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Soil and shallow groundwater

Ajhil — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 13:25:59 GMT

Soil and shallow groundwater

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	[[Image:MeasuringSurfaceSoil.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]		[[Image:MeasuringSurfaceSoil.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]

	<center>'''Measuring surface soil and subsoil permeability at Eddleston using a ponded disc permeameter and two constant head well permeameters.'''</center>		<center>'''Measuring surface soil and subsoil permeability at Eddleston using a<br>ponded disc permeameter and two constant head well permeameters.'''</center>

	===Shallow wetland piezometers===		===Shallow wetland piezometers===
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	[[Image:SoilMeasureSensors.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px\|]]		[[Image:SoilMeasureSensors.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px\|]]

	<center>'''Soil moisture sensors being installed at 20 cm, 30 cm and 60 cm depth beneath the hill slope at Eddleston.'''</center>		<center>'''Soil moisture sensors being installed at 20 cm, 30 cm and 60 cm depth<br>beneath the hill slope at Eddleston.'''</center>

	For each group, a hole was dug, a sensor placed at 20 cm, 35 cm and 60 cm depth, and the hole filled in again, leaving the sensors buried so they can monitor soil moisture.		For each group, a hole was dug, a sensor placed at 20 cm, 35 cm and 60 cm depth, and the hole filled in again, leaving the sensors buried so they can monitor soil moisture.

Monitoring groundwater and soil moisture

Ajhil — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 13:24:56 GMT

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	Groundwater levels and temperature are being monitored across the floodplain using automatic sensors installed in the piezometers. These sensors make and record measurements every 15 minutes, and every few months we download the data from them using a laptop, and take it back to the office.		Groundwater levels and temperature are being monitored across the floodplain using automatic sensors installed in the piezometers. These sensors make and record measurements every 15 minutes, and every few months we download the data from them using a laptop, and take it back to the office.

	[[~~Image~~:Installing_AutomaticSensors.jpg\|frameless\|~~center\|500px~~\|]]		<center>
			<div><ul>
	<~~center~~>~~'''Installing an automatic sensor in a floodplain piezometer.'''~~<~~/center~~>		<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:Installing_AutomaticSensors.jpg\|frameless\|left\|400px]]</li>
			<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:SettingUp_AutomaticSensors.jpg\|frameless\|right\|390px]]</li>
	[[~~Image~~:SettingUp_AutomaticSensors.jpg\|frameless\|~~center\|500px~~\|]]		</ul></div>
			</center>
	<~~center~~>~~'''Setting up automatic sensors in floodplain piezometers.'''~~</center>

			<center>''(left)''''' Installing an automatic sensor in a floodplain piezometer.'''</center>
			<center>''(right)''''' Setting up automatic sensors in floodplain piezometers.'''</center>
			<br>
	Soil water and shallower groundwater levels in the wetland piezometers are being monitored using water level sensors provided by the [https://www.uwa.edu.au/home/ University of Western Australia].		Soil water and shallower groundwater levels in the wetland piezometers are being monitored using water level sensors provided by the [https://www.uwa.edu.au/home/ University of Western Australia].

	Soil moisture content below the hill slope is measured by the buried [[Soil and shallow groundwater#Soil moisture sensors on the hill slope \| hill slope sensors]] every 30 minutes, and recorded by a logger at the ground surface. The logger is protected by a steel drum, so that it can't be damaged by grazing sheep or cows.		Soil moisture content below the hill slope is measured by the buried [[Soil and shallow groundwater#Soil moisture sensors on the hill slope \| hill slope sensors]] every 30 minutes, and recorded by a logger at the ground surface. The logger is protected by a steel drum, so that it can't be damaged by grazing sheep or cows.

	[[~~Image~~:Downloading_Water_LevelData.jpg\|frameless\|~~center\|500px~~\|]]		<center>
			<div><ul>
	<~~center~~>~~'''Downloading water level data from wetland piezometers.'''~~<~~/center~~>		<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:Downloading_Water_LevelData.jpg\|frameless\|left\|400px]]</li>
			<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:LoggerRecording.jpg\|frameless\|right\|400px]]</li>
	[[~~Image~~:LoggerRecording.jpg\|frameless\|~~center\|500px~~\|]]		</ul></div>
			</center>

	<center>'''Logger recording soil moisture data from buried sensors on the hill slope at Eddleston.'''</center>		<center>''(left)''''' Downloading water level data from wetland piezometers.'''</center>
			<center>''(right)''''' Logger recording soil moisture data from buried sensors on the hill slope at Eddleston.'''</center>

	==Contact==		==Contact==
	Contact [https://www.bgs.ac.uk/about-bgs/contact-us/ BGS Enquiries] for further information		Contact [https://www.bgs.ac.uk/about-bgs/contact-us/ BGS Enquiries] for further information
	[[category:Eddleston ]]		[[category:Eddleston ]]

Investigating groundwater chemistry

Ajhil — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 13:17:37 GMT

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	<center>'''Sampling groundwater from one of the floodplain boreholes.'''</center>		<center>'''Sampling groundwater from one of the floodplain boreholes.'''</center>
			<br>
			[[File:GroundwaterSampling_Video.jpg\|500px\|center\|link=https://youtube.com/watch?v=P5oAxdMcKdI]]
			<br>
			We collected groundwater samples for laboratory analysis, to discover their chemical composition.

	~~[[Image:GroundwaterSampling_Video~~.~~jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]~~		We used a digital titrator to measure the bicarbonate concentration (alkalinity) of freshly pumped groundwater samples to get the most accurate results.

	~~[https://www~~.~~youtube.com/watch?v=P5oAxdMcKdI/ Eddleston_floodplain_youtube.jpg]~~		Our portable meters measure other important parameters including pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen.

	[[Image:Bicarbonate.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]		[[Image:Bicarbonate.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]

	<center>'''Measuring bicarbonate alkalinity in the field using a titrator.'''</center>		<center>'''Measuring bicarbonate alkalinity in the field using a titrator.'''</center>

	~~We collected groundwater samples for laboratory analysis, to discover their chemical composition.~~

	~~We used a digital titrator to measure the bicarbonate concentration (alkalinity) of freshly pumped groundwater samples to get the most accurate results.~~

	~~Our portable meters measure other important parameters including pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen.~~

	==Contact==		==Contact==
	Contact [https://www.bgs.ac.uk/about-bgs/contact-us/ BGS Enquiries] for further information		Contact [https://www.bgs.ac.uk/about-bgs/contact-us/ BGS Enquiries] for further information
	[[category:Eddleston ]]		[[category:Eddleston ]]

Instructions for opening the Eddleston 3D pdf model

Ajhil — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 12:42:15 GMT

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	~~==Instructions for opening the Eddleston 3D pdf model==~~
	Firstly go to the BGS website, then click on the Our research Tab. In the left-hand menu click on Groundwater.		Firstly go to the BGS website, then click on the Our research Tab. In the left-hand menu click on Groundwater.

File:Ed Darnhall.jpg

Ajhil — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 12:39:14 GMT

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File:Ed Darnhall.jpg

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File:Ed Darnhall.jpg

Ajhil — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 12:21:10 GMT

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File:Ed Darnhall.jpg

Ajhil — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 12:20:28 GMT

File:Ed Darnhall.jpg

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Category:Eddleston

Ajhil — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 12:19:57 GMT

The experimental site

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	The BGS and the [https://www.dundee.ac.uk/ University of Dundee] are working on an experimental site approximately 0.3 km<sup>2</sup> in area, which includes most of the width of the Eddleston Water floodplain on both sides of the river.		The BGS and the [https://www.dundee.ac.uk/ University of Dundee] are working on an experimental site approximately 0.3 km<sup>2</sup> in area, which includes most of the width of the Eddleston Water floodplain on both sides of the river.

	[[Image:~~Ed_Darnhall_3May11~~.jpg\|frameless\|center\|800px\|]]		[[Image:Ed_Darnhall.jpg\|frameless\|center\|800px\|]]

	<center>'''A view across the Eddleston floodplain.</center>		<center>'''A view across the Eddleston floodplain.</center>

File:Ed Darnhall 3May11.jpg

Ajhil — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 12:19:25 GMT

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Category:Eddleston

Ajhil — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 12:18:44 GMT

The experimental site

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	The BGS and the [https://www.dundee.ac.uk/ University of Dundee] are working on an experimental site approximately 0.3 km<sup>2</sup> in area, which includes most of the width of the Eddleston Water floodplain on both sides of the river.		The BGS and the [https://www.dundee.ac.uk/ University of Dundee] are working on an experimental site approximately 0.3 km<sup>2</sup> in area, which includes most of the width of the Eddleston Water floodplain on both sides of the river.

	[[Image:~~Ed_Darnhall_3May11_278px~~.jpg\|frameless\|center\|800px\|]]		[[Image:Ed_Darnhall_3May11.jpg\|frameless\|center\|800px\|]]

	<center>'''A view across the Eddleston floodplain.</center>		<center>'''A view across the Eddleston floodplain.</center>

Groundwater in the floodplain

Ajhil — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 12:16:01 GMT

Borehole drilling into the floodplain

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	==Groundwater in the floodplain==		==Groundwater in the floodplain==

	~~[[File:Eddleston_floodplain_youtube~~.~~png\|100px\|link=https://youtube.com/watch?v=BTjvlUjKwQY\|400\|right\|Click to play video\|frame]]~~		Groundwater in the Quaternary aquifers below the Eddleston Water floodplain is connected to water in the soil; to the river; and to groundwater in the underlying bedrock aquifer.

			A large part of this work is investigating how groundwater in the floodplain interacts with water in the soil.

			Sometimes it is hard to distinguish what is groundwater and what is soil water, because they are so closely linked — [[Soil and shallow groundwater \| ''see'' Soil and shallow groundwater]]

	~~<center>~~[[File:Eddleston_floodplain_youtube.~~png~~\|~~300px~~\|link=https://~~youtube.com\|alt=Watch video on YouTube]]</center>~~		[[File:Eddleston_floodplain_youtube.jpg \|500px\|center\|link=https://youtube.com/watch?v=BTjvlUjKwQY]]

	~~<center>[https://www.~~youtube.com/watch?v=BTjvlUjKwQY~~/ Eddleston_floodplain_youtube.jpg~~]~~</center>~~

	<center>'''Drilling a borehole using a shell and auger rig,<br>Eddleston, 28 March 2011.'''</center>		<center>'''Drilling a borehole using a shell and auger rig,<br>Eddleston, 28 March 2011.'''</center>

	~~Groundwater in the Quaternary aquifers below the Eddleston Water floodplain is connected to water in the soil; to the river; and to groundwater in the underlying bedrock aquifer.~~

	~~A large part of this work is investigating how groundwater in the floodplain interacts with water in the soil.~~

	~~Sometimes it is hard to distinguish what is groundwater and what is soil water, because they are so closely linked — [[Soil and shallow groundwater \| ''see'' Soil and shallow groundwater]]~~

	===Borehole drilling into the floodplain===		===Borehole drilling into the floodplain===
	Nine boreholes were drilled into the Quaternary floodplain deposits at the Eddleston site, using a shell and auger (also called a percussion) drilling rig.		Nine boreholes were drilled into the Quaternary floodplain deposits at the Eddleston site, using a shell and auger (also called a percussion) drilling rig.

	~~[[Image:Drilling_Boreholes.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px\|]]~~

	~~<center>'''Drilling boreholes into the floodplain at Eddleston. The blue standpipe in the foreground is one borehole in a pair; the rig is drilling the second.'''</center>~~

	Geological samples were collected during drilling and detailed geological logs produced, to show how the Quaternary deposits change with depth and laterally across the floodplain.		Geological samples were collected during drilling and detailed geological logs produced, to show how the Quaternary deposits change with depth and laterally across the floodplain.

	These data were invaluable for creating the [[~~New geological map~~ of the Eddleston Water catchment \| 3D geological model]].		These data were invaluable for creating the [[Geology of the Eddleston Water catchment \| 3D geological model]].

	The boreholes were installed with piezometers for aquifer hydraulic testing and ongoing groundwater monitoring.		The boreholes were installed with piezometers for aquifer hydraulic testing and ongoing groundwater monitoring.
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	Most of the boreholes have only one piezometer, but two boreholes have a pair of nested piezometers at different depths, and one has a triplet of piezometers.		Most of the boreholes have only one piezometer, but two boreholes have a pair of nested piezometers at different depths, and one has a triplet of piezometers.

			[[Image:Drilling_Boreholes.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px\|]]

			<center>'''Drilling boreholes into the floodplain at Eddleston. The blue standpipe in the<br>foreground is one borehole in a pair; the rig is drilling the second.'''</center>

	===Hydraulic testing===		===Hydraulic testing===