https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Southerness_To_Borron_Point_-_an_excursion&feed=atom&action=historySoutherness To Borron Point - an excursion - Revision history2024-03-28T12:22:05ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.41.0https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Southerness_To_Borron_Point_-_an_excursion&diff=51555&oldid=prevScotfot at 12:29, 19 October 20202020-10-19T12:29:28Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== 5 Powillimount Shore: Powillimount Sandstone Formation ====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== 5 Powillimount Shore: Powillimount Sandstone Formation ====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:PowillimountExcursionMap.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Locality map and outline geology for the shore section between Powillimount and Hogus Point (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Localities5</del>-10).]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:PowillimountExcursionMap.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Locality map and outline geology for the shore section between Powillimount and Hogus Point (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Localities 5</ins>-10).]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Access to the Powillimount shore is via the road which links Powillimount Farm with the Kirkbean to Southerness road. A small car park at the shore beyond the farm (Figure 36) is suitable for cars and minibuses only. Immediately below the car park some 160 m of strata exposed on the shore between Powillimount Bay (NX 9880 5610) and Thirlstane (NX 9925 5690) are assigned to the Powillimount Sandstone Formation. The top 25 m are distinguished as the Thirlstane Sandstone Member, a prominent ridge of thick-bedded sandstone with spectacular penecontemporaneous deformation structures (Craig, 1956; Deegan, 1970; Ord et al., 1988).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Access to the Powillimount shore is via the road which links Powillimount Farm with the Kirkbean to Southerness road. A small car park at the shore beyond the farm (Figure 36) is suitable for cars and minibuses only. Immediately below the car park some 160 m of strata exposed on the shore between Powillimount Bay (NX 9880 5610) and Thirlstane (NX 9925 5690) are assigned to the Powillimount Sandstone Formation. The top 25 m are distinguished as the Thirlstane Sandstone Member, a prominent ridge of thick-bedded sandstone with spectacular penecontemporaneous deformation structures (Craig, 1956; Deegan, 1970; Ord et al., 1988).</div></td></tr>
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</table>Scotfothttps://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Southerness_To_Borron_Point_-_an_excursion&diff=23164&oldid=prevScotfot at 19:53, 6 November 20152015-11-06T19:53:14Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By A A McMillan. Excursion 10. From: Stone, P (editor). 1996. Geology in south-west Scotland: an excursion guide. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By A A McMillan. Excursion 10. From: Stone, P (editor). 1996. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Geology in south-west Scotland: an excursion guide<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Southerness To Borron Point: Lower Carboniferous of the Solway Basin ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Southerness To Borron Point: Lower Carboniferous of the Solway Basin ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Scotfothttps://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Southerness_To_Borron_Point_-_an_excursion&diff=22871&oldid=prevJenniferFindlay1 at 14:42, 27 October 20152015-10-27T14:42:16Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== 9 Arbigland Bay to Borron Point: faunal assemblages and sedimentary features of the Arbigland Limestone Formation ====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== 9 Arbigland Bay to Borron Point: faunal assemblages and sedimentary features of the Arbigland Limestone Formation ====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A traverse of the shore between Arbigland Bay and Borron Point is worthwhile for anyone with an interest in the sedimentology and faunal characteristics of shallow marine shelf sediments. The strata here were termed by Deegan (1970) the Middle Arbigland Beds. They are richly fossiliferous and contain a fine compound rugose coral fauna including spectacular massive hemispherical colonies of ''Lithostrotion clavaticum, ''first recorded by Smith (1910). Some are in life position with individual corallites visible on the upper surface. Overturned colonies show only the outer walls of the corallites radiating from the central columella. Please do '''not hammer them out.'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A traverse of the shore between Arbigland Bay and Borron Point is worthwhile for anyone with an interest in the sedimentology and faunal characteristics of shallow marine shelf sediments. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:P511132.jpg|300px|thumbnail|left|Lithostrotion vorticale: a coral from Arbigland Bay. P511132]]</ins>The strata here were termed by Deegan (1970) the Middle Arbigland Beds. They are richly fossiliferous and contain a fine compound rugose coral fauna including spectacular massive hemispherical colonies of ''Lithostrotion clavaticum, ''first recorded by Smith (1910). Some are in life position with individual corallites visible on the upper surface. Overturned colonies show only the outer walls of the corallites radiating from the central columella. Please do '''not hammer them out.'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Deegan (1970) described the strata below McCulloch's Castle (NX 996 577) (Locality 9) as mainly thin argillaceous and sandy limestones interbedded with calcareous mudstones and several prominent thick beds of massive bioturbated sandstone. Many beds of sandstone and sandy limestone have been extensively and repeatedly reworked by sediment feeders, and burrow forms such as ''Chondrites, Diplocrtzterion ''and ''Rhizocorallium ''are commonly seen. The limestones and mudstones have an abundant and diverse fauna including corals, brachiopods, bivalves, gastropods, crinoids, bryozoa and orthocones. Faunal equivalence with the Upper Border Group of Langholm (Lumsden et al., 1967), of Asbian age, is considered most likely. In the Langholm district, the Glencartholm Volcanic Beds form the base of the Upper Border Group and these rocks have been equated with the Clattering Band of Bewcastle (Day 1970) which George et al. (1976) place at the base of the Asbian. It follows that if correlation of the Middle Arbigland Beds is extended to the Clattering Band then the lower part of the Arbigland Limestone Formation (Locality 7) is probably Holkerian (as noted by George et al.).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Deegan (1970) described the strata below McCulloch's Castle (NX 996 577) (Locality 9) as mainly thin argillaceous and sandy limestones interbedded with calcareous mudstones and several prominent thick beds of massive bioturbated sandstone. Many beds of sandstone and sandy limestone have been extensively and repeatedly reworked by sediment feeders, and burrow forms such as ''Chondrites, Diplocrtzterion ''and ''Rhizocorallium ''are commonly seen. The limestones and mudstones have an abundant and diverse fauna including corals, brachiopods, bivalves, gastropods, crinoids, bryozoa and orthocones. Faunal equivalence with the Upper Border Group of Langholm (Lumsden et al., 1967), of Asbian age, is considered most likely. In the Langholm district, the Glencartholm Volcanic Beds form the base of the Upper Border Group and these rocks have been equated with the Clattering Band of Bewcastle (Day 1970) which George et al. (1976) place at the base of the Asbian. It follows that if correlation of the Middle Arbigland Beds is extended to the Clattering Band then the lower part of the Arbigland Limestone Formation (Locality 7) is probably Holkerian (as noted by George et al.).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== 10 Hogus Point: northernmost exposures of the Arbigland Limestone Formation ====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== 10 Hogus Point: northernmost exposures of the Arbigland Limestone Formation ====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Those who wish to visit the northernmost exposures of the formation at Hogus Point (NX 997 588) should continue along the shore north from Borron Point. Alternatively the excursion can be completed at Borron Point and the route retraced to Powillimount Farm.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:P220465.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|Taken from 300 m. S. of Hogus Point, Carsethorne. Looking NNE, across the estuary of the River Nith. Arbigland Limestone Formation. Plunging anticlinal-synclinal pair in thin-bedded limestones and sandstones. P220465]]</ins>Those who wish to visit the northernmost exposures of the formation at Hogus Point (NX 997 588) should continue along the shore north from Borron Point. Alternatively the excursion can be completed at Borron Point and the route retraced to Powillimount Farm.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The strata at Hogus Point are reasonably well exposed. They are disposed about a tight, gently NE-plunging anticline—syncline fold pair. The rocks comprise thick units of thin-bedded silty, calcareous mud-stone, well-bedded sandstone and thin-bedded sandy limestone. Although Craig (1956) considered the strata at Hogus Point to be the highest in the sequence, a fauna collected more recently indicates a position no higher than the beds lying south of Borron Point. The indications are that the rocks lie on the upthrow side of a SE-orientated normal fault, the trace of which may lie north of Tallowquhairn Farm (NX 993 584).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The strata at Hogus Point are reasonably well exposed. They are disposed about a tight, gently NE-plunging anticline—syncline fold pair. The rocks comprise thick units of thin-bedded silty, calcareous mud-stone, well-bedded sandstone and thin-bedded sandy limestone. Although Craig (1956) considered the strata at Hogus Point to be the highest in the sequence, a fauna collected more recently indicates a position no higher than the beds lying south of Borron Point. The indications are that the rocks lie on the upthrow side of a SE-orientated normal fault, the trace of which may lie north of Tallowquhairn Farm (NX 993 584).</div></td></tr>
</table>JenniferFindlay1https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Southerness_To_Borron_Point_-_an_excursion&diff=22822&oldid=prevJenniferFindlay1 at 11:18, 20 October 20152015-10-20T11:18:38Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The characteristic lithologies, especially rolled algal nodules and detrital fragments, point to a shallow-marine environment exposed to gentle wave action. Deegan (1970) proposed that the sediments were deposited in a tidal lagoon protected from the effects of severe storms by some form of offshore sand barrier. The presence of thin coals and seatearths indicates periodic shallowing of lagoonal waters and the development of vegetated low-lying supratidal flats.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The characteristic lithologies, especially rolled algal nodules and detrital fragments, point to a shallow-marine environment exposed to gentle wave action. Deegan (1970) proposed that the sediments were deposited in a tidal lagoon protected from the effects of severe storms by some form of offshore sand barrier. The presence of thin coals and seatearths indicates periodic shallowing of lagoonal waters and the development of vegetated low-lying supratidal flats.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== 6 Thirlstane natural arch: Thirlstane Sandstone Member ====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== 6 Thirlstane natural arch: Thirlstane Sandstone Member ====</div></td></tr>
</table>JenniferFindlay1https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Southerness_To_Borron_Point_-_an_excursion&diff=22821&oldid=prevJenniferFindlay1 at 11:17, 20 October 20152015-10-20T11:17:52Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:17, 20 October 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l62">Line 62:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The base of the Powillimount Sandstone Formation is drawn a short way SW of the car park, at the base of a grey calcareous breccia, above the highest bed of purple mudstone in the Gillfoot Sandstone Formation. The strata form part of the SE limb of a major NE-trending anticline and on the coast are further folded about a tight, gently plunging syncline—anticline pair, the axial planes of which trend NNE. Faunal assemblages are similar to those in the Middle Border Group of Langholm. Aspects of the fauna immediately below the Thirlstane Sandstone resemble those of the overlying Arbigland Limestone Formation.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The base of the Powillimount Sandstone Formation is drawn a short way SW of the car park, at the base of a grey calcareous breccia, above the highest bed of purple mudstone in the Gillfoot Sandstone Formation. The strata form part of the SE limb of a major NE-trending anticline and on the coast are further folded about a tight, gently plunging syncline—anticline pair, the axial planes of which trend NNE. Faunal assemblages are similar to those in the Middle Border Group of Langholm. Aspects of the fauna immediately below the Thirlstane Sandstone resemble those of the overlying Arbigland Limestone Formation.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lithologies include calcareous and quartzose sandstone, sandy limestone with beds of dark grey fissile mudstone, and calcareous mudstone. Locally, thin coals and associated seatearths are present. Sandstone beds are laterally extensive, ranging in thickness from 0.3 to 3 m. They are well sorted and commonly exhibit ripple cross-lamination. Many contain abundant carbonaceous plant remains and are extensively burrowed, particularly by ''Chondrites. ''Limestones range from arenaceous to argillaceous and contain detrital fossil remains, ooliths and rolled algal nodules. One distinctive oncolite bed, 0.3 m thick, contains rounded algal-coated lithic and fossil fragments. The individual oncolites are generally spherical and up to 1 cm across. Oncolites are produced by the accretion of sediment on to mobile grains through the action of algae, and their presence indicates constant agitation of the sea floor by wave action.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:P001161.jpg|300px|thumbnail|left|Taken from about 100 m. north of the Thirl Stane natural arch, Powillimount, looking north-north-east. Thirlstane Sandstone Member of the Powillimount Sandstone Formation, Carboniferous. Allokinetic liquefaction structures consisting of domes and volcanoes, bedding deformation increasing towards the north end of the outcrop (beyond the geologist). Strata of the Arbigland Limestone Formation occupy the background and are faulted against the Thirlstane Sandstone. Liquefaction is the transformation of loose sediment into a fluid mass preliminary to movement e.g. in a turbidity current or subaqueous slumping or sliding. P001161]]</ins>Lithologies include calcareous and quartzose sandstone, sandy limestone with beds of dark grey fissile mudstone, and calcareous mudstone. Locally, thin coals and associated seatearths are present. Sandstone beds are laterally extensive, ranging in thickness from 0.3 to 3 m. They are well sorted and commonly exhibit ripple cross-lamination. Many contain abundant carbonaceous plant remains and are extensively burrowed, particularly by ''Chondrites. ''Limestones range from arenaceous to argillaceous and contain detrital fossil remains, ooliths and rolled algal nodules. One distinctive oncolite bed, 0.3 m thick, contains rounded algal-coated lithic and fossil fragments. The individual oncolites are generally spherical and up to 1 cm across. Oncolites are produced by the accretion of sediment on to mobile grains through the action of algae, and their presence indicates constant agitation of the sea floor by wave action.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The characteristic lithologies, especially rolled algal nodules and detrital fragments, point to a shallow-marine environment exposed to gentle wave action. Deegan (1970) proposed that the sediments were deposited in a tidal lagoon protected from the effects of severe storms by some form of offshore sand barrier. The presence of thin coals and seatearths indicates periodic shallowing of lagoonal waters and the development of vegetated low-lying supratidal flats.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The characteristic lithologies, especially rolled algal nodules and detrital fragments, point to a shallow-marine environment exposed to gentle wave action. Deegan (1970) proposed that the sediments were deposited in a tidal lagoon protected from the effects of severe storms by some form of offshore sand barrier. The presence of thin coals and seatearths indicates periodic shallowing of lagoonal waters and the development of vegetated low-lying supratidal flats.</div></td></tr>
</table>JenniferFindlay1https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Southerness_To_Borron_Point_-_an_excursion&diff=8383&oldid=prevScotfot: /* Main points of interest */2015-04-02T18:11:27Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Main points of interest</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:11, 2 April 2015</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Main points of interest ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Main points of interest ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:P001159.jpg|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">300px</del>|thumbnail|Taken from about 200 m. south-south-west of the Triangulation Point west of Southerness, Kirkudbrightshire, looking north. Rocks of the Carboniferous Southerness Limestone Formation. Thin-bedded marine limestone and mudstone dipping gently eastwards on eastern side of anticlinal dome. These rocks of the Southerness Limestone Formation are part of the Kirkbean Outlier. Criffel, part of a large granodiorite pluton forms the background. An outlier is a group of rocks surrounded by outcrops of rocks of older age.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:P001159.jpg|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">400px</ins>|thumbnail|Taken from about 200 m. south-south-west of the Triangulation Point west of Southerness, Kirkudbrightshire, looking north. Rocks of the Carboniferous Southerness Limestone Formation. Thin-bedded marine limestone and mudstone dipping gently eastwards on eastern side of anticlinal dome. These rocks of the Southerness Limestone Formation are part of the Kirkbean Outlier. Criffel, part of a large granodiorite pluton forms the background. An outlier is a group of rocks surrounded by outcrops of rocks of older age.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lower Carboniferous stratigraphy and structure; limestones, sandstones and siltstones. algal beds, shallow marine fossils and trace fossils.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lower Carboniferous stratigraphy and structure; limestones, sandstones and siltstones. algal beds, shallow marine fossils and trace fossils.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
</table>Scotfothttps://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Southerness_To_Borron_Point_-_an_excursion&diff=8382&oldid=prevScotfot: /* Main points of interest */2015-04-02T18:11:02Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Main points of interest</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:11, 2 April 2015</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Main points of interest ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Main points of interest ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:P001159.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Taken from about 200 m. south-south-west of the Triangulation Point west of Southerness, Kirkudbrightshire, looking north. Rocks of the Carboniferous Southerness Limestone Formation. Thin-bedded marine limestone and mudstone dipping gently eastwards on eastern side of anticlinal dome. These rocks of the Southerness Limestone Formation are part of the Kirkbean Outlier. Criffel, part of a large granodiorite pluton forms the background. An outlier is a group of rocks surrounded by outcrops of rocks of older age.]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lower Carboniferous stratigraphy and structure; limestones, sandstones and siltstones. algal beds, shallow marine fossils and trace fossils.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lower Carboniferous stratigraphy and structure; limestones, sandstones and siltstones. algal beds, shallow marine fossils and trace fossils.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
</table>Scotfothttps://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Southerness_To_Borron_Point_-_an_excursion&diff=8380&oldid=prevScotfot: /* Excursion */2015-04-02T18:08:13Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Excursion</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:08, 2 April 2015</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Excursion===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Excursion===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:SouthernessExcursionMap.jpg|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">400</del>|thumbnail|Locality map and outline geology for the Southerness shore section (Localities 1-4).]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:SouthernessExcursionMap.jpg|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">400px</ins>|thumbnail|Locality map and outline geology for the Southerness shore section (Localities 1-4).]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== 1 Southerness shore: Southerness Limestone Formation ====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== 1 Southerness shore: Southerness Limestone Formation ====</div></td></tr>
</table>Scotfothttps://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Southerness_To_Borron_Point_-_an_excursion&diff=8379&oldid=prevScotfot: /* Excursion */2015-04-02T18:07:50Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Excursion</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Excursion===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Excursion===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:SouthernessExcursionMap.jpg|thumbnail|Locality map and outline geology for the Southerness shore section (Localities 1-4).]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:SouthernessExcursionMap.jpg<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|400</ins>|thumbnail|Locality map and outline geology for the Southerness shore section (Localities 1-4).]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== 1 Southerness shore: Southerness Limestone Formation ====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== 1 Southerness shore: Southerness Limestone Formation ====</div></td></tr>
</table>Scotfothttps://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Southerness_To_Borron_Point_-_an_excursion&diff=8378&oldid=prevScotfot: /* Excursion */2015-04-02T18:07:13Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Excursion</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:07, 2 April 2015</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Excursion===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Excursion===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:SouthernessExcursionMap.jpg|thumbnail|Locality map and outline geology for the Southerness shore section (Localities 1-4).]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== 1 Southerness shore: Southerness Limestone Formation ====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== 1 Southerness shore: Southerness Limestone Formation ====</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== 5 Powillimount Shore: Powillimount Sandstone Formation ====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== 5 Powillimount Shore: Powillimount Sandstone Formation ====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:PowillimountExcursionMap.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Locality map and outline geology for the shore section between Powillimount and Hogus Point (Localities5-10).]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Access to the Powillimount shore is via the road which links Powillimount Farm with the Kirkbean to Southerness road. A small car park at the shore beyond the farm (Figure 36) is suitable for cars and minibuses only. Immediately below the car park some 160 m of strata exposed on the shore between Powillimount Bay (NX 9880 5610) and Thirlstane (NX 9925 5690) are assigned to the Powillimount Sandstone Formation. The top 25 m are distinguished as the Thirlstane Sandstone Member, a prominent ridge of thick-bedded sandstone with spectacular penecontemporaneous deformation structures (Craig, 1956; Deegan, 1970; Ord et al., 1988).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Access to the Powillimount shore is via the road which links Powillimount Farm with the Kirkbean to Southerness road. A small car park at the shore beyond the farm (Figure 36) is suitable for cars and minibuses only. Immediately below the car park some 160 m of strata exposed on the shore between Powillimount Bay (NX 9880 5610) and Thirlstane (NX 9925 5690) are assigned to the Powillimount Sandstone Formation. The top 25 m are distinguished as the Thirlstane Sandstone Member, a prominent ridge of thick-bedded sandstone with spectacular penecontemporaneous deformation structures (Craig, 1956; Deegan, 1970; Ord et al., 1988).</div></td></tr>
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