View source for Tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of the Isle of Skye

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[[File:GSG_SKYE_12.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 12 Geological sketch-map of the Sea of the Hebrides (modified from Binns et al. 1974)]]
== Chapter 10 Tectonic and stratigraphic evolution ==
== (A) Introduction ==

The distribution of the geological units which crop out on Skye has been influenced by numerous tectonic events. First, all rocks of Cambro-Ordovician age, or older (see Chapter 2), have been affected, to some extent, by movements of the Moine and associated thrusts (see Section [[Tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of the Isle of Skye#(B) The Moine Thrust Zone|(10B)]], below). There is then a gap of over 200 m.y. in the geological record before the strata of the two Mesozoic sedimentary basins are encountered (see Section [[Tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of the Isle of Skye#(C) The Sea of the Hebrides and Inner Hebrides Sedimentary Basins|(10C)]], below). In addition, the Camasunary Fault, of Jurassic to Cretaceous age, influences pre-Tertiary outcrop patterns and probably was active during the evolution of these sedimentary basins (see Section [[Tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of the Isle of Skye#(D) The Camasunary Fault|(10D)]], below). Subsequently, the Lower Tertiary volcanic activity disrupted rocks of all ages and the extent of the lava field of north Skye appears to have been restricted by the shallow depression of the Sea of the Hebrides Basin (see Section [[Tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of the Isle of Skye#(C) The Sea of the Hebrides and Inner Hebrides Sedimentary Basins|(10C)]], below).

== (B) The Moine Thrust Zone ==

Details of the geometry and distribution of the Moine group of thrusts and thrust sheets occurring on Skye have been published by Peach et al. (1910) and Cheeney and Matthews (1965). The thrust planes dip at a shallow angle to the east and are post- Cambro-Ordovician in age. The dominant transportation direction was to the west.

The oldest rocks involved in these tectonic events are Lewisian Gneisses (see Section [[Pre-Palaeogene rocks of the Isle of Skye#(A) Lewisian Gneiss|(2A)]] of Chapter 2). Extensive erosion of these Archaean–Middle Proterozoic basement gneisses took place prior to the deposition of the Upper Proterozoic Torridonian and Moine sediments (see Sections [[Pre-Palaeogene rocks of the Isle of Skye#(B) Torridonian sedimentary rocks|(2B)]] and [[Pre-Palaeogene rocks of the Isle of Skye#(C) Moine schists|(2C)]] of Chapter 2). A further period of erosion followed before the deposition of Cambro-Ordovician strata (see Section [[Pre-Palaeogene rocks of the Isle of Skye#(D) Cambro-Ordovician sedimentary rocks|(2D)]] of Chapter 2). Subsequently, all of these units were involved in the thrusting events.

Some outcrops of Torridonian and Cambro-Ordovician sedimentary rocks are, however, still in situ. These occur at Ord, on the west side of the Sleat Peninsula, and in Strath Suardal. The overlying Kishorn Thrust Sheet consists of Torridonian strata (Applecross Group, see Section [[Pre-Palaeogene rocks of the Isle of Skye#(B) Torridonian sedimentary rocks|(2B)]] of Chapter 2) and is separated from the Cambro-Ordovician sequence, below, by the Kishorn Thrust Plane (Table 1). Above the Kishorn Thrust Sheet are the Tarskavaig and Moine Thrust Sheets, composed, predominantly, of Moine Schists and Lewisian Gneiss, respectively (Table 1).

== (C) The Sea of the Hebrides and Inner Hebrides Sedimentary Basins ==

Detailed sedimentological studies (for example, see the review by Hallam 1983) indicate that two distinct basins of deposition [[Media:GSG_SKYE_12.jpg|(Figure 12)]] developed within the Inner Hebrides region during Mesozoic times: (1) The Sea of the Hebrides Basin, represented by the Jurassic sequence of north Skye; and, (2) The Inner Hebrides Basin, represented by the Triassic and Jurassic sequence of central Skye. Separating the two basins was a horst-like structure, the SE side of which may be represented now by the Camasunary Fault (see Section (10D), below). In addition, the Minch Fault marks approximately the NW limit of the Sea of the Hebrides Basin and, like the Camasunary Fault, was most probably active during sedimentation (Steel 1977).

The oldest rocks attributable to either of these basins are coarse-grained, non-marine Triassic strata which were deposited in alluvial fans and on floodplains (see Section [[Pre-Palaeogene rocks of the Isle of Skye#(E) Triassic sedimentary rocks|(2E)]] of Chapter 2). Above, are distinctly marine Lower Jurassic sedimentary sequences, which pass gradually upwards into estuarine deposits (the Great Estuarine Group), and thence back into marine strata (the Staffin .'lay and Staffin Shale Formations) (see Section [[Pre-Palaeogene rocks of the Isle of Skye#(F) Jurassic sedimentary rocks|(2F)]] of Chapter 2. A period of uplift and erosion then ensued before further subsidence and deposition of Upper Cretaceous marine strata (see Section [[Pre-Palaeogene rocks of the Isle of Skye#(G) Cretaceous sedimentary rocks|(2G)]] of Chapter 2).

The earliest igneous rocks on Skye, of Lower Tertiary age, were, therefore, erupted onto an irregular surface of rocks of widely varying age. The overall geometry of the north Skye lava pile (Anderson and Dunham 1966) suggests that the oval-shaped Sea of the Hebrides Basin [[Media:GSG_SKYE_12.jpg|(Figure 12)]] was still evident during Lower Tertiary times and, consequently, influenced the distribution of the eruptive products (see Chapter 3). The positioning of the Lower Tertiary intrusive centres (see Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7) may have been controlled by the Camasunary Fault (see Section (10D), below, and Chapter 13).

== (D) The Camasunary Fault ==

The Camasunary Fault may be traced from Camasunary Bay, at the northern end of the Strathaird Peninsula, via a distinct spring-line, NE up the valley of the Abhainn nan Leac. The fault then disappears under Lower Tertiary intrusive and extrusive rocks in Coire Uaigneich, although its position may be inferred indirectly by the distribution of clast-types within the agglomerates and breccias on Belig (see Section [[The Western Red Hills Centre, Skye Central Complex#(B) The Belig and Meall a' Mhaoil vent agglomerates and breccias|(6B)]] of Chapter 6).

One of the most significant features of this fault is that it brings Torridonian and Middle to Upper Jurassic strata into juxtaposition, with an easterly downthrow of at least 600m. Upper Cretaceous strata and Lower Tertiary lavas, with no obvious displacement, are recorded from both sides of the fault, indicating that its main period(s) of movement was most likely pre-Upper Cretaceous.

There appears to be a close link between the Camasunary Fault and the Mesozoic sedimentary basins to the NW and SE (see Section [[Tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of the Isle of Skye#(C) The Sea of the Hebrides and Inner Hebrides Sedimentary Basins|(10C)]], above). Steel et al. (1975) and Steel (1977) consider that during the development of these basins, the Minch and Camasunary Faults (and other associated faults?) acted as submarine scarp slopes and controlled the distribution patterns of the sediment infills. The Torridonian strata which crop out in Camasunary Bay and further to the north (on the south side of Loch Sligachan) may have, at that time, been part of an emergent landmass.

==[[Excursion guide to the geology of the Isle of Skye#References|References]] ==
== [[Glossary of petrological names and terms found on the Isle of Skye|Appendix 1: Glossary of petrological names and terms]] ==

== [[Glossary of fossil names found on the Isle of Skye|Appendix 2: Glossary of fossil names]] ==

== [[Glossary of place names and grid references found on the Isle of Skye|Appendix 3: Glossary of place names and grid references]] ==
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[[Category:3. Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland]]