Case Study Groundwater Dams - Revision history

LaurenGiles: /* Sources */ Foster S 2004 link

2024-01-22T12:22:21Z

Sources: Foster S 2004 link

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	ERHA / RAIN Foundation. [https://www.samsamwater.com/library/Manual_on_SAND_DAMS_in_Ethiopia.pdf Manual on Sand Dams in Ethiopia]. With Acacia Water.		ERHA / RAIN Foundation. [https://www.samsamwater.com/library/Manual_on_SAND_DAMS_in_Ethiopia.pdf Manual on Sand Dams in Ethiopia]. With Acacia Water.

	Foster S and Tuinhof A. 2004. [https://www.~~un-igrac~~.~~org~~/~~file~~/~~876/download?token=3wOXIvGF~~ Subsurface Dams to Augment Groundwater Storage in Basement Terrain for Human Subsistence in Brazil and Kenya]. Sustainable Groundwater Management Lessons from Practice Case Profile Collection Number 5. Washington: Global Water Partnership Associate Program, World Bank, December 2004.		Foster S and Tuinhof A. 2004. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288000111_Subsurface_Dams_to_Augment_Groundwater_Storage_in_Basement_Terrain_for_Human_Subsistence_in_Brazil_and_Kenya Subsurface Dams to Augment Groundwater Storage in Basement Terrain for Human Subsistence in Brazil and Kenya]. Sustainable Groundwater Management Lessons from Practice Case Profile Collection Number 5. Washington: Global Water Partnership Associate Program, World Bank, December 2004.

	Hanson G and Nilsson A. 1986. [https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/217-2992.pdf Ground-Water Dams for Rural-Water Supplies in Developing Countries]. Groundwater Vol. 24, No. 4 497-506. July-August 1986.		Hanson G and Nilsson A. 1986. [https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/217-2992.pdf Ground-Water Dams for Rural-Water Supplies in Developing Countries]. Groundwater Vol. 24, No. 4 497-506. July-August 1986.
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	Practical Action. 2005. [https://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/sand-dams Sand Dams: Feasible Rain Water Harvesting Technology for Arid and Semi Arid Lands].		Practical Action. 2005. [https://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/sand-dams Sand Dams: Feasible Rain Water Harvesting Technology for Arid and Semi Arid Lands].
	RAIN Foundation. 2011. [~~http~~://www.bebuffered.com/downloads/PracticalGuidetoSandDamImplementation_April_2011.pdf A practical guide to sand dam implementation: water supply through local structures as adaptation to climate change]. RAIN Foundation / Acacia Water, 2nd ed. 2011.		RAIN Foundation. 2011. [https://www.bebuffered.com/downloads/PracticalGuidetoSandDamImplementation_April_2011.pdf A practical guide to sand dam implementation: water supply through local structures as adaptation to climate change]. RAIN Foundation / Acacia Water, 2nd ed. 2011.

Beod at 11:08, 2 July 2019

2019-07-02T11:08:02Z

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	[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Additional resources \| Additional resources]] >> [[Case studies \| Case studies]] >> Groundwater Dams – examples from Ethiopia and Kenya		[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Additional resources \| Additional resources]] >> [[Case studies \| Case studies]] >> Case study: Groundwater Dams – examples from Ethiopia and Kenya

			Please cite page as: Africa Groundwater Atlas. 2019. Case study: Groundwater Dams – examples from Ethiopia and Kenya. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. ''Weblink''.

	This page is still in development - please check back soon for more content		This page is still in development - please check back soon for more content


	~~Go to~~ the [[Hydrogeology of Ethiopia \| '''Hydrogeology of Ethiopia''']] ~~page.~~		See also the [[Hydrogeology of Ethiopia \| '''Hydrogeology of Ethiopia''']] and [[Hydrogeology of Kenya \| '''Hydrogeology of Kenya''']] pages.

	~~Go to the~~ [[Hydrogeology of Kenya \| '''Hydrogeology of Kenya''']] ~~page~~.

Beod: /* Examples of groundwater dams */

2018-04-19T17:18:22Z

Examples of groundwater dams

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	The pictures below show another groundwater sand dam being constructed in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia, in 2007. The alluvial (river) sand of the valley aquifer is being dug out by mechanical digger and a brick/concrete dam wall built at the downstream end to prevent groundwater flowing downstream. Once built, the area behind the dam was refilled with permeable sand that stores groundwater for abstraction during the dry season. The picture on the right shows the concrete rings being used to construct a wide-diameter well at the edge of the valley, above river flood level, that will be used to abstract groundwater from the dammed aquifer.		The pictures below show another groundwater sand dam being constructed in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia, in 2007. The alluvial (river) sand of the valley aquifer is being dug out by mechanical digger and a brick/concrete dam wall built at the downstream end to prevent groundwater flowing downstream. Once built, the area behind the dam was refilled with permeable sand that stores groundwater for abstraction during the dry season. The picture on the right shows the concrete rings being used to construct a wide-diameter well at the edge of the valley, above river flood level, that will be used to abstract groundwater from the dammed aquifer.

	{\|		{\|
	[[File:sanddamethiopia.jpg\|thumb\| 400px\|left\|Constructing a sand dam in alluvial (river valley) sands in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia. Image credit: Brighid Ó Dochartaigh / BGS]]		\|-
			\|
			\|[[File:sanddamethiopia.jpg\|thumb\| 400px\|left\|Constructing a sand dam in alluvial (river valley) sands in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia. Image credit: Brighid Ó Dochartaigh / BGS]]

	[[File:sanddamwellethiopia.jpg\|thumb\| 400px\|right\|Concrete rings in the alluvial sand aquifer being used to construct a well for groundwater abstraction. Image credit: Brighid Ó Dochartaigh / BGS]]		[[File:sanddamwellethiopia.jpg\|thumb\| 400px\|right\|Concrete rings in the alluvial sand aquifer being used to construct a well for groundwater abstraction. Image credit: Brighid Ó Dochartaigh / BGS]]
	\|}		\|}







	'''Kenya'''		'''Kenya'''

Beod: /* Examples of groundwater dams */

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Examples of groundwater dams

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	[[File:sanddamwellethiopia.jpg\|thumb\| 400px\|right\|Concrete rings in the alluvial sand aquifer being used to construct a well for groundwater abstraction. Image credit: Brighid Ó Dochartaigh / BGS]]		[[File:sanddamwellethiopia.jpg\|thumb\| 400px\|right\|Concrete rings in the alluvial sand aquifer being used to construct a well for groundwater abstraction. Image credit: Brighid Ó Dochartaigh / BGS]]
	\|}		\|}







	'''Kenya'''		'''Kenya'''

Beod at 17:16, 19 April 2018

2018-04-19T17:16:53Z

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	The pictures below show another groundwater sand dam being constructed in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia, in 2007. The alluvial (river) sand of the valley aquifer is being dug out by mechanical digger and a brick/concrete dam wall built at the downstream end to prevent groundwater flowing downstream. Once built, the area behind the dam was refilled with permeable sand that stores groundwater for abstraction during the dry season. The picture on the right shows the concrete rings being used to construct a wide-diameter well at the edge of the valley, above river flood level, that will be used to abstract groundwater from the dammed aquifer.		The pictures below show another groundwater sand dam being constructed in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia, in 2007. The alluvial (river) sand of the valley aquifer is being dug out by mechanical digger and a brick/concrete dam wall built at the downstream end to prevent groundwater flowing downstream. Once built, the area behind the dam was refilled with permeable sand that stores groundwater for abstraction during the dry season. The picture on the right shows the concrete rings being used to construct a wide-diameter well at the edge of the valley, above river flood level, that will be used to abstract groundwater from the dammed aquifer.

			{\|
	[[File:sanddamethiopia.jpg\|thumb\| 400px\|left\|Constructing a sand dam in alluvial (river valley) sands in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia. Image credit: Brighid Ó Dochartaigh / BGS]]		[[File:sanddamethiopia.jpg\|thumb\| 400px\|left\|Constructing a sand dam in alluvial (river valley) sands in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia. Image credit: Brighid Ó Dochartaigh / BGS]]

	[[File:sanddamwellethiopia.jpg\|thumb\| 400px\|right\|Concrete rings in the alluvial sand aquifer being used to construct a well for groundwater abstraction. Image credit: Brighid Ó Dochartaigh / BGS]]		[[File:sanddamwellethiopia.jpg\|thumb\| 400px\|right\|Concrete rings in the alluvial sand aquifer being used to construct a well for groundwater abstraction. Image credit: Brighid Ó Dochartaigh / BGS]]
			\|}

	'''Kenya'''		'''Kenya'''

Beod: /* Examples of groundwater dams */

2018-04-19T17:15:50Z

Examples of groundwater dams

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	In Bombas in Ethiopia, a village of around 500 people, the Ethiopian Water Works Construction Authority (EWWCA) constructed a hybrid groundwater-sand dam in 1981. In a project costing US$15,000, unconsolidated sediment was excavated to 3 m depth to the top of bedrock. A dam of solid concrete was built to 0.8 m above the original ground level. Boulders were paced downstream of this wall to combat erosion. Sand accumulated behind the dam, forming an artificial aquifer that trapped and stored groundwater. A small quantity of groundwater flowed downstream over the wall, but the majority was stored in the new aquifer for several months into the dry season. Horizontal pipes were dug into the new aquifer to tap the stored groundwater and transport it 300 m downstream to a steel tank, from where villagers collected it.		In Bombas in Ethiopia, a village of around 500 people, the Ethiopian Water Works Construction Authority (EWWCA) constructed a hybrid groundwater-sand dam in 1981. In a project costing US$15,000, unconsolidated sediment was excavated to 3 m depth to the top of bedrock. A dam of solid concrete was built to 0.8 m above the original ground level. Boulders were paced downstream of this wall to combat erosion. Sand accumulated behind the dam, forming an artificial aquifer that trapped and stored groundwater. A small quantity of groundwater flowed downstream over the wall, but the majority was stored in the new aquifer for several months into the dry season. Horizontal pipes were dug into the new aquifer to tap the stored groundwater and transport it 300 m downstream to a steel tank, from where villagers collected it.

	The ~~photo~~ below ~~shows~~ another groundwater sand dam being constructed in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia, in 2007. The sand is being dug out by mechanical digger and a brick/concrete dam wall built at the downstream end. Once built, the area behind the dam was refilled with permeable sand that stores groundwater for abstraction during the dry season.		The pictures below show another groundwater sand dam being constructed in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia, in 2007. The alluvial (river) sand of the valley aquifer is being dug out by mechanical digger and a brick/concrete dam wall built at the downstream end to prevent groundwater flowing downstream. Once built, the area behind the dam was refilled with permeable sand that stores groundwater for abstraction during the dry season. The picture on the right shows the concrete rings being used to construct a wide-diameter well at the edge of the valley, above river flood level, that will be used to abstract groundwater from the dammed aquifer.

	[[File:sanddamethiopia.jpg\|thumb\| 400px\|~~center~~\|Constructing a sand dam in alluvial (river) sands in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia. Image credit: Brighid Ó Dochartaigh / BGS]]		[[File:sanddamethiopia.jpg\|thumb\| 400px\|left\|Constructing a sand dam in alluvial (river valley) sands in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia. Image credit: Brighid Ó Dochartaigh / BGS]]

			[[File:sanddamwellethiopia.jpg\|thumb\| 400px\|right\|Concrete rings in the alluvial sand aquifer being used to construct a well for groundwater abstraction. Image credit: Brighid Ó Dochartaigh / BGS]]

	'''Kenya'''		'''Kenya'''

Beod: /* Examples of groundwater dams */

2018-04-19T17:11:12Z

Examples of groundwater dams

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	In Bombas in Ethiopia, a village of around 500 people, the Ethiopian Water Works Construction Authority (EWWCA) constructed a hybrid groundwater-sand dam in 1981. In a project costing US$15,000, unconsolidated sediment was excavated to 3 m depth to the top of bedrock. A dam of solid concrete was built to 0.8 m above the original ground level. Boulders were paced downstream of this wall to combat erosion. Sand accumulated behind the dam, forming an artificial aquifer that trapped and stored groundwater. A small quantity of groundwater flowed downstream over the wall, but the majority was stored in the new aquifer for several months into the dry season. Horizontal pipes were dug into the new aquifer to tap the stored groundwater and transport it 300 m downstream to a steel tank, from where villagers collected it.		In Bombas in Ethiopia, a village of around 500 people, the Ethiopian Water Works Construction Authority (EWWCA) constructed a hybrid groundwater-sand dam in 1981. In a project costing US$15,000, unconsolidated sediment was excavated to 3 m depth to the top of bedrock. A dam of solid concrete was built to 0.8 m above the original ground level. Boulders were paced downstream of this wall to combat erosion. Sand accumulated behind the dam, forming an artificial aquifer that trapped and stored groundwater. A small quantity of groundwater flowed downstream over the wall, but the majority was stored in the new aquifer for several months into the dry season. Horizontal pipes were dug into the new aquifer to tap the stored groundwater and transport it 300 m downstream to a steel tank, from where villagers collected it.

	The photo below shows another groundwater sand dam being constructed in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia in 2007.		The photo below shows another groundwater sand dam being constructed in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia, in 2007. The sand is being dug out by mechanical digger and a brick/concrete dam wall built at the downstream end. Once built, the area behind the dam was refilled with permeable sand that stores groundwater for abstraction during the dry season.

	[[File:sanddamethiopia.jpg\|thumb\| 400px\|center\|Constructing a sand dam in alluvial (river) sands in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia. The sand is being dug out by mechanical digger and a brick/concrete dam wall built at the downstream end. Once built, the area behind the dam will be refilled with permeable sand that will store groundwater for abstraction during the dry season. Image credit: [Brighid Ó Dochartaigh / BGS]]		[[File:sanddamethiopia.jpg\|thumb\| 400px\|center\|Constructing a sand dam in alluvial (river) sands in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia. Image credit: Brighid Ó Dochartaigh / BGS]]

	'''Kenya'''		'''Kenya'''

Beod at 17:09, 19 April 2018

2018-04-19T17:09:53Z

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	The photo below shows another groundwater sand dam being constructed in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia in 2007.		The photo below shows another groundwater sand dam being constructed in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia in 2007.

			[[File:sanddamethiopia.jpg\|thumb\| 400px\|center\|Constructing a sand dam in alluvial (river) sands in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia. The sand is being dug out by mechanical digger and a brick/concrete dam wall built at the downstream end. Once built, the area behind the dam will be refilled with permeable sand that will store groundwater for abstraction during the dry season. Image credit: [Brighid Ó Dochartaigh / BGS]]

	'''~~Hybrid groundwater-sand dam in~~ Kenya'''		'''Kenya'''

	Between 1995 and 2005, the Sahelian Solutions Foundation (SASOL) constructed around 400 groundwater/sand dams in Kitui district in Kenya, at 0.5 – 1.0 km intervals along the beds of various rivers and ephemeral streams. The aim was to promote the development of new, permanent sandy alluvial aquifers along these river beds, which would trap seasonal rainfall and store it as groundwater into the dry season. Additional benefits are changing ecology from the greater water retention.		Between 1995 and 2005, the Sahelian Solutions Foundation (SASOL) constructed around 400 hybrid groundwater/sand dams in Kitui district in Kenya, at 0.5 – 1.0 km intervals along the beds of various rivers and ephemeral streams. The aim was to promote the development of new, permanent sandy alluvial aquifers along these river beds, which would trap seasonal rainfall and store it as groundwater into the dry season. Additional benefits are changing ecology from the greater water retention.

	The dams are mostly 2 – 4 m high and up to 500 m long. The stream bed and banks are excavated and the impermeable dams built across the valley. The dams are designed to last for 25 - 50 years. A 60 m3 dam cost approximately $7500 USD.		The dams are mostly 2 – 4 m high and up to 500 m long. The stream bed and banks are excavated and the impermeable dams built across the valley. The dams are designed to last for 25 - 50 years. A 60 m3 dam cost approximately $7500 USD.

Beod: /* Examples of groundwater dams */

2018-04-19T17:07:19Z

Examples of groundwater dams

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	===Examples of groundwater dams===		===Examples of groundwater dams===

	'''~~Hybrid groundwater-sand dam in~~ Ethiopia'''		'''Ethiopia'''

	In Bombas in Ethiopia, a village of around 500 people, the Ethiopian Water Works Construction Authority (EWWCA) constructed a sand dam in 1981. In a project costing US$15,000, unconsolidated sediment was excavated to 3 m depth to the top of bedrock. A dam of solid concrete was built to 0.8 m above the original ground level. Boulders were paced downstream of this wall to combat erosion. Sand accumulated behind the dam, forming an artificial aquifer that trapped and stored groundwater. A small quantity of groundwater flowed downstream over the wall, but the majority was stored in the new aquifer for several months into the dry season. Horizontal pipes were dug into the new aquifer to tap the stored groundwater and transport it 300 m downstream to a steel tank, from where villagers collected it.		In Bombas in Ethiopia, a village of around 500 people, the Ethiopian Water Works Construction Authority (EWWCA) constructed a hybrid groundwater-sand dam in 1981. In a project costing US$15,000, unconsolidated sediment was excavated to 3 m depth to the top of bedrock. A dam of solid concrete was built to 0.8 m above the original ground level. Boulders were paced downstream of this wall to combat erosion. Sand accumulated behind the dam, forming an artificial aquifer that trapped and stored groundwater. A small quantity of groundwater flowed downstream over the wall, but the majority was stored in the new aquifer for several months into the dry season. Horizontal pipes were dug into the new aquifer to tap the stored groundwater and transport it 300 m downstream to a steel tank, from where villagers collected it.

			The photo below shows another groundwater sand dam being constructed in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia in 2007.


	'''Hybrid groundwater-sand dam in Kenya'''		'''Hybrid groundwater-sand dam in Kenya'''

Beod: /* Sources */

2018-04-19T17:05:09Z

Sources

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:05, 19 April 2018
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	Acacia Water. 2010. Economic Evaluation of Water Buffering (Acacia, BGR, 2010)		Acacia Water. 2010. Economic Evaluation of Water Buffering (Acacia, BGR, 2010)

			ERHA / RAIN Foundation. [https://www.samsamwater.com/library/Manual_on_SAND_DAMS_in_Ethiopia.pdf Manual on Sand Dams in Ethiopia]. With Acacia Water.

	Foster S and Tuinhof A. 2004. [https://www.un-igrac.org/file/876/download?token=3wOXIvGF Subsurface Dams to Augment Groundwater Storage in Basement Terrain for Human Subsistence in Brazil and Kenya]. Sustainable Groundwater Management Lessons from Practice Case Profile Collection Number 5. Washington: Global Water Partnership Associate Program, World Bank, December 2004.		Foster S and Tuinhof A. 2004. [https://www.un-igrac.org/file/876/download?token=3wOXIvGF Subsurface Dams to Augment Groundwater Storage in Basement Terrain for Human Subsistence in Brazil and Kenya]. Sustainable Groundwater Management Lessons from Practice Case Profile Collection Number 5. Washington: Global Water Partnership Associate Program, World Bank, December 2004.
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	Practical Action. 2005. [https://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/sand-dams Sand Dams: Feasible Rain Water Harvesting Technology for Arid and Semi Arid Lands].		Practical Action. 2005. [https://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/sand-dams Sand Dams: Feasible Rain Water Harvesting Technology for Arid and Semi Arid Lands].
	RAIN Foundation. 2011. [http://www.bebuffered.com/downloads/PracticalGuidetoSandDamImplementation_April_2011.pdf A practical guide to sand dam implementation: water supply through local structures as adaptation to climate change]. RAIN Foundation / Acacia Water, 2nd ed. 2011.		RAIN Foundation. 2011. [http://www.bebuffered.com/downloads/PracticalGuidetoSandDamImplementation_April_2011.pdf A practical guide to sand dam implementation: water supply through local structures as adaptation to climate change]. RAIN Foundation / Acacia Water, 2nd ed. 2011.