Hydrogeology of Ethiopia - Revision history

LaurenGiles: /* Hydrogeology */ all geol survey of ethiopia (gse.gov) links removed

2024-01-22T16:39:19Z

Hydrogeology: all geol survey of ethiopia (gse.gov) links removed

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:39, 22 January 2024
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	==Hydrogeology==		==Hydrogeology==

	The most important aquifers in Ethiopia are formed by '''unconsolidated Quaternary sediments'''; '''Tertiary-Quaternary volcanic rocks'''; and '''Mesozoic consolidated sedimentary rocks'''. Basement aquifers are also important locally. A summary of these aquifers and their physical and chemical characteristics is in the tables below. More detailed information is available in the references listed below each table: many of these are available through the [~~http~~://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/index.cfm Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].		The most important aquifers in Ethiopia are formed by '''unconsolidated Quaternary sediments'''; '''Tertiary-Quaternary volcanic rocks'''; and '''Mesozoic consolidated sedimentary rocks'''. Basement aquifers are also important locally. A summary of these aquifers and their physical and chemical characteristics is in the tables below. More detailed information is available in the references listed below each table: many of these are available through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/index.cfm Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].

	The hydrogeology map on this page shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Hydrogeology Maps \| hydrogeology map]] resource page for more details).		The hydrogeology map on this page shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Hydrogeology Maps \| hydrogeology map]] resource page for more details).
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	[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/downloadGIS.html '''Download a GIS shapefile of the Ethiopia geology and hydrogeology map'''].		[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/downloadGIS.html '''Download a GIS shapefile of the Ethiopia geology and hydrogeology map'''].

	The ~~[http://www.gse.gov.et/~~ Geological Survey of Ethiopia] carries out ~~[http://www.gse.gov.et/index.php/2016/09/03/hydro-geological-mapping/~~ hydrogeological mapping] of the same sheets as for national geological map coverage, and also for selected river basins. Hydrogeological and hydrochemical map sheets at 1:250,000 scale, with explanatory notes, are available to view and download (as pdf files) from the ~~[http://gis.gse.gov.et/hg_maps/ '''~~Geological Survey of Ethiopia portal~~''']~~.		The Geological Survey of Ethiopia carries out hydrogeological mapping of the same sheets as for national geological map coverage, and also for selected river basins. Hydrogeological and hydrochemical map sheets at 1:250,000 scale, with explanatory notes, are available to view and download (as pdf files) from the Geological Survey of Ethiopia portal.

	Some detailed hydrogeological maps for selected smaller areas in Ethiopia, developed for a UNICEF Ethiopia project, can be viewed and downloaded from the [https://gw4e.acaciadata.com/home '''GW4E viewer'''] (UNICEF Ethiopia, 2020).		Some detailed hydrogeological maps for selected smaller areas in Ethiopia, developed for a UNICEF Ethiopia project, can be viewed and downloaded from the [https://gw4e.acaciadata.com/home '''GW4E viewer'''] (UNICEF Ethiopia, 2020).

LaurenGiles: /* Geology */ Remvoed Geological survey of ethiopia and gis portal for ethiopian geology links.

2024-01-22T16:36:22Z

Geology: Remvoed Geological survey of ethiopia and gis portal for ethiopian geology links.

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:36, 22 January 2024
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	==Geology==		==Geology==

	The following section provides a summary of the geology of Ethiopia. More detailed information can be found in the key references listed below: many of these are available through the [~~http~~://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/index.cfm Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].		The following section provides a summary of the geology of Ethiopia. More detailed information can be found in the key references listed below: many of these are available through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/index.cfm Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].

	The geology map on this page shows a simplified version of the geology of Ethiopia at a national scale (see the [[Geology \| geology resource page]] for more details).		The geology map on this page shows a simplified version of the geology of Ethiopia at a national scale (see the [[Geology \| geology resource page]] for more details).
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	The ~~[http://www.gse.gov.et/~~ Geological Survey of Ethiopia] is the main source of detailed geological information. The ~~[http://gis.gse.gov.et/geoportal/home/index.html '''~~GIS Portal for Ethiopian Geology~~''']~~ provides online access to view digital geological maps.		The Geological Survey of Ethiopia is the main source of detailed geological information. The GIS Portal for Ethiopian Geology provides online access to view digital geological maps.

	More detailed geological maps for selected smaller areas in Ethiopia, developed for a UNICEF Ethiopia project can be viewed and downloaded from the [https://gw4e.acaciadata.com/home '''GW4E viewer'''] (UNICEF Ethiopia, 2020).		More detailed geological maps for selected smaller areas in Ethiopia, developed for a UNICEF Ethiopia project can be viewed and downloaded from the [https://gw4e.acaciadata.com/home '''GW4E viewer'''] (UNICEF Ethiopia, 2020).

LaurenGiles: /* Hydrogeology: key references */ ministry of water and energy link

2023-12-19T09:30:40Z

Hydrogeology: key references: ministry of water and energy link

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:30, 19 December 2023
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	Kebede S. 2013. Groundwater in Ethiopia: Features, vital numbers and opportunities. Springer, Berlin. ISBN 978 3 642 30390 6. Available to purchase at https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642303906		Kebede S. 2013. Groundwater in Ethiopia: Features, vital numbers and opportunities. Springer, Berlin. ISBN 978 3 642 30390 6. Available to purchase at https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642303906

	Ministry of Water and Energy. 2013. [https://~~metameta~~.nl/wp-~~content/uploads/2013/03/Task_Force_Report_Supplement~~.~~pdf~~ Supplement to Task Force Report on Aquifer Management for Addis Abeba and Vicinity]. Ethiopia: Practical Framework for Managed Groundwater Development in the Greater Addis Ababa Area		Ministry of Water and Energy. 2013. [https://vdocuments.mx/supplement-to-task-force-report-on-aquifer-management-for-2-groundwater-situation.html?page=1 Supplement to Task Force Report on Aquifer Management for Addis Abeba and Vicinity]. Ethiopia: Practical Framework for Managed Groundwater Development in the Greater Addis Ababa Area

	MWR. 2007. Evaluation of water resources of the Ada’a and Becho plains groundwater basin for irrigation development project, Volume III: Groundwater Evaluation Report, Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise, Addis Ababa, 188pp.		MWR. 2007. Evaluation of water resources of the Ada’a and Becho plains groundwater basin for irrigation development project, Volume III: Groundwater Evaluation Report, Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise, Addis Ababa, 188pp.

LaurenGiles: /* Hydrogeology: key references */ Spate Irrigation Network Foundation link

2023-12-13T09:14:49Z

Hydrogeology: key references: Spate Irrigation Network Foundation link

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:14, 13 December 2023
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	Smedley P. 2001. [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/516312/1/Ethiopia.pdf Groundwater quality: Ethiopia]. British Geological Survey.		Smedley P. 2001. [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/516312/1/Ethiopia.pdf Groundwater quality: Ethiopia]. British Geological Survey.

	Spate Irrigation Network Foundation. 2015. [https://~~spate-irrigation~~.org/wp-content/uploads~~/2015/03~~/OP17_Flood-wells-~~Ethiopia_SF~~.pdf Status and potential of groundwater use in Ethiopian floodplains]. Practical Note Spate Irrigation 17.		Spate Irrigation Network Foundation. 2015. [https://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/OP17_Flood-wells-Ethiopia.pdf Status and potential of groundwater use in Ethiopian floodplains]. Practical Note Spate Irrigation 17.

	Tadesse K. 1980. Hydrogeology of Borkena River Basin, Wollo Ethiopia. Unpublished MSC thesis, Addis Ababa University, 129pp.		Tadesse K. 1980. Hydrogeology of Borkena River Basin, Wollo Ethiopia. Unpublished MSC thesis, Addis Ababa University, 129pp.

LaurenGiles: /* Hydrogeology: key references */ Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia... link

2023-12-13T09:13:19Z

Hydrogeology: key references: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia... link

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:13, 13 December 2023
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	Chernet T. 1993. Hydrogeology of Ethiopia and water resources development Ethiopian Institute of Geological Surveys, Addis Ababa, 222pp.		Chernet T. 1993. Hydrogeology of Ethiopia and water resources development Ethiopian Institute of Geological Surveys, Addis Ababa, 222pp.

	Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Water Resources and GW-MATE. 2011. [https://~~metameta~~.~~nl/wp-content/uploads/2012~~/10/~~2011_03_08_eth_frwrk_FINALSF~~.~~pdf~~ Ethiopia: Strategic Framework for Managed Groundwater Development].		Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Water Resources and GW-MATE. 2011. [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA003018 Ethiopia: Strategic Framework for Managed Groundwater Development].

	Gasse F. 1977. Evolution of Lake Abhe (Ethiopia and TFAI), from 70,000 BP. Nature (London) 265 (5589), 42– 45.		Gasse F. 1977. Evolution of Lake Abhe (Ethiopia and TFAI), from 70,000 BP. Nature (London) 265 (5589), 42– 45.

LaurenGiles: /* Hydrogeology: key references */ irrigation potential in ethiopia link

2023-12-12T12:55:13Z

Hydrogeology: key references: irrigation potential in ethiopia link

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:55, 12 December 2023
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	Alemneh S. 1989. Hydrogeology of Yabello sheet (NB37-14). Ethiopian Geological Survey report number 307. Addis Ababa, 40pp.		Alemneh S. 1989. Hydrogeology of Yabello sheet (NB37-14). Ethiopian Geological Survey report number 307. Addis Ababa, 40pp.

	Awulachew S. 2010. [https://~~agriknowledge~~.~~org~~/~~downloads~~/~~j38606956~~ Irrigation potential in Ethiopia: Constraints and opportunities for enhancing the system]. IWMI.		Awulachew S. 2010. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255485328_Irrigation_potential_in_Ethiopia_Constraints_and_opportunities_for_enhancing_the_system Irrigation potential in Ethiopia: Constraints and opportunities for enhancing the system]. IWMI.

	Ayenew T, Demli M and Wohnlich S. DATE. Occurrence of groundwater in Ethiopian volcanic terrain. Journal of Africa Earth Sciences, 52 (3), 97–113.		Ayenew T, Demli M and Wohnlich S. DATE. Occurrence of groundwater in Ethiopian volcanic terrain. Journal of Africa Earth Sciences, 52 (3), 97–113.

LaurenGiles: /* Groundwater Quality */ BGS wateraid 2001 link

2023-12-12T12:53:50Z

Groundwater Quality: BGS wateraid 2001 link

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:53, 12 December 2023
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	;'''Fluoride'''.		;'''Fluoride'''.

	Fluoride has long been a recognised health concern in Ethiopia. Concentrations of fluoride in groundwater that are higher than the WHO guideline value of 1.5 mg/l have been found across Ethiopia, but are concentrated in the Rift Valley, linked to the volcanic geology. Groundwater fluoride values of greater than 10 mg/l have been found in some areas ([~~http~~://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/516312/1/Ethiopia.pdf Smedley 2001]). As a result of the long-term use of high-fluoride drinking water, both dental and skeletal fluorosis are known to occur in populations from the Rift Valley. However, more research is needed on the links between geology, hydrogeology, fluoride concentrations and fluorosis in order to target interventions.		Fluoride has long been a recognised health concern in Ethiopia. Concentrations of fluoride in groundwater that are higher than the WHO guideline value of 1.5 mg/l have been found across Ethiopia, but are concentrated in the Rift Valley, linked to the volcanic geology. Groundwater fluoride values of greater than 10 mg/l have been found in some areas ([https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/516312/1/Ethiopia.pdf Smedley 2001]). As a result of the long-term use of high-fluoride drinking water, both dental and skeletal fluorosis are known to occur in populations from the Rift Valley. However, more research is needed on the links between geology, hydrogeology, fluoride concentrations and fluorosis in order to target interventions.

	;'''Salinity'''.		;'''Salinity'''.
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	Key references for more information on groundwater quality in Ethiopia are:		Key references for more information on groundwater quality in Ethiopia are:

	British Geological Survey/WaterAid. 2001. [~~http~~://~~www~~.~~wateraid~~.~~org~~/~/~~media~~/~~Publications~~/~~groundwater-quality-information-ethiopia.pdf~~ Groundwater Quality: Ethiopia]. Leaflet.		British Geological Survey/WaterAid. 2001. [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/516312/ Groundwater Quality: Ethiopia]. Leaflet.

	===Groundwater Status===		===Groundwater Status===

LaurenGiles: /* Groundwater management */ fixed typo

2023-11-27T10:38:15Z

Groundwater management: fixed typo

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:38, 27 November 2023
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	*Any person who wants to have water well drilled shall first acquire a permit to do so from the Ministry or his designee before entering a contract for this purpose with a water well drilling or rehabilitating contractor. Applications made to have a water well drilling or rehabilitating contractor. Applications made to have water well drilled must be accompanied with the design and specifications of such well.		*Any person who wants to have water well drilled shall first acquire a permit to do so from the Ministry or his designee before entering a contract for this purpose with a water well drilling or rehabilitating contractor. Applications made to have a water well drilling or rehabilitating contractor. Applications made to have water well drilled must be accompanied with the design and specifications of such well.
	*All water well drillers and rehabilitators shall, before entering in to a contract to drill water well, first ensure that the Ministry or his designee has approved that such well be drilled.		*All water well drillers and rehabilitators shall, before entering in to a contract to drill water well, first ensure that the Ministry or his designee has approved that such well be drilled.
	*All persons who want to have a water well drilled or rehabilitated shall, before entering in to a contract to have such water well drilled or rehabilitated, first ensure that the driller or rehabilitator has a permit to undertake the drilling or rehabilitating or water wells.		*All persons who want to have a water well drilled or rehabilitated shall, before entering in to a contract to have such water well drilled or rehabilitated, first ensure that the driller or rehabilitator has a permit to undertake the drilling or rehabilitating of water wells.
	*A well driller or rehabilitator shall, within three months of completing a well drilling or rehabilitation, submit to the Ministry or his designee a technical report – that includes information about the drilling, construction and rehabilitation process, the geological and electrical log, yield tests, laboratory tests, problems encountered during drilling, construction and rehabilitation, pump installed.		*A well driller or rehabilitator shall, within three months of completing a well drilling or rehabilitation, submit to the Ministry or his designee a technical report – that includes information about the drilling, construction and rehabilitation process, the geological and electrical log, yield tests, laboratory tests, problems encountered during drilling, construction and rehabilitation, pump installed.

Beod: /* References and further information */

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References and further information

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:19, 10 November 2022
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	Return to the index pages:		Return to the index pages:
	[[~~Overview of~~ Africa Groundwater Atlas \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country \| Hydrogeology by country]]		[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country \| Hydrogeology by country]]


	<!-- PLEASE DO NOT DELETE BELOW THIS LINE -->		<!-- PLEASE DO NOT DELETE BELOW THIS LINE -->
	[[Category:Hydrogeology by country\|e]]		[[Category:Hydrogeology by country\|e]]
	[[Category:Africa Groundwater Atlas]]		[[Category:Africa Groundwater Atlas]]

Beod: /* References and further information */

2022-11-10T12:02:13Z

References and further information

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:02, 10 November 2022
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	As well as the Atlas overview [https://www.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/downloadGIS.html Ethiopia geology and hydrogeology map'''] available to download as a GIS file from this page, other geological and hydrogeological maps are available:		As well as the Atlas overview [https://www.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/downloadGIS.html Ethiopia geology and hydrogeology map'''] available to download as a GIS file from this page, other geological and hydrogeological maps are available:

	Hydrogeological and hydrochemical maps at 1:250,000 scale, with explanatory notes, are available to view and download (as pdf files) from the [~~http~~://gis.gse.gov.et/hg_maps/ '''Geological Survey of Ethiopia portal''']. The Geological Survey of Ethiopia website gives background information on [~~http~~://www.gse.gov.et/index.php/2016/09/03/hydro-geological-mapping/ hydrogeological mapping ].		Hydrogeological and hydrochemical maps at 1:250,000 scale, with explanatory notes, are available to view and download (as pdf files) from the [https://gis.gse.gov.et/hg_maps/ '''Geological Survey of Ethiopia portal''']. The Geological Survey of Ethiopia website gives background information on [https://www.gse.gov.et/index.php/2016/09/03/hydro-geological-mapping/ hydrogeological mapping ].

	Maps, data and reports from the project [https://gw4e.acaciadata.com/home '''Groundwater mapping for climate resilient WASH in arid and semi-arid areas of Ethiopia'''] (2018-2020) can be visualized and downloaded from a public webservice system, the [https://gw4e.acaciadata.com/home '''GW4E viewer''']. This includes harmonized geological maps, groundwater suitability maps and socio-economic maps on a scale of 1:250,000 for eight clusters in Ethiopia, and 1:50,000 hydrogeological maps and 1:10,000 drilling maps for target kebeles.		Maps, data and reports from the project [https://gw4e.acaciadata.com/home '''Groundwater mapping for climate resilient WASH in arid and semi-arid areas of Ethiopia'''] (2018-2020) can be visualized and downloaded from a public webservice system, the [https://gw4e.acaciadata.com/home '''GW4E viewer''']. This includes harmonized geological maps, groundwater suitability maps and socio-economic maps on a scale of 1:250,000 for eight clusters in Ethiopia, and 1:50,000 hydrogeological maps and 1:10,000 drilling maps for target kebeles.
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	Chernet T. 1993. Hydrogeology of Ethiopia and water resources development Ethiopian Institute of Geological Surveys, Addis Ababa, 222pp.		Chernet T. 1993. Hydrogeology of Ethiopia and water resources development Ethiopian Institute of Geological Surveys, Addis Ababa, 222pp.

	Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Water Resources and GW-MATE. 2011. [~~http~~://metameta.nl/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/2011_03_08_eth_frwrk_FINALSF.pdf Ethiopia: Strategic Framework for Managed Groundwater Development].		Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Water Resources and GW-MATE. 2011. [https://metameta.nl/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/2011_03_08_eth_frwrk_FINALSF.pdf Ethiopia: Strategic Framework for Managed Groundwater Development].

	Gasse F. 1977. Evolution of Lake Abhe (Ethiopia and TFAI), from 70,000 BP. Nature (London) 265 (5589), 42– 45.		Gasse F. 1977. Evolution of Lake Abhe (Ethiopia and TFAI), from 70,000 BP. Nature (London) 265 (5589), 42– 45.
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	Kebede S, Travi Y, Alemayehu T and Ayenew T. 2005. Groundwater Recharge, Circulation and Geochemical Evolution in the Source Region of the Blue Nile River, Ethiopia. Appl. Geochem. 20, 1658		Kebede S, Travi Y, Alemayehu T and Ayenew T. 2005. Groundwater Recharge, Circulation and Geochemical Evolution in the Source Region of the Blue Nile River, Ethiopia. Appl. Geochem. 20, 1658

	Kebede S. 2013. Groundwater in Ethiopia: Features, vital numbers and opportunities. Springer, Berlin. ISBN 978 3 642 30390 6. Available to purchase at ~~http~~://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642303906		Kebede S. 2013. Groundwater in Ethiopia: Features, vital numbers and opportunities. Springer, Berlin. ISBN 978 3 642 30390 6. Available to purchase at https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642303906

	Ministry of Water and Energy. 2013. [~~http~~://metameta.nl/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Task_Force_Report_Supplement.pdf Supplement to Task Force Report on Aquifer Management for Addis Abeba and Vicinity]. Ethiopia: Practical Framework for Managed Groundwater Development in the Greater Addis Ababa Area		Ministry of Water and Energy. 2013. [https://metameta.nl/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Task_Force_Report_Supplement.pdf Supplement to Task Force Report on Aquifer Management for Addis Abeba and Vicinity]. Ethiopia: Practical Framework for Managed Groundwater Development in the Greater Addis Ababa Area

	MWR. 2007. Evaluation of water resources of the Ada’a and Becho plains groundwater basin for irrigation development project, Volume III: Groundwater Evaluation Report, Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise, Addis Ababa, 188pp.		MWR. 2007. Evaluation of water resources of the Ada’a and Becho plains groundwater basin for irrigation development project, Volume III: Groundwater Evaluation Report, Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise, Addis Ababa, 188pp.
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	Sima J. 2009. Water Resources Management and Environmental Protection Studies of the Jemma River Basin for Improved Food Security. AQUATEST ,Geologicka Prague, Czech Republic, 220 pp.		Sima J. 2009. Water Resources Management and Environmental Protection Studies of the Jemma River Basin for Improved Food Security. AQUATEST ,Geologicka Prague, Czech Republic, 220 pp.

	Smedley P. 2001. [~~http~~://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/516312/1/Ethiopia.pdf Groundwater quality: Ethiopia]. British Geological Survey.		Smedley P. 2001. [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/516312/1/Ethiopia.pdf Groundwater quality: Ethiopia]. British Geological Survey.

	Spate Irrigation Network Foundation. 2015. [~~http~~://spate-irrigation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/OP17_Flood-wells-Ethiopia_SF.pdf Status and potential of groundwater use in Ethiopian floodplains]. Practical Note Spate Irrigation 17.		Spate Irrigation Network Foundation. 2015. [https://spate-irrigation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/OP17_Flood-wells-Ethiopia_SF.pdf Status and potential of groundwater use in Ethiopian floodplains]. Practical Note Spate Irrigation 17.

	Tadesse K. 1980. Hydrogeology of Borkena River Basin, Wollo Ethiopia. Unpublished MSC thesis, Addis Ababa University, 129pp.		Tadesse K. 1980. Hydrogeology of Borkena River Basin, Wollo Ethiopia. Unpublished MSC thesis, Addis Ababa University, 129pp.

			UNESCO. 2004. [https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000145926 National water development report for Ethiopia: Final]. Report UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/7, Addis Ababa, December 2004

	UNICEF Ethiopia. 2020. Groundwater mapping for climate resilient WASH in arid and semi-arid areas of Ethiopia. Project (2018-2020). Project outputs at: [https://gw4e.acaciadata.com/home GW4E] online viewer.		UNICEF Ethiopia. 2020. Groundwater mapping for climate resilient WASH in arid and semi-arid areas of Ethiopia. Project (2018-2020). Project outputs at: [https://gw4e.acaciadata.com/home GW4E] online viewer.
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	WAPCOS. 1990. Preliminary Water Resources Development Master Plan for Ethiopia, Ministry of Water Resoruces, Addis Ababa.		WAPCOS. 1990. Preliminary Water Resources Development Master Plan for Ethiopia, Ministry of Water Resoruces, Addis Ababa.

			WRI. 2021. [https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/2021-09/WRI%20Water_Ethiopia_Brief_2021.pdf WRI’s water program in Ethiopia].

	WWDSE. 2009. Groundwater Resources of the Upper Tekeze Basin: Resource Description, Assessment and Model, Interim Report. Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise, Addis Ababa, 74pp.		WWDSE. 2009. Groundwater Resources of the Upper Tekeze Basin: Resource Description, Assessment and Model, Interim Report. Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise, Addis Ababa, 74pp.