History of geological research, Orkney and Shetland - Revision history

Dr. J.M.Ridgway at 17:42, 17 August 2020

2020-08-17T17:42:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:42, 17 August 2020
Line 35:		Line 35:
	The geology of the northern islands of Orkney was first described by Heddle (1880)<ref name="Heddle">HEDDLE, M F. 1880. The Geognosy and Mineralogy of Scotland. Mainland [Shetland], Foula, Fair Isle. Mineralog. Mag., 3, 18–56.</ref> who showed that, as on Mainland and South Ronaldsay, the ﬂagstones are conformably overlain by a series of sandstones which are locally conglomeratic. He also noted that the strata forming these islands were folded into a well-marked syncline. Peach and Home (1880<ref name="Peach 1880">PEACH, B N, and HORNE, J. 1880. The Glaciation of the Orkney Islands. Q. Jnl geol. Soc. Lond., 36, 648–63.</ref>, in Tudor 1883<ref name="Tudor">TUDOR, J. 1883. The Orkneys and Shetland; Their Past and Present State. London.</ref>) produced the first comprehensive accounts of the geology of Orkney and confirmed most of the conclusions arrived at by Geikie and Heddle. They also described the glaciation of the islands (1880). Our knowledge of the fossil fish of Orkney is largely based on the monograph by Lankester and Traquair (1868–1914)<ref name="Lankester">LANKESTER, E R, and TRAQUAIR, R H. 1868–1914. The ﬁshes of the Old Red Sandstone of Britain. Mon. Pal. Soc.</ref>, and on a series of papers by Traquair, which have also formed the basis of correlation of the Sandwick Fish Bed with the Achanarras Limestone of Caithness and the fish beds of Cromarty. Flett (1897)<ref name="Flett 1897">FLETT, J S. 1897. On the discovery in Orkney of the John o’Groats Horizon of the Old Red Sandstone. Proc. R. phys. Soc. Edinb., 13, 255-7.</ref> produced the first detailed stratigraphy of Orkney, in which he recognised the Rousay Beds as a separate formation. He recognised the presence of the John 0’ Groats fish fauna in the Eday Beds and also described in detail the lamprophyric minor intrusions of Orkney (Flett 1900)<ref name="Flett 1900">FLETT, J S. 1900. The Trap Dykes of the Orkneys. Trans R. Soc. Edinb., 39, 865–905.</ref>. Work on the Stromness basement rocks and the geology of Stronsay was carried out by Steavenson (1928a<ref name="Steavenson 1928a">STEAVENSON, A. G. 1928a. Some Geological Notes on Three Districts in Northern Scotland. Trans. geol. Soc. Glasg., 18, 193–233.</ref> and b<ref name="Steavenson 1928b">STEAVENSON, A G. 1928b. The Geology of Stronsay Parish, Orkney. Proc. Orkney Nat. Hist. Soc., 1–19.</ref>) and the peat deposits of Mainland and Westray were examined by Erdtman (1924–29)<ref name="Erdtman 1924">ERDTMAN, G. 1924. Studies in the Micropalaeontology of the post-glacial Deposits in Northern Scotland and the Scotch Isles. Jnl Linn. Soc., Botany, 46, 449–504.</ref>.		The geology of the northern islands of Orkney was first described by Heddle (1880)<ref name="Heddle">HEDDLE, M F. 1880. The Geognosy and Mineralogy of Scotland. Mainland [Shetland], Foula, Fair Isle. Mineralog. Mag., 3, 18–56.</ref> who showed that, as on Mainland and South Ronaldsay, the ﬂagstones are conformably overlain by a series of sandstones which are locally conglomeratic. He also noted that the strata forming these islands were folded into a well-marked syncline. Peach and Home (1880<ref name="Peach 1880">PEACH, B N, and HORNE, J. 1880. The Glaciation of the Orkney Islands. Q. Jnl geol. Soc. Lond., 36, 648–63.</ref>, in Tudor 1883<ref name="Tudor">TUDOR, J. 1883. The Orkneys and Shetland; Their Past and Present State. London.</ref>) produced the first comprehensive accounts of the geology of Orkney and confirmed most of the conclusions arrived at by Geikie and Heddle. They also described the glaciation of the islands (1880). Our knowledge of the fossil fish of Orkney is largely based on the monograph by Lankester and Traquair (1868–1914)<ref name="Lankester">LANKESTER, E R, and TRAQUAIR, R H. 1868–1914. The ﬁshes of the Old Red Sandstone of Britain. Mon. Pal. Soc.</ref>, and on a series of papers by Traquair, which have also formed the basis of correlation of the Sandwick Fish Bed with the Achanarras Limestone of Caithness and the fish beds of Cromarty. Flett (1897)<ref name="Flett 1897">FLETT, J S. 1897. On the discovery in Orkney of the John o’Groats Horizon of the Old Red Sandstone. Proc. R. phys. Soc. Edinb., 13, 255-7.</ref> produced the first detailed stratigraphy of Orkney, in which he recognised the Rousay Beds as a separate formation. He recognised the presence of the John 0’ Groats fish fauna in the Eday Beds and also described in detail the lamprophyric minor intrusions of Orkney (Flett 1900)<ref name="Flett 1900">FLETT, J S. 1900. The Trap Dykes of the Orkneys. Trans R. Soc. Edinb., 39, 865–905.</ref>. Work on the Stromness basement rocks and the geology of Stronsay was carried out by Steavenson (1928a<ref name="Steavenson 1928a">STEAVENSON, A. G. 1928a. Some Geological Notes on Three Districts in Northern Scotland. Trans. geol. Soc. Glasg., 18, 193–233.</ref> and b<ref name="Steavenson 1928b">STEAVENSON, A G. 1928b. The Geology of Stronsay Parish, Orkney. Proc. Orkney Nat. Hist. Soc., 1–19.</ref>) and the peat deposits of Mainland and Westray were examined by Erdtman (1924–29)<ref name="Erdtman 1924">ERDTMAN, G. 1924. Studies in the Micropalaeontology of the post-glacial Deposits in Northern Scotland and the Scotch Isles. Jnl Linn. Soc., Botany, 46, 449–504.</ref>.

	The Geological Survey mapped the islands between 1927 and 1929 and a descriptive memoir was published in 1935. The officers engaged in this survey were Wilson, Edwards, Jones, Knox and Stephens. The fish remains collected during the survey were determined by Watson and the plants by Lang. Much of the present account is based on this memoir. Additional work on the fish remains has been carried out by Miles and Westoll (1963)<ref name="Miles">MILES, R S, and WESTOLL, T S. 1963. Two New Genera of Coccosteid Arthrodira from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of Scotland and their stratigraphical Distribution. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 66, 179–210.</ref> and the latter has also correlated the Orkney sequence with the marine Devonian succession (Westoll 1951)<ref name="Westoll 1951">WESTOLL, T S. 1951. The Vertebrate-bearing Strata of Scotland. Rep. XVIII Int. Geol. Congr., Part 11, Great Britain, 1948, 5–21.</ref>. More recently Kellock (1969)<ref name="Kellock 1969">KELLOCK, E. 1969. Alkaline basic igneous rocks in the Orkneys. Scott. Jnl Geol., 5, 140–53.</ref> has re-examined the alkaline igneous rocks associated with the Eday Beds. Fannin (1969<ref name="Fannin 1969">FANNIN, N G T. 1969. Stromatolites from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of western Orkney. Geol. Mag., 106, 77–88.</ref>, 1970<ref name="Fanin 1970">FANNIN, N G T. 1970. The sedimentary environment of the Old Red Sandstone of western Orkney. Ph.D. thesis, University of Reading (unpublished).</ref>) has carried out a detailed sedimentological study in the Stromness Flags, and ~~Miss~~ Ridgway has similarly investigated the Eday Beds. The [GS regional geophysical survey of Orkney was carried out by McQuillin (1968)<ref name="McQullian 1968">McQUILLIN, R. 1968. Geophysical surveys in the Orkney Islands. Geophys. Pap. No. 4, Inst. geol. Sci., 1–18.</ref>.		The Geological Survey mapped the islands between 1927 and 1929 and a descriptive memoir was published in 1935. The officers engaged in this survey were Wilson, Edwards, Jones, Knox and Stephens. The fish remains collected during the survey were determined by Watson and the plants by Lang. Much of the present account is based on this memoir. Additional work on the fish remains has been carried out by Miles and Westoll (1963)<ref name="Miles">MILES, R S, and WESTOLL, T S. 1963. Two New Genera of Coccosteid Arthrodira from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of Scotland and their stratigraphical Distribution. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 66, 179–210.</ref> and the latter has also correlated the Orkney sequence with the marine Devonian succession (Westoll 1951)<ref name="Westoll 1951">WESTOLL, T S. 1951. The Vertebrate-bearing Strata of Scotland. Rep. XVIII Int. Geol. Congr., Part 11, Great Britain, 1948, 5–21.</ref>. More recently Kellock (1969)<ref name="Kellock 1969">KELLOCK, E. 1969. Alkaline basic igneous rocks in the Orkneys. Scott. Jnl Geol., 5, 140–53.</ref> has re-examined the alkaline igneous rocks associated with the Eday Beds. Fannin (1969<ref name="Fannin 1969">FANNIN, N G T. 1969. Stromatolites from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of western Orkney. Geol. Mag., 106, 77–88.</ref>, 1970<ref name="Fanin 1970">FANNIN, N G T. 1970. The sedimentary environment of the Old Red Sandstone of western Orkney. Ph.D. thesis, University of Reading (unpublished).</ref>) has carried out a detailed sedimentological study in the Stromness Flags, and Dr. J M Ridgway has similarly investigated the Eday Beds. Ridgway, J.M. The Sedimentology and Palaeogeography of the Eday Group, Middle Old Red Sandstone, Orkney. Ph.D thesis, University of London (unpublished). /ref) The [GS regional geophysical survey of Orkney was carried out by McQuillin (1968)<ref name="McQullian 1968">McQUILLIN, R. 1968. Geophysical surveys in the Orkney Islands. Geophys. Pap. No. 4, Inst. geol. Sci., 1–18.</ref>.

	== Bibliography ==		== Bibliography ==

Dbk at 15:18, 31 January 2018

2018-01-31T15:18:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:18, 31 January 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~'''From: Mykura, W. 1976. [[British regional geology: Orkney and Shetland\|British regional geology: Orkney and Shetland]]. Edinburgh, Her Majesty's Stationery Office.'''~~		{{OSRG}}
	__FORCETOC__		__FORCETOC__

Dbk at 10:46, 19 April 2016

2016-04-19T10:46:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:46, 19 April 2016
Line 35:		Line 35:
	The geology of the northern islands of Orkney was first described by Heddle (1880)<ref name="Heddle">HEDDLE, M F. 1880. The Geognosy and Mineralogy of Scotland. Mainland [Shetland], Foula, Fair Isle. Mineralog. Mag., 3, 18–56.</ref> who showed that, as on Mainland and South Ronaldsay, the ﬂagstones are conformably overlain by a series of sandstones which are locally conglomeratic. He also noted that the strata forming these islands were folded into a well-marked syncline. Peach and Home (1880<ref name="Peach 1880">PEACH, B N, and HORNE, J. 1880. The Glaciation of the Orkney Islands. Q. Jnl geol. Soc. Lond., 36, 648–63.</ref>, in Tudor 1883<ref name="Tudor">TUDOR, J. 1883. The Orkneys and Shetland; Their Past and Present State. London.</ref>) produced the first comprehensive accounts of the geology of Orkney and confirmed most of the conclusions arrived at by Geikie and Heddle. They also described the glaciation of the islands (1880). Our knowledge of the fossil fish of Orkney is largely based on the monograph by Lankester and Traquair (1868–1914)<ref name="Lankester">LANKESTER, E R, and TRAQUAIR, R H. 1868–1914. The ﬁshes of the Old Red Sandstone of Britain. Mon. Pal. Soc.</ref>, and on a series of papers by Traquair, which have also formed the basis of correlation of the Sandwick Fish Bed with the Achanarras Limestone of Caithness and the fish beds of Cromarty. Flett (1897)<ref name="Flett 1897">FLETT, J S. 1897. On the discovery in Orkney of the John o’Groats Horizon of the Old Red Sandstone. Proc. R. phys. Soc. Edinb., 13, 255-7.</ref> produced the first detailed stratigraphy of Orkney, in which he recognised the Rousay Beds as a separate formation. He recognised the presence of the John 0’ Groats fish fauna in the Eday Beds and also described in detail the lamprophyric minor intrusions of Orkney (Flett 1900)<ref name="Flett 1900">FLETT, J S. 1900. The Trap Dykes of the Orkneys. Trans R. Soc. Edinb., 39, 865–905.</ref>. Work on the Stromness basement rocks and the geology of Stronsay was carried out by Steavenson (1928a<ref name="Steavenson 1928a">STEAVENSON, A. G. 1928a. Some Geological Notes on Three Districts in Northern Scotland. Trans. geol. Soc. Glasg., 18, 193–233.</ref> and b<ref name="Steavenson 1928b">STEAVENSON, A G. 1928b. The Geology of Stronsay Parish, Orkney. Proc. Orkney Nat. Hist. Soc., 1–19.</ref>) and the peat deposits of Mainland and Westray were examined by Erdtman (1924–29)<ref name="Erdtman 1924">ERDTMAN, G. 1924. Studies in the Micropalaeontology of the post-glacial Deposits in Northern Scotland and the Scotch Isles. Jnl Linn. Soc., Botany, 46, 449–504.</ref>.		The geology of the northern islands of Orkney was first described by Heddle (1880)<ref name="Heddle">HEDDLE, M F. 1880. The Geognosy and Mineralogy of Scotland. Mainland [Shetland], Foula, Fair Isle. Mineralog. Mag., 3, 18–56.</ref> who showed that, as on Mainland and South Ronaldsay, the ﬂagstones are conformably overlain by a series of sandstones which are locally conglomeratic. He also noted that the strata forming these islands were folded into a well-marked syncline. Peach and Home (1880<ref name="Peach 1880">PEACH, B N, and HORNE, J. 1880. The Glaciation of the Orkney Islands. Q. Jnl geol. Soc. Lond., 36, 648–63.</ref>, in Tudor 1883<ref name="Tudor">TUDOR, J. 1883. The Orkneys and Shetland; Their Past and Present State. London.</ref>) produced the first comprehensive accounts of the geology of Orkney and confirmed most of the conclusions arrived at by Geikie and Heddle. They also described the glaciation of the islands (1880). Our knowledge of the fossil fish of Orkney is largely based on the monograph by Lankester and Traquair (1868–1914)<ref name="Lankester">LANKESTER, E R, and TRAQUAIR, R H. 1868–1914. The ﬁshes of the Old Red Sandstone of Britain. Mon. Pal. Soc.</ref>, and on a series of papers by Traquair, which have also formed the basis of correlation of the Sandwick Fish Bed with the Achanarras Limestone of Caithness and the fish beds of Cromarty. Flett (1897)<ref name="Flett 1897">FLETT, J S. 1897. On the discovery in Orkney of the John o’Groats Horizon of the Old Red Sandstone. Proc. R. phys. Soc. Edinb., 13, 255-7.</ref> produced the first detailed stratigraphy of Orkney, in which he recognised the Rousay Beds as a separate formation. He recognised the presence of the John 0’ Groats fish fauna in the Eday Beds and also described in detail the lamprophyric minor intrusions of Orkney (Flett 1900)<ref name="Flett 1900">FLETT, J S. 1900. The Trap Dykes of the Orkneys. Trans R. Soc. Edinb., 39, 865–905.</ref>. Work on the Stromness basement rocks and the geology of Stronsay was carried out by Steavenson (1928a<ref name="Steavenson 1928a">STEAVENSON, A. G. 1928a. Some Geological Notes on Three Districts in Northern Scotland. Trans. geol. Soc. Glasg., 18, 193–233.</ref> and b<ref name="Steavenson 1928b">STEAVENSON, A G. 1928b. The Geology of Stronsay Parish, Orkney. Proc. Orkney Nat. Hist. Soc., 1–19.</ref>) and the peat deposits of Mainland and Westray were examined by Erdtman (1924–29)<ref name="Erdtman 1924">ERDTMAN, G. 1924. Studies in the Micropalaeontology of the post-glacial Deposits in Northern Scotland and the Scotch Isles. Jnl Linn. Soc., Botany, 46, 449–504.</ref>.

	The Geological Survey mapped the islands between 1927 and 1929 and a descriptive memoir was published in 1935. The officers engaged in this survey were Wilson, Edwards, Jones, Knox and Stephens. The fish remains collected during the survey were determined by Watson and the plants by Lang. Much of the present account is based on this memoir. Additional work on the fish remains has been carried out by Miles and Westoll (1963)<ref name="Miles">MILES, R S, and WESTOLL, T S. 1963. Two New Genera of Coccosteid Arthrodira from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of Scotland and their stratigraphical Distribution. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 66, 179–210.</ref> and the latter has also correlated the Orkney sequence with the marine Devonian succession (Westoll 1951)<ref name="Westoll 1951">WESTOLL, T S. 1951. The Vertebrate-bearing Strata of Scotland. Rep. XVIII Int. Geol. Congr., Part 11, Great Britain, 1948, 5–21.</ref>. More recently Kellock (1969)<ref name="Kellock 1969">KELLOCK, E. 1969. Alkaline basic igneous rocks in the Orkneys. Scott. Jnl Geol., 5, 140–53.</ref> has re-examined the alkaline igneous rocks associated with the Eday Beds. Fannin (1969<ref name="Fannin 1969">FANNIN, N G T. 1969. Stromatolites from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of western Orkney. Geol. Mag., 106, 77–88.</ref>, 1970<ref name="Fanin 1970">FANNIN, N. G. T. 1970. The sedimentary environment of the Old Red Sandstone of western Orkney. Ph.D. thesis, University of Reading (unpublished).</ref>) has carried out a detailed sedimentological study in the Stromness Flags, and Miss Ridgway has similarly investigated the Eday Beds. The [GS regional geophysical survey of Orkney was carried out by McQuillin (1968)<ref name="McQullian 1968">McQUILLIN, R. 1968. Geophysical surveys in the Orkney Islands. Geophys. Pap. No. 4, Inst. geol. Sci., 1–18.</ref>.		The Geological Survey mapped the islands between 1927 and 1929 and a descriptive memoir was published in 1935. The officers engaged in this survey were Wilson, Edwards, Jones, Knox and Stephens. The fish remains collected during the survey were determined by Watson and the plants by Lang. Much of the present account is based on this memoir. Additional work on the fish remains has been carried out by Miles and Westoll (1963)<ref name="Miles">MILES, R S, and WESTOLL, T S. 1963. Two New Genera of Coccosteid Arthrodira from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of Scotland and their stratigraphical Distribution. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 66, 179–210.</ref> and the latter has also correlated the Orkney sequence with the marine Devonian succession (Westoll 1951)<ref name="Westoll 1951">WESTOLL, T S. 1951. The Vertebrate-bearing Strata of Scotland. Rep. XVIII Int. Geol. Congr., Part 11, Great Britain, 1948, 5–21.</ref>. More recently Kellock (1969)<ref name="Kellock 1969">KELLOCK, E. 1969. Alkaline basic igneous rocks in the Orkneys. Scott. Jnl Geol., 5, 140–53.</ref> has re-examined the alkaline igneous rocks associated with the Eday Beds. Fannin (1969<ref name="Fannin 1969">FANNIN, N G T. 1969. Stromatolites from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of western Orkney. Geol. Mag., 106, 77–88.</ref>, 1970<ref name="Fanin 1970">FANNIN, N G T. 1970. The sedimentary environment of the Old Red Sandstone of western Orkney. Ph.D. thesis, University of Reading (unpublished).</ref>) has carried out a detailed sedimentological study in the Stromness Flags, and Miss Ridgway has similarly investigated the Eday Beds. The [GS regional geophysical survey of Orkney was carried out by McQuillin (1968)<ref name="McQullian 1968">McQUILLIN, R. 1968. Geophysical surveys in the Orkney Islands. Geophys. Pap. No. 4, Inst. geol. Sci., 1–18.</ref>.

	== Bibliography ==		== Bibliography ==

Dbk at 10:45, 19 April 2016

2016-04-19T10:45:23Z

Show changes

Dbk: /* Orkney */

2015-11-26T14:04:08Z

Orkney

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:04, 26 November 2015
Line 33:		Line 33:
	A large collection of fossil fish by Professor Traill was identified by Agassiz (1833-43)<ref name="Agassiz 1833">AGASSIZ, L. 1833-43. Récherches sur les Poissons Fossiles, Neuchatel.</ref> who established the correlation of the Orkney ﬂagstones with those of Caithness. Localities from which fish were collected are mentioned by Clouston in the ‘New Statistical Account of Scotland’ (vol. 15, 1845). Widespread interest in the Orkney fish was awakened by Hugh Miller (1849<ref name="Millar 1849">MILLER, H. 1849. Footprints of the Creator. Edinburgh.</ref>, 1858<ref name="Miller 1858">MILLER, H. 1858. The cruise of the Betsey. Edinburgh.</ref>) who recorded and described several species of fish found by himself and a number of local collectors, and was able to identify forms which also occurred in the ﬂagstones of Caithness. Murchison (1859) noted that the Old Red Sandstone of Orkney could be divided into a lower ﬂagstone series and an upper sandstone series, and Geikie (1879)<ref name="Geikie 1879">GEIKIE, A. 1879. On the Old Red Sandstone of Western Europe. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 28, 345-452.</ref> recognised the unconformity at the base of the Hoy volcanic rocks, and ascribed the Hoy sandstones to the Upper Old Red Sandstone. He also regarded the sandstones of South Ronaldsay as the lateral equivalents of the similar rocks near John o’Groats and concluded that the Old Red Sandstone rocks of Orkney, Caithness, Ross and Cromarty were laid down in a great intermontane basin which he termed ‘Lake Orcadie’.		A large collection of fossil fish by Professor Traill was identified by Agassiz (1833-43)<ref name="Agassiz 1833">AGASSIZ, L. 1833-43. Récherches sur les Poissons Fossiles, Neuchatel.</ref> who established the correlation of the Orkney ﬂagstones with those of Caithness. Localities from which fish were collected are mentioned by Clouston in the ‘New Statistical Account of Scotland’ (vol. 15, 1845). Widespread interest in the Orkney fish was awakened by Hugh Miller (1849<ref name="Millar 1849">MILLER, H. 1849. Footprints of the Creator. Edinburgh.</ref>, 1858<ref name="Miller 1858">MILLER, H. 1858. The cruise of the Betsey. Edinburgh.</ref>) who recorded and described several species of fish found by himself and a number of local collectors, and was able to identify forms which also occurred in the ﬂagstones of Caithness. Murchison (1859) noted that the Old Red Sandstone of Orkney could be divided into a lower ﬂagstone series and an upper sandstone series, and Geikie (1879)<ref name="Geikie 1879">GEIKIE, A. 1879. On the Old Red Sandstone of Western Europe. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 28, 345-452.</ref> recognised the unconformity at the base of the Hoy volcanic rocks, and ascribed the Hoy sandstones to the Upper Old Red Sandstone. He also regarded the sandstones of South Ronaldsay as the lateral equivalents of the similar rocks near John o’Groats and concluded that the Old Red Sandstone rocks of Orkney, Caithness, Ross and Cromarty were laid down in a great intermontane basin which he termed ‘Lake Orcadie’.

	The geology of the northern islands of Orkney was first described by Heddle (1880)<ref name="Heddle">HEDDLE, M. F. 1880. The Geognosy and Mineralogy of Scotland. Mainland [Shetland], Foula, Fair Isle. Mineralog. Mag. , 3, 18-56.</ref> who showed that, as on Mainland and South Ronaldsay, the ﬂagstones are conformably overlain by a series of sandstones which are locally conglomeratic. He also noted that the strata forming these islands were folded into a well-marked syncline. Peach and Home (1880<ref name="Peach 1880">PEACH, B. N. and HORNE, J. 1880. The Glaciation of the Orkney Islands. Q. Jnl geol. Soc. Lond., 36, 648-63.</ref>, in Tudor 1883<ref name="Tudor">TUDOR, J. 1883. The Orkneys and Shetland; Their Past and Present State. London.</ref>) produced the first comprehensive accounts of the geology of Orkney and confirmed most of the conclusions arrived at by Geikie and Heddle. They also described the glaciation of the islands (1880). Our knowledge of the fossil fish of Orkney is largely based on the monograph by Lankester and Traquair (1868-1914)<ref name="Lankester">LANKESTER, E. R. and TRAQUAIR, R. H. 1868-1914. The ﬁshes of the Old Red Sandstone of Britain. Mon. Pal. Soc.</ref>, and on a series of papers by Traquair, which have also formed the basis of correlation of the Sandwick Fish Bed with the Achanarras Limestone of Caithness and the fish beds of Cromarty. Flett (1897)<ref name="Flett 1897>FLETT, J. S. 1897. On the discovery in Orkney of the John o’Groats Horizon of the Old Red Sandstone. Proc. R. phys. Soc. Edinb., 13, 255-7.</ref> produced the first detailed stratigraphy of Orkney, in which he recognised the Rousay Beds as a separate formation. He recognised the presence of the John 0’ Groats fish fauna in the Eday Beds and also described in detail the lamprophyric minor intrusions of Orkney (Flett 1900)<ref name="Flett 1900">FLETT, J. S. 1900. The Trap Dykes of the Orkneys. Trans R. Soc. Edinb., 39, 865-905.</ref>. Work on the Stromness basement rocks and the geology of Stronsay was carried out by Steavenson (1928a<ref name="Steavenson 1928a">STEAVENSON, A. G. 1928a. Some Geological Notes on Three Districts in Northern Scotland. Trans. geol. Soc. Glasg., 18, 193-233.</ref> and b<ref name="Steavenson 1928b">STEAVENSON, A. G. 1928b. The Geology of Stronsay Parish, Orkney. Proc. Orkney Nat. Hist. Soc., 1-19.</ref>) and the peat deposits of Mainland and Westray were examined by Erdtman (1924-29)<ref name="Erdtman 1924">ERDTMAN, G. 1924. Studies in the Micropalaeontology of the post-glacial Deposits in Northern Scotland and the Scotch Isles. Jnl Linn. Soc., Botany, 46, 449-504.</ref>.		The geology of the northern islands of Orkney was first described by Heddle (1880)<ref name="Heddle">HEDDLE, M. F. 1880. The Geognosy and Mineralogy of Scotland. Mainland [Shetland], Foula, Fair Isle. Mineralog. Mag. , 3, 18-56.</ref> who showed that, as on Mainland and South Ronaldsay, the ﬂagstones are conformably overlain by a series of sandstones which are locally conglomeratic. He also noted that the strata forming these islands were folded into a well-marked syncline. Peach and Home (1880<ref name="Peach 1880">PEACH, B. N. and HORNE, J. 1880. The Glaciation of the Orkney Islands. Q. Jnl geol. Soc. Lond., 36, 648-63.</ref>, in Tudor 1883<ref name="Tudor">TUDOR, J. 1883. The Orkneys and Shetland; Their Past and Present State. London.</ref>) produced the first comprehensive accounts of the geology of Orkney and confirmed most of the conclusions arrived at by Geikie and Heddle. They also described the glaciation of the islands (1880). Our knowledge of the fossil fish of Orkney is largely based on the monograph by Lankester and Traquair (1868-1914)<ref name="Lankester">LANKESTER, E. R. and TRAQUAIR, R. H. 1868-1914. The ﬁshes of the Old Red Sandstone of Britain. Mon. Pal. Soc.</ref>, and on a series of papers by Traquair, which have also formed the basis of correlation of the Sandwick Fish Bed with the Achanarras Limestone of Caithness and the fish beds of Cromarty. Flett (1897)<ref name="Flett 1897">FLETT, J. S. 1897. On the discovery in Orkney of the John o’Groats Horizon of the Old Red Sandstone. Proc. R. phys. Soc. Edinb., 13, 255-7.</ref> produced the first detailed stratigraphy of Orkney, in which he recognised the Rousay Beds as a separate formation. He recognised the presence of the John 0’ Groats fish fauna in the Eday Beds and also described in detail the lamprophyric minor intrusions of Orkney (Flett 1900)<ref name="Flett 1900">FLETT, J. S. 1900. The Trap Dykes of the Orkneys. Trans R. Soc. Edinb., 39, 865-905.</ref>. Work on the Stromness basement rocks and the geology of Stronsay was carried out by Steavenson (1928a<ref name="Steavenson 1928a">STEAVENSON, A. G. 1928a. Some Geological Notes on Three Districts in Northern Scotland. Trans. geol. Soc. Glasg., 18, 193-233.</ref> and b<ref name="Steavenson 1928b">STEAVENSON, A. G. 1928b. The Geology of Stronsay Parish, Orkney. Proc. Orkney Nat. Hist. Soc., 1-19.</ref>) and the peat deposits of Mainland and Westray were examined by Erdtman (1924-29)<ref name="Erdtman 1924">ERDTMAN, G. 1924. Studies in the Micropalaeontology of the post-glacial Deposits in Northern Scotland and the Scotch Isles. Jnl Linn. Soc., Botany, 46, 449-504.</ref>.

	The Geological Survey mapped the islands between 1927 and 1929 and a descriptive memoir was published in 1935. The officers engaged in this survey were Wilson, Edwards, Jones, Knox and Stephens. The fish remains collected during the survey were determined by Watson and the plants by Lang. Much of the present account is based on this memoir. Additional work on the fish remains has been carried out by Miles and Westoll (1963)<ref name="Miles">MILES, R. S. and WESTOLL, T. S. 1963. Two New Genera of Coccosteid Arthrodira from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of Scotland and their stratigraphical Distribution. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 66, 179-210.</ref> and the latter has also correlated the Orkney sequence with the marine Devonian succession (Westoll 1951)<ref name="Westoll 1951">WESTOLL, T. S. 1951. The Vertebrate-bearing Strata of Scotland. Rep. XVIII Int. Geol. Congr., Part 11, Great Britain, 1948, 5-21.</ref>. More recently Kellock (1969)<ref name="Kellock 1969">KELLOCK, E. 1969. Alkaline basic igneous rocks in the Orkneys. Scott. Jnl Geol., 5, 140-53.</ref> has re-examined the alkaline igneous rocks associated with the Eday Beds. Fannin (1969<ref name="Fannin 1969">FANNIN, N. G. T. 1969. Stromatolites from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of western Orkney. Geol. Mag., 106, 77-88.</ref>, 1970<ref name="Fanin 1970">FANNIN, N. G. T. 1970. The sedimentary environment of the Old Red Sandstone of western Orkney. Ph.D. thesis, University of Reading (unpublished).</ref>) has carried out a detailed sedimentological study in the Stromness Flags, and Miss Ridgway has similarly investigated the Eday Beds. The [GS regional geophysical survey of Orkney was carried out by McQuillin (1968)<ref name="McQullian 1968">McQUILLIN, R. 1968. Geophysical surveys in the Orkney Islands. Geophys. Pap. No. 4, Inst. geol. Sci., 1-18.</ref>.		The Geological Survey mapped the islands between 1927 and 1929 and a descriptive memoir was published in 1935. The officers engaged in this survey were Wilson, Edwards, Jones, Knox and Stephens. The fish remains collected during the survey were determined by Watson and the plants by Lang. Much of the present account is based on this memoir. Additional work on the fish remains has been carried out by Miles and Westoll (1963)<ref name="Miles">MILES, R. S. and WESTOLL, T. S. 1963. Two New Genera of Coccosteid Arthrodira from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of Scotland and their stratigraphical Distribution. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 66, 179-210.</ref> and the latter has also correlated the Orkney sequence with the marine Devonian succession (Westoll 1951)<ref name="Westoll 1951">WESTOLL, T. S. 1951. The Vertebrate-bearing Strata of Scotland. Rep. XVIII Int. Geol. Congr., Part 11, Great Britain, 1948, 5-21.</ref>. More recently Kellock (1969)<ref name="Kellock 1969">KELLOCK, E. 1969. Alkaline basic igneous rocks in the Orkneys. Scott. Jnl Geol., 5, 140-53.</ref> has re-examined the alkaline igneous rocks associated with the Eday Beds. Fannin (1969<ref name="Fannin 1969">FANNIN, N. G. T. 1969. Stromatolites from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of western Orkney. Geol. Mag., 106, 77-88.</ref>, 1970<ref name="Fanin 1970">FANNIN, N. G. T. 1970. The sedimentary environment of the Old Red Sandstone of western Orkney. Ph.D. thesis, University of Reading (unpublished).</ref>) has carried out a detailed sedimentological study in the Stromness Flags, and Miss Ridgway has similarly investigated the Eday Beds. The [GS regional geophysical survey of Orkney was carried out by McQuillin (1968)<ref name="McQullian 1968">McQUILLIN, R. 1968. Geophysical surveys in the Orkney Islands. Geophys. Pap. No. 4, Inst. geol. Sci., 1-18.</ref>.

Dbk: /* Orkney */

2015-11-26T14:03:10Z

Orkney

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:03, 26 November 2015
Line 29:		Line 29:

	== Orkney ==		== Orkney ==
	The earliest geological records of Orkney deal with the presence of lead ore (Speed 1666) and minerals and rocks such as granite, limestone, ﬂagstone and millstone (Sinclair 1795) which were being worked on these islands. Jameson (1800) noted the presence of granitic rocks, overlain by breccia and ﬂagstones near Stromness, and recorded basalt ‘veins’ (i.e. dykes) at Yesnaby and basalt under sandstone at Shapinsay. He also described the conglomerate (‘sandstone breccia’) at Hegglie Ber in Sanday. A record of early collections of fossil fish appears in the Proceedings of the Orkney Natural History Society (1905), which tells of about 100 specimens exhibited in 1837 in the Stromness Museum.		The earliest geological records of Orkney deal with the presence of lead ore (Speed 1666<ref name="Speed">SPEED, J. 1666. England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland described.</ref>) and minerals and rocks such as granite, limestone, ﬂagstone and millstone (Sinclair 1795<ref name="Sinclair 1795">SINCLAIR, J. 1791-99. The Statistical Account of Scotland. 21 vols. Edinburgh.</ref>) which were being worked on these islands. Jameson (1800)<ref name="Jameson 1800">JAMESON, R. 1800. Mineralogy of the Scottish Isles. 2 vols. Edinburgh (Shetland, vol. 2, 185-224).</ref> noted the presence of granitic rocks, overlain by breccia and ﬂagstones near Stromness, and recorded basalt ‘veins’ (i.e. dykes) at Yesnaby and basalt under sandstone at Shapinsay. He also described the conglomerate (‘sandstone breccia’) at Hegglie Ber in Sanday. A record of early collections of fossil fish appears in the Proceedings of the Orkney Natural History Society (1905), which tells of about 100 specimens exhibited in 1837 in the Stromness Museum.

	A large collection of fossil fish by Professor Traill was identified by Agassiz (1833-43) who established the correlation of the Orkney ﬂagstones with those of Caithness. Localities from which fish were collected are mentioned by Clouston in the ‘New Statistical Account of Scotland’ (vol. 15, 1845). Widespread interest in the Orkney fish was awakened by Hugh Miller (1849, 1858) who recorded and described several species of fish found by himself and a number of local collectors, and was able to identify forms which also occurred in the ﬂagstones of Caithness. Murchison (1859) noted that the Old Red Sandstone of Orkney could be divided into a lower ﬂagstone series and an upper sandstone series, and Geikie (1879) recognised the unconformity at the base of the Hoy volcanic rocks, and ascribed the Hoy sandstones to the Upper Old Red Sandstone. He also regarded the sandstones of South Ronaldsay as the lateral equivalents of the similar rocks near John o’Groats and concluded that the Old Red Sandstone rocks of Orkney, Caithness, Ross and Cromarty were laid down in a great intermontane basin which he termed ‘Lake Orcadie’.		A large collection of fossil fish by Professor Traill was identified by Agassiz (1833-43)<ref name="Agassiz 1833">AGASSIZ, L. 1833-43. Récherches sur les Poissons Fossiles, Neuchatel.</ref> who established the correlation of the Orkney ﬂagstones with those of Caithness. Localities from which fish were collected are mentioned by Clouston in the ‘New Statistical Account of Scotland’ (vol. 15, 1845). Widespread interest in the Orkney fish was awakened by Hugh Miller (1849<ref name="Millar 1849">MILLER, H. 1849. Footprints of the Creator. Edinburgh.</ref>, 1858<ref name="Miller 1858">MILLER, H. 1858. The cruise of the Betsey. Edinburgh.</ref>) who recorded and described several species of fish found by himself and a number of local collectors, and was able to identify forms which also occurred in the ﬂagstones of Caithness. Murchison (1859) noted that the Old Red Sandstone of Orkney could be divided into a lower ﬂagstone series and an upper sandstone series, and Geikie (1879)<ref name="Geikie 1879">GEIKIE, A. 1879. On the Old Red Sandstone of Western Europe. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 28, 345-452.</ref> recognised the unconformity at the base of the Hoy volcanic rocks, and ascribed the Hoy sandstones to the Upper Old Red Sandstone. He also regarded the sandstones of South Ronaldsay as the lateral equivalents of the similar rocks near John o’Groats and concluded that the Old Red Sandstone rocks of Orkney, Caithness, Ross and Cromarty were laid down in a great intermontane basin which he termed ‘Lake Orcadie’.

	The geology of the northern islands of Orkney was first described by Heddle (1880) who showed that, as on Mainland and South Ronaldsay, the ﬂagstones are conformably overlain by a series of sandstones which are locally conglomeratic. He also noted that the strata forming these islands were folded into a well-marked syncline. Peach and Home (1880, in Tudor 1883) produced the first comprehensive accounts of the geology of Orkney and confirmed most of the conclusions arrived at by Geikie and Heddle. They also described the glaciation of the islands (1880). Our knowledge of the fossil fish of Orkney is largely based on the monograph by Lankester and Traquair (1868-1914), and on a series of papers by Traquair, which have also formed the basis of correlation of the Sandwick Fish Bed with the Achanarras Limestone of Caithness and the fish beds of Cromarty. Flett (1897) produced the first detailed stratigraphy of Orkney, in which he recognised the Rousay Beds as a separate formation. He recognised the presence of the John 0’ Groats fish fauna in the Eday Beds and also described in detail the lamprophyric minor intrusions of Orkney (Flett 1900). Work on the Stromness basement rocks and the geology of Stronsay was carried out by Steavenson (~~1928 a~~ and b) and the peat deposits of Mainland and Westray were examined by Erdtman (1924-29).		The geology of the northern islands of Orkney was first described by Heddle (1880)<ref name="Heddle">HEDDLE, M. F. 1880. The Geognosy and Mineralogy of Scotland. Mainland [Shetland], Foula, Fair Isle. Mineralog. Mag. , 3, 18-56.</ref> who showed that, as on Mainland and South Ronaldsay, the ﬂagstones are conformably overlain by a series of sandstones which are locally conglomeratic. He also noted that the strata forming these islands were folded into a well-marked syncline. Peach and Home (1880<ref name="Peach 1880">PEACH, B. N. and HORNE, J. 1880. The Glaciation of the Orkney Islands. Q. Jnl geol. Soc. Lond., 36, 648-63.</ref>, in Tudor 1883<ref name="Tudor">TUDOR, J. 1883. The Orkneys and Shetland; Their Past and Present State. London.</ref>) produced the first comprehensive accounts of the geology of Orkney and confirmed most of the conclusions arrived at by Geikie and Heddle. They also described the glaciation of the islands (1880). Our knowledge of the fossil fish of Orkney is largely based on the monograph by Lankester and Traquair (1868-1914)<ref name="Lankester">LANKESTER, E. R. and TRAQUAIR, R. H. 1868-1914. The ﬁshes of the Old Red Sandstone of Britain. Mon. Pal. Soc.</ref>, and on a series of papers by Traquair, which have also formed the basis of correlation of the Sandwick Fish Bed with the Achanarras Limestone of Caithness and the fish beds of Cromarty. Flett (1897)<ref name="Flett 1897>FLETT, J. S. 1897. On the discovery in Orkney of the John o’Groats Horizon of the Old Red Sandstone. Proc. R. phys. Soc. Edinb., 13, 255-7.</ref> produced the first detailed stratigraphy of Orkney, in which he recognised the Rousay Beds as a separate formation. He recognised the presence of the John 0’ Groats fish fauna in the Eday Beds and also described in detail the lamprophyric minor intrusions of Orkney (Flett 1900)<ref name="Flett 1900">FLETT, J. S. 1900. The Trap Dykes of the Orkneys. Trans R. Soc. Edinb., 39, 865-905.</ref>. Work on the Stromness basement rocks and the geology of Stronsay was carried out by Steavenson (1928a<ref name="Steavenson 1928a">STEAVENSON, A. G. 1928a. Some Geological Notes on Three Districts in Northern Scotland. Trans. geol. Soc. Glasg., 18, 193-233.</ref> and b<ref name="Steavenson 1928b">STEAVENSON, A. G. 1928b. The Geology of Stronsay Parish, Orkney. Proc. Orkney Nat. Hist. Soc., 1-19.</ref>) and the peat deposits of Mainland and Westray were examined by Erdtman (1924-29)<ref name="Erdtman 1924">ERDTMAN, G. 1924. Studies in the Micropalaeontology of the post-glacial Deposits in Northern Scotland and the Scotch Isles. Jnl Linn. Soc., Botany, 46, 449-504.</ref>.

	The Geological Survey mapped the islands between 1927 and 1929 and a descriptive memoir was published in 1935. The officers engaged in this survey were Wilson, Edwards, Jones, Knox and Stephens. The fish remains collected during the survey were determined by Watson and the plants by Lang. Much of the present account is based on this memoir. Additional work on the fish remains has been carried out by Miles and Westoll (1963) and the latter has also correlated the Orkney sequence with the marine Devonian succession (Westoll 1951). More recently Kellock (1969) has re-examined the alkaline igneous rocks associated with the Eday Beds. Fannin (1969, 1970) has carried out a detailed sedimentological study in the Stromness Flags, and Miss Ridgway has similarly investigated the Eday Beds. The [GS regional geophysical survey of Orkney was carried out by McQuillin (1968).		The Geological Survey mapped the islands between 1927 and 1929 and a descriptive memoir was published in 1935. The officers engaged in this survey were Wilson, Edwards, Jones, Knox and Stephens. The fish remains collected during the survey were determined by Watson and the plants by Lang. Much of the present account is based on this memoir. Additional work on the fish remains has been carried out by Miles and Westoll (1963)<ref name="Miles">MILES, R. S. and WESTOLL, T. S. 1963. Two New Genera of Coccosteid Arthrodira from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of Scotland and their stratigraphical Distribution. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 66, 179-210.</ref> and the latter has also correlated the Orkney sequence with the marine Devonian succession (Westoll 1951)<ref name="Westoll 1951">WESTOLL, T. S. 1951. The Vertebrate-bearing Strata of Scotland. Rep. XVIII Int. Geol. Congr., Part 11, Great Britain, 1948, 5-21.</ref>. More recently Kellock (1969)<ref name="Kellock 1969">KELLOCK, E. 1969. Alkaline basic igneous rocks in the Orkneys. Scott. Jnl Geol., 5, 140-53.</ref> has re-examined the alkaline igneous rocks associated with the Eday Beds. Fannin (1969<ref name="Fannin 1969">FANNIN, N. G. T. 1969. Stromatolites from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of western Orkney. Geol. Mag., 106, 77-88.</ref>, 1970<ref name="Fanin 1970">FANNIN, N. G. T. 1970. The sedimentary environment of the Old Red Sandstone of western Orkney. Ph.D. thesis, University of Reading (unpublished).</ref>) has carried out a detailed sedimentological study in the Stromness Flags, and Miss Ridgway has similarly investigated the Eday Beds. The [GS regional geophysical survey of Orkney was carried out by McQuillin (1968)<ref name="McQullian 1968">McQUILLIN, R. 1968. Geophysical surveys in the Orkney Islands. Geophys. Pap. No. 4, Inst. geol. Sci., 1-18.</ref>.

	== Bibliography ==		== Bibliography ==

Dbk: /* Geophysics and off-shore geology */

2015-11-26T13:47:48Z

Geophysics and off-shore geology

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:47, 26 November 2015
Line 26:		Line 26:

	=== Geophysics and off-shore geology ===		=== Geophysics and off-shore geology ===
	The Institute’s regional geophysical survey of the Shetland Islands was carried out by McQuillin and Brooks (1967)<ref name="McQuillin 1967>McQUILLIN, R. and BROOKS, M. 1967. Geophysical surveys in the Shetland Islands. Geophys. Pap. No. 2, Inst. geol. Sci., 1–22.</ref> and Sheet 16 of the IGS 1:250 000 Aeromagnetic Map of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which includes the sea area around Orkney and Shetland, was published in 1968. Flinn (l969a)<ref name="Flinn 1969a"></ref> has interpreted the data from this and has produced a map showing the possible geology and structure of the areas north of Scotland. Exploratory marine geophysical surveys by ‘Watts and Bott (Bott and Watts 1970<ref name="Bott" >BOTT, M. H. P. and WATTS, A. B. 1970. Deep Sedimentary Basins proved in the Shetland-Hebridean Continental Shelf and Margin. Nature, Lond., 225, 265–8.</ref>; Watts 1971<ref name="Watts">WATTS, A. B. 1971. Geophysical investigations on the continental shelf and slope north of Scotland. Scott. Jnl Geol. , 7, 189–218.</ref>) have further added to our knowledge of the geology of the Shetland seas, and bathymetric investigations by Flinn (1964<ref name="Flinn 1964">FLINN, D. 1964. Coastal and Submarine Features Around the Shetland Islands. Proc. geol. Ass., 75, 321–39.</ref>, 1969b<ref name="Flinn 1969b">FLINN, D. 1969b. On the development of coastal proﬁles in the north of Scotland, Orkney and Shetland. Scott. Jnl Geol., 5, 393–9.</ref>) have contributed to the understanding of possible pre- and post-glacial movements of the land relative to sea level.		The Institute’s regional geophysical survey of the Shetland Islands was carried out by McQuillin and Brooks (1967)<ref name="McQuillin 1967">McQUILLIN, R. and BROOKS, M. 1967. Geophysical surveys in the Shetland Islands. Geophys. Pap. No. 2, Inst. geol. Sci., 1–22.</ref> and Sheet 16 of the IGS 1:250 000 Aeromagnetic Map of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which includes the sea area around Orkney and Shetland, was published in 1968. Flinn (l969a)<ref name="Flinn 1969a">FLINN, D. 1969a. A geological Interpretation of the Aeromagnetic Maps of the Continental Shelf around Orkney and Shetland. Geol. Jnl, 6, 279–92.</ref> has interpreted the data from this and has produced a map showing the possible geology and structure of the areas north of Scotland. Exploratory marine geophysical surveys by ‘Watts and Bott (Bott and Watts 1970<ref name="Bott" >BOTT, M. H. P. and WATTS, A. B. 1970. Deep Sedimentary Basins proved in the Shetland-Hebridean Continental Shelf and Margin. Nature, Lond., 225, 265–8.</ref>; Watts 1971<ref name="Watts">WATTS, A. B. 1971. Geophysical investigations on the continental shelf and slope north of Scotland. Scott. Jnl Geol. , 7, 189–218.</ref>) have further added to our knowledge of the geology of the Shetland seas, and bathymetric investigations by Flinn (1964<ref name="Flinn 1964">FLINN, D. 1964. Coastal and Submarine Features Around the Shetland Islands. Proc. geol. Ass., 75, 321–39.</ref>, 1969b<ref name="Flinn 1969b">FLINN, D. 1969b. On the development of coastal proﬁles in the north of Scotland, Orkney and Shetland. Scott. Jnl Geol., 5, 393–9.</ref>) have contributed to the understanding of possible pre- and post-glacial movements of the land relative to sea level.

	== Orkney ==		== Orkney ==

Dbk: /* Geophysics and off-shore geology */

2015-11-26T13:46:27Z

Geophysics and off-shore geology

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:46, 26 November 2015
Line 26:		Line 26:

	=== Geophysics and off-shore geology ===		=== Geophysics and off-shore geology ===
	The Institute’s regional geophysical survey of the Shetland Islands was carried out by McQuillin and Brooks (1967) and Sheet 16 of the IGS 1:250 000 Aeromagnetic Map of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which includes the sea area around Orkney and Shetland, was published in 1968. Flinn (l969a) has interpreted the data from this and has produced a map showing the possible geology and structure of the areas north of Scotland. Exploratory marine geophysical surveys by ‘Watts and Bott (Bott and Watts 1970; Watts 1971) have further added to our knowledge of the geology of the Shetland seas, and bathymetric investigations by Flinn (1964, 1969b) have contributed to the understanding of possible pre- and post-glacial movements of the land relative to sea level.		The Institute’s regional geophysical survey of the Shetland Islands was carried out by McQuillin and Brooks (1967)<ref name="McQuillin 1967>McQUILLIN, R. and BROOKS, M. 1967. Geophysical surveys in the Shetland Islands. Geophys. Pap. No. 2, Inst. geol. Sci., 1–22.</ref> and Sheet 16 of the IGS 1:250 000 Aeromagnetic Map of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which includes the sea area around Orkney and Shetland, was published in 1968. Flinn (l969a)<ref name="Flinn 1969a"></ref> has interpreted the data from this and has produced a map showing the possible geology and structure of the areas north of Scotland. Exploratory marine geophysical surveys by ‘Watts and Bott (Bott and Watts 1970<ref name="Bott" >BOTT, M. H. P. and WATTS, A. B. 1970. Deep Sedimentary Basins proved in the Shetland-Hebridean Continental Shelf and Margin. Nature, Lond., 225, 265–8.</ref>; Watts 1971<ref name="Watts">WATTS, A. B. 1971. Geophysical investigations on the continental shelf and slope north of Scotland. Scott. Jnl Geol. , 7, 189–218.</ref>) have further added to our knowledge of the geology of the Shetland seas, and bathymetric investigations by Flinn (1964<ref name="Flinn 1964">FLINN, D. 1964. Coastal and Submarine Features Around the Shetland Islands. Proc. geol. Ass., 75, 321–39.</ref>, 1969b<ref name="Flinn 1969b">FLINN, D. 1969b. On the development of coastal proﬁles in the north of Scotland, Orkney and Shetland. Scott. Jnl Geol., 5, 393–9.</ref>) have contributed to the understanding of possible pre- and post-glacial movements of the land relative to sea level.

	== Orkney ==		== Orkney ==

Dbk: /* Economic geology */

2015-11-26T13:41:17Z

Economic geology

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:41, 26 November 2015
Line 23:		Line 23:

	=== Economic geology ===		=== Economic geology ===
	Records of early workings for copper and iron at and near Sand Lodge and at Garths Ness (south Mainland) appear in many accounts, the most important of which are by Traill (1806)<ref name="Traill">TRAILL, T. S. 1806. Observations, chiefly mineralogical, On the Shetland Islands, made in the course of a tour through these islands in 1803. A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts. (Editor Wm. Nicholson). 15, 353-67. </ref>, Fleming (in Shirreff 1817<ref name="Shirreff"></ref>), Heddle (1880)<ref name="Heddle 1880">HEDDLE, M. F. 1880. The Geognosy and Mineralogy of Scotland. Mainland [Shetland], Foula, Fair Isle. Mineralog. Mag. , 3, 18-56. </ref> and Dron (1908)<ref name="Dron">DRON, R. W. 1908. Iron and copper mining in Shetland. Trans. geol. Soc. Glasg., 13, 165-9. </ref>. The available data were summarised by Flett (in Macgregor and others 1920<ref name="Macgregor 1920">MacGREGOR, M., LEE, G. W., WILSON, G. V., with contributions by T. ROBERTSON and J. S. FLETT. 1920. The iron ores of Scotland. Mem. geol. Surv. Gt Br. Min. Resources, 11, 217-20. </ref> and in Wilson 1921<ref name="Wilson 1921">WILSON, G. V. 1921. The lead, zinc, copper and nickel ores of Scotland. Mem. geol. Surv. Gt Br. Min. Resources. Gt Br., 17. </ref>). A description of the Sand Lodge workings in 1929 was given by O’Dell (1939)<ref name="Odell">O’DELL, A. C. 1939. The historical geography of the Shetland Islands. Lerwick. </ref>. The magnetite ore at Clothister Hill near Sullom Voe was discovered by D. Haldane and the exploratory work connected with the deposit has been described by Groves (1952)<ref name="Groves">GROVES, A. W. 1952. Wartime Investigations into the Haematite and Manganese Ore Resources of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Monograph 20-703, Ministry of Supply Permanent Records of Research and Development. </ref>. The history of the chromite workings in Unst has been documented by Sandison (1948)<ref name="Sandison">SANDISON, C. G. D. 1948. Historical account of the mineral workings in Unst, Shetland. Scottish Council (Development and Industry), Paper No. 49(1) (unpublished). </ref>. There is also an account of the more recent explorations for this mineral by Rivington (1953)<ref name="Rivington"></ref>. Summaries of the workings in and distribution of non-metallic minerals, such as serpentine, talc and magnesite, have appeared in the economic memoirs of the Geological Survey (see Strahan and others 1916<ref name="Strahan 1916">STRAHAN, A., FLETT, J. S. and DINHAM, C. G. 1916. Potash-felspar—phosphate of lime—alum shales—plumbago or graphite—molybdenite—chromite—talc and steatite (soapstone, soap-rock and potstone)—diatomite. Mem. Geol. Surv. Gt Br. Min. Resources, 5. </ref>; Macgregor and others 1940<ref name="Macgregor 1940">MacGREGOR, M. and others. 1940. Synopsis of Mineral Resources of Scotland. Mem. geol. Surv. Gt Brit. Min. Resources, 33. </ref>; Wilson and Phemister 1946<ref name="Wilson 1946">WILSON, G. V. and PHEMISTER, J. 1946. Talc, other magnesium minerals and chromite associated with British serpentines. Geol. Surv. Gt Br. Wartime Pamphlet, No. 9. </ref>), and in reports of the Mineral Resources Panel of the Scottish Council (1954a<ref name="Scottish 1854a">SCOTTISH COUNCIL (DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRY). 1954a. Report of the Mineral Resources Panel on Serpentine and Olivine-rock in Scotland. </ref>, b<ref name="Scottish 1954b">SCOTTISH COUNCIL (DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRY). 1954b. Report of the Mineral Resources Panel on Talc in Scotland. </ref>). A detailed assessment of the talc-magnesite deposits near Cunningsburgh was carried out by Bain and others (1971)<ref name="Bain">BAIN, J. A., BRIGGS, D. A. and MAY, F. 1971. Geology and mineralogical appraisal of an extensive talc-magnesite deposit in the Shetlands. Trans. Instn. Min. Metall., 80, B, 77-84. </ref>, and the distribution, composition and petrography of the worked and workable limestones of Shetland have been described in Geological Survey memoirs (Robertson and others 1949<ref name="Robertson 1949">ROBERTSON, T., SIMPSON, J. B. and ANDERSON, J. G. C. 1949. The Limestones of Scotland. Mem. Geol. Surv. Gt Br. Min. Resources, 35, 171-5. </ref>; Muir and others 1956<ref name="Muir 1956">MUIR, A., HARDIE, H. G. M., MITCHELL, R. L. and PHEMISTER, J. 1956. The Limestones of Scotland: Chemical Analyses and Petrography. Mem. geol. Surv. Gt Br. Min. Resources, 37. </ref>).		Records of early workings for copper and iron at and near Sand Lodge and at Garths Ness (south Mainland) appear in many accounts, the most important of which are by Traill (1806)<ref name="Traill">TRAILL, T. S. 1806. Observations, chiefly mineralogical, On the Shetland Islands, made in the course of a tour through these islands in 1803. A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts. (Editor Wm. Nicholson). 15, 353-67. </ref>, Fleming (in Shirreff 1817<ref name="Shirreff"></ref>), Heddle (1880)<ref name="Heddle 1880">HEDDLE, M. F. 1880. The Geognosy and Mineralogy of Scotland. Mainland [Shetland], Foula, Fair Isle. Mineralog. Mag. , 3, 18-56. </ref> and Dron (1908)<ref name="Dron">DRON, R. W. 1908. Iron and copper mining in Shetland. Trans. geol. Soc. Glasg., 13, 165-9. </ref>. The available data were summarised by Flett (in Macgregor and others 1920<ref name="Macgregor 1920">MacGREGOR, M., LEE, G. W., WILSON, G. V., with contributions by T. ROBERTSON and J. S. FLETT. 1920. The iron ores of Scotland. Mem. geol. Surv. Gt Br. Min. Resources, 11, 217-20. </ref> and in Wilson 1921<ref name="Wilson 1921">WILSON, G. V. 1921. The lead, zinc, copper and nickel ores of Scotland. Mem. geol. Surv. Gt Br. Min. Resources. Gt Br., 17. </ref>). A description of the Sand Lodge workings in 1929 was given by O’Dell (1939)<ref name="Odell">O’DELL, A. C. 1939. The historical geography of the Shetland Islands. Lerwick. </ref>. The magnetite ore at Clothister Hill near Sullom Voe was discovered by D. Haldane and the exploratory work connected with the deposit has been described by Groves (1952)<ref name="Groves">GROVES, A. W. 1952. Wartime Investigations into the Haematite and Manganese Ore Resources of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Monograph 20-703, Ministry of Supply Permanent Records of Research and Development. </ref>. The history of the chromite workings in Unst has been documented by Sandison (1948)<ref name="Sandison">SANDISON, C. G. D. 1948. Historical account of the mineral workings in Unst, Shetland. Scottish Council (Development and Industry), Paper No. 49(1) (unpublished). </ref>. There is also an account of the more recent explorations for this mineral by Rivington (1953)<ref name="Rivington">RIVINGTON, J. B. 1953. Recent Chromite Exploration in Shetland. Min. Mag. Lond., 89, 329-37.</ref>. Summaries of the workings in and distribution of non-metallic minerals, such as serpentine, talc and magnesite, have appeared in the economic memoirs of the Geological Survey (see Strahan and others 1916<ref name="Strahan 1916">STRAHAN, A., FLETT, J. S. and DINHAM, C. G. 1916. Potash-felspar—phosphate of lime—alum shales—plumbago or graphite—molybdenite—chromite—talc and steatite (soapstone, soap-rock and potstone)—diatomite. Mem. Geol. Surv. Gt Br. Min. Resources, 5. </ref>; Macgregor and others 1940<ref name="Macgregor 1940">MacGREGOR, M. and others. 1940. Synopsis of Mineral Resources of Scotland. Mem. geol. Surv. Gt Brit. Min. Resources, 33. </ref>; Wilson and Phemister 1946<ref name="Wilson 1946">WILSON, G. V. and PHEMISTER, J. 1946. Talc, other magnesium minerals and chromite associated with British serpentines. Geol. Surv. Gt Br. Wartime Pamphlet, No. 9. </ref>), and in reports of the Mineral Resources Panel of the Scottish Council (1954a<ref name="Scottish 1854a">SCOTTISH COUNCIL (DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRY). 1954a. Report of the Mineral Resources Panel on Serpentine and Olivine-rock in Scotland. </ref>, b<ref name="Scottish 1954b">SCOTTISH COUNCIL (DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRY). 1954b. Report of the Mineral Resources Panel on Talc in Scotland. </ref>). A detailed assessment of the talc-magnesite deposits near Cunningsburgh was carried out by Bain and others (1971)<ref name="Bain">BAIN, J. A., BRIGGS, D. A. and MAY, F. 1971. Geology and mineralogical appraisal of an extensive talc-magnesite deposit in the Shetlands. Trans. Instn. Min. Metall., 80, B, 77-84. </ref>, and the distribution, composition and petrography of the worked and workable limestones of Shetland have been described in Geological Survey memoirs (Robertson and others 1949<ref name="Robertson 1949">ROBERTSON, T., SIMPSON, J. B. and ANDERSON, J. G. C. 1949. The Limestones of Scotland. Mem. Geol. Surv. Gt Br. Min. Resources, 35, 171-5. </ref>; Muir and others 1956<ref name="Muir 1956">MUIR, A., HARDIE, H. G. M., MITCHELL, R. L. and PHEMISTER, J. 1956. The Limestones of Scotland: Chemical Analyses and Petrography. Mem. geol. Surv. Gt Br. Min. Resources, 37. </ref>).

	=== Geophysics and off-shore geology ===		=== Geophysics and off-shore geology ===

Dbk: /* Pleistocene and Recent */

2015-11-26T13:40:20Z

Pleistocene and Recent

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:40, 26 November 2015
Line 20:		Line 20:

	=== Pleistocene and Recent ===		=== Pleistocene and Recent ===
	The first integrated account of the glaciation of Shetland is that of Peach and Home (1879b)<ref name="Peach 1879a"></ref>, who suggested that the islands were first overridden by Scandinavian ice from the north-east, but that they later nourished their own ice cap. The former presence of Scandinavian ice was confirmed by the presence of an erratic of tonsbergite in south-east Mainland, which was recorded by Finlay (l926a)<ref name="Finlay 1926a"></ref>. Robertson (1935)<ref name="Robertson 1935">ROBERTSON, T. 1935. The Glaciation of Aithsting, South Nesting, Whalsay and the Out Skerries. Geological Survey Records, (unpublished). </ref> and Flinn (1964<ref name="Flinn 1964">FLINN, D. 1964. Coastal and Submarine Features Around the Shetland Islands. Proc. geol. Ass., 75, 321-39. </ref>, 1967b<ref name="Flinn 1967b">FLINN, D. 1967b. Ice front in the North Sea. Nature, Lond., 215, 1151-4. </ref>) have, however, suggested that during the last glacial maximum Scandinavian ice crossed only the extreme south and north of the Shetland Islands and that over the rest of the area a locally-nourished ice cap prevailed. The changes in sea level around Shetland since the last glaciation have been studied by Flinn (1964)<ref name="Flinn 1964">FLINN, D. 1964. Coastal and Submarine Features Around the Shetland Islands. Proc. geol. Ass., 75, 321-39. </ref> and Hoppe (1965)<ref name="Hoppe 1965">HOPPE, G. 1965. Submarine peat in the Shetland Islands. Geogr. Annlr., 47A, 195-203. </ref>, and a ﬂoral sequence in the Shetland peats was established by Lewis (1907<ref name="Lewis 1907">LEWIS, F. J. 1907. The Plant Remains in the Scottish Peat Mosses. III. The Scottish Highlands and The Shetland Islands. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 46, 33-70. </ref>, 1911<ref name="Lewis 1911">LEWIS, F. J. 1911. The Plant Remains in the Scottish Peat Mosses. IV. The Scottish Highlands and Shetland, with an Appendix on Icelandic Peat Deposits. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 47, 793-833. </ref>). Chapelhow (1965)<ref name="Chapelhowe">CHAPELHOW, R. 1965. On Glaciation in North Roe, Shetland. Geogrl. Jnl, 131, 60-70. </ref> recorded the presence of an interglacial peat deposit in north-west Mainland and Mykura has since found a similar bed in west Mainland. These peats have given <sup>14</sup>C dates of 35 000 to 40 000 BP and Birks and Ransom (1969)<ref name="Birks">BIRKS, H. J. B. and RANSOM, MAREE, E. 1969. An interglacial peat at Fugla Ness, Shetland. New Phytol., 68, 777-96. </ref> have suggested, on pollen analytical evidence, that they may be of Hoxnian age.		The first integrated account of the glaciation of Shetland is that of Peach and Home (1879b)<ref name="Peach 1879a"></ref>, who suggested that the islands were first overridden by Scandinavian ice from the north-east, but that they later nourished their own ice cap. The former presence of Scandinavian ice was confirmed by the presence of an erratic of tonsbergite in south-east Mainland, which was recorded by Finlay (l926a)<ref name="Finlay 1926a">FINLAY, T. M. 1926a. A Töngsbergite Boulder from the Boulder-clay of Shetland. Trans. Edinb. geol. Soc., 12, 180.</ref>. Robertson (1935)<ref name="Robertson 1935">ROBERTSON, T. 1935. The Glaciation of Aithsting, South Nesting, Whalsay and the Out Skerries. Geological Survey Records, (unpublished). </ref> and Flinn (1964<ref name="Flinn 1964">FLINN, D. 1964. Coastal and Submarine Features Around the Shetland Islands. Proc. geol. Ass., 75, 321-39. </ref>, 1967b<ref name="Flinn 1967b">FLINN, D. 1967b. Ice front in the North Sea. Nature, Lond., 215, 1151-4. </ref>) have, however, suggested that during the last glacial maximum Scandinavian ice crossed only the extreme south and north of the Shetland Islands and that over the rest of the area a locally-nourished ice cap prevailed. The changes in sea level around Shetland since the last glaciation have been studied by Flinn (1964)<ref name="Flinn 1964">FLINN, D. 1964. Coastal and Submarine Features Around the Shetland Islands. Proc. geol. Ass., 75, 321-39. </ref> and Hoppe (1965)<ref name="Hoppe 1965">HOPPE, G. 1965. Submarine peat in the Shetland Islands. Geogr. Annlr., 47A, 195-203. </ref>, and a ﬂoral sequence in the Shetland peats was established by Lewis (1907<ref name="Lewis 1907">LEWIS, F. J. 1907. The Plant Remains in the Scottish Peat Mosses. III. The Scottish Highlands and The Shetland Islands. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 46, 33-70. </ref>, 1911<ref name="Lewis 1911">LEWIS, F. J. 1911. The Plant Remains in the Scottish Peat Mosses. IV. The Scottish Highlands and Shetland, with an Appendix on Icelandic Peat Deposits. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 47, 793-833. </ref>). Chapelhow (1965)<ref name="Chapelhowe">CHAPELHOW, R. 1965. On Glaciation in North Roe, Shetland. Geogrl. Jnl, 131, 60-70. </ref> recorded the presence of an interglacial peat deposit in north-west Mainland and Mykura has since found a similar bed in west Mainland. These peats have given <sup>14</sup>C dates of 35 000 to 40 000 BP and Birks and Ransom (1969)<ref name="Birks">BIRKS, H. J. B. and RANSOM, MAREE, E. 1969. An interglacial peat at Fugla Ness, Shetland. New Phytol., 68, 777-96. </ref> have suggested, on pollen analytical evidence, that they may be of Hoxnian age.

	=== Economic geology ===		=== Economic geology ===