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In the last thirty years, many studies for assessing probabilistic seismic hazard have been published (for reviews see Reiter, 1990<ref name="Reiter 1990">REITER, L. 1990. ''Earthquake hazard analysis''. (New York: Columbia University Press).      </ref>; Abrahamson, 2000<ref name="Abrahamson 2000">ABRAHAMSON, N A. 2000. State of the practice of seismic hazard evaluation. ''Proceedings of GeoEng, 19–24 November 2000'', Melbourne, Vol.&nbsp;1, 659–685.</ref>; McGuire, 2004<ref name="McGuire 2004">MCGUIRE, RK. 2004. ''Seismic hazard and risk analysis''. (Oakland CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.)      </ref>; Bommer et al., 2005<ref name="Bommer 2005">BOMMER, J J, SCHERNAUM, F, BUNGUM, H, COTTON, F, SABETTA, F, and ABRAHAMSON, N A. 2005. On the use of logic trees for ground-motion prediction equations in seismic-hazard analysis. ''Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America'', Vol.&nbsp;95, 377–389.      </ref>) where different criteria are used for characterizing the seismic source zone model (defined by source geometry and source parameters, such as maximum magnitude, recurrence statistics and rupture geometry), the selection of the ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for the study area, the treatment of (aleatory and epistemic) uncertainty, and the approach to compute probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA; e.g. Cornell-McGuire PSHA, and Monte Carlo based PSHA). Even if users select the same method for PSHA and use the same criteria for the required input, further discrepancies may arise from computational aspects of the engine used to encode the PSHA method, such as programming language, coding strategies for numerical integrations and numerical tolerance of the computer program.
In the last thirty years, many studies for assessing probabilistic seismic hazard have been published (for reviews see Reiter, 1990<ref name="Reiter 1990">REITER, L. 1990. ''Earthquake hazard analysis''. (New York: Columbia University Press).      </ref>; Abrahamson, 2000<ref name="Abrahamson 2000">ABRAHAMSON, N A. 2000. State of the practice of seismic hazard evaluation. ''Proceedings of GeoEng, 19–24 November 2000'', Melbourne, Vol.&nbsp;1, 659–685.</ref>; McGuire, 2004<ref name="McGuire 2004">MCGUIRE, RK. 2004. ''Seismic hazard and risk analysis''. (Oakland CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.)      </ref>; Bommer et al., 2005<ref name="Bommer 2005">BOMMER, J J, SCHERNAUM, F, BUNGUM, H, COTTON, F, SABETTA, F, and ABRAHAMSON, N A. 2005. On the use of logic trees for ground-motion prediction equations in seismic-hazard analysis. ''Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America'', Vol.&nbsp;95, 377–389.      </ref>) where different criteria are used for characterizing the seismic source zone model (defined by source geometry and source parameters, such as maximum magnitude, recurrence statistics and rupture geometry), the selection of the ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for the study area, the treatment of (aleatory and epistemic) uncertainty, and the approach to compute probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA; e.g. Cornell-McGuire PSHA, and Monte Carlo based PSHA). Even if users select the same method for PSHA and use the same criteria for the required input, further discrepancies may arise from computational aspects of the engine used to encode the PSHA method, such as programming language, coding strategies for numerical integrations and numerical tolerance of the computer program.


The first public domain computer code for seismic hazard assessment was EQRISK developed by McGuire (1976)<ref name="McGuire 1976">MCGUIRE, R K. 1976. FORTRAN computer program for seismic risk analysis, ''USGS Open File Report''.</ref>, later modified in FRISK by McGuire (1978)<ref name="McGuire 1978">MCGUIRE, R K. 1978. FRISK: Computer program for seismic risk analysis using faults as earthquake sources. 78–1007 (US Geological Survey Open File Report).</ref>. Since the second half of the 1970s a large number of software packages and codes have been published, e.g. SeisRisk (Bender and Perkins, 1982<ref name="Bender 1982">BENDER, B K, and PERKINS, D M. 1982. SEISRISK II: a computer program for seismic hazard estimation. ''USGS Open File Report'', 82–293.</ref>), PRISK (Principia Mechanica LTD, 1985<ref name="Principia 1985">PRINCIPIA MECHANICA LTD. 1985. Seismological studies for UK hazard analysis. ''Principia Mechanica Ltd'', Report, 346/85 (Cambridge).      </ref>), NSHMP (Frankel et al., 2002<ref name="Frankel 2002">FRANKEL, A D, PETERSEN, M D, MUELLER, C S, HALLER, K M, WHEELER, R L, LEYANDECKER, E V, WESSON, R L, HARMSES, S C, CRAMER, C H, PERKINS, D M, and RUKSTALES, K S. 2002. Documentation for the 2002 update of the national seismic hazard maps. ''US Geological Survey'', Open-file report 02–420.      </ref>), OpenSHA (Field et al., 2003<ref name="Field 2003">FIELD, E H, JORDAN, T A, and CORNELL, C A. 2003. OpenSHA: A developing community-modeling environment for seismic hazard analysis. ''Seismological Research Letters'', Vol.&nbsp;74, 406–419.</ref>), EQRM (Robinson et al., 2006<ref name="Robinson 2006">ROBINSON, D, DHU, T, and SCHENEIDER, J. 2006. Practical probabilistic seismic risk analysis: A demonstration of capability. ''Seismological Research Letters'', Vol.&nbsp;77, 453–459.      </ref>), M3C (Musson, 1999<ref name="Musson 1999">MUSSON, R M W. 1999. Determination of design earthquakes in seismic hazard analysis through Monte Carlo simulation. ''Journal of Earthquake Engineering'', Vol.&nbsp;3, 463–474.      </ref>, 2009<ref name="Musson 2009">MUSSON, R M W. 2009. Ground motion and probabilistic hazard. ''Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering'', Vol.&nbsp;7, 575–589.      </ref>), CRISIS (Ordaz et al., 2013<ref name="Ordaz 2013">ORDAZ, M, MARTINELLI, V, D'AMICO, V, and MELETTI, C. 2013. CRISIS2008: A flexible tool to perform probabilistic seismic hazard assessment. ''Seismological Research Letters'', Vol.&nbsp;84, 495–504.      </ref>), EqHaz (Assatourians and Atkinson, 2013<ref name="Assatourians 2013">ASSATOURIANS, K, and ATKINSON, G M. 2013. EqHaz - An open-source probabilistic seismic hazard code based on the Monte Carlo simulation approach. ''Seismological Research Letters'', Vol.&nbsp;84, DOI: 101785/0220120102.      </ref>) and OpenQuake (Pagani et al., 2014<ref name="Pagani 2014">PAGANI, M, MONELLI, D, WEATHERILL, G, DANCIU, L, CROWLEY, H, SILVA, V, HENSHAW, P, NASTASI, M, PANZERI, L, and VIGANÒ, D. 2014. OpenQuake engine: An open hazard (and risk) software for Global Earthquake Model. ''Seismological Research Letters'', Vol.&nbsp;85, 692–702.      </ref>). Consequently, there are also many studies that compare and validate software packages for PSHA (e.g. Danciu et al., 2010<ref name="Danciu 2010">DANCIU, L, PAGANI, M, MONELLI, D, and WIEMER, S. 2010. GEM1 Hazard: Overview of PSHA Software. GEM Technical Report 2010–2.      </ref>; Thomas et al. 2010<ref name="Thomas 2010">THOMAS, P, WANG I, and ABRAHAMSON, NN. 2010. Verification of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis computer programs. ''PEER Report 2010/106'' (College of Engineering, University of California, Berkely).      </ref>; Musson, 2012<ref name="Musson 2012">MUSSON, RMW. 2012. PSHA Validated by Quasi Observational Means. ''Seismological Research Letters'', Vol.&nbsp;83, 130–134.      </ref>; Bommer et al., 2013<ref name="Bommer 2013">BOMMER, J J, STRASSER, F O, PAGANI, M, and MONELLI, D. 2013. Quality assurance for logic-tree implementation in probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis for nuclear applications: a practical example. ''Seismological Research Letters'', Vol.&nbsp;84, 938–945.      </ref>; Monelli et al., 2014<ref name="Monelli 2014">MONELLI, D, PAGANI, M, WEATHERILL, G, DANCIU, L, and GARCIA, J. 2014. Modelling distributed seismicity for probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis: Implementation and insights with the OpenQuake engine. ''Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America'', Vol.&nbsp;104, 1636–1649.      </ref>). For example, Thomas et al. (2010)<ref name="Thomas 2010">THOMAS, P, WANG I, and ABRAHAMSON, N N. 2010. Verification of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis computer programs. ''PEER Report 2010/106'' (College of Engineering, University of California, Berkely).      </ref> compare many free and commercial software packages for PSHA using a simple configuration of areal and fault sources. They find that hazard curves calculated by different codes may diverge even for simple source-site configurations due to the numerical approaches used to solve particular mathematical problems, e.g. the presence or lack of a leaky boundary for fault rupture and the lower limit of integration for the hazard (Thomas et al., 2010<ref name="Thomas 2010"></ref>). Their verification process can be used to validate current and future codes for PSHA. Danciu et al. (2010)<ref name="Danciu 2010"></ref> present a review of non-commercial computer programs for PSHA in terms of IT functionalities, methodological aspects of PSHA, and benchmarking exercises. The main conclusion from their study is that a software for PSHA must be open-source, flexible (i.e. it is straightforward to implement new input models and new features), user-friendly, verified (i.e. it should be verified against other codes), and should include the basic seismic hazard requirements (e.g. it should include hazard curves, spectra, maps, and disaggregation of the seismic hazard results, incorporate easily new GMPEs, and account for epistemic uncertainties).
The first public domain computer code for seismic hazard assessment was EQRISK developed by McGuire (1976)<ref name="McGuire 1976">MCGUIRE, R K. 1976. FORTRAN computer program for seismic risk analysis, ''USGS Open File Report''.</ref>, later modified in FRISK by McGuire (1978)<ref name="McGuire 1978">MCGUIRE, R K. 1978. FRISK: Computer program for seismic risk analysis using faults as earthquake sources. 78–1007 (US Geological Survey Open File Report).</ref>. Since the second half of the 1970s a large number of software packages and codes have been published, e.g. SeisRisk (Bender and Perkins, 1982<ref name="Bender 1982">BENDER, B K, and PERKINS, D M. 1982. SEISRISK II: a computer program for seismic hazard estimation. ''USGS Open File Report'', 82–293.</ref>), PRISK (Principia Mechanica LTD, 1985<ref name="Principia 1985">PRINCIPIA MECHANICA LTD. 1985. Seismological studies for UK hazard analysis. ''Principia Mechanica Ltd'', Report, 346/85 (Cambridge).      </ref>), NSHMP (Frankel et al., 2002<ref name="Frankel 2002">FRANKEL, A D, PETERSEN, M D, MUELLER, C S, HALLER, K M, WHEELER, R L, LEYANDECKER, E V, WESSON, R L, HARMSES, S C, CRAMER, C H, PERKINS, D M, and RUKSTALES, K S. 2002. Documentation for the 2002 update of the national seismic hazard maps. ''US Geological Survey'', Open-file report 02–420.      </ref>), OpenSHA (Field et al., 2003<ref name="Field 2003">FIELD, E H, JORDAN, T A, and CORNELL, C A. 2003. OpenSHA: A developing community-modeling environment for seismic hazard analysis. ''Seismological Research Letters'', Vol.&nbsp;74, 406–419.</ref>), EQRM (Robinson et al., 2006<ref name="Robinson 2006">ROBINSON, D, DHU, T, and SCHENEIDER, J. 2006. Practical probabilistic seismic risk analysis: A demonstration of capability. ''Seismological Research Letters'', Vol.&nbsp;77, 453–459.      </ref>), M3C (Musson, 1999<ref name="Musson 1999">MUSSON, R M W. 1999. Determination of design earthquakes in seismic hazard analysis through Monte Carlo simulation. ''Journal of Earthquake Engineering'', Vol.&nbsp;3, 463–474.      </ref>, 2009<ref name="Musson 2009">MUSSON, R M W. 2009. Ground motion and probabilistic hazard. ''Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering'', Vol.&nbsp;7, 575–589.      </ref>), CRISIS (Ordaz et al., 2013<ref name="Ordaz 2013">ORDAZ, M, MARTINELLI, V, D'AMICO, V, and MELETTI, C. 2013. CRISIS2008: A flexible tool to perform probabilistic seismic hazard assessment. ''Seismological Research Letters'', Vol.&nbsp;84, 495–504.      </ref>), EqHaz (Assatourians and Atkinson, 2013<ref name="Assatourians 2013">ASSATOURIANS, K, and ATKINSON, G M. 2013. EqHaz - An open-source probabilistic seismic hazard code based on the Monte Carlo simulation approach. ''Seismological Research Letters'', Vol.&nbsp;84, DOI: 101785/0220120102.      </ref>) and OpenQuake (Pagani et al., 2014<ref name="Pagani 2014">PAGANI, M, MONELLI, D, WEATHERILL, G, DANCIU, L, CROWLEY, H, SILVA, V, HENSHAW, P, NASTASI, M, PANZERI, L, and VIGANÒ, D. 2014. OpenQuake engine: An open hazard (and risk) software for Global Earthquake Model. ''Seismological Research Letters'', Vol.&nbsp;85, 692–702.      </ref>). Consequently, there are also many studies that compare and validate software packages for PSHA (e.g. Danciu et al., 2010<ref name="Danciu 2010">DANCIU, L, PAGANI, M, MONELLI, D, and WIEMER, S. 2010. GEM1 Hazard: Overview of PSHA Software. GEM Technical Report 2010–2.      </ref>; Thomas et al. 2010<ref name="Thomas 2010">THOMAS, P, WANG I, and ABRAHAMSON, NN. 2010. Verification of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis computer programs. ''PEER Report 2010/106'' (College of Engineering, University of California, Berkely).      </ref>; Musson, 2012<ref name="Musson 2012">MUSSON, RMW. 2012. PSHA Validated by Quasi Observational Means. ''Seismological Research Letters'', Vol.&nbsp;83, 130–134.      </ref>; Bommer et al., 2013<ref name="Bommer 2013">BOMMER, J J, STRASSER, F O, PAGANI, M, and MONELLI, D. 2013. Quality assurance for logic-tree implementation in probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis for nuclear applications: a practical example. ''Seismological Research Letters'', Vol.&nbsp;84, 938–945.      </ref>; Monelli et al., 2014<ref name="Monelli 2014">MONELLI, D, PAGANI, M, WEATHERILL, G, DANCIU, L, and GARCIA, J. 2014. Modelling distributed seismicity for probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis: Implementation and insights with the OpenQuake engine. ''Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America'', Vol.&nbsp;104, 1636–1649.      </ref>). For example, Thomas et al. (2010)<ref name="Thomas 2010"></ref> compare many free and commercial software packages for PSHA using a simple configuration of areal and fault sources. They find that hazard curves calculated by different codes may diverge even for simple source-site configurations due to the numerical approaches used to solve particular mathematical problems, e.g. the presence or lack of a leaky boundary for fault rupture and the lower limit of integration for the hazard (Thomas et al., 2010<ref name="Thomas 2010"></ref>). Their verification process can be used to validate current and future codes for PSHA. Danciu et al. (2010)<ref name="Danciu 2010"></ref> present a review of non-commercial computer programs for PSHA in terms of IT functionalities, methodological aspects of PSHA, and benchmarking exercises. The main conclusion from their study is that a software for PSHA must be open-source, flexible (i.e. it is straightforward to implement new input models and new features), user-friendly, verified (i.e. it should be verified against other codes), and should include the basic seismic hazard requirements (e.g. it should include hazard curves, spectra, maps, and disaggregation of the seismic hazard results, incorporate easily new GMPEs, and account for epistemic uncertainties).


The software M3C for the Monte Carlo-based PSHA was developed by the British Geological Survey (BGS) in the second half of the 1990s (e.g. Musson, 1999<ref name="Musson 1999"></ref>, 2000<ref name="Musson 2000">MUSSON, R M W. 2000. The use of Monte Carlo simulations for seismic hazard assessment in the UK. ''Annali di Geofisica'', Vol.&nbsp;43, 1–9.        </ref>). Since then, BGS has routinely undertaken commercial seismic hazard work for engineering, insurance or government projects worldwide using this code (e.g. Musson et al., 2006<ref name="Musson 2006">MUSSON, R M W, NORTHMORE, K J, SARGEANT, S, PHILIPS, E R, BOON, D, LONG, D, MCCUE, K, and AMBRASEYS, N. 2006. Volume 4: Geological Hazards. ''The Geology and Geophysics of the United Arab Emirates''.    </ref>; Musson & Sargeant, 2007<ref name="Musson 2007">MUSSON, RMW, and SARGEANT, S. 2007. Eurocode 8 seismic hazard zoning maps for the UK. ''British Geological Survey Technical Report'', CR/07/125.      </ref>). The goal of the present report is to show that the software M3C is a rigorously tested and state-of-art code that incorporates the recent advances in seismic hazard analysis and therefore its performance is as good as that of recently published software packages.
The software M3C for the Monte Carlo-based PSHA was developed by the British Geological Survey (BGS) in the second half of the 1990s (e.g. Musson, 1999<ref name="Musson 1999"></ref>, 2000<ref name="Musson 2000">MUSSON, R M W. 2000. The use of Monte Carlo simulations for seismic hazard assessment in the UK. ''Annali di Geofisica'', Vol.&nbsp;43, 1–9.        </ref>). Since then, BGS has routinely undertaken commercial seismic hazard work for engineering, insurance or government projects worldwide using this code (e.g. Musson et al., 2006<ref name="Musson 2006">MUSSON, R M W, NORTHMORE, K J, SARGEANT, S, PHILIPS, E R, BOON, D, LONG, D, MCCUE, K, and AMBRASEYS, N. 2006. Volume 4: Geological Hazards. ''The Geology and Geophysics of the United Arab Emirates''.    </ref>; Musson & Sargeant, 2007<ref name="Musson 2007">MUSSON, RMW, and SARGEANT, S. 2007. Eurocode 8 seismic hazard zoning maps for the UK. ''British Geological Survey Technical Report'', CR/07/125.      </ref>). The goal of the present report is to show that the software M3C is a rigorously tested and state-of-art code that incorporates the recent advances in seismic hazard analysis and therefore its performance is as good as that of recently published software packages.

Latest revision as of 11:01, 2 December 2019

Mosca, I. 2019. Comparing seismic hazard software packages: M3C vs. OpenQuake. British Geological Survey Internal Report, OR/19/038.

In the last thirty years, many studies for assessing probabilistic seismic hazard have been published (for reviews see Reiter, 1990[1]; Abrahamson, 2000[2]; McGuire, 2004[3]; Bommer et al., 2005[4]) where different criteria are used for characterizing the seismic source zone model (defined by source geometry and source parameters, such as maximum magnitude, recurrence statistics and rupture geometry), the selection of the ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for the study area, the treatment of (aleatory and epistemic) uncertainty, and the approach to compute probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA; e.g. Cornell-McGuire PSHA, and Monte Carlo based PSHA). Even if users select the same method for PSHA and use the same criteria for the required input, further discrepancies may arise from computational aspects of the engine used to encode the PSHA method, such as programming language, coding strategies for numerical integrations and numerical tolerance of the computer program.

The first public domain computer code for seismic hazard assessment was EQRISK developed by McGuire (1976)[5], later modified in FRISK by McGuire (1978)[6]. Since the second half of the 1970s a large number of software packages and codes have been published, e.g. SeisRisk (Bender and Perkins, 1982[7]), PRISK (Principia Mechanica LTD, 1985[8]), NSHMP (Frankel et al., 2002[9]), OpenSHA (Field et al., 2003[10]), EQRM (Robinson et al., 2006[11]), M3C (Musson, 1999[12], 2009[13]), CRISIS (Ordaz et al., 2013[14]), EqHaz (Assatourians and Atkinson, 2013[15]) and OpenQuake (Pagani et al., 2014[16]). Consequently, there are also many studies that compare and validate software packages for PSHA (e.g. Danciu et al., 2010[17]; Thomas et al. 2010[18]; Musson, 2012[19]; Bommer et al., 2013[20]; Monelli et al., 2014[21]). For example, Thomas et al. (2010)[18] compare many free and commercial software packages for PSHA using a simple configuration of areal and fault sources. They find that hazard curves calculated by different codes may diverge even for simple source-site configurations due to the numerical approaches used to solve particular mathematical problems, e.g. the presence or lack of a leaky boundary for fault rupture and the lower limit of integration for the hazard (Thomas et al., 2010[18]). Their verification process can be used to validate current and future codes for PSHA. Danciu et al. (2010)[17] present a review of non-commercial computer programs for PSHA in terms of IT functionalities, methodological aspects of PSHA, and benchmarking exercises. The main conclusion from their study is that a software for PSHA must be open-source, flexible (i.e. it is straightforward to implement new input models and new features), user-friendly, verified (i.e. it should be verified against other codes), and should include the basic seismic hazard requirements (e.g. it should include hazard curves, spectra, maps, and disaggregation of the seismic hazard results, incorporate easily new GMPEs, and account for epistemic uncertainties).

The software M3C for the Monte Carlo-based PSHA was developed by the British Geological Survey (BGS) in the second half of the 1990s (e.g. Musson, 1999[12], 2000[22]). Since then, BGS has routinely undertaken commercial seismic hazard work for engineering, insurance or government projects worldwide using this code (e.g. Musson et al., 2006[23]; Musson & Sargeant, 2007[24]). The goal of the present report is to show that the software M3C is a rigorously tested and state-of-art code that incorporates the recent advances in seismic hazard analysis and therefore its performance is as good as that of recently published software packages.

Musson (2012)[19] compares the hazard between M3C and PRISK (Principia Mechanica Ltd, 1985[8]) using the source model constructed for a nuclear site in southern England by the Seismic Hazard Working Party (SHWP, 1987). Here, I will compare M3C with OpenQuake (Pagani et al., 2014[16]), a recent software package for seismic hazard assessment, that an increasing number of analysts use for seismic hazard projects (e.g. Bommer et al., 2013[20]). Mosca et al. (2015)[25] compare M3C and OpenQuake using a source model developed for southeastern Canada by Atkinson and Goda (2011)[26]. Although the motivations of Mosca et al. (2015)[25] and this work are similar, in the present report we compare extensively more elements of PSHA, how they were implemented in the two software packages and whether they produce the same hazard results, using the source model developed for the UK by Musson and Sargeant (2007)[24].

In Overview of the software packages, I describe similarities and differences between M3C and OpenQuake in terms of the IT functionality and the methodology. Data describes the source zone model for the UK of Musson and Sargeant (2007)[24]. Results shows the hazard results computed from the two software packages and Conclusions provides general conclusions.

References

  1. ↑ REITER, L. 1990. Earthquake hazard analysis. (New York: Columbia University Press).
  2. ↑ ABRAHAMSON, N A. 2000. State of the practice of seismic hazard evaluation. Proceedings of GeoEng, 19–24 November 2000, Melbourne, Vol. 1, 659–685.
  3. ↑ MCGUIRE, RK. 2004. Seismic hazard and risk analysis. (Oakland CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.)
  4. ↑ BOMMER, J J, SCHERNAUM, F, BUNGUM, H, COTTON, F, SABETTA, F, and ABRAHAMSON, N A. 2005. On the use of logic trees for ground-motion prediction equations in seismic-hazard analysis. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 95, 377–389.
  5. ↑ MCGUIRE, R K. 1976. FORTRAN computer program for seismic risk analysis, USGS Open File Report.
  6. ↑ MCGUIRE, R K. 1978. FRISK: Computer program for seismic risk analysis using faults as earthquake sources. 78–1007 (US Geological Survey Open File Report).
  7. ↑ BENDER, B K, and PERKINS, D M. 1982. SEISRISK II: a computer program for seismic hazard estimation. USGS Open File Report, 82–293.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 PRINCIPIA MECHANICA LTD. 1985. Seismological studies for UK hazard analysis. Principia Mechanica Ltd, Report, 346/85 (Cambridge).
  9. ↑ FRANKEL, A D, PETERSEN, M D, MUELLER, C S, HALLER, K M, WHEELER, R L, LEYANDECKER, E V, WESSON, R L, HARMSES, S C, CRAMER, C H, PERKINS, D M, and RUKSTALES, K S. 2002. Documentation for the 2002 update of the national seismic hazard maps. US Geological Survey, Open-file report 02–420.
  10. ↑ FIELD, E H, JORDAN, T A, and CORNELL, C A. 2003. OpenSHA: A developing community-modeling environment for seismic hazard analysis. Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 74, 406–419.
  11. ↑ ROBINSON, D, DHU, T, and SCHENEIDER, J. 2006. Practical probabilistic seismic risk analysis: A demonstration of capability. Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 77, 453–459.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 MUSSON, R M W. 1999. Determination of design earthquakes in seismic hazard analysis through Monte Carlo simulation. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 3, 463–474.
  13. ↑ MUSSON, R M W. 2009. Ground motion and probabilistic hazard. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 7, 575–589.
  14. ↑ ORDAZ, M, MARTINELLI, V, D'AMICO, V, and MELETTI, C. 2013. CRISIS2008: A flexible tool to perform probabilistic seismic hazard assessment. Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 84, 495–504.
  15. ↑ ASSATOURIANS, K, and ATKINSON, G M. 2013. EqHaz - An open-source probabilistic seismic hazard code based on the Monte Carlo simulation approach. Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 84, DOI: 101785/0220120102.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 PAGANI, M, MONELLI, D, WEATHERILL, G, DANCIU, L, CROWLEY, H, SILVA, V, HENSHAW, P, NASTASI, M, PANZERI, L, and VIGANÒ, D. 2014. OpenQuake engine: An open hazard (and risk) software for Global Earthquake Model. Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 85, 692–702.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 DANCIU, L, PAGANI, M, MONELLI, D, and WIEMER, S. 2010. GEM1 Hazard: Overview of PSHA Software. GEM Technical Report 2010–2.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 THOMAS, P, WANG I, and ABRAHAMSON, NN. 2010. Verification of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis computer programs. PEER Report 2010/106 (College of Engineering, University of California, Berkely).
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 MUSSON, RMW. 2012. PSHA Validated by Quasi Observational Means. Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 83, 130–134.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 BOMMER, J J, STRASSER, F O, PAGANI, M, and MONELLI, D. 2013. Quality assurance for logic-tree implementation in probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis for nuclear applications: a practical example. Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 84, 938–945.
  21. ↑ MONELLI, D, PAGANI, M, WEATHERILL, G, DANCIU, L, and GARCIA, J. 2014. Modelling distributed seismicity for probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis: Implementation and insights with the OpenQuake engine. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 104, 1636–1649.
  22. ↑ MUSSON, R M W. 2000. The use of Monte Carlo simulations for seismic hazard assessment in the UK. Annali di Geofisica, Vol. 43, 1–9.
  23. ↑ MUSSON, R M W, NORTHMORE, K J, SARGEANT, S, PHILIPS, E R, BOON, D, LONG, D, MCCUE, K, and AMBRASEYS, N. 2006. Volume 4: Geological Hazards. The Geology and Geophysics of the United Arab Emirates.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 MUSSON, RMW, and SARGEANT, S. 2007. Eurocode 8 seismic hazard zoning maps for the UK. British Geological Survey Technical Report, CR/07/125.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 MOSCA, I, SARGEANT, S, and MUSSON, R M W. 2015. Benchmarking recent PSHA approaches. SECED 2015 Conference, Cambridge.
  26. ↑ ATKINSON, G, and GODA, K. 2011. Effects of seismicity models and new ground motion prediction equations on seismic hazard assessment for four Canadian cities. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 101, 176–189.
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