Hydrogeology of Djibouti - Revision history

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	USAID. 2020. [https://www.usaid.gov/djibouti/global-health/water-and-sanitation#:~:text=Since%20the%20country%20does%20not,rainwater%20infiltration%2C%20where%20they%20exist. Water and Sanitation]. Webpage, accessed 10 November 2022		USAID. 2020. [https://www.usaid.gov/djibouti/global-health/water-and-sanitation#:~:text=Since%20the%20country%20does%20not,rainwater%20infiltration%2C%20where%20they%20exist. Water and Sanitation]. Webpage, accessed 10 November 2022

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	[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country \| Hydrogeology by country]]
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References

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	==References==		==References==

	~~Other~~ references with information on the geology and hydrogeology of Djibouti may be accessible through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=DJ&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].		These, and other references with information on the geology and hydrogeology of Djibouti may also be accessible through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=DJ&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].


	Aboubaker M, Jalludin M and Razack M. 2013. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2398-8 Hydrochemistry of a complex volcano-sedimentary aquifer using major ions and environmental isotopes data: Dalha basalts aquifer, southwest of Republic of Djibouti]. Environmental Earth Sciences 70 (7), 3335–3349. doi 10.1007/s12665-013-2398-8		Aboubaker M, Jalludin M and Razack M. 2013. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2398-8 Hydrochemistry of a complex volcano-sedimentary aquifer using major ions and environmental isotopes data: Dalha basalts aquifer, southwest of Republic of Djibouti]. Environmental Earth Sciences 70 (7), 3335–3349. doi 10.1007/s12665-013-2398-8
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	UNHCR. 2013. [https://www.unhcr.org/uk/4ec230fa15.pdf Djibouti]. UNHCR Global Appeal 2012-2013		UNHCR. 2013. [https://www.unhcr.org/uk/4ec230fa15.pdf Djibouti]. UNHCR Global Appeal 2012-2013

			USAID. 2020. [https://www.usaid.gov/djibouti/global-health/water-and-sanitation#:~:text=Since%20the%20country%20does%20not,rainwater%20infiltration%2C%20where%20they%20exist. Water and Sanitation]. Webpage, accessed 10 November 2022

	==Return to the index pages==		==Return to the index pages==

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Groundwater management

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	Key water legislation includes a Water Code (1996) and a Water Master Plan, adopted in 2000.		Key water legislation includes a Water Code (1996) and a Water Master Plan, adopted in 2000.

	In 1993, an inventory of ~~(at least partially functional)~~ water points was drawn up. Of these, there were 445 groundwater sources in use across the country: 168 boreholes, 195 wells and 82 springs, according to data from FAO (2005) - see table:		In 1993, an inventory of water points was drawn up. Of these, there were 445 groundwater sources in use across the country: 168 boreholes, 195 wells and 82 springs, according to data from FAO (2005) - see table:

Beod at 13:33, 10 October 2022

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	Please cite this page as: Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.		Please cite this page as: Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.

	Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Djibouti. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. ~~http~~://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Djibouti		Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Djibouti. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Djibouti

	==Terms and conditions==		==Terms and conditions==
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	<nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat]		<nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat]


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	These statistics are sourced from [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO Aquastat]. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.		These statistics are sourced from [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO Aquastat]. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.

	Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en Aquastat Main Database].		Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en Aquastat Main Database].

	<sup>1</sup> More information on [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use_agr/index.stm irrigation water use and requirement statistics]		<sup>1</sup> More information on [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use_agr/index.stm irrigation water use and requirement statistics]

	==Geology==		==Geology==
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	===Groundwater quality===		===Groundwater quality===

	Groundwater salinity is widely high: in 2005, more than half of Djibouti's boreholes were recorded as showing salinity of more than 900 mg/l, and sometimes up to 1,200 mg/l. At this time, only groundwater in the northwest of the country was recorded as having ionic levels below the standards of use for irrigation. High levels of boron are the most common (FAO ~~AQUASTAT~~ 2005). Where groundwater is used for agriculture, high evapotranspiration rates and mineralised irrigation returns have contributed to rising salinity, both in shallow alluvial and deeper volcanic rock aquifers. In coastal zones, salinity is exacerbated by over-abstraction that draws down water levels and induces sea water intrusion (Ahmed et al 2018).		Groundwater salinity is widely high: in 2005, more than half of Djibouti's boreholes were recorded as showing salinity of more than 900 mg/l, and sometimes up to 1,200 mg/l. At this time, only groundwater in the northwest of the country was recorded as having ionic levels below the standards of use for irrigation. High levels of boron are the most common (FAO 2005). Where groundwater is used for agriculture, high evapotranspiration rates and mineralised irrigation returns have contributed to rising salinity, both in shallow alluvial and deeper volcanic rock aquifers. In coastal zones, salinity is exacerbated by over-abstraction that draws down water levels and induces sea water intrusion (Ahmed et al 2018).

	Rapid urbanisation with a lack of adequate sanitation is contributing to groundwater quality degradation in urban areas (Ahmed et al 2017).		Rapid urbanisation with a lack of adequate sanitation is contributing to groundwater quality degradation in urban areas (Ahmed et al 2017).
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	===Groundwater management===		===Groundwater management===

	The key institutions responsible for groundwater resources include (FAO ~~AQUASTAT~~):		The key institutions responsible for groundwater resources include (FAO 2005):

	* the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and the Sea (MAEM), which among its other mandates is responsible for water resources studies and exploitation.		* the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and the Sea (MAEM), which among its other mandates is responsible for water resources studies and exploitation.

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Groundwater quantity

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	===Groundwater quantity===		===Groundwater quantity===

	Over-abstraction of groundwater is a recognised problem in a number of different parts of Djibouti. The estimated level of over-abstraction in 2005 was 15 million m<sup>3</sup>/year (FAO ~~AQUASTAT~~ 2005).		Over-abstraction of groundwater is a recognised problem in a number of different parts of Djibouti. The estimated level of over-abstraction in 2005 was 15 million m<sup>3</sup>/year (FAO 2005).

	Wadi alluvial aquifers, which are used extensively for rural water domestic, irrigation and livestock supplies, are often over-exploited.		Wadi alluvial aquifers, which are used extensively for rural water domestic, irrigation and livestock supplies, are often over-exploited.

	===Groundwater quality===		===Groundwater quality===

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Groundwater management

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	Key water legislation includes a Water Code (1996) and a Water Master Plan, adopted in 2000.		Key water legislation includes a Water Code (1996) and a Water Master Plan, adopted in 2000.

	In 1993, an inventory of (at least partially functional) water points was drawn up. Of these, there were 445 groundwater sources in use across the country: 168 boreholes, 195 wells and 82 springs, according to data from FAO ~~AQUASTAT~~ (2005) - see table:		In 1993, an inventory of (at least partially functional) water points was drawn up. Of these, there were 445 groundwater sources in use across the country: 168 boreholes, 195 wells and 82 springs, according to data from FAO (2005) - see table:


	''Table - Inventory of water points in Djibouti in 1993 (from FAO ~~AQUASTAT~~ 2005)''		''Table - Inventory of water points in Djibouti in 1993 (from FAO 2005)''
	{\| class = "wikitable"		{\| class = "wikitable"
	\|District\|\|Borehole\|\|Well\|\|Spring\|\|Guelta<sup>1</sup>\|\|Pond		\|District\|\|Borehole\|\|Well\|\|Spring\|\|Guelta<sup>1</sup>\|\|Pond

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References

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:32, 10 October 2022
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	Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe. 1982. Inventory and development of the water resources of the Republic of Djibouti. Report prepared by W. Müller, for project No. 78.2233.1, German Hydrogeological Cooperation. Hanover, Germany.		Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe. 1982. Inventory and development of the water resources of the Republic of Djibouti. Report prepared by W. Müller, for project No. 78.2233.1, German Hydrogeological Cooperation. Hanover, Germany.

	FAO ~~AQUASTAT~~. 2005. [https://www.fao.org/~~aquastat~~/en/~~countries-and-basins/country~~-~~profiles/country/DJI~~ Djibouti]. FAO AQUASTAT.		FAO. 2005. [https://www.fao.org/3/i9923fr/I9923FR.pdf AQUASTAT Profil de Pays - Djibouti]. FAO AQUASTAT Rapports. Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture. Rome, Italie.

	ISERST. 1985–1995. Cartes géologiques de la République de Djibouti à 1/100000 [Geological maps of the Republic of Djibouti at 1/100000]. Editions ORSTOM, Paris, France		ISERST. 1985–1995. Cartes géologiques de la République de Djibouti à 1/100000 [Geological maps of the Republic of Djibouti at 1/100000]. Editions ORSTOM, Paris, France

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References

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:29, 10 October 2022
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	Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe. 1982. Inventory and development of the water resources of the Republic of Djibouti. Report prepared by W. Müller, for project No. 78.2233.1, German Hydrogeological Cooperation. Hanover, Germany.		Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe. 1982. Inventory and development of the water resources of the Republic of Djibouti. Report prepared by W. Müller, for project No. 78.2233.1, German Hydrogeological Cooperation. Hanover, Germany.

	FAO AQUASTAT. 2005. [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/~~water~~/~~aquastat~~/~~countries_regions~~/DJI/ Djibouti]. FAO AQUASTAT.		FAO AQUASTAT. 2005. [https://www.fao.org/aquastat/en/countries-and-basins/country-profiles/country/DJI Djibouti]. FAO AQUASTAT.

	ISERST. 1985–1995. Cartes géologiques de la République de Djibouti à 1/100000 [Geological maps of the Republic of Djibouti at 1/100000]. Editions ORSTOM, Paris, France		ISERST. 1985–1995. Cartes géologiques de la République de Djibouti à 1/100000 [Geological maps of the Republic of Djibouti at 1/100000]. Editions ORSTOM, Paris, France
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	Hydrogeology Journal, 12, 159-170. doi 10.1007/s10040-003-0312-2.		Hydrogeology Journal, 12, 159-170. doi 10.1007/s10040-003-0312-2.

	JICA. 2014. [~~http~~://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12183513_01.pdf The Republic of Djibouti: the Master Plan Study for sustainable irrigation and farming in southern Djibouti. Final Report]. JICA, December 2014.		JICA. 2014. [https://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12183513_01.pdf The Republic of Djibouti: the Master Plan Study for sustainable irrigation and farming in southern Djibouti. Final Report]. JICA, December 2014.

	Muller, W. 1982. The water resources of the Republic of Djibouti, possibilities and limits of regional development.		Muller, W. 1982. The water resources of the Republic of Djibouti, possibilities and limits of regional development.

	Schlüter T. 2006. [~~http~~://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-geological-atlas-africa.pdf Geological Atlas of Africa]. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York.		Schlüter T. 2006. [https://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-geological-atlas-africa.pdf Geological Atlas of Africa]. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York.

	United Nations. 1989. [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060007 Groundwater in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa: Djibouti]. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development.		United Nations. 1989. [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060007 Groundwater in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa: Djibouti]. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development.

	UNHCR. 2013. [~~http~~://www.unhcr.org/uk/4ec230fa15.pdf Djibouti]. UNHCR Global Appeal 2012-2013		UNHCR. 2013. [https://www.unhcr.org/uk/4ec230fa15.pdf Djibouti]. UNHCR Global Appeal 2012-2013



	==Return to the index pages==		==Return to the index pages==

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Groundwater management

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:26, 10 October 2022
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	Key water legislation includes a Water Code (1996) and a Water Master Plan, adopted in 2000.		Key water legislation includes a Water Code (1996) and a Water Master Plan, adopted in 2000.

	In 1993, an inventory of water points was drawn up. ~~In 2000~~, there were ~~600 (partially functional) water points and 56 rural pumping stations throughout~~ the country ~~- see the table~~, ~~below (~~FAO AQUASTAT 2005).		In 1993, an inventory of (at least partially functional) water points was drawn up. Of these, there were 445 groundwater sources in use across the country: 168 boreholes, 195 wells and 82 springs, according to data from FAO AQUASTAT (2005) - see table:

Beod at 07:59, 17 September 2021

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	==Geology==		==Geology==

	The geology map shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale. More information is available in the report [https://~~www~~.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060007 UN (1989)] (see References section, below).		The geology map shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale. More information is available in the report [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060007 UN (1989)] (see References section, below).

	[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/downloadGIS.html '''Download a GIS shapefile of the Djibouti geology and hydrogeology map'''].		[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/downloadGIS.html '''Download a GIS shapefile of the Djibouti geology and hydrogeology map'''].
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	==References==		==References==

	Other references with information on the geology and hydrogeology of Djibouti may be accessible through the [https://~~www~~.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=DJ&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].		Other references with information on the geology and hydrogeology of Djibouti may be accessible through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=DJ&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].

	Aboubaker M, Jalludin M and Razack M. 2013. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2398-8 Hydrochemistry of a complex volcano-sedimentary aquifer using major ions and environmental isotopes data: Dalha basalts aquifer, southwest of Republic of Djibouti]. Environmental Earth Sciences 70 (7), 3335–3349. doi 10.1007/s12665-013-2398-8		Aboubaker M, Jalludin M and Razack M. 2013. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2398-8 Hydrochemistry of a complex volcano-sedimentary aquifer using major ions and environmental isotopes data: Dalha basalts aquifer, southwest of Republic of Djibouti]. Environmental Earth Sciences 70 (7), 3335–3349. doi 10.1007/s12665-013-2398-8
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	Schlüter T. 2006. [http://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-geological-atlas-africa.pdf Geological Atlas of Africa]. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York.		Schlüter T. 2006. [http://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-geological-atlas-africa.pdf Geological Atlas of Africa]. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York.

	United Nations. 1989. [https://~~www~~.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060007 Groundwater in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa: Djibouti]. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development.		United Nations. 1989. [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060007 Groundwater in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa: Djibouti]. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development.

	UNHCR. 2013. [http://www.unhcr.org/uk/4ec230fa15.pdf Djibouti]. UNHCR Global Appeal 2012-2013		UNHCR. 2013. [http://www.unhcr.org/uk/4ec230fa15.pdf Djibouti]. UNHCR Global Appeal 2012-2013