatic amelioration, the district became cloaked in mixed deciduous forest, which eventually included a peculiarly large proportion of hornbeam and alder in addition to birch, pine, oak and holly. Representative deposits are not common, most being only tentatively dated and lacking in stratigraphical continuity. One well-documented terrestrial deposit that crops out in a river cliff of the Scandal Beck, at the southern edge of the Vale of Eden drumlin field, is the Scandal Beck Peat Bed [[Media:P916098.jpg|(P916098)]]a. It comprises at least 4<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&nbsp;</ins>m of organic mud, sand, gravel and compressed peat containing pollen, coleoptera and plant macrofossils indicative of the closing stages of an interglacial. The organic deposits occur in the core of a drumlin, overlain by two units of till, but stratigraphical uncertainties remain because weathered diamicton similar to the lower till unit also occurs beneath the organic deposits, suggesting that the latter may have been ice-rafted, although probably not very far. Another possibly Ipswichian organic deposit was found between tills in a borehole near Dalton-in-Furness, south Cumbria<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Elsewhere in northern England, construction of a cutting on the A19 trunk road at Hutton Henry, near Peterlee, revealed a unit of very strongly compressed peat. It contained well-preserved fragments of moss and some samples contained high percentages of hornbeam pollen. The peat bed occurred 6.7 to 8.5&nbsp;m below ground level near the base of glacial till, which boreholes revealed rested on a sequence of plastic clays, sands and gravels at least 24.4&nbsp;m thick. The peat was sheared, folded and streaked out towards the south-west in continuity with the fabric of the enclosing till. Field relationships confirmed that it formed a glacial raft</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Elsewhere in </del>northern England, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">construction of a cutting </del>on the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A19 trunk road at Hutton Henry, near Peterlee, revealed a unit of very strongly compressed peat</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It contained well</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">preserved fragments </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">moss </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">some samples contained high percentages </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hornbeam pollen. The peat bed occurred 6.7 to 8.5 m below ground level near </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">base of glacial till</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which boreholes revealed rested on a sequence </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">plastic clays, sands </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gravels at least 24</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4 </del>m <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">thick. The peat was sheared</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">folded </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">streaked out towards </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">south-west in continuity with the fabric </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">enclosing till. Field relationships confirmed that it formed a glacial raft</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Weathering profiles of supposed Ipswichian age have been tentatively identified sporadically across </ins>northern England, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">including the Troutbeck Palaeosol. This truncated palaeosol is developed </ins>on the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thornsgill Till (see above) and is overlain by younger till</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The palaeosol results from the severe in</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">situ chemical breakdown </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mudstone, volcanic </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">granitic clasts, many </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">last being pitted and bleached; it has also been periglacially disturbed</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with frost shattering </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">stones </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cryoturbation</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The weathering profile is 14 </ins>m <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">deep locally, decreasing in severity downwards</ins>, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">probably required 100&nbsp;000 to 150&nbsp;000 years of temperate conditions to form; these could have occurred cumulatively during </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ipswichian and several earlier interstadials </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mid Pleistocene</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Weathering profiles </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">supposed Ipswichian age have been tentatively identified sporadically across northern England, including </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Troutbeck Palaeosol. This truncated palaeosol is developed on the Thornsgill Till (see above) </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is overlain by younger till</del>. The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">palaeosol results from </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">severe </del>in-situ <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">chemical breakdown of mudstone, volcanic and granitic clasts</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">many </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the last being pitted </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bleached; it has also been periglacially disturbed</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with frost shattering of stones and cryoturbation</del>. The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">weathering profile is 14 </del>m <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">deep locally</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">decreasing </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">severity downwards</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and probably required 100 000 to 150 000 years of temperate conditions to form; these could have occurred cumulatively </del>during the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ipswichian and several </del>earlier <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">interstadials </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the Mid Pleistocene</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Boreholes drilled at the northern end </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Isle of Man proved 8&nbsp;m of shelly silts </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sands at depths of -65 to -73&nbsp;m OD</ins>. The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">shell fauna of the unit, named </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ayre Formation, probably represents an </ins>in-situ <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">interglacial marine assemblage that can be correlated with the Ipswichian. On the mainland</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lenses </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">buff-coloured clay within red clay were found beneath till </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gravel in a borehole drilled near Wigton</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cumbria</ins>. The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">clays apparently rested on bedrock within a buried channel at about -21&nbsp;</ins>m <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">OD and contained the marine snail Turritella communis</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">foraminifera and ostracods. These fossiliferous deposits may be Ipswichian </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">age</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but were possibly transported as glacial rafts from the Solway Firth </ins>during <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an early stage in </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">last glaciation, if not </ins>earlier<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, when Scottish ice flowed up the Vale </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Eden</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Boreholes drilled at the northern end of the Isle of Man proved 8 m of shelly silts and sands at depths of -65 to -73 m OD. The shell fauna of the unit, named the Ayre Formation, probably represents an in-situ interglacial marine assemblage that can be correlated with the Ipswichian. On the mainland, lenses of buff-coloured clay within red clay were found beneath till and gravel in a borehole drilled near Wigton, Cumbria. The clays apparently rested on bedrock within a buried channel at about -21 m OD and contained the marine snail Turritella communis, foraminifera and ostracods. These fossiliferous deposits may be Ipswichian in age, but were possibly transported as glacial rafts from the Solway Firth during an early stage in the last glaciation, if not earlier, when Scottish ice flowed up the Vale of Eden.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Bibliography ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Bibliography ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Boardman, J (editor). 1981. ''Field Guide to Eastern Cumbria''. (Brighton: Quaternary Research Association.)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Boardman, J (editor). 1981. ''Field Guide to Eastern Cumbria''. (Brighton: Quaternary Research Association.)</div></td></tr>
</table>Dbkhttps://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Ipswichian_Interglacial,_Quaternary,_Northern_England&diff=27991&oldid=prevDbk: 1 revision imported2016-05-05T10:00:34Z<p>1 revision imported</p>
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<td colspan="1" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:00, 5 May 2016</td>
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</td></tr></table>Dbkhttps://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Ipswichian_Interglacial,_Quaternary,_Northern_England&diff=27990&oldid=prevBobMcIntosh: Created page with "'''From: Stone, P, Millward, D, Young, B, Merritt, J W, Clarke, S M, McCormac, M and Lawrence, D J D. 2010. British regional geology: Northern England|British regional geolo..."2016-03-18T20:32:25Z<p>Created page with "'''From: Stone, P, Millward, D, Young, B, Merritt, J W, Clarke, S M, McCormac, M and Lawrence, D J D. 2010. British regional geology: Northern England|British regional geolo..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>'''From: Stone, P, Millward, D, Young, B, Merritt, J W, Clarke, S M, McCormac, M and Lawrence, D J D. 2010. [[British regional geology: Northern England|British regional geology: Northern England]]. Fifth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
During this interval of climatic amelioration, the district became cloaked in mixed deciduous forest, which eventually included a peculiarly large proportion of hornbeam and alder in addition to birch, pine, oak and holly. Representative deposits are not common, most being only tentatively dated and lacking in stratigraphical continuity. One well-documented terrestrial deposit that crops out in a river cliff of the Scandal Beck, at the southern edge of the Vale of Eden drumlin field, is the Scandal Beck Peat Bed [[Media:P916098.jpg|(P916098)]]a. It comprises at least 4 m of organic mud, sand, gravel and compressed peat containing pollen, coleoptera and plant macrofossils indicative of the closing stages of an interglacial. The organic deposits occur in the core of a drumlin, overlain by two units of till, but stratigraphical uncertainties remain because weathered diamicton similar to the lower till unit also occurs beneath the organic deposits, suggesting that the latter may have been ice-rafted, although probably not very far. Another possibly Ipswichian organic deposit was found between tills in a borehole near Dalton-in-Furness, south Cumbria.<br />
<br />
Elsewhere in northern England, construction of a cutting on the A19 trunk road at Hutton Henry, near Peterlee, revealed a unit of very strongly compressed peat. It contained well-preserved fragments of moss and some samples contained high percentages of hornbeam pollen. The peat bed occurred 6.7 to 8.5 m below ground level near the base of glacial till, which boreholes revealed rested on a sequence of plastic clays, sands and gravels at least 24.4 m thick. The peat was sheared, folded and streaked out towards the south-west in continuity with the fabric of the enclosing till. Field relationships confirmed that it formed a glacial raft.<br />
<br />
Weathering profiles of supposed Ipswichian age have been tentatively identified sporadically across northern England, including the Troutbeck Palaeosol. This truncated palaeosol is developed on the Thornsgill Till (see above) and is overlain by younger till. The palaeosol results from the severe in-situ chemical breakdown of mudstone, volcanic and granitic clasts, many of the last being pitted and bleached; it has also been periglacially disturbed, with frost shattering of stones and cryoturbation. The weathering profile is 14 m deep locally, decreasing in severity downwards, and probably required 100 000 to 150 000 years of temperate conditions to form; these could have occurred cumulatively during the Ipswichian and several earlier interstadials of the Mid Pleistocene.<br />
<br />
Boreholes drilled at the northern end of the Isle of Man proved 8 m of shelly silts and sands at depths of -65 to -73 m OD. The shell fauna of the unit, named the Ayre Formation, probably represents an in-situ interglacial marine assemblage that can be correlated with the Ipswichian. On the mainland, lenses of buff-coloured clay within red clay were found beneath till and gravel in a borehole drilled near Wigton, Cumbria. The clays apparently rested on bedrock within a buried channel at about -21 m OD and contained the marine snail Turritella communis, foraminifera and ostracods. These fossiliferous deposits may be Ipswichian in age, but were possibly transported as glacial rafts from the Solway Firth during an early stage in the last glaciation, if not earlier, when Scottish ice flowed up the Vale of Eden.<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
Boardman, J (editor). 1981. ''Field Guide to Eastern Cumbria''. (Brighton: Quaternary Research Association.)<br />
<br />
Boardman, J, and Walden, J (editors). 1994. ''The Quaternary of Cumbria: Field Guide''. (Oxford: Quaternary Research Association.)<br />
<br />
Bowen, D Q (editor). 1999. A revised correlation of the Quaternary deposits in the British Isles. ''Geological Society of London Special Report'', No. 23.<br />
<br />
Bridgland, D R, Horton, B P, and Innes, J B. 1999. ''The Quaternary of north-east England: Field Guide''. (London: Quaternary Research Association.)<br />
<br />
Chiverrell, R C, Plater, A J, and Thomas, G S P. 2004. ''The Quaternary of the Isle of Man and North West England: Field Guide''. (London: Quaternary Research Association.)<br />
<br />
Ehlers, J, Gibbard, P L, and Rose, J (editors). 1991. ''Glacial deposits in Great Britain and Ireland''. (Rotterdam: Balkema.)<br />
<br />
Huddart, D, and Glasser, N F. 2002. Quaternary of Northern England. ''Geological Conservation Review Series'', No. 25. (Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.)<br />
<br />
Hughes, D P, Mauquoy, D, Barber, K E, and Langdon, P. 2000. Mire-development pathways and palaeoclimatic records from a full Holocene peat archive at Walton Moss, Cumbria, England. ''The Holocene'', Vol. 10, 465–479.<br />
<br />
Lambeck, K, and Purcell, A P. 2001. Sea-level change in the Irish Sea since the Last Glacial Maximum: constraints from isostatic modelling. ''Journal of Quaternary Science'', Vol. 16, 497–506.<br />
<br />
McMillan, A A, Hamblin, R J O, and Merritt, J W. 2004. An overview of the lithostratigraphical framework for Quaternary and Neogene deposits of Great Britain (Onshore). ''British Geological Survey Research Report'', RR/04/04.<br />
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Zong, Y, and Tooley, M J. 1996. Holocene sea-level changes and crustal movements in Morecambe Bay, northwest England. ''Journal of Quaternary Science'', Vol. 11, 43–58. <br />
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[[Category: Northern England]]</div>BobMcIntosh