http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=East_Anglia_and_adjoining_areas_-_Geology 2026-05-09T23:07:22Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.42.3 http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=East_Anglia_and_adjoining_areas_-_Geology&diff=53028&oldid=prev 2021-07-29T12:43:49Z

<p>1 revision imported</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:43, 29 July 2021</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-notice" lang="en"><div class="mw-diff-empty">(No difference)</div> </td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wiki_db-mw_:diff:1.41:old-27515:rev-53028 --> </table>

Dbk http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=East_Anglia_and_adjoining_areas_-_Geology&diff=27515&oldid=prev 2016-04-18T16:14:59Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:14, 18 April 2016</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l16">Line 16:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 16:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>&#039;&#039;&#039;Figures P902252&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;P902253&#039;&#039;&#039; provide vertical sections through the geology, referred to as geological cross-sections.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>&#039;&#039;&#039;Figures P902252&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;P902253&#039;&#039;&#039; provide vertical sections through the geology, referred to as geological cross-sections.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:East Anglia and adjoining areas <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">- summary </ins>| 01]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">12. </del>East Anglia and adjoining areas | 01]]</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wiki_db-mw_:diff:1.41:old-53027:rev-27515:php=table --> </table>

Dbk http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=East_Anglia_and_adjoining_areas_-_Geology&diff=53027&oldid=prev 2015-05-21T10:43:49Z

<p>1 revision</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:43, 21 May 2015</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-notice" lang="en"><div class="mw-diff-empty">(No difference)</div> </td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wiki_db-mw_:diff:1.41:old-6567:rev-53027 --> </table>

Geosource>Dbk http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=East_Anglia_and_adjoining_areas_-_Geology&diff=6567&oldid=prev 2014-10-20T10:55:26Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:55, 20 October 2014</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Recent surface deposits==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Recent surface deposits==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:P902286.jpg|thumb|300px|The Crag, a soft shelly sand deposit that forms an important shallow aquifer in eastern Norfolk and Suffolk. P902286.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:P902286.jpg|thumb|300px|The Crag, a soft shelly sand deposit that forms an important shallow aquifer in eastern Norfolk and Suffolk. P902286.]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>East Anglia has widespread geological deposits of relatively recent origin, formed over the past 2 to 3 million years and spanning the Ice Ages and Interglacial periods. These are known as superficial deposits and include sands, clays and peat deposits which were laid down by former ice-sheets, in rivers, swamps and marshes, or along the margins of the North Sea. At times over the past 3 million years the North Sea has extended inland, covering the eastern part of region, while at other times it was more restricted and the land area extended across much of the present southern North Sea. The superficial deposits are less than 100 m in thickness and are not shown on Figure P902251, examples include the peat deposits of the Fenlands and the Broads, the boulder clays of central East Anglia and the ‘Crag deposits’, sands that are often full of fossil seashells, found in the eastern parts of Suffolk and Norfolk. These Crag deposits (Plate P902286) are a useful shallow source of groundwater; water is present in the pore spaces and flows freely between the individual sand grains, enabling it to be pumped out easily. Deposits like this are known as aquifers and are used to provide drinking water. Most of the superficial deposits are soft and easily eroded, as they have not been deeply buried and consolidated to form strong rocks.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>East Anglia has widespread geological deposits of relatively recent origin, formed over the past 2 to 3 million years and spanning the Ice Ages and Interglacial periods. These are known as superficial deposits and include sands, clays and peat deposits which were laid down by former ice-sheets, in rivers, swamps and marshes, or along the margins of the North Sea. At times over the past 3 million years the North Sea has extended inland, covering the eastern part of region, while at other times it was more restricted and the land area extended across much of the present southern North Sea. The superficial deposits are less than 100 m in thickness and are not shown on <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Figure P902251<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>, examples include the peat deposits of the Fenlands and the Broads, the boulder clays of central East Anglia and the ‘Crag deposits’, sands that are often full of fossil seashells, found in the eastern parts of Suffolk and Norfolk. These Crag deposits <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>(Plate P902286)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>are a useful shallow source of groundwater; water is present in the pore spaces and flows freely between the individual sand grains, enabling it to be pumped out easily. Deposits like this are known as aquifers and are used to provide drinking water. Most of the superficial deposits are soft and easily eroded, as they have not been deeply buried and consolidated to form strong rocks.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Geology at depth==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Geology at depth==</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9">Line 9:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 9:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The basement geology, which underlies the whole region, is over 410 million years old and mainly comprises harder and denser rocks which have been strongly consolidated, fractured and folded. They include both rocks originally deposited as sediments and others that are products of volcanic activity or formed from the solidification of molten rock below ancient volcanoes.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The basement geology, which underlies the whole region, is over 410 million years old and mainly comprises harder and denser rocks which have been strongly consolidated, fractured and folded. They include both rocks originally deposited as sediments and others that are products of volcanic activity or formed from the solidification of molten rock below ancient volcanoes.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:P902252.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Schematic cross-section the underlying geology of part of East Anglia and the adjoining areas. The section alignment and key are shown in Figure P902251. P902252.]][[Image:P902253.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Schematic cross-section of the underlying geology of part of East Anglia and the adjoining areas. The section alignment and key are shown in Figure P902251. P902253.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:P902252.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Schematic cross-section the underlying geology of part of East Anglia and the adjoining areas. The section alignment and key are shown in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Figure P902251<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>. P902252.]][[Image:P902253.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Schematic cross-section of the underlying geology of part of East Anglia and the adjoining areas. The section alignment and key are shown in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Figure P902251<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>. P902253.]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the course of the past 550 million years there have been periods when parts of the UK formed a landmass and was being eroded, whilst parts were sinking and new layers of sediment were being deposited. The history of erosion and deposition has not been the same in all parts of the UK. In the East Anglia region the oldest sedimentary bedrock are red sandstones (Old Red Sandstone) overlain by Carboniferous sandstones, mudstones and limestones that are similar to the rocks occurring at the surface in parts of northern England. These rocks are all referred to here as the older sedimentary bedrock.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the course of the past 550 million years there have been periods when parts of the UK formed a landmass and was being eroded, whilst parts were sinking and new layers of sediment were being deposited. The history of erosion and deposition has not been the same in all parts of the UK. In the East Anglia region the oldest sedimentary bedrock are red sandstones (Old Red Sandstone) overlain by Carboniferous sandstones, mudstones and limestones that are similar to the rocks occurring at the surface in parts of northern England. These rocks are all referred to here as the older sedimentary bedrock.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Subsequently, a younger sequence of sedimentary rocks, including limestones, sandstones and clays, was laid down and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </del>known as the younger sedimentary bedrock. As one travels across the region from west to east the rocks at the surface become younger in age because the layers are slightly tilted down toward the east. These include in the west Jurassic rocks, comparable to those seen along the coast of Dorset and North Yorkshire, they also extend at depth across north Norfolk. They are overlain by Cretaceous rocks, including the widespread Chalk that occurs at the surface over much of the eastern part of the region<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>These Cretaceous rocks rest on different types of older rock including the basement rocks when traced across the region, this situation is what geologists call an unconformity, it represents a period of uplift and erosion.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Subsequently, a younger sequence of sedimentary rocks, including limestones, sandstones and clays, was laid down and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </ins>known as the younger sedimentary bedrock. As one travels across the region from west to east the rocks at the surface become younger in age because the layers are slightly tilted down toward the east. These include in the west Jurassic rocks, comparable to those seen along the coast of Dorset and North Yorkshire, they also extend at depth across north Norfolk. They are overlain by Cretaceous rocks, including the widespread Chalk that occurs at the surface over much of the eastern part of the region<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </ins>These Cretaceous rocks rest on different types of older rock including the basement rocks when traced across the region, this situation is what geologists call an unconformity, it represents a period of uplift and erosion.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Figures P902252 and P902253 provide vertical sections through the geology, referred to as geological cross-sections.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Figures P902252<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>P902253<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>provide vertical sections through the geology, referred to as geological cross-sections.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:12. East Anglia and adjoining areas | 01]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:12. East Anglia and adjoining areas | 01]]</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wiki_db-mw_:diff:1.41:old-6407:rev-6567:php=table --> </table>

Jeth1 http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=East_Anglia_and_adjoining_areas_-_Geology&diff=6407&oldid=prev 2014-10-09T09:32:21Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:32, 9 October 2014</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Recent surface deposits==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Recent surface deposits==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:P902286.jpg|thumb|300px|The Crag, a soft shelly sand deposit that forms an important shallow aquifer in eastern Norfolk and Suffolk. P902286.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:P902286.jpg|thumb|300px|The Crag, a soft shelly sand deposit that forms an important shallow aquifer in eastern Norfolk and Suffolk. P902286.]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>East Anglia has widespread geological deposits of relatively recent origin, formed over the past 2 to 3 million years and spanning the Ice Ages and Interglacial periods. These are known as superficial deposits and include sands, clays and peat deposits which were laid down by former ice-sheets, in rivers, swamps and marshes, or along the margins of the North Sea. At times over the past 3 million years the North Sea has extended inland, covering the eastern part of region, while at other times it was more restricted and the land area extended across much of the present southern North Sea. The superficial deposits are less than 100 m in thickness and are not shown on Figure P902251, examples include the peat deposits of the Fenlands and the Broads, the boulder clays of central East Anglia and the ‘Crag deposits’, sands that are often full of fossil seashells, found in the eastern parts of Suffolk and Norfolk. These Crag deposits (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Figure </del>P902286) are a useful shallow source of groundwater; water is present in the pore spaces and flows freely between the individual sand grains, enabling it to be pumped out easily. Deposits like this are known as aquifers and are used to provide drinking water. Most of the superficial deposits are soft and easily eroded, as they have not been deeply buried and consolidated to form strong rocks.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>East Anglia has widespread geological deposits of relatively recent origin, formed over the past 2 to 3 million years and spanning the Ice Ages and Interglacial periods. These are known as superficial deposits and include sands, clays and peat deposits which were laid down by former ice-sheets, in rivers, swamps and marshes, or along the margins of the North Sea. At times over the past 3 million years the North Sea has extended inland, covering the eastern part of region, while at other times it was more restricted and the land area extended across much of the present southern North Sea. The superficial deposits are less than 100 m in thickness and are not shown on Figure P902251, examples include the peat deposits of the Fenlands and the Broads, the boulder clays of central East Anglia and the ‘Crag deposits’, sands that are often full of fossil seashells, found in the eastern parts of Suffolk and Norfolk. These Crag deposits (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Plate </ins>P902286) are a useful shallow source of groundwater; water is present in the pore spaces and flows freely between the individual sand grains, enabling it to be pumped out easily. Deposits like this are known as aquifers and are used to provide drinking water. Most of the superficial deposits are soft and easily eroded, as they have not been deeply buried and consolidated to form strong rocks.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Geology at depth==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Geology at depth==</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wiki_db-mw_:diff:1.41:old-6369:rev-6407:php=table --> </table>

Dbk http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=East_Anglia_and_adjoining_areas_-_Geology&diff=6369&oldid=prev 2014-10-09T07:39:13Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:39, 9 October 2014</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9">Line 9:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 9:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The basement geology, which underlies the whole region, is over 410 million years old and mainly comprises harder and denser rocks which have been strongly consolidated, fractured and folded. They include both rocks originally deposited as sediments and others that are products of volcanic activity or formed from the solidification of molten rock below ancient volcanoes.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The basement geology, which underlies the whole region, is over 410 million years old and mainly comprises harder and denser rocks which have been strongly consolidated, fractured and folded. They include both rocks originally deposited as sediments and others that are products of volcanic activity or formed from the solidification of molten rock below ancient volcanoes.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:P902252.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Schematic cross-section the underlying geology of part of East Anglia and the adjoining areas. The section alignment and key are shown in Figure P902251. P902252.]][[Image:P902253.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Schematic cross-section of the underlying geology of part of East Anglia and the adjoining areas. The section alignment and key are shown in Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">P902252</del>. P902253.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:P902252.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Schematic cross-section the underlying geology of part of East Anglia and the adjoining areas. The section alignment and key are shown in Figure P902251. P902252.]][[Image:P902253.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Schematic cross-section of the underlying geology of part of East Anglia and the adjoining areas. The section alignment and key are shown in Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">P902251</ins>. P902253.]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the course of the past 550 million years there have been periods when parts of the UK formed a landmass and was being eroded, whilst parts were sinking and new layers of sediment were being deposited. The history of erosion and deposition has not been the same in all parts of the UK. In the East Anglia region the oldest sedimentary bedrock are red sandstones (Old Red Sandstone) overlain by Carboniferous sandstones, mudstones and limestones that are similar to the rocks occurring at the surface in parts of northern England. These rocks are all referred to here as the older sedimentary bedrock.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the course of the past 550 million years there have been periods when parts of the UK formed a landmass and was being eroded, whilst parts were sinking and new layers of sediment were being deposited. The history of erosion and deposition has not been the same in all parts of the UK. In the East Anglia region the oldest sedimentary bedrock are red sandstones (Old Red Sandstone) overlain by Carboniferous sandstones, mudstones and limestones that are similar to the rocks occurring at the surface in parts of northern England. These rocks are all referred to here as the older sedimentary bedrock.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wiki_db-mw_:diff:1.41:old-6356:rev-6369:php=table --> </table>

Dbk http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=East_Anglia_and_adjoining_areas_-_Geology&diff=6356&oldid=prev 2014-10-09T07:32:08Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:32, 9 October 2014</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9">Line 9:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 9:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The basement geology, which underlies the whole region, is over 410 million years old and mainly comprises harder and denser rocks which have been strongly consolidated, fractured and folded. They include both rocks originally deposited as sediments and others that are products of volcanic activity or formed from the solidification of molten rock below ancient volcanoes.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The basement geology, which underlies the whole region, is over 410 million years old and mainly comprises harder and denser rocks which have been strongly consolidated, fractured and folded. They include both rocks originally deposited as sediments and others that are products of volcanic activity or formed from the solidification of molten rock below ancient volcanoes.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:P902252.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Schematic cross-section the underlying geology of part of East Anglia and the adjoining areas. The section alignment and key are shown in Figure P902251. P902252.]][[Image:P902253.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Schematic cross-section of the underlying geology of part of East Anglia and the adjoining areas. The section alignment and key are shown in Figure P902252. P902253.]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the course of the past 550 million years there have been periods when parts of the UK formed a landmass and was being eroded, whilst parts were sinking and new layers of sediment were being deposited. The history of erosion and deposition has not been the same in all parts of the UK. In the East Anglia region the oldest sedimentary bedrock are red sandstones (Old Red Sandstone) overlain by Carboniferous sandstones, mudstones and limestones that are similar to the rocks occurring at the surface in parts of northern England. These rocks are all referred to here as the older sedimentary bedrock.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the course of the past 550 million years there have been periods when parts of the UK formed a landmass and was being eroded, whilst parts were sinking and new layers of sediment were being deposited. The history of erosion and deposition has not been the same in all parts of the UK. In the East Anglia region the oldest sedimentary bedrock are red sandstones (Old Red Sandstone) overlain by Carboniferous sandstones, mudstones and limestones that are similar to the rocks occurring at the surface in parts of northern England. These rocks are all referred to here as the older sedimentary bedrock.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l14">Line 14:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 15:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Figures P902252 and P902253 provide vertical sections through the geology, referred to as geological cross-sections.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Figures P902252 and P902253 provide vertical sections through the geology, referred to as geological cross-sections.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:P902252.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Schematic cross-section the underlying geology of part of East Anglia and the adjoining areas. The section alignment and key are shown in Figure P902251. P902252.]][[Image:P902253.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Schematic cross-section of the underlying geology of part of East Anglia and the adjoining areas. The section alignment and key are shown in Figure P902252. P902253.]]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:12. East Anglia and adjoining areas | 01]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:12. East Anglia and adjoining areas | 01]]</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wiki_db-mw_:diff:1.41:old-6355:rev-6356:php=table --> </table>

Dbk http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=East_Anglia_and_adjoining_areas_-_Geology&diff=6355&oldid=prev 2014-10-09T07:31:48Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:31, 9 October 2014</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l13">Line 13:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 13:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Subsequently, a younger sequence of sedimentary rocks, including limestones, sandstones and clays, was laid down and are known as the younger sedimentary bedrock. As one travels across the region from west to east the rocks at the surface become younger in age because the layers are slightly tilted down toward the east. These include in the west Jurassic rocks, comparable to those seen along the coast of Dorset and North Yorkshire, they also extend at depth across north Norfolk. They are overlain by Cretaceous rocks, including the widespread Chalk that occurs at the surface over much of the eastern part of the region, These Cretaceous rocks rest on different types of older rock including the basement rocks when traced across the region, this situation is what geologists call an unconformity, it represents a period of uplift and erosion.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Subsequently, a younger sequence of sedimentary rocks, including limestones, sandstones and clays, was laid down and are known as the younger sedimentary bedrock. As one travels across the region from west to east the rocks at the surface become younger in age because the layers are slightly tilted down toward the east. These include in the west Jurassic rocks, comparable to those seen along the coast of Dorset and North Yorkshire, they also extend at depth across north Norfolk. They are overlain by Cretaceous rocks, including the widespread Chalk that occurs at the surface over much of the eastern part of the region, These Cretaceous rocks rest on different types of older rock including the basement rocks when traced across the region, this situation is what geologists call an unconformity, it represents a period of uplift and erosion.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Individual areas==</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Figures P902252 and P902253 provide vertical sections through the geology, referred to as geological cross-sections.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From a geological perspective, </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">region can be divided into three; </del>in the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">west lies </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fenland and adjacent </del>areas<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, whilst farther east the region can be split into Suffolk </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">south Norfolk, and north Norfolk</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:P902252.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Schematic cross-section the underlying geology of part of East Anglia and </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adjoining areas. The section alignment and key are shown </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Figure P902251. P902252.]][[Image:P902253.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Schematic cross-section of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">underlying geology of part of East Anglia and </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adjoining </ins>areas<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. The section alignment </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">key are shown in Figure P902252. P902253</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:12. East Anglia and adjoining areas | 01]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:12. East Anglia and adjoining areas | 01]]</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wiki_db-mw_:diff:1.41:old-6354:rev-6355:php=table --> </table>

Dbk http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=East_Anglia_and_adjoining_areas_-_Geology&diff=6354&oldid=prev 2014-10-09T07:27:40Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:27, 9 October 2014</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Recent surface deposits==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Recent surface deposits==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>East Anglia has widespread geological deposits of relatively recent origin, formed over the past 2 to 3 million years and spanning the Ice Ages and Interglacial periods. These are known as superficial deposits and include sands, clays and peat deposits which were laid down by former ice-sheets, in rivers, swamps and marshes, or along the margins of the North Sea. At times over the past 3 million years the North Sea has extended inland, covering the eastern part of region, while at other times it was more restricted and the land area extended across much of the present southern North Sea. The superficial deposits are less than 100 m in thickness and are not shown on Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1</del>, examples include the peat deposits of the Fenlands and the Broads, the boulder clays of central East Anglia and the ‘Crag deposits’, sands that are often full of fossil seashells, found in the eastern parts of Suffolk and Norfolk. These Crag deposits (Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2</del>) are a useful shallow source of groundwater; water is present in the pore spaces and flows freely between the individual sand grains, enabling it to be pumped out easily. Deposits like this are known as aquifers and are used to provide drinking water. Most of the superficial deposits are soft and easily eroded, as they have not been deeply buried and consolidated to form strong rocks.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:P902286.jpg|thumb|300px|The Crag, a soft shelly sand deposit that forms an important shallow aquifer in eastern Norfolk and Suffolk. P902286.]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>East Anglia has widespread geological deposits of relatively recent origin, formed over the past 2 to 3 million years and spanning the Ice Ages and Interglacial periods. These are known as superficial deposits and include sands, clays and peat deposits which were laid down by former ice-sheets, in rivers, swamps and marshes, or along the margins of the North Sea. At times over the past 3 million years the North Sea has extended inland, covering the eastern part of region, while at other times it was more restricted and the land area extended across much of the present southern North Sea. The superficial deposits are less than 100 m in thickness and are not shown on Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">P902251</ins>, examples include the peat deposits of the Fenlands and the Broads, the boulder clays of central East Anglia and the ‘Crag deposits’, sands that are often full of fossil seashells, found in the eastern parts of Suffolk and Norfolk. These Crag deposits (Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">P902286</ins>) are a useful shallow source of groundwater; water is present in the pore spaces and flows freely between the individual sand grains, enabling it to be pumped out easily. Deposits like this are known as aquifers and are used to provide drinking water. Most of the superficial deposits are soft and easily eroded, as they have not been deeply buried and consolidated to form strong rocks.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Geology at depth==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Geology at depth==</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wiki_db-mw_:diff:1.41:old-6082:rev-6354:php=table --> </table>

Dbk http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=East_Anglia_and_adjoining_areas_-_Geology&diff=6082&oldid=prev 2014-10-02T09:45:14Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:45, 2 October 2014</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Recent surface deposits==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">East Anglia has widespread geological deposits of relatively recent origin, formed over the past 2 to 3 million years and spanning the Ice Ages and Interglacial periods. These are known as superficial deposits and include sands, clays and peat deposits which were laid down by former ice-sheets, in rivers, swamps and marshes, or along the margins of the North Sea. At times over the past 3 million years the North Sea has extended inland, covering the eastern part of region, while at other times it was more restricted and the land area extended across much of the present southern North Sea. The superficial deposits are less than 100 m in thickness and are not shown on Figure 1, examples include the peat deposits of the Fenlands and the Broads, the boulder clays of central East Anglia and the ‘Crag deposits’, sands that are often full of fossil seashells, found in the eastern parts of Suffolk and Norfolk. These Crag deposits (Figure 2) are a useful shallow source of groundwater; water is present in the pore spaces and flows freely between the individual sand grains, enabling it to be pumped out easily. Deposits like this are known as aquifers and are used to provide drinking water. Most of the superficial deposits are soft and easily eroded, as they have not been deeply buried and consolidated to form strong rocks.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Geology at depth==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Below the superficial deposits, or with just a cover of soil where such deposits are absent, are older rocks which geologists broadly split into two distinct types:</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* The sedimentary bedrock geology is composed of quite hard rocks formed from tens to a few hundred millions of years ago as layers of sediments which were deposited in shallow seas, deserts and vast river systems in times when Britain lay closer to the Equator and the climate and landscape were very different from those of today.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* The basement geology, which underlies the whole region, is over 410 million years old and mainly comprises harder and denser rocks which have been strongly consolidated, fractured and folded. They include both rocks originally deposited as sediments and others that are products of volcanic activity or formed from the solidification of molten rock below ancient volcanoes.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In the course of the past 550 million years there have been periods when parts of the UK formed a landmass and was being eroded, whilst parts were sinking and new layers of sediment were being deposited. The history of erosion and deposition has not been the same in all parts of the UK. In the East Anglia region the oldest sedimentary bedrock are red sandstones (Old Red Sandstone) overlain by Carboniferous sandstones, mudstones and limestones that are similar to the rocks occurring at the surface in parts of northern England. These rocks are all referred to here as the older sedimentary bedrock.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Subsequently, a younger sequence of sedimentary rocks, including limestones, sandstones and clays, was laid down and are known as the younger sedimentary bedrock. As one travels across the region from west to east the rocks at the surface become younger in age because the layers are slightly tilted down toward the east. These include in the west Jurassic rocks, comparable to those seen along the coast of Dorset and North Yorkshire, they also extend at depth across north Norfolk. They are overlain by Cretaceous rocks, including the widespread Chalk that occurs at the surface over much of the eastern part of the region, These Cretaceous rocks rest on different types of older rock including the basement rocks when traced across the region, this situation is what geologists call an unconformity, it represents a period of uplift and erosion.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Individual areas==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From a geological perspective, the region can be divided into three; in the west lies the Fenland and adjacent areas, whilst farther east the region can be split into Suffolk and south Norfolk, and north Norfolk.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:12. East Anglia and adjoining areas | 01]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:12. East Anglia and adjoining areas | 01]]</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wiki_db-mw_:diff:1.41:old-6080:rev-6082:php=table --> </table>

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