Baseline sampling and analysis methodology - Revision history

Ajhil: /* Sampling and analysis procedure */

2026-10-21T11:49:36Z

Sampling and analysis procedure

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:49, 21 October 2026
Line 66:		Line 66:
	* ''Samples for major- and trace-element analysis'' are filtered through 0.45 um filters and collected in polyethylene bottles rinsed with sample water before collection. Four filtered aliquots are collected at each site: two are acidified to 1% v/v with Aristar HNO<sub>3</sub>, one for analysis of major cations, total sulphur and Si by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy), and the other for a large range of trace elements by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). A third aliquot is acidified to 1% v/v with Aristar HCl for analysis of As by AFS (atomic fluorescence spectrometry) with hydride generation, to be used if necessary as a check on ICP-MS As analyses. A fourth aliquot is left unacidified for analysis of anions by ion chromatography (Cl, NO<sub>3</sub>-N, Br, F) and automated colorimetry (NO<sub>2</sub>-N, NH<sub>4</sub>-N).		* ''Samples for major- and trace-element analysis'' are filtered through 0.45 um filters and collected in polyethylene bottles rinsed with sample water before collection. Four filtered aliquots are collected at each site: two are acidified to 1% v/v with Aristar HNO<sub>3</sub>, one for analysis of major cations, total sulphur and Si by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy), and the other for a large range of trace elements by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). A third aliquot is acidified to 1% v/v with Aristar HCl for analysis of As by AFS (atomic fluorescence spectrometry) with hydride generation, to be used if necessary as a check on ICP-MS As analyses. A fourth aliquot is left unacidified for analysis of anions by ion chromatography (Cl, NO<sub>3</sub>-N, Br, F) and automated colorimetry (NO<sub>2</sub>-N, NH<sub>4</sub>-N).
	* ''Samples for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis'' are also collected in chromic-acid-washed glass bottles, after filtration using silver-impregnated 0.45 μm filters. DOC was measured by carbon analyser.		* ''Samples for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis'' are also collected in chromic-acid-washed glass bottles, after filtration using silver-impregnated 0.45 μm filters. DOC was measured by carbon analyser.
	* ''Stable-iostopic analysis'' - at most of the sample sites, additional water samples are collected in glass bottles for stable-isotopic analyses (δ<sup>2</sup>H, δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>13</sup>C).		* ''Stable-iostopic analysis'' – at most of the sample sites, additional water samples are collected in glass bottles for stable-isotopic analyses (δ<sup>2</sup>H, δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>13</sup>C).
	* ''CFC and SF<sub>6</sub> analysis'' – where it is possible to collect an air-free sample direct from the source, samples are also collected CFC and SF<sub>6</sub> analysis in glass bottles, submerged under flowing groundwater to prevent atmospheric contamination (Figure 3).		* ''CFC and SF<sub>6</sub> analysis'' – where it is possible to collect an air-free sample direct from the source, samples are also collected CFC and SF<sub>6</sub> analysis in glass bottles, submerged under flowing groundwater to prevent atmospheric contamination (Figure 3).

Ajhil at 09:39, 21 October 2026

2026-10-21T09:39:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:39, 21 October 2026
Line 64:		Line 64:
	Water samples are collected for subsequent laboratory analysis.		Water samples are collected for subsequent laboratory analysis.

	* ''Samples for major- and trace-element analysis'' are filtered through 0.45 um filters and collected in polyethylene bottles rinsed with sample water before collection. Four filtered aliquots are collected at each site: two are acidified to 1% v/v with Aristar HNO<sub>3</sub>, one for analysis of major cations, total sulphur and Si by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy), and the other for a large range of trace elements by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). A third aliquot is acidified to 1% v/v with Aristar HCl for analysis of As by AFS (atomic fluorescence spectrometry) with hydride generation, to be used if necessary as a check on ICP-MS As analyses. A fourth aliquot is left unacidified for analysis of anions by ion chromatography (Cl, ~~NO3~~-N, Br, F) and automated colorimetry (~~NO2~~-N, ~~NH4~~-N).		* ''Samples for major- and trace-element analysis'' are filtered through 0.45 um filters and collected in polyethylene bottles rinsed with sample water before collection. Four filtered aliquots are collected at each site: two are acidified to 1% v/v with Aristar HNO<sub>3</sub>, one for analysis of major cations, total sulphur and Si by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy), and the other for a large range of trace elements by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). A third aliquot is acidified to 1% v/v with Aristar HCl for analysis of As by AFS (atomic fluorescence spectrometry) with hydride generation, to be used if necessary as a check on ICP-MS As analyses. A fourth aliquot is left unacidified for analysis of anions by ion chromatography (Cl, NO<sub>3</sub>-N, Br, F) and automated colorimetry (NO<sub>2</sub>-N, NH<sub>4</sub>-N).
	* ''Samples for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis'' are also collected in chromic-acid-washed glass bottles, after filtration using silver-impregnated 0.45 μm filters. DOC was measured by carbon analyser.		* ''Samples for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis'' are also collected in chromic-acid-washed glass bottles, after filtration using silver-impregnated 0.45 μm filters. DOC was measured by carbon analyser.
	* ''Stable-iostopic analysis'' - at most of the sample sites, additional water samples are collected in glass bottles for stable-isotopic analyses (δ<sup>2</sup>H, δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>13</sup>C).		* ''Stable-iostopic analysis'' - at most of the sample sites, additional water samples are collected in glass bottles for stable-isotopic analyses (δ<sup>2</sup>H, δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>13</sup>C).

Ajhil at 09:39, 21 October 2026

2026-10-21T09:39:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:39, 21 October 2026
Line 64:		Line 64:
	Water samples are collected for subsequent laboratory analysis.		Water samples are collected for subsequent laboratory analysis.

	* ''Samples for major- and trace-element analysis'' are filtered through 0.45 um filters and collected in polyethylene bottles rinsed with sample water before collection. Four filtered aliquots are collected at each site: two are acidified to 1% v/v with Aristar HNO<sub>3</sub>, one for analysis of major cations, total sulphur and Si by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy), and the other for a large range of trace elements by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). A third aliquot is acidified to 1% v/v with Aristar HCl for analysis of As by AFS (atomic fluorescence spectrometry) with hydride generation, to be used if necessary as a check on ICP-MS As analyses. A fourth aliquot is left unacidified for analysis of anions by ion chromatography (Cl, ~~NO<sub>3</sub>~~-N, Br, F) and automated colorimetry (~~NO<sub>2</sub>~~-N, ~~NH<sub>4</sub>~~-N).		* ''Samples for major- and trace-element analysis'' are filtered through 0.45 um filters and collected in polyethylene bottles rinsed with sample water before collection. Four filtered aliquots are collected at each site: two are acidified to 1% v/v with Aristar HNO<sub>3</sub>, one for analysis of major cations, total sulphur and Si by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy), and the other for a large range of trace elements by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). A third aliquot is acidified to 1% v/v with Aristar HCl for analysis of As by AFS (atomic fluorescence spectrometry) with hydride generation, to be used if necessary as a check on ICP-MS As analyses. A fourth aliquot is left unacidified for analysis of anions by ion chromatography (Cl, NO3-N, Br, F) and automated colorimetry (NO2-N, NH4-N).
	* ''Samples for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis'' are also collected in chromic-acid-washed glass bottles, after filtration using silver-impregnated 0.45 μm filters. DOC was measured by carbon analyser.		* ''Samples for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis'' are also collected in chromic-acid-washed glass bottles, after filtration using silver-impregnated 0.45 μm filters. DOC was measured by carbon analyser.
	* ''Stable-iostopic analysis'' - at most of the sample sites, additional water samples are collected in glass bottles for stable-isotopic analyses (δ<sup>2</sup>H, δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>13</sup>C).		* ''Stable-iostopic analysis'' - at most of the sample sites, additional water samples are collected in glass bottles for stable-isotopic analyses (δ<sup>2</sup>H, δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>13</sup>C).

Ajhil at 09:39, 21 October 2026

2026-10-21T09:39:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:39, 21 October 2026
Line 64:		Line 64:
	Water samples are collected for subsequent laboratory analysis.		Water samples are collected for subsequent laboratory analysis.

	* ''Samples for major- and trace-element analysis'' are filtered through 0.45 um filters and collected in polyethylene bottles rinsed with sample water before collection. Four filtered aliquots are collected at each site: two are acidified to 1% v/v with Aristar HNO<sub>3</sub>, one for analysis of major cations, total sulphur and Si by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy), and the other for a large range of trace elements by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). A third aliquot is acidified to 1% v/v with Aristar HCl for analysis of As by AFS (atomic fluorescence spectrometry) with hydride generation, to be used if necessary as a check on ICP-MS As analyses. A fourth aliquot is left unacidified for analysis of anions by ion chromatography (Cl, ~~NO3~~-N, Br, F) and automated colorimetry (~~NO2~~-N, ~~NH4~~-N).		* ''Samples for major- and trace-element analysis'' are filtered through 0.45 um filters and collected in polyethylene bottles rinsed with sample water before collection. Four filtered aliquots are collected at each site: two are acidified to 1% v/v with Aristar HNO<sub>3</sub>, one for analysis of major cations, total sulphur and Si by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy), and the other for a large range of trace elements by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). A third aliquot is acidified to 1% v/v with Aristar HCl for analysis of As by AFS (atomic fluorescence spectrometry) with hydride generation, to be used if necessary as a check on ICP-MS As analyses. A fourth aliquot is left unacidified for analysis of anions by ion chromatography (Cl, NO<sub>3</sub>-N, Br, F) and automated colorimetry (NO<sub>2</sub>-N, NH<sub>4</sub>-N).
	* ''Samples for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis'' are also collected in chromic-acid-washed glass bottles, after filtration using silver-impregnated 0.45 μm filters. DOC was measured by carbon analyser.		* ''Samples for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis'' are also collected in chromic-acid-washed glass bottles, after filtration using silver-impregnated 0.45 μm filters. DOC was measured by carbon analyser.
	* ''Stable-iostopic analysis'' - at most of the sample sites, additional water samples are collected in glass bottles for stable-isotopic analyses (δ<sup>2</sup>H, δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>13</sup>C).		* ''Stable-iostopic analysis'' - at most of the sample sites, additional water samples are collected in glass bottles for stable-isotopic analyses (δ<sup>2</sup>H, δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>13</sup>C).

Ajhil at 09:37, 21 October 2026

2026-10-21T09:37:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:37, 21 October 2026
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	<center>'''Distribution of Baseline samples collected to 2010. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>		<center>'''Distribution of Baseline samples collected to 2010. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>


	<div><ul>		<div><ul>
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	<center>'''Taking air-free samples in a bucket containing flowing groundwater to<br>prevent atmospheric contamination for CFC and SF<sub>6</sub> analysis. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>		<center>'''Taking air-free samples in a bucket containing flowing groundwater to<br>prevent atmospheric contamination for CFC and SF<sub>6</sub> analysis. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>


	The primary criteria for including additional data from earlier studies was the demonstration of suitable robust sampling and analysis procedure. The distribution of baseline samples collated to 2010 is shown in Figure 1.		The primary criteria for including additional data from earlier studies was the demonstration of suitable robust sampling and analysis procedure. The distribution of baseline samples collated to 2010 is shown in Figure 1.

Ajhil: /* Sample site selection */

2026-10-21T09:36:51Z

Sample site selection

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:36, 21 October 2026
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	<center>'''Distribution of Baseline samples collected to 2010. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>		<center>'''Distribution of Baseline samples collected to 2010. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>

	[[Image:MajorTrace.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px\|]]		<div><ul>
			<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[Image:MajorTrace.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px]] </li>
			<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[Image:FilteringGroundwater.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px\|]] </li>
			</ul></div>

	<center>'''Major and trace element sampling in central Scotland. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>		<center>''(left)'' '''Major and trace element sampling in central Scotland. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>
			<center>''(right)'' '''Filtering groundwater for major and trace element samples. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>

	~~[[Image:FilteringGroundwater.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px\|]]~~

	<center>~~'''Filtering groundwater for major and trace element samples~~. ~~BGS © UKRI.'''~~</~~center~~>		<div><ul>
			<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[Image:MiningSites.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px]] </li>
			<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[Image:BoreholeAbstractions.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px\|]] </li>
			</ul></div>

	~~[[Image:MiningSites~~.~~jpg\|frameless\|~~center~~\|400px\|]]~~		<center>''(left)'' '''Sampling was done in both rural and mining sites. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>
			<center>''(right)'' '''Sampling was done from private, public and industrial borehole abstractions in Scotland. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>

	~~<center>'''Sampling was done in both rural and mining sites. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>~~

	~~[[Image:BoreholeAbstractions.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]~~

	~~<center>'''Sampling was done from private, public and industrial<br>borehole abstractions in Scotland. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>~~

	[[Image:AirFreeSamples.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]		[[Image:AirFreeSamples.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]

Ajhil at 13:08, 10 June 2026

2026-06-10T13:08:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:08, 10 June 2026
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	[[Image:AirFreeSamples.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]		[[Image:AirFreeSamples.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]

	<center>'''Taking air-free samples in a bucket containing flowing groundwater to ~~prevent~~<br>atmospheric contamination ~~for~~ for CFC and SF<sub>6</sub> analysis. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>		<center>'''Taking air-free samples in a bucket containing flowing groundwater to<br>prevent atmospheric contamination for CFC and SF<sub>6</sub> analysis. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>

	The primary criteria for including additional data from earlier studies was the demonstration of suitable robust sampling and analysis procedure. The distribution of baseline samples collated to 2010 is shown in Figure 1.		The primary criteria for including additional data from earlier studies was the demonstration of suitable robust sampling and analysis procedure. The distribution of baseline samples collated to 2010 is shown in Figure 1.

Ajhil at 13:07, 10 June 2026

2026-06-10T13:07:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:07, 10 June 2026
Line 25:		Line 25:
	[[Image:BoreholeAbstractions.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]		[[Image:BoreholeAbstractions.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]

	<center>'''Sampling was done from private, public and industrial ~~borehole~~<br>abstractions in Scotland. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>		<center>'''Sampling was done from private, public and industrial<br>borehole abstractions in Scotland. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>

	[[Image:AirFreeSamples.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]		[[Image:AirFreeSamples.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]

Ajhil at 13:07, 10 June 2026

2026-06-10T13:07:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:07, 10 June 2026
Line 25:		Line 25:
	[[Image:BoreholeAbstractions.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]		[[Image:BoreholeAbstractions.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]

	<center>'''Sampling was done from private, public and industrial borehole abstractions in Scotland. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>		<center>'''Sampling was done from private, public and industrial borehole<br>abstractions in Scotland. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>

	[[Image:AirFreeSamples.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]		[[Image:AirFreeSamples.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]

Ajhil at 13:07, 10 June 2026

2026-06-10T13:07:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:07, 10 June 2026
Line 29:		Line 29:
	[[Image:AirFreeSamples.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]		[[Image:AirFreeSamples.jpg\|frameless\|center\|400px\|]]

	<center>'''Taking air-free samples in a bucket containing flowing groundwater to prevent ~~atmospheric~~<br>contamination for for CFC and SF<sub>6</sub> analysis. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>		<center>'''Taking air-free samples in a bucket containing flowing groundwater to prevent<br>atmospheric contamination for for CFC and SF<sub>6</sub> analysis. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>

	The primary criteria for including additional data from earlier studies was the demonstration of suitable robust sampling and analysis procedure. The distribution of baseline samples collated to 2010 is shown in Figure 1.		The primary criteria for including additional data from earlier studies was the demonstration of suitable robust sampling and analysis procedure. The distribution of baseline samples collated to 2010 is shown in Figure 1.