Catcraig - an excursion - Revision history

Scotfot at 09:47, 7 November 2015

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	[[File:Lothian Geology cover.jpg\|thumb\|100px\|right\|[http://www.edinburghgeolsoc.org/p_sales.html#lothiangeology Buy the book]]]		[[File:Lothian Geology cover.jpg\|thumb\|100px\|right\|[http://www.edinburghgeolsoc.org/p_sales.html#lothiangeology Buy the book]]]
	'''By E.N.K. Clarkson. From: Lothian geology ~~and~~ excursion guide. Edited by A.D. McAdam and E.N.K. Clarkson. 1996.'''		'''By E.N.K. Clarkson. From: [[Lothian Geology: an excursion guide\|Lothian geology: an excursion guide]]. Edited by A.D. McAdam and E.N.K. Clarkson. 1996.'''

	O.S. 1:50,000 Sheet 61 Duns & Dunbar		O.S. 1:50,000 Sheet 61 Duns & Dunbar

Dbk: /* At all times follow: The Scottish Access Codeand Code of Conduct for Fieldwork */

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At all times follow: The Scottish Access Codeand Code of Conduct for Fieldwork

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	== At all times follow: [http://www.outdooraccess-scotland.com/the-act-and-the-code/introduction The Scottish Access Code]and [http://www.geologistsassociation.org.uk/downloads/Code%20of%20conduct/Code%20for%20fieldwork%20combined.pdf Code of Conduct for Fieldwork] ==		{{EGwalks}}


	[[category:5. Midland Valley of Scotland]]		[[category:5. Midland Valley of Scotland]]

Scotfot at 18:30, 21 February 2015

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	The pipeline east of the lighthouse marks a convenient limit to this excursion.		The pipeline east of the lighthouse marks a convenient limit to this excursion.


			== At all times follow: [http://www.outdooraccess-scotland.com/the-act-and-the-code/introduction The Scottish Access Code]and [http://www.geologistsassociation.org.uk/downloads/Code%20of%20conduct/Code%20for%20fieldwork%20combined.pdf Code of Conduct for Fieldwork] ==


			[[category:5. Midland Valley of Scotland]]

Scotfot at 17:58, 21 February 2015

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	'''By E.N.K. Clarkson. From: Lothian geology and excursion guide. Edited by A.D. McAdam and E.N.K. Clarkson. 1996.'''		'''By E.N.K. Clarkson. From: Lothian geology and excursion guide. Edited by A.D. McAdam and E.N.K. Clarkson. 1996.'''

	O.S. 1:50,000 Sheet 61 Duns & Dunbar		O.S. 1:50,000 Sheet 61 Duns & Dunbar

	~~[http://www.largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/mapsportal.html?id=xxxxxxxxx BGS 1:50 000 Geological Survey of Scotland map. 33E Bedrock]~~

	==== Introduction ====		==== Introduction ====

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	The fine coastal section at Catcraig exposes the Dinantian limestone-bearing strata of the Lower Limestone Group and the topmost Calciferous Sandstone Measures. The sediments are cyclical with the thick fossiliferous limestone and calcareous mudstones overlain by deltaic mudstone-siltstone-sandstone sequences and underlain by a thin coal or coal position on a seatearth. The Calciferous Sandstone Measure-Lower Limestone Group boundary is taken at the base of the Upper Longcraig Limestone. The beds below belong to the Brigantian Stage (P1) and the VF miospore zone, the higher beds to the P2 goniatite zone and the F-NC miospore zone (Francis ''in'' Craig 1983. Davies in Anon. 1972).		The fine coastal section at Catcraig exposes the Dinantian limestone-bearing strata of the Lower Limestone Group and the topmost Calciferous Sandstone Measures. The sediments are cyclical with the thick fossiliferous limestone and calcareous mudstones overlain by deltaic mudstone-siltstone-sandstone sequences and underlain by a thin coal or coal position on a seatearth. The Calciferous Sandstone Measure-Lower Limestone Group boundary is taken at the base of the Upper Longcraig Limestone. The beds below belong to the Brigantian Stage (P1) and the VF miospore zone, the higher beds to the P2 goniatite zone and the F-NC miospore zone (Francis ''in'' Craig 1983. Davies in Anon. 1972).



	The general succession at Catcraig is:		The general succession at Catcraig is:

Scotfot at 17:57, 21 February 2015

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	O.S. 1:50,000 Sheet 61 Duns & Dunbar		O.S. 1:50,000 Sheet 61 Duns & Dunbar

	B.G.S. 1:~~50000 Sheet~~ 33E ~~Dunbar~~		[http://www.largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/mapsportal.html?id=xxxxxxxxx BGS 1:50 000 Geological Survey of Scotland map. 33E Bedrock]

	~~Route: Map 16~~

	==== Introduction ====		==== Introduction ====

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	\|}		\|}



	The beds lie south of the Southern Upland Fault in the Dunbar Basin. They have a gentle dip to the cast, complicated by minor faulting. Because the limestones are accessible they were worked from the late 18th century and burnt for agricultural lime at the Catcraig Limekiln. Now they arc exploited in the huge opencast quarries to supply the Dunbar Cement Works of Blue Circle Industries plc whose chimney and kiln dominate the skyline. It is the Upper Longcraig and Middle Skate raw Limestones that are used together with some of the intervening mudstones. Geological visitors wishing to study the excellent sections in the opencast site should write to the General Works Manager.		The beds lie south of the Southern Upland Fault in the Dunbar Basin. They have a gentle dip to the cast, complicated by minor faulting. Because the limestones are accessible they were worked from the late 18th century and burnt for agricultural lime at the Catcraig Limekiln. Now they arc exploited in the huge opencast quarries to supply the Dunbar Cement Works of Blue Circle Industries plc whose chimney and kiln dominate the skyline. It is the Upper Longcraig and Middle Skate raw Limestones that are used together with some of the intervening mudstones. Geological visitors wishing to study the excellent sections in the opencast site should write to the General Works Manager.

	[[~~Image~~:P001526.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Catcraig Limekiln, Dunbar, East Lothian. [http://194.66.252.158/asset-bank/action/viewAsset?id=2818 P001526]		[[File:P001526.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Catcraig Limekiln, Dunbar, East Lothian. [http://194.66.252.158/asset-bank/action/viewAsset?id=2818 P001526]]]


	Access to the coastal section is obtained from the new A1 road. Turn seaward at the west end of the cement works, signposted East Barns. Turn right along the old A1 taking either the first left to the White Sands car park or second left to Barns Ness Lighthouse caravan site and car park. The area has been laid out as a nature trail by East Lothian District Council. A booklet is available and explanatory notices and geological maps are displayed in the limekiln (Figure 17). The limestone horizons can be located by concrete marker-pillars. numbered as in the above section. The starting point for the excursion is at the old Catcraig limekiln. The excursion takes at least half a day, longer if detailed collecting is included, and is preferably done when the tide is not high.		Access to the coastal section is obtained from the new A1 road. Turn seaward at the west end of the cement works, signposted East Barns. Turn right along the old A1 taking either the first left to the White Sands car park or second left to Barns Ness Lighthouse caravan site and car park. The area has been laid out as a nature trail by East Lothian District Council. A booklet is available and explanatory notices and geological maps are displayed in the limekiln (Figure 17). The limestone horizons can be located by concrete marker-pillars. numbered as in the above section. The starting point for the excursion is at the old Catcraig limekiln. The excursion takes at least half a day, longer if detailed collecting is included, and is preferably done when the tide is not high.

Scotfot at 17:37, 21 February 2015

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	~~Catcraig~~		[[File:Lothian Geology cover.jpg\|thumb\|100px\|right\|[http://www.edinburghgeolsoc.org/p_sales.html#lothiangeology Buy the book]]]



	'''By E.N.K. Clarkson. From: Lothian geology and excursion guide. Edited by A.D. McAdam and E.N.K. Clarkson. 1996.'''		'''By E.N.K. Clarkson. From: Lothian geology and excursion guide. Edited by A.D. McAdam and E.N.K. Clarkson. 1996.'''

			O.S. 1:50,000 Sheet 61 Duns & Dunbar

	O.S. 1:50,000 Sheet 61 Duns & Dunbar

	B.G.S. 1:50000 Sheet 33E Dunbar		B.G.S. 1:50000 Sheet 33E Dunbar
Line 79:		Line 74:

	The beds lie south of the Southern Upland Fault in the Dunbar Basin. They have a gentle dip to the cast, complicated by minor faulting. Because the limestones are accessible they were worked from the late 18th century and burnt for agricultural lime at the Catcraig Limekiln. Now they arc exploited in the huge opencast quarries to supply the Dunbar Cement Works of Blue Circle Industries plc whose chimney and kiln dominate the skyline. It is the Upper Longcraig and Middle Skate raw Limestones that are used together with some of the intervening mudstones. Geological visitors wishing to study the excellent sections in the opencast site should write to the General Works Manager.		The beds lie south of the Southern Upland Fault in the Dunbar Basin. They have a gentle dip to the cast, complicated by minor faulting. Because the limestones are accessible they were worked from the late 18th century and burnt for agricultural lime at the Catcraig Limekiln. Now they arc exploited in the huge opencast quarries to supply the Dunbar Cement Works of Blue Circle Industries plc whose chimney and kiln dominate the skyline. It is the Upper Longcraig and Middle Skate raw Limestones that are used together with some of the intervening mudstones. Geological visitors wishing to study the excellent sections in the opencast site should write to the General Works Manager.

			[[Image:P001526.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Catcraig Limekiln, Dunbar, East Lothian. [http://194.66.252.158/asset-bank/action/viewAsset?id=2818 P001526]


	Access to the coastal section is obtained from the new A1 road. Turn seaward at the west end of the cement works, signposted East Barns. Turn right along the old A1 taking either the first left to the White Sands car park or second left to Barns Ness Lighthouse caravan site and car park. The area has been laid out as a nature trail by East Lothian District Council. A booklet is available and explanatory notices and geological maps are displayed in the limekiln (Figure 17). The limestone horizons can be located by concrete marker-pillars. numbered as in the above section. The starting point for the excursion is at the old Catcraig limekiln. The excursion takes at least half a day, longer if detailed collecting is included, and is preferably done when the tide is not high.		Access to the coastal section is obtained from the new A1 road. Turn seaward at the west end of the cement works, signposted East Barns. Turn right along the old A1 taking either the first left to the White Sands car park or second left to Barns Ness Lighthouse caravan site and car park. The area has been laid out as a nature trail by East Lothian District Council. A booklet is available and explanatory notices and geological maps are displayed in the limekiln (Figure 17). The limestone horizons can be located by concrete marker-pillars. numbered as in the above section. The starting point for the excursion is at the old Catcraig limekiln. The excursion takes at least half a day, longer if detailed collecting is included, and is preferably done when the tide is not high.
Line 123:		Line 121:

	The pipeline east of the lighthouse marks a convenient limit to this excursion.		The pipeline east of the lighthouse marks a convenient limit to this excursion.


	~~Photo caption~~

	~~3. Limestones and mudstones. Lower Limestone Group, cut by basalt dyke and overlain by glacial deposits. Oxwellmains North Ouarry~~

Scotfot at 17:06, 21 February 2015

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	Access to the coastal section is obtained from the new A1 road. Turn seaward at the west end of the cement works, signposted East Barns. Turn right along the old A1 taking either the first left to the White Sands car park or second left to Barns Ness Lighthouse caravan site and car park. The area has been laid out as a nature trail by East Lothian District Council. A booklet is available and explanatory notices and geological maps are displayed in the limekiln (Figure 17). The limestone horizons can be located by concrete marker-pillars. numbered as in the above section. The starting point for the excursion is at the old Catcraig limekiln. The excursion takes at least half a day, longer if detailed collecting is included, and is preferably done when the tide is not high.		Access to the coastal section is obtained from the new A1 road. Turn seaward at the west end of the cement works, signposted East Barns. Turn right along the old A1 taking either the first left to the White Sands car park or second left to Barns Ness Lighthouse caravan site and car park. The area has been laid out as a nature trail by East Lothian District Council. A booklet is available and explanatory notices and geological maps are displayed in the limekiln (Figure 17). The limestone horizons can be located by concrete marker-pillars. numbered as in the above section. The starting point for the excursion is at the old Catcraig limekiln. The excursion takes at least half a day, longer if detailed collecting is included, and is preferably done when the tide is not high.

			[[Image:CatcraigExcursionMap.jpg\|thumb\|600px\|center\|Catcraig - an excursion map]]

	==== 1. Lower Longcraig Limestone ====		==== 1. Lower Longcraig Limestone ====

Scotfot at 17:02, 21 February 2015

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	The beds lie south of the Southern Upland Fault in the Dunbar Basin. They have a gentle dip to the cast, complicated by minor faulting. Because the limestones are accessible they were worked from the late 18th century and burnt for agricultural lime at the Catcraig Limekiln. Now they arc exploited in the huge opencast quarries to supply the Dunbar Cement Works of Blue Circle Industries plc whose chimney and kiln dominate the skyline. It is the Upper Longcraig and Middle Skate raw Limestones that are used ~~together~~ with some of the intervening mudstones. Geological visitors wishing to study the excellent sections in the opencast site should write to the General Works Manager.		The beds lie south of the Southern Upland Fault in the Dunbar Basin. They have a gentle dip to the cast, complicated by minor faulting. Because the limestones are accessible they were worked from the late 18th century and burnt for agricultural lime at the Catcraig Limekiln. Now they arc exploited in the huge opencast quarries to supply the Dunbar Cement Works of Blue Circle Industries plc whose chimney and kiln dominate the skyline. It is the Upper Longcraig and Middle Skate raw Limestones that are used together with some of the intervening mudstones. Geological visitors wishing to study the excellent sections in the opencast site should write to the General Works Manager.

	Access to the coastal section is obtained from the new A1 road. Turn seaward at the west end of the cement works, signposted East Barns. Turn right along the old ~~A 1~~ taking either the first left to the White Sands car park or second left to Barns Ness Lighthouse caravan site and car park. The area has been laid out as a nature trail by East Lothian District Council. A booklet is available and explanatory notices and geological maps are displayed in the limekiln (Figure 17). The limestone horizons can be located by concrete marker-pillars. numbered as in the above section. The starting point for the excursion is at the old Catcraig limekiln. The excursion takes at least half a day, longer if detailed collecting is included, and is preferably done when the tide is not high.		Access to the coastal section is obtained from the new A1 road. Turn seaward at the west end of the cement works, signposted East Barns. Turn right along the old A1 taking either the first left to the White Sands car park or second left to Barns Ness Lighthouse caravan site and car park. The area has been laid out as a nature trail by East Lothian District Council. A booklet is available and explanatory notices and geological maps are displayed in the limekiln (Figure 17). The limestone horizons can be located by concrete marker-pillars. numbered as in the above section. The starting point for the excursion is at the old Catcraig limekiln. The excursion takes at least half a day, longer if detailed collecting is included, and is preferably done when the tide is not high.

	==== 1. Lower Longcraig Limestone ====		==== 1. Lower Longcraig Limestone ====
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	The lowest beds in the section are secn opposite the old limekiln where the Middle Longcraig Limestone forms an extensive wave cut platform along the shore. This light-grey, highly nodular and often crinoidal limestone has in places a yellow dolomitised upper surface marked by possible glacial striations subparallel with the shore. The limestone rests on sandy beds. seen near the water outlet at the western end of the section. in which the trace fossil Zoophycos and U-shaped tubes occur.		The lowest beds in the section are secn opposite the old limekiln where the Middle Longcraig Limestone forms an extensive wave cut platform along the shore. This light-grey, highly nodular and often crinoidal limestone has in places a yellow dolomitised upper surface marked by possible glacial striations subparallel with the shore. The limestone rests on sandy beds. seen near the water outlet at the western end of the section. in which the trace fossil Zoophycos and U-shaped tubes occur.

	The Middle Longcraig Limestone contains excellent ~~specimens~~ of the corals Lithostrotion junceum and L. pauciradiale particularly near the hydraulic ram, along with the brachiopods Eomarginifera, Spirifer and Composila, with bryozoan debris between the nodules. The upper surface of this limestone is indented with striking basin-shaped hollows about 1 m across and more-or-less evenly spaced. These potholes are of Carboniferous age since they are partially filled in by overlying fireclay and might represent the sites of now-vanished Carboniferous forest trees. The absence of the deltaic part of the cycle might be partly responsible for this. The thin coal seam can be seen in the low cliff, with Stigmaria and rootlets visible in the seatclays.		The Middle Longcraig Limestone contains excellent specimens of the corals ''Lithostrotion junceum'' and ''L. pauciradiale'' particularly near the hydraulic ram, along with the brachiopods ''Eomarginifera'', ''Spirifer'' and ''Composila'', with bryozoan debris between the nodules. The upper surface of this limestone is indented with striking basin-shaped hollows about 1 m across and more-or-less evenly spaced. These potholes are of Carboniferous age since they are partially filled in by overlying fireclay and might represent the sites of now-vanished Carboniferous forest trees. The absence of the deltaic part of the cycle might be partly responsible for this. The thin coal seam can be seen in the low cliff, with Stigmaria and rootlets visible in the seatclays.



	The overlying mudstone forming an elongated shelf has beds rich in the productoid brachiopod Eomarginifera and the bivalve Streblopteria. Other horizons have copious debris of small crinoids.		The overlying mudstone forming an elongated shelf has beds rich in the productoid brachiopod Eomarginifera and the bivalve Streblopteria. Other horizons have copious debris of small crinoids.



	==== 3. Upper Longcraig Limestone ====		==== 3. Upper Longcraig Limestone ====
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	The 6 m thick pale grey Upper Longcraig Limestone, above the mudstone, is exposed along the shore. A band, 25 cm thick, about 1 m below the top of the limestone, composed entirely of the coral Koninckophyllum, is readily distinguished. This limestone is also exposed inland, in the quarries near the limekilns, where it is very hard, dolomitised, and in places highly brecciated. Irregular undulating surfaces occur within the limestone and some surfaces are covered with dolomite crystals. The overlying mudstone contains plant fragments.		The 6 m thick pale grey Upper Longcraig Limestone, above the mudstone, is exposed along the shore. A band, 25 cm thick, about 1 m below the top of the limestone, composed entirely of the coral Koninckophyllum, is readily distinguished. This limestone is also exposed inland, in the quarries near the limekilns, where it is very hard, dolomitised, and in places highly brecciated. Irregular undulating surfaces occur within the limestone and some surfaces are covered with dolomite crystals. The overlying mudstone contains plant fragments.

			From the hydraulic ram can be seen standing up as a distinct wall resembling a dyke, a dolomitised fault striking 54°E. The fault is of small displacement and is not dolomitised continuously along its length. Close to the fault some very large crinoid stems are exposed on the surface of the limestone.


	From the hydraulic ram can be seen standing up as a distinct wall resembling a dyke, a dolomitised fault striking 54°E. The fault is of small displacement and is not dolomitised continuously along its length. Close to the fault some very large crinoid stems are exposed on the surface of the limestone.



	==== 4. Lower Skateraw Limestone ====		==== 4. Lower Skateraw Limestone ====

	The Lower Skateraw Limestone, only about a metre thick, is seen on the shore just south of the small headland. It is medium to brownish-grey and fine-grained. Crinoid ossicles are abundant and the limestone is distinguished by the presence of Gigantoproductus. Overlying this is a poorly exposed mudstone, seatearth and coal sequence.		The Lower Skateraw Limestone, only about a metre thick, is seen on the shore just south of the small headland. It is medium to brownish-grey and fine-grained. Crinoid ossicles are abundant and the limestone is distinguished by the presence of Gigantoproductus. Overlying this is a poorly exposed mudstone, seatearth and coal sequence.



	==== 5, 6. Middle and Upper Skateraw Limestones ====		==== 5, 6. Middle and Upper Skateraw Limestones ====

	The next cycle begins with the distinctive Middle Skate raw Limestone, which forms a broad shelf below the east car park. This 4 m thick limestone is crinoidal and often nodular. It is distinguished by a 25 cm thick band with innumerable specimens of the foraminiferid Saccaminops is seen as orange or brown spheres 2-3 mm in diameter with a calcitic infilling. Colonies of the flat and discoidal or bun-shaped stromatoporoid Chaetetes may be seen at the base of the limestone.		The next cycle begins with the distinctive Middle Skate raw Limestone, which forms a broad shelf below the east car park. This 4 m thick limestone is crinoidal and often nodular. It is distinguished by a 25 cm thick band with innumerable specimens of the foraminiferid Saccaminops is seen as orange or brown spheres 2-3 mm in diameter with a calcitic infilling. Colonies of the flat and discoidal or bun-shaped stromatoporoid Chaetetes may be seen at the base of the limestone.



	The calcareous mudstone above the Middle Skate raw Limestone is replete with ironstone nodules and is exceptionally fossiliferous with abundant brachiopods, especially Eomarginifera, bivalves, the trilobite Paladin eichwaldi, solitary corals (including some type species) and crinoid stems and plates, Plates of the crinoid Parazeacrinites konincki from this locality were the subject of a detailed taphonomic study by Whyte (1973. 1982), According to Whyte this mudstone and the overlying Upper Skateraw Limestone formed a current-influenced NW-SE trending mudbank with a palaeorelief of up to 20 m. The Upper Skateraw Limestone (6) is pale brown on weathered surfaces. It is here only 50 cm thick and poorly exposed. It contains many hematised nodules.		The calcareous mudstone above the Middle Skate raw Limestone is replete with ironstone nodules and is exceptionally fossiliferous with abundant brachiopods, especially Eomarginifera, bivalves, the trilobite Paladin eichwaldi, solitary corals (including some type species) and crinoid stems and plates, Plates of the crinoid Parazeacrinites konincki from this locality were the subject of a detailed taphonomic study by Whyte (1973. 1982), According to Whyte this mudstone and the overlying Upper Skateraw Limestone formed a current-influenced NW-SE trending mudbank with a palaeorelief of up to 20 m. The Upper Skateraw Limestone (6) is pale brown on weathered surfaces. It is here only 50 cm thick and poorly exposed. It contains many hematised nodules.



	In the bay to the east the beds above the mudstones are obscured by beach deposits. Towards the lighthouse are ledges of thin sandstone interleaved with fissile mudstone, with abundant surface grazing traces. Rare septarian nodules arc present in the mudstones.		In the bay to the east the beds above the mudstones are obscured by beach deposits. Towards the lighthouse are ledges of thin sandstone interleaved with fissile mudstone, with abundant surface grazing traces. Rare septarian nodules arc present in the mudstones.



	==== 7. Chapel Point Limestone ====		==== 7. Chapel Point Limestone ====

	The 3 m thick Chapel Point Limestone which begins the next cycle is encountered west of the lighthouse. It is brownish yellow, highly crinoidal, heavily bioturbated and marked by a diverse succession of abundant trace fossils. Towards the base are numerous Rhizocorallum, U-shaped horizontal traces up to 50 cm long, and often of sinuous form. Above these are concentric swirling 'cocks-tails' of Zoophycos cauda-galli, the grazing traces of some unknown invertebrate. At some horizons are the open horizontal burrows, sometimes branched, of Thalassilloides, together with some fan-shaped traces. At the top of the limestone, as it grades into the overlying sandstone, arc giant vertical U-shaped tubes of Diplocraterion.		The 3 m thick Chapel Point Limestone which begins the next cycle is encountered west of the lighthouse. It is brownish yellow, highly crinoidal, heavily bioturbated and marked by a diverse succession of abundant trace fossils. Towards the base are numerous Rhizocorallum, U-shaped horizontal traces up to 50 cm long, and often of sinuous form. Above these are concentric swirling 'cocks-tails' of Zoophycos cauda-galli, the grazing traces of some unknown invertebrate. At some horizons are the open horizontal burrows, sometimes branched, of Thalassilloides, together with some fan-shaped traces. At the top of the limestone, as it grades into the overlying sandstone, arc giant vertical U-shaped tubes of Diplocraterion.



	==== 8, 9. Barns Ness Limestone, Dryburnfoot Limestone ====		==== 8, 9. Barns Ness Limestone, Dryburnfoot Limestone ====
Line 139:		Line 121:

	The pipeline east of the lighthouse marks a convenient limit to this excursion.		The pipeline east of the lighthouse marks a convenient limit to this excursion.