Case Study Water Point Failure Uganda - Revision history

Beod at 10:58, 2 July 2019

2019-07-02T10:58:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:58, 2 July 2019
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	[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Additional resources \| Additional resources]] >> [[Case studies \| Case studies]] >> Reasons for water borehole failure in Uganda		[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Additional resources \| Additional resources]] >> [[Case studies \| Case studies]] >> Case study: Reasons for water borehole failure in Uganda

			Please cite page as: Africa Groundwater Atlas. 2019. Case study: Reasons for water borehole failure in Uganda. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. ''Weblink''.


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	==A local-level study of water boreholes failure in Uganda==		==A local-level study of water boreholes failure in Uganda==

	This case study describes work by the [https://upgro.org/consortium/hidden-crisis2/ '''Hidden Crisis'''] project, part of the [https://upgro.org/ '''UPGro'''] research ~~programm~~, to develop a toolbox to assess why water boreholes fail.		This case study describes work by the [https://upgro.org/consortium/hidden-crisis2/ '''Hidden Crisis'''] project, part of the [https://upgro.org/ '''UPGro'''] research programme, to develop a toolbox to assess why water boreholes fail.

	===The problem===		===The problem===

Beod at 16:59, 19 April 2018

2018-04-19T16:59:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:59, 19 April 2018
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	[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Additional resources \| Additional resources]] >> [[Case studies \| Case studies]] >> ~~Local level study of groundwater point~~ failure in Uganda		[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Additional resources \| Additional resources]] >> [[Case studies \| Case studies]] >> Reasons for water borehole failure in Uganda


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	==~~Local~~ level study of ~~groundwater point~~ failure in Uganda==		==A local-level study of water boreholes failure in Uganda==

	This case study describes work by the [https://upgro.org/consortium/hidden-crisis2/ '''Hidden Crisis'''] project, part of the [https://upgro.org/ '''UPGro'''] research programm, to develop a toolbox to assess why ~~groundwater points~~ fail.		This case study describes work by the [https://upgro.org/consortium/hidden-crisis2/ '''Hidden Crisis'''] project, part of the [https://upgro.org/ '''UPGro'''] research programm, to develop a toolbox to assess why water boreholes fail.

	===The problem===		===The problem===

Beod at 13:33, 17 April 2018

2018-04-17T13:33:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:33, 17 April 2018
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	[[File:UgandaHiddenCrisis1.png\|thumb\| 400 px\| center\| Location of Amuria (left) and Katakwi (right districts of Uganda. Image credit: [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ Bonsor et al. 2013]]]		[[File:UgandaHiddenCrisis1.png\|thumb\| 400 px\| center\| Location of Amuria (left) and Katakwi (right districts of Uganda. Image credit: [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ Bonsor et al. 2013]]]

	In both districts, most water points are deep boreholes (ranging from 15 to 100 m deep overall, but most are 40 to 60 m deep) fitted with hand pumps, of which 90% are community managed. These boreholes abstract groundwater from a Precambrian basement aquifer, which consists of a weathered regolith (overburden),usually 5 to 20 m thick, and underlying this a zone of fractured bedrock. The groundwater level is usually between 1 and 5 m below ground. The thickness and degree of weathering in the regolith, and the permeability of the deeper fractured zone, are the main controls on the size and sustainability of borehole yield.		In both districts, most water points are deep boreholes (ranging from 15 to 100 m deep overall, but most are 40 to 60 m deep) fitted with hand pumps, of which 90% are community managed. These boreholes abstract groundwater from a Precambrian basement aquifer, which consists of a weathered regolith (overburden), usually 5 to 20 m thick, and underlying this a zone of fractured bedrock. The groundwater level is usually between 1 and 5 m below ground. The thickness and degree of weathering in the regolith, and the permeability of the deeper fractured zone, are the main controls on the size and sustainability of borehole yield.

	Most of the boreholes are fitted with India Mark II, India Mark II Extra Deep Well or U2 hand pumps. In a Ugandan government Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) survey in 2010, about 15% of the groundwater points were found to be non-functional. These water points were throughout the districts, with no obvious spatial clustering. The reasons for non-functionality given by the MWE were largely technical failure or low yields.		Most of the boreholes are fitted with India Mark II, India Mark II Extra Deep Well or U2 hand pumps. In a Ugandan government Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) survey in 2010, about 15% of the groundwater points were found to be non-functional. These water points were throughout the districts, with no obvious spatial clustering. The reasons for non-functionality given by the MWE were largely technical failure or low yields.

Beod at 12:58, 29 March 2018

2018-03-29T12:58:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:58, 29 March 2018
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	The project carried out a pilot study in the districts of Amuria and Katakwi in northeast Uganda.		The project carried out a pilot study in the districts of Amuria and Katakwi in northeast Uganda.

	[[File:UgandaHiddenCrisis1.png\|thumb\| 400 px\| center\| Location of Amuria (left) and Katakwi (right districts of Uganda. ~~Figure source~~: [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ Bonsor et al. 2013]]]		[[File:UgandaHiddenCrisis1.png\|thumb\| 400 px\| center\| Location of Amuria (left) and Katakwi (right districts of Uganda. Image credit: [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ Bonsor et al. 2013]]]

	In both districts, most water points are deep boreholes (ranging from 15 to 100 m deep overall, but most are 40 to 60 m deep) fitted with hand pumps, of which 90% are community managed. These boreholes abstract groundwater from a Precambrian basement aquifer, which consists of a weathered regolith (overburden),usually 5 to 20 m thick, and underlying this a zone of fractured bedrock. The groundwater level is usually between 1 and 5 m below ground. The thickness and degree of weathering in the regolith, and the permeability of the deeper fractured zone, are the main controls on the size and sustainability of borehole yield.		In both districts, most water points are deep boreholes (ranging from 15 to 100 m deep overall, but most are 40 to 60 m deep) fitted with hand pumps, of which 90% are community managed. These boreholes abstract groundwater from a Precambrian basement aquifer, which consists of a weathered regolith (overburden),usually 5 to 20 m thick, and underlying this a zone of fractured bedrock. The groundwater level is usually between 1 and 5 m below ground. The thickness and degree of weathering in the regolith, and the permeability of the deeper fractured zone, are the main controls on the size and sustainability of borehole yield.
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	[[File:UgandaHiddenCrisis2.png\|thumb\| 400 px\| center\| Community survey being carried out during the Hidden Crisis project. ~~Figure source~~: [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ Bonsor et al. 2013]]]		[[File:UgandaHiddenCrisis2.png\|thumb\| 400 px\| center\| Community survey being carried out during the Hidden Crisis project. Image credit: [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ Bonsor et al. 2013]]]


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	The conclusion is that this borehole was not designed or constructed in an optimum way. If it had been sited in a more productive part of the aquifer, and/or the borehole screen had been installed to allow inflow from the weathered regolith zone of the aquifer, the water point may not have failed.		The conclusion is that this borehole was not designed or constructed in an optimum way. If it had been sited in a more productive part of the aquifer, and/or the borehole screen had been installed to allow inflow from the weathered regolith zone of the aquifer, the water point may not have failed.

	[[File:UgandaHiddenCrisis3.jpg\|thumb\| 400 px\| center\| Carrying out a pumping test on a failed borehole in Amuria District. ~~Figure source~~: [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ Bonsor et al. 2013]]]		[[File:UgandaHiddenCrisis3.jpg\|thumb\| 400 px\| center\| Carrying out a pumping test on a failed borehole in Amuria District. Image credit: [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ Bonsor et al. 2013]]]

	====Example - Water point, Katakwi District====		====Example - Water point, Katakwi District====
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	:- Other water sources were available in the community, which made the community less willing to pay to repair the failed water point.		:- Other water sources were available in the community, which made the community less willing to pay to repair the failed water point.

	[[File:UgandaHiddenCrisis4.png\|thumb\| 400 px\| center\| High demand on water points in Amuria District is just one of the complex set of interlinked factors that can lead to water point failure. ~~Figure source~~: [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ Bonsor et al. 2013]]]		[[File:UgandaHiddenCrisis4.png\|thumb\| 400 px\| center\| High demand on water points in Amuria District is just one of the complex set of interlinked factors that can lead to water point failure. Image credit: [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ Bonsor et al. 2013]]]

	===Analysing the results===		===Analysing the results===
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	Another RCA approach is a causal link diagram, which can begin to examine how different causal factors of a problem might interlink. This was very useful in identifying the number and the complexity of interlinked reasons for groundwater point failure.		Another RCA approach is a causal link diagram, which can begin to examine how different causal factors of a problem might interlink. This was very useful in identifying the number and the complexity of interlinked reasons for groundwater point failure.

	[[File:UgandaHiddenCrisis5.png\|thumb\| 400 px\| center\| A schematic causal link diagram of water point failure. Factors which can contribute to water point failure are shown in concentric rings around a failed water point in the centre. The arrows indicate linkages between different causal factors. Underlying conditions and root causes, which underpin these causal factors, and ultimately lead to water point failure, are shown by the outer circle of red text. ~~Figure source~~: [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ Bonsor et al. 2013]]]		[[File:UgandaHiddenCrisis5.png\|thumb\| 400 px\| center\| A schematic causal link diagram of water point failure. Factors which can contribute to water point failure are shown in concentric rings around a failed water point in the centre. The arrows indicate linkages between different causal factors. Underlying conditions and root causes, which underpin these causal factors, and ultimately lead to water point failure, are shown by the outer circle of red text. Image credit: [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ Bonsor et al. 2013]]]

	===Conclusions===		===Conclusions===
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	The figure below shows more detail of the hierarchy of symptoms, causal factors and underlying causes of groundwater source failure.		The figure below shows more detail of the hierarchy of symptoms, causal factors and underlying causes of groundwater source failure.

	[[File:UgandaHiddenCrisis6.png\|thumb\| 400 px\| center\| Hierarchy of symptoms, causal factors and underlying causes of groundwater source failure. ~~Figure source~~: Figure source: [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ Bonsor et al. 2013]]]		[[File:UgandaHiddenCrisis6.png\|thumb\| 400 px\| center\| Hierarchy of symptoms, causal factors and underlying causes of groundwater source failure. Image credit: Figure source: [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ Bonsor et al. 2013]]]

	===Source===		===Source===

Beod at 10:04, 28 March 2018

2018-03-28T10:04:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:04, 28 March 2018
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	[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Additional resources \| Additional resources]] >> [[Case studies \| Case studies]] >> Local level study of groundwater point failure in Uganda		[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Additional resources \| Additional resources]] >> [[Case studies \| Case studies]] >> Local level study of groundwater point failure in Uganda


			Go to the [[Hydrogeology of Uganda \| '''Hydrogeology of Uganda''']] page.

Beod: /* Conclusions */

2018-03-27T08:44:22Z

Conclusions

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:44, 27 March 2018
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	By analysing the results of the surveys, the Hidden Crisis project identified three overarching reasons for groundwater point failure in Amuria and Katakwi districts:		By analysing the results of the surveys, the Hidden Crisis project identified three overarching reasons for groundwater point failure in Amuria and Katakwi districts:

	:- ;Water point construction practices		:- '''Water point construction practices'''

	:- ;Community management models		:- '''Community management models'''

	:- ;Lack of knowledge of why water points fail		:- '''Lack of knowledge of why water points fail'''

	The figure below shows more detail of the hierarchy of symptoms, causal factors and underlying causes of groundwater source failure.		The figure below shows more detail of the hierarchy of symptoms, causal factors and underlying causes of groundwater source failure.

Beod: /* Local level study of groundwater point failure in Uganda */

2018-03-27T08:43:49Z

Local level study of groundwater point failure in Uganda

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:43, 27 March 2018
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	==Local level study of groundwater point failure in Uganda==		==Local level study of groundwater point failure in Uganda==

	This case study describes work by the [https://upgro.org/consortium/hidden-crisis2/ '''Hidden Crisis''' project, part of the [https://upgro.org/ '''UPGro'''] research programm, to develop a toolbox to assess why groundwater points fail.		This case study describes work by the [https://upgro.org/consortium/hidden-crisis2/ '''Hidden Crisis'''] project, part of the [https://upgro.org/ '''UPGro'''] research programm, to develop a toolbox to assess why groundwater points fail.

	===The problem===		===The problem===
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	[[File:UgandaHiddenCrisis1.png\|thumb\| 400 px\| center\| Location of Amuria (left) and Katakwi (right districts of Uganda. Figure source: [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ Bonsor et al. 2013]]]		[[File:UgandaHiddenCrisis1.png\|thumb\| 400 px\| center\| Location of Amuria (left) and Katakwi (right districts of Uganda. Figure source: [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ Bonsor et al. 2013]]]

	In both districts, most water points are deep boreholes (15 to 100 m deep, but ~~mostly~~ 40 to 60 m) fitted with hand pumps, of which 90% are community managed. These boreholes abstract groundwater from a Precambrian basement aquifer, which consists of a weathered regolith (overburden) ~~that’s~~ usually 5 to 20 m thick, and underlying this a zone of fractured bedrock. The groundwater level is usually between 1 and 5 m below ground. The thickness and degree of weathering in the regolith, and the permeability of the deeper fractured zone, are the main controls on the size and sustainability of borehole yield.		In both districts, most water points are deep boreholes (ranging from 15 to 100 m deep overall, but most are 40 to 60 m deep) fitted with hand pumps, of which 90% are community managed. These boreholes abstract groundwater from a Precambrian basement aquifer, which consists of a weathered regolith (overburden),usually 5 to 20 m thick, and underlying this a zone of fractured bedrock. The groundwater level is usually between 1 and 5 m below ground. The thickness and degree of weathering in the regolith, and the permeability of the deeper fractured zone, are the main controls on the size and sustainability of borehole yield.

	Most of the boreholes are fitted with India Mark II, India Mark II Extra Deep Well or U2 hand pumps. In a Ugandan government Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) survey in 2010, about 15% of the groundwater points were found to be non-functional. These water points were throughout the districts, with no obvious spatial clustering. The reasons for non-functionality given by the MWE were largely technical failure or low yields.		Most of the boreholes are fitted with India Mark II, India Mark II Extra Deep Well or U2 hand pumps. In a Ugandan government Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) survey in 2010, about 15% of the groundwater points were found to be non-functional. These water points were throughout the districts, with no obvious spatial clustering. The reasons for non-functionality given by the MWE were largely technical failure or low yields.
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	===What is ‘failure’?===		===What is ‘failure’?===

	The first thing the Hidden Crisis project did was develop a working definition of what ‘failure’ means for a borehole with a hand pump. One of the key difficulties when examining water point functionality data is that different studies use different definitions of ~~funcitonailtyi~~ and failure. The Hidden Crisis project defined failure of a rural water supply borehole as:		The first thing the Hidden Crisis project did was develop a working definition of what ‘failure’ means for a borehole with a hand pump. One of the key difficulties when examining water point functionality data is that different studies use different definitions of functionality and failure. The Hidden Crisis project defined failure of a rural water supply borehole as:

	''the inability of a water point to supply sufficient quantity or quality of water for domestic drinking needs, year-round''		''the inability of a water point to supply sufficient quantity or quality of water for domestic drinking needs, year-round''
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	===Toolbox methods===		===Toolbox methods===

	~~Investigation of~~ failed boreholes ~~was done with the following~~ stages:		The Hidden Crisis project investigated failed boreholes in three stages:

	:- (1) '''Reconnaissance surveys''' to identify failed water points across the districts, carried out by NGOs and government District water staff.		:- (1) '''Reconnaissance surveys''' to identify failed water points across the districts, carried out by NGOs and government District water staff.
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	:- (3) '''Technical investigations''' of a smaller selection of failed water points, to collect engineering and hydrogeological data		:- (3) '''Technical investigations''' of a smaller selection of failed water points, to collect engineering and hydrogeological data

	For more details on the toolbox and survey methods used by the project, see the [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ Hidden Crisis project report].		For more details on the toolbox and survey methods used by the project, see the [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/511071/ '''Hidden Crisis project report'''].


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	:- Detailed community surveys were carried out at 24 of these failed water points		:- Detailed community surveys were carried out at 24 of these failed water points

	:-Technical investigations were also carried out at 10 of the failed water points		:- Technical investigations were also carried out at 10 of the failed water points


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	===Analysing the results===		===Analysing the results===

	Understanding why water supply services fail requires a systems approach, which recognises the many different components of the service delivery chain and the variety of interlinked factors (technical, social, institutional) that can contribute to failure.		Understanding why water supply services fail requires a systems approach, which recognises the many different components of the service delivery chain, and the variety of interlinked factors (technical, social, institutional) that can contribute to failure.

	The Hidden Crisis project used ‘Root Cause Analysis’ (RCA) approaches to investigate the causes of water point failure. The first way they did this was the ‘5 whys’ approach – a problem is stated and then five ‘why’ questions are asked, in order to delve into the underlying causes of the problem.		The Hidden Crisis project used ‘Root Cause Analysis’ (RCA) approaches to investigate the causes of water point failure. The first way they did this was the ‘5 whys’ approach – a problem is stated and then five ‘why’ questions are asked, in order to delve into the underlying causes of the problem.
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	By analysing the results of the surveys, the Hidden Crisis project identified three overarching reasons for groundwater point failure in Amuria and Katakwi districts:		By analysing the results of the surveys, the Hidden Crisis project identified three overarching reasons for groundwater point failure in Amuria and Katakwi districts:

	:- Water point construction practices		:- ;Water point construction practices

	:- Community management models		:- ;Community management models

	:- Lack of knowledge of why water points fail		:- ;Lack of knowledge of why water points fail

	The figure below shows more detail of the hierarchy of symptoms, causal factors and underlying causes of groundwater source failure.		The figure below shows more detail of the hierarchy of symptoms, causal factors and underlying causes of groundwater source failure.

Beod at 08:40, 27 March 2018

2018-03-27T08:40:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:40, 27 March 2018
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	==Local level study of groundwater point failure in Uganda==		==Local level study of groundwater point failure in Uganda==

	This case study describes work by the [https://upgro.org/consortium/hidden-crisis2/ ~~<sup>~~Hidden Crisis~~</sup>]~~ project, part of the [https://upgro.org/ ~~<sup>~~UPGro~~</sup>~~] research programm, to develop a toolbox to assess why groundwater points fail.		This case study describes work by the [https://upgro.org/consortium/hidden-crisis2/ '''Hidden Crisis''' project, part of the [https://upgro.org/ '''UPGro'''] research programm, to develop a toolbox to assess why groundwater points fail.

	===The problem===		===The problem===

Beod: /* The problem */

2018-03-27T08:39:56Z

The problem

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:39, 27 March 2018
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	There are complex and multifaceted reasons for why groundwater-based water points fail. These may include one or more of:		There are complex and multifaceted reasons for why groundwater-based water points fail. These may include one or more of:

	: hydrogeological reasons – both groundwater quality and quantity;		:- hydrogeological reasons – both groundwater quality and quantity;
	: mechanical reasons;		:- mechanical reasons;
	: design and/or management reasons;		:- design and/or management reasons;
	: wider economic reasons; and		:- wider economic reasons; and
	: social reasons.		:- social reasons.

	But in spite of the big scale of the problem, there is little evidence for exactly why groundwater-based supplies continue to fail in Africa.		But in spite of the big scale of the problem, there is little evidence for exactly why groundwater-based supplies continue to fail in Africa.

	===Water supply in Amuria and Katakwi districts, Uganda===		===Water supply in Amuria and Katakwi districts, Uganda===

Beod: /* Local level study of groundwater point failure in Uganda */

2018-03-27T08:39:44Z

Local level study of groundwater point failure in Uganda

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:39, 27 March 2018
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	There are complex and multifaceted reasons for why groundwater-based water points fail. These may include one or more of:		There are complex and multifaceted reasons for why groundwater-based water points fail. These may include one or more of:

	; hydrogeological reasons – both groundwater quality and quantity;		: hydrogeological reasons – both groundwater quality and quantity;
	; mechanical reasons;		: mechanical reasons;
	; design and/or management reasons;		: design and/or management reasons;
	; wider economic reasons; and		: wider economic reasons; and
	; social reasons.		: social reasons.

	But in spite of the big scale of the problem, there is little evidence for exactly why groundwater-based supplies continue to fail in Africa.		But in spite of the big scale of the problem, there is little evidence for exactly why groundwater-based supplies continue to fail in Africa.