Hydrogeology of Comoros - Revision history

LaurenGiles: /* Hydrogeology */ fixed typo

2023-11-27T10:30:14Z

Hydrogeology: fixed typo

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:30, 27 November 2023
Line 163:		Line 163:

	The basaltic lavas have high permeability. Other formations are thought to be of little hydrogeological interest. Direct rainfall recharge is likely to be rapid and high, infiltrating down to the aquifer base roughly at sea level (United Nations 1989). The degree of alteration of the volcanic rocks, and therefore their		The basaltic lavas have high permeability. Other formations are thought to be of little hydrogeological interest. Direct rainfall recharge is likely to be rapid and high, infiltrating down to the aquifer base roughly at sea level (United Nations 1989). The degree of alteration of the volcanic rocks, and therefore their
	permeability, is in direct proportion to their age, and so the infiltration of groundwater water is likely to be influenced by the spatial distribution of the ancient volcanic materials - i.e., the paleo-relief. Groundwater flows tend to be ~~concent1ated~~ in the ancient valleys, occupied by recent flows which are more permeable than the surrounding older rocks, and thus forming preferred groundwater flow paths. Local disruptions to groundwater flow may create perched aquifers - such as vertical dykes and the alteration of ancient basalts at depth (United Nations 1989).		permeability, is in direct proportion to their age, and so the infiltration of groundwater water is likely to be influenced by the spatial distribution of the ancient volcanic materials - i.e., the paleo-relief. Groundwater flows tend to be concentrated in the ancient valleys, occupied by recent flows which are more permeable than the surrounding older rocks, and thus forming preferred groundwater flow paths. Local disruptions to groundwater flow may create perched aquifers - such as vertical dykes and the alteration of ancient basalts at depth (United Nations 1989).

	There are a number of springs, both ephemeral and perennial, on Ngazidja island, mostly with a low yield. Some examples are M'Koudoussi, Hamoindze and Souou, which are perennial with yields varying from 0.5 m³/h in the dry season~to 50 m³/h in the rainy season. Other examples, such as N'Gnambéni and M'Rotso in the massif of Badjini,		There are a number of springs, both ephemeral and perennial, on Ngazidja island, mostly with a low yield. Some examples are M'Koudoussi, Hamoindze and Souou, which are perennial with yields varying from 0.5 m³/h in the dry season~to 50 m³/h in the rainy season. Other examples, such as N'Gnambéni and M'Rotso in the massif of Badjini,
Line 171:		Line 171:

	Infiltrating rainwater has a very low mineral content, in the order of 100 mg/l, with a Cl content of 10 to 20 mg/l, and mainly of Ca-Mg-HCO3 type when measured in the island's interior springs. Na and Cl are prevalent in all the water tapped in the coastal zone, owing to the influence of sea water, even in the water with lowest mineral content. The groundwater of the coastal zones can therefore be considered essentially diluted sea water, the mineral content of which is determined by the degree of sea water intrusion (United Nations 1989).		Infiltrating rainwater has a very low mineral content, in the order of 100 mg/l, with a Cl content of 10 to 20 mg/l, and mainly of Ca-Mg-HCO3 type when measured in the island's interior springs. Na and Cl are prevalent in all the water tapped in the coastal zone, owing to the influence of sea water, even in the water with lowest mineral content. The groundwater of the coastal zones can therefore be considered essentially diluted sea water, the mineral content of which is determined by the degree of sea water intrusion (United Nations 1989).


	== Groundwater management ==		== Groundwater management ==

Beod: /* References and Further Information Sources */

2022-11-10T14:16:30Z

References and Further Information Sources

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:16, 10 November 2022
Line 217:		Line 217:

	Return to the index pages:		Return to the index pages:
	[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country \| Hydrogeology by country]] ~~>> Hydrogeology of Comoros~~		[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country \| Hydrogeology by country]]

Beod at 13:15, 4 October 2022

2022-10-04T13:15:55Z

Beod: /* Groundwater management */

2022-10-04T13:12:46Z

Groundwater management

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:12, 4 October 2022
Line 176:		Line 176:
	== Groundwater management ==		== Groundwater management ==

	La Direction Générale de l’Eau des Mines et de l’Energie is the government department responsible for water policy and coordinating water projects on all three islands (PS Eau 2015).		La Direction Générale de l’Eau des Mines et de l’Energie is the government department responsible for water policy and coordinating water projects on all three islands (PS Eau 2015). According to some sources, it holds available groundwater data for all of Comoros.

	The public and commercial company Ma-Mwe is responsible for urban public water supplies, but in practice it only operates in Moroni and its surroundings, and even here water supplies are frequently cut off and/or there are problems with effective water quality treatment.		The public and commercial company Ma-Mwe is responsible for urban public water supplies, but in practice it only operates in Moroni and its surroundings, and even here water supplies are frequently cut off and/or there are problems with effective water quality treatment.
Line 183:		Line 183:

	Associations 2-mains works on access to drinking water in rural areas of Greater Comore, among other projects.		Associations 2-mains works on access to drinking water in rural areas of Greater Comore, among other projects.





	== Transboundary aquifers==		== Transboundary aquifers==

Beod at 13:11, 4 October 2022

2022-10-04T13:11:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:11, 4 October 2022
Line 6:		Line 6:


	Comoros is an archipelago nation of three major and numerous smaller volcanic islands islands off the east coast of Africa. Comoros and France dispute ownership of a fourth major island, Mayotte. The population is ethnically diverse as a result of centuries of immigration by Indonesian, Bantu African and Arabic peoples, among others.		Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an archipelago nation of three major islands (Grande Comore (Ngazidja), Mohéli (Mwali) and Anjouan (Ndzwani) and numerous smaller volcanic islands islands off the east coast of Africa. Comoros and France dispute ownership of a fourth major island, Mayotte, which continues to be administered by France as an overseas department.

			The Comoros population is ethnically diverse as a result of centuries of immigration by Indonesian, Bantu African and Arabic peoples, among others.

	In the first centuries of the second millennium AD, the islands were an important trade hub and stopover between Arabia and Africa. The pre-colonial economy was dominated by slave trading, which continued after France colonised Comoros in 1841, with the addition of plantation agriculture. Since independence from France in 1975 there have been multiple coups and widespread conflict. The island of Mayotte voted against independence in 1974 and 1976 by a large majority. The islands of Ndzuani and Mwali tried to become independent from the largest island of Ngazidja in 1997, since when they have experienced more autonomy, with each island having its own president within the overall union of the three islands.		In the first centuries of the second millennium AD, the islands were an important trade hub and stopover between Arabia and Africa. The pre-colonial economy was dominated by slave trading, which continued after France colonised Comoros in 1841, with the addition of plantation agriculture. Since independence from France in 1975 there have been multiple coups and widespread conflict. The island of Mayotte voted against independence in 1974 and 1976 by a large majority. The islands of Ndzuani and Mwali tried to become independent from the largest island of Ngazidja in 1997, since when they have experienced more autonomy, with each island having its own president within the overall union of the three islands.
Line 23:		Line 25:
	Please cite this page as: Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.		Please cite this page as: Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.

	Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard, I. ~~2018~~. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Comoros. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Comoros		Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2022. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Comoros. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Comoros

	==Terms and conditions==		==Terms and conditions==
Line 149:		Line 151:
	==Geology==		==Geology==

	~~More~~ information is available in the ~~report [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060004 UN (1988)] (see~~ References section, below).		Some more information is available in the reports and other documents listed in the References and Further Information section, below.

	The Comoros are volcanic basalt islands, the tips of a submerged range. There are at least three main phases of volcanic activity, separated by phases of rest and alteration. Almost the whole of Ngazidja island is covered with ouctrops of volcanic materials of the most recent upper phase, surrounded by lavas of the intermediate phase. At the ground surface there are also layers of red clay several metres thick, indicating advanced laterisation of the early phases (United Nations 1989).		The Comoros are volcanic basalt islands, the tips of a submerged range. There are at least three main phases of volcanic activity, separated by phases of rest and alteration. Almost the whole of Ngazidja island is covered with ouctrops of volcanic materials of the most recent upper phase, surrounded by lavas of the intermediate phase. At the ground surface there are also layers of red clay several metres thick, indicating advanced laterisation of the early phases (United Nations 1989).
Line 174:		Line 176:
	== Groundwater management ==		== Groundwater management ==

	~~The government department with responsibility for groundwater, and all water resources, is~~ La Direction Générale de l’Eau des Mines et de l’Energie.		La Direction Générale de l’Eau des Mines et de l’Energie is the government department responsible for water policy and coordinating water projects on all three islands (PS Eau 2015).

			The public and commercial company Ma-Mwe is responsible for urban public water supplies, but in practice it only operates in Moroni and its surroundings, and even here water supplies are frequently cut off and/or there are problems with effective water quality treatment.

			Water Management Committees (CGE) are user associations that manage water networks and distribution within their territory. The Union of Water Committees of Moheli (UCEM) is an association of village water management committees on the island of Moheli, created in 2007; the Union of Water Committees of Anjouan (UCEA) is an association of village water management committees on the island of Anjouan, created in 2002. Each is the contracting authority for projects implemented in their respective island and provides technical support to water management committees.

			Associations 2-mains works on access to drinking water in rural areas of Greater Comore, among other projects.





Line 198:		Line 209:

	DGEME. 2014. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/biblio/resume.php?d=5609 La problématique de l'eau aux Comores]. Présentation.		DGEME. 2014. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/biblio/resume.php?d=5609 La problématique de l'eau aux Comores]. Présentation.

			PS Eau. 2014. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/ps_eau_fiche_territoire_mayotte_2014.pdf Fiche territoire: Mayotte

			PS Eau. 2015. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/ps_eau_fiche_pays_union_comores_2015.pdf Fiche Pays: Union des Comores]

	PS Eau. 2015. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/ps_eau_fiche_territoire_grande_comore_2015.pdf Fiche territoire: Grande Comore]		PS Eau. 2015. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/ps_eau_fiche_territoire_grande_comore_2015.pdf Fiche territoire: Grande Comore]

Beod at 12:56, 4 October 2022

2022-10-04T12:56:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:56, 4 October 2022
Line 23:		Line 23:
	Please cite this page as: Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.		Please cite this page as: Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.

	Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Comoros. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. ~~http~~://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Comoros		Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Comoros. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Comoros

	==Terms and conditions==		==Terms and conditions==
Line 59:		Line 59:
	\|}		\|}

	<nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat]		<nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat]


Line 141:		Line 141:
	\|}		\|}

	These statistics are sourced from [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO Aquastat]. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.		These statistics are sourced from [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO Aquastat]. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.

	Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en Aquastat Main Database].		Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en Aquastat Main Database].

	<sup>1</sup> More information on [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use_agr/index.stm irrigation water use and requirement statistics]		<sup>1</sup> More information on [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use_agr/index.stm irrigation water use and requirement statistics]

	==Geology==		==Geology==
Line 172:		Line 172:


	=== Transboundary aquifers===		== Groundwater management ==

			The government department with responsibility for groundwater, and all water resources, is La Direction Générale de l’Eau des Mines et de l’Energie.


			== Transboundary aquifers==

	For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the [[Transboundary aquifers \| Transboundary aquifers resources page]].		For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the [[Transboundary aquifers \| Transboundary aquifers resources page]].

	==References==		==References and Further Information Sources==


			'''Websites'''

			* [https://www.pseau.org/outils/organismes/organisme_detail.php?org_organisme_id=27869 PS Eau page on Comoros]



			'''References'''

			More references with information on the geology and hydrogeology of Comoros may be available through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=KM&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=11 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].


	~~References with more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Comoros may be available through the~~ [https://~~www2~~.~~bgs~~.~~ac.uk~~/~~africaGroundwaterAtlas~~/~~atlas~~.~~cfc~~?~~method~~=~~listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=KM&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=11 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive~~].		Cadot N. 2016. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/biblio/resume.php?d=6534 Projet pilote de gestion du service public de l’eau en milieu rural sur l’île de Grande Comore (GECEAU): Guide de conception de réseaux et d'organisation du service public de l'eau en milieu rural. Document Principal, Version 1]. Apr 2016, 35p.

			DGEME. 2014. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/biblio/resume.php?d=5609 La problématique de l'eau aux Comores]. Présentation.

	PS Eau. 2015. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/ps_eau_fiche_territoire_grande_comore_2015.pdf Fiche territoire: Grande Comore]		PS Eau. 2015. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/ps_eau_fiche_territoire_grande_comore_2015.pdf Fiche territoire: Grande Comore]

Beod: /* References */

2022-10-04T12:48:18Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:48, 4 October 2022
Line 179:		Line 179:

	References with more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Comoros may be available through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=KM&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=11 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].		References with more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Comoros may be available through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=KM&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=11 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].


			PS Eau. 2015. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/ps_eau_fiche_territoire_grande_comore_2015.pdf Fiche territoire: Grande Comore]

	United Nations. 1989. [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060004 Groundwater in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa: Comoros]. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development.		United Nations. 1989. [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060004 Groundwater in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa: Comoros]. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development.

Beod at 07:44, 17 September 2021

2021-09-17T07:44:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:44, 17 September 2021
Line 149:		Line 149:
	==Geology==		==Geology==

	More information is available in the report [https://~~www~~.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060004 UN (1988)] (see References section, below).		More information is available in the report [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060004 UN (1988)] (see References section, below).

	The Comoros are volcanic basalt islands, the tips of a submerged range. There are at least three main phases of volcanic activity, separated by phases of rest and alteration. Almost the whole of Ngazidja island is covered with ouctrops of volcanic materials of the most recent upper phase, surrounded by lavas of the intermediate phase. At the ground surface there are also layers of red clay several metres thick, indicating advanced laterisation of the early phases (United Nations 1989).		The Comoros are volcanic basalt islands, the tips of a submerged range. There are at least three main phases of volcanic activity, separated by phases of rest and alteration. Almost the whole of Ngazidja island is covered with ouctrops of volcanic materials of the most recent upper phase, surrounded by lavas of the intermediate phase. At the ground surface there are also layers of red clay several metres thick, indicating advanced laterisation of the early phases (United Nations 1989).
Line 159:		Line 159:
	==Hydrogeology==		==Hydrogeology==

	More information on the hydrogeology of Comoros is available in the report [https://~~www~~.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060004 UN (1988)] (see References section, below).		More information on the hydrogeology of Comoros is available in the report [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060004 UN (1988)] (see References section, below).

	The basaltic lavas have high permeability. Other formations are thought to be of little hydrogeological interest. Direct rainfall recharge is likely to be rapid and high, infiltrating down to the aquifer base roughly at sea level (United Nations 1989). The degree of alteration of the volcanic rocks, and therefore their		The basaltic lavas have high permeability. Other formations are thought to be of little hydrogeological interest. Direct rainfall recharge is likely to be rapid and high, infiltrating down to the aquifer base roughly at sea level (United Nations 1989). The degree of alteration of the volcanic rocks, and therefore their
Line 178:		Line 178:
	==References==		==References==

	References with more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Comoros ~~can~~ be ~~accessed~~ through the [https://~~www~~.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=KM&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=11 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].		References with more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Comoros may be available through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=KM&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=11 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].

	United Nations. 1989. [https://~~www~~.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060004 Groundwater in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa: Comoros]. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development.		United Nations. 1989. [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060004 Groundwater in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa: Comoros]. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development.

Dbk: Removed protection from "Hydrogeology of Comoros"

2020-01-07T11:07:53Z

Removed protection from "Hydrogeology of Comoros"

← Older revision	Revision as of 12:07, 7 January 2020
(No difference)

Beod at 09:57, 2 September 2019

2019-09-02T09:57:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:57, 2 September 2019
Line 2:		Line 2:

	'''This page has limited information. If you have more recent information on the hydrogeology of Comoros, please get in touch!'''		'''This page has limited information. If you have more recent information on the hydrogeology of Comoros, please get in touch!'''

			[[File:CC-BY-SA_logo_88x31.png \| frame \| This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License]]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:15, 4 October 2022
Line 6:		Line 6:


	Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an archipelago nation of three major islands (Grande Comore (Ngazidja), Mohéli (Mwali) and Anjouan (Ndzwani) and numerous smaller volcanic ~~islands~~ islands off the east coast of Africa. Comoros and France dispute ownership of a fourth major island, Mayotte, which continues to be administered by France as an overseas department.		Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros (Union des Comores), is an archipelago nation of three major islands (Grande Comore (Ngazidja), Mohéli (Mwali) and Anjouan (Ndzwani) and numerous smaller volcanic islands off the east coast of Africa. Comoros and France dispute ownership of a fourth major island, Mayotte, which continues to be administered by France as an overseas department.

	The Comoros population is ethnically diverse as a result of centuries of immigration by Indonesian, Bantu African and Arabic peoples, among others.		The Comoros population is ethnically diverse as a result of centuries of immigration by Indonesian, Bantu African and Arabic peoples, among others.

	In the first centuries of the second millennium AD, the islands were an important trade hub and stopover between Arabia and Africa. The pre-colonial economy was dominated by slave trading, which continued after France colonised Comoros in 1841, with the addition of plantation agriculture. Since independence from France in 1975 there have been multiple coups and widespread conflict. The island of Mayotte voted against independence in 1974 and 1976 by a large majority. The islands of Ndzuani and Mwali tried to become independent from the largest island of Ngazidja in 1997, since when they have experienced more autonomy, with each island having its own president within the overall union of the three islands.		In the first centuries of the second millennium AD, the islands were an important trade hub and stopover between Arabia and Africa. The pre-colonial economy was dominated by slave trading, which continued after France colonised Comoros in 1841, with the addition of plantation agriculture. Since independence from France in 1975 there have been multiple coups and widespread conflict. The island of Mayotte voted against independence in 1974 and 1976 by a large majority. The islands of Ndzuani and Mwali tried to become independent from the largest island of Ngazidja in 1997, since when they have experienced more autonomy, with each island having its own president within the overall union of the three islands.
	The long term political, civil and military unrest means that development remains rudimentary, and Comoros i		The long term political, civil and military unrest means that development remains rudimentary, and Comoros is one of the world’s poorest countries. The economy of Comoros is dominated by agriculture, also including fishing, hunting and forestry: these together contribute 40% of GDP and employ 80% of the labour force. Spices and the marine industry provide important export income, and the country is heavily dependent on external aid. The country is densely populated, although mostly rural.
	s one of the world’s poorest countries. The economy of Comoros is dominated by agriculture, also including fishing, hunting and forestry~~, which contributes~~ 40% of GDP and ~~employs~~ 80% of the labour force. Spices and the marine industry provide important export income, and the country is heavily dependent on external aid. The country is densely populated, although mostly rural.

	Comoros has relatively high rainfall, although it is not evenly distributed seasonally. There are few rivers, and much of the population relies for water supplies on rainwater harvesting, stored in tanks and cisterns. These were traditionally uncovered, and many were contaminated by ash deposition after a volcanic eruption in 2006. Recent development activities have focussed on covering private water supply cisterns and raising awareness about protecting water resources from contamination.		Comoros has relatively high rainfall, although it is not evenly distributed seasonally. There are few rivers, and much of the population relies for water supplies on rainwater harvesting, stored in tanks and cisterns. These were traditionally uncovered, and many were contaminated by ash deposition after a volcanic eruption in 2006. Recent development activities have focussed on covering private water supply cisterns and raising awareness about protecting water resources from contamination.
Line 176:		Line 175:
	== Groundwater management ==		== Groundwater management ==

	La Direction Générale de l’Eau des Mines et de l’Energie is the government department responsible for water policy and coordinating water projects on all three islands (PS Eau 2015). According to some sources, it holds available groundwater data for all of Comoros.		La Direction Générale de l’Eau des Mines et de l’Energie is the government department responsible for water policy and coordinating water projects on all three islands (PS Eau 2015 (1)). According to some sources, it holds available groundwater data for all of Comoros.

	The public and commercial company Ma-Mwe is responsible for urban public water supplies, but in practice it only operates in Moroni and its surroundings, and even here water supplies are frequently cut off and/or there are problems with effective water quality treatment.		The public and commercial company Ma-Mwe is responsible for urban public water supplies, but in practice it only operates in Moroni and its surroundings, and even here water supplies are frequently cut off and/or there are problems with effective water quality treatment.

	Water Management Committees (CGE) are user associations that manage water networks and distribution within their territory. The Union of Water Committees of ~~Moheli~~ (UCEM) is an association of village water management committees on the island of ~~Moheli~~, created in 2007; the Union of Water Committees of Anjouan (UCEA) is an association of village water management committees on the island of Anjouan, created in 2002. Each is the contracting authority for projects implemented in their respective island and provides technical support to water management committees.		Water Management Committees (CGE) are user associations that manage water networks and distribution within their territory. The Union of Water Committees of Mohéli (UCEM) is an association of village water management committees on the island of Mohéli, created in 2007; the Union of Water Committees of Anjouan (UCEA) is an association of village water management committees on the island of Anjouan, created in 2002. Each is the contracting authority for projects implemented in their respective island and provides technical support to water management committees.

	Associations 2-mains works on access to drinking water in rural areas of Greater Comore, among other projects.		Associations 2-mains works on access to drinking water in rural areas of Greater Comore, among other projects.
Line 208:		Line 207:
	PS Eau. 2014. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/ps_eau_fiche_territoire_mayotte_2014.pdf Fiche territoire: Mayotte		PS Eau. 2014. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/ps_eau_fiche_territoire_mayotte_2014.pdf Fiche territoire: Mayotte

	PS Eau. 2015. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/ps_eau_fiche_pays_union_comores_2015.pdf Fiche Pays: Union des Comores]		PS Eau. 2015 (1). [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/ps_eau_fiche_pays_union_comores_2015.pdf Fiche Pays: Union des Comores]

	PS Eau. 2015. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/ps_eau_fiche_territoire_grande_comore_2015.pdf Fiche territoire: Grande Comore]		PS Eau. 2015 (2). [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/ps_eau_fiche_territoire_grande_comore_2015.pdf Fiche territoire: Grande Comore]

			PS Eau. 2015 (3). [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/ps_eau_fiche_territoire_de_moheli_2015.pdf Fiche territoire: Mohéli]

	United Nations. 1989. [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060004 Groundwater in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa: Comoros]. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development.		United Nations. 1989. [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060004 Groundwater in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa: Comoros]. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development.