Hydrogeology of Kenya - Revision history

LaurenGiles: /* Other sources of data and information */ ILRI link removed

2024-01-22T16:49:29Z

Other sources of data and information: ILRI link removed

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:49, 22 January 2024
Line 600:		Line 600:
	*The [https://www.uonbi.ac.ke/ University of Nairobi] offers a platform on its website on student research topics which provides useful geological information.		*The [https://www.uonbi.ac.ke/ University of Nairobi] offers a platform on its website on student research topics which provides useful geological information.

	*The ~~[https://data.ilri.org/geoportal/catalog/main/home.page~~ International Livestock Research Institute] (ILRI) has digitized and shapefiles of Kenya Geology, soils and landcover.		*The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) has digitized and shapefiles of Kenya Geology, soils and landcover.

	* The [https://www.2030wrg.org/ 2030 Water Resources Group] carry out work relating to water resources in Kenya and have produced a number of [https://2030wrg.org/where-we-work/kenya/ reports on the Kenyan water sector].		* The [https://www.2030wrg.org/ 2030 Water Resources Group] carry out work relating to water resources in Kenya and have produced a number of [https://2030wrg.org/where-we-work/kenya/ reports on the Kenyan water sector].

LaurenGiles: /* Other sources of data and information */ reports on the Kenyan water sector link

2023-12-13T10:18:42Z

Other sources of data and information: reports on the Kenyan water sector link

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:18, 13 December 2023
Line 602:		Line 602:
	*The [https://data.ilri.org/geoportal/catalog/main/home.page International Livestock Research Institute] (ILRI) has digitized and shapefiles of Kenya Geology, soils and landcover.		*The [https://data.ilri.org/geoportal/catalog/main/home.page International Livestock Research Institute] (ILRI) has digitized and shapefiles of Kenya Geology, soils and landcover.

	* The [https://www.2030wrg.org/ 2030 Water Resources Group] carry out work relating to water resources in Kenya and have produced a number of [https://~~www.~~2030wrg.org/~~kenya~~-~~new~~/~~reports~~/ reports on the Kenyan water sector].		* The [https://www.2030wrg.org/ 2030 Water Resources Group] carry out work relating to water resources in Kenya and have produced a number of [https://2030wrg.org/where-we-work/kenya/ reports on the Kenyan water sector].

LaurenGiles: /* Other sources of data and information */ University of Nairobi - old page no longer exists, now linking to homepage

2023-12-13T10:17:31Z

Other sources of data and information: University of Nairobi - old page no longer exists, now linking to homepage

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:17, 13 December 2023
Line 598:		Line 598:
	*The [https://www.samsamwater.com/about.php Samsam Water Foundation] website includes hydrogeological information.		*The [https://www.samsamwater.com/about.php Samsam Water Foundation] website includes hydrogeological information.

	*The [https://~~geology~~.uonbi.ac.ke/~~uon_student_projects~~ University of Nairobi] offers a platform on its website on student research topics which provides useful geological information.		*The [https://www.uonbi.ac.ke/ University of Nairobi] offers a platform on its website on student research topics which provides useful geological information.

	*The [https://data.ilri.org/geoportal/catalog/main/home.page International Livestock Research Institute] (ILRI) has digitized and shapefiles of Kenya Geology, soils and landcover.		*The [https://data.ilri.org/geoportal/catalog/main/home.page International Livestock Research Institute] (ILRI) has digitized and shapefiles of Kenya Geology, soils and landcover.

LaurenGiles: /* References */ Blandenier L. 2015 link

2023-12-13T10:14:45Z

References: Blandenier L. 2015 link

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:14, 13 December 2023
Line 534:		Line 534:
	Adams B. 1986. Tiwi Aquifer Study, Final Report. Prepared on behalf of British Geological Survey for the Ministry of Water Development, Kenya, and British Technical Cooperation		Adams B. 1986. Tiwi Aquifer Study, Final Report. Prepared on behalf of British Geological Survey for the Ministry of Water Development, Kenya, and British Technical Cooperation

	Blandenier L. 2015. [https://~~doc~~.~~rero~~.ch/~~record~~/~~278340/files/00002503.pdf~~ Recharge quantification and continental freshwater lens dynamics in arid regions: application to the Merti Aquifer (Eastern Kenya)]. PhD Thesis, University of Neuchatel.		Blandenier L. 2015. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299042783_RECHARGE_QUANTIFICATION_AND_CONTINENTAL_FRESHWATER_LENS_DYNAMICS_IN_ARID_REGIONS_APPLICATION_TO_THE_MERTI_AQUIFER_EASTERN_KENYA Recharge quantification and continental freshwater lens dynamics in arid regions: application to the Merti Aquifer (Eastern Kenya)]. PhD Thesis, University of Neuchatel.

	Blandenier L. 2016. [https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/31303/2/Blandenier-2430.pdf The Merti aquifer (Kenya), a sustainable water resource for the Dadaab refugee camps and local communities?] In: Shaw RJ (ed) Ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all: Proceedings of the 39th WEDC International Conference, Kumasi, Ghana, 11-15 July 2016.		Blandenier L. 2016. [https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/31303/2/Blandenier-2430.pdf The Merti aquifer (Kenya), a sustainable water resource for the Dadaab refugee camps and local communities?] In: Shaw RJ (ed) Ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all: Proceedings of the 39th WEDC International Conference, Kumasi, Ghana, 11-15 July 2016.

LaurenGiles: /* Groundwater Status */ WRMA link - now to homepage as old page no longer exists

2023-12-13T09:54:10Z

Groundwater Status: WRMA link - now to homepage as old page no longer exists

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:54, 13 December 2023
Line 429:		Line 429:
	==Groundwater Status==		==Groundwater Status==

	Some aquifers are identified as being impacted by overabstraction and/or water quality deterioration. [https://~~www.~~wrma.~~or.ke~~/~~index.php/about-us/departments-79/technical-coordination/ground-water/aquifer-maps-&-classification.html~~ WRMA] is preparing a large scale map of groundwater stressed areas.		Some aquifers are identified as being impacted by overabstraction and/or water quality deterioration. [https://wrma.org/ WRMA] is preparing a large scale map of groundwater stressed areas.

	===Groundwater quantity===		===Groundwater quantity===

LaurenGiles: /* Sedimentary - Unconsolidated and Semiconsolidated; Intergranular Flow: Moderate to High Productivity Aquifer */ missing capital letter

2023-11-27T11:26:15Z

Sedimentary - Unconsolidated and Semiconsolidated; Intergranular Flow: Moderate to High Productivity Aquifer: missing capital letter

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:26, 27 November 2023
Line 357:		Line 357:

	\|\|The Merti Aquifer occurs in Wajir County and comprises semi-consolidated clays, sands, sandstones and limestones . Groundwater is usually confined and water levels lie at 90 to 120 m below ground level.		\|\|The Merti Aquifer occurs in Wajir County and comprises semi-consolidated clays, sands, sandstones and limestones . Groundwater is usually confined and water levels lie at 90 to 120 m below ground level.
	~~found~~ at fairly uniform depths of between 110 and 180 m below ground level. The aquifer is thought to be between 80 and 280 m thick. Successful boreholes are commonly between 105 m to 150 m bgl (GIBB Africa Ltd 2004). Transmissivity ranges from 0.2 to 840 m²/d depending on the facies, with higher transmissivities in coarse grained materials. The median transmissivity is 275 m²/d (n = 20). Storage coefficients range from 4.3 x 10-5 to 6.7 x 10-4 (n = 6). The hydraulic gradient ranges from 0.001 in the western part of the aquifer, falling to 0.0001 to 0.005 toward the border with Somalia (Mumma et al. 2011).		Found at fairly uniform depths of between 110 and 180 m below ground level. The aquifer is thought to be between 80 and 280 m thick. Successful boreholes are commonly between 105 m to 150 m bgl (GIBB Africa Ltd 2004). Transmissivity ranges from 0.2 to 840 m²/d depending on the facies, with higher transmissivities in coarse grained materials. The median transmissivity is 275 m²/d (n = 20). Storage coefficients range from 4.3 x 10-5 to 6.7 x 10-4 (n = 6). The hydraulic gradient ranges from 0.001 in the western part of the aquifer, falling to 0.0001 to 0.005 toward the border with Somalia (Mumma et al. 2011).
	\|\|Locally subject to over-exploitation (Mumma et al. 2011)		\|\|Locally subject to over-exploitation (Mumma et al. 2011)
	\|\|Highly variable. Freshest in the centre of the aquifer, becoming more mineralised to north and south (Mumma et al. 2011). Saline water has been observed in the Merti aquifer and is also believed to underlie the fresh water layer. Water quality in the Dadaab refugee camps has deteriorated over time, mainly due to increasing salinity. In Habaswein there is evidence of some salinisation as a result of long term abstraction (Mumma et al. 2011, Oord et al. 2014).		\|\|Highly variable. Freshest in the centre of the aquifer, becoming more mineralised to north and south (Mumma et al. 2011). Saline water has been observed in the Merti aquifer and is also believed to underlie the fresh water layer. Water quality in the Dadaab refugee camps has deteriorated over time, mainly due to increasing salinity. In Habaswein there is evidence of some salinisation as a result of long term abstraction (Mumma et al. 2011, Oord et al. 2014).
Line 364:		Line 364:
	\|}		\|}

	Key references for these aquifers are Acacia Water, GIBB Africa Ltd (2004), '''Mumma et al. (2011)''' and Oord et al. (2014) (see Reference section, below).		Key references for these aquifers are Acacia Water, GIBB Africa Ltd (2004), '''Mumma et al. (2011)''' and Oord et al. (2014) (see Reference section, below).


	====Igneous Volcanic: Moderate Productivity Aquifer====		====Igneous Volcanic: Moderate Productivity Aquifer====

LaurenGiles: grammar in opening paragraph

2023-11-27T11:25:23Z

grammar in opening paragraph

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:25, 27 November 2023
Line 3:		Line 3:
	[[File:CC-BY-SA_logo_88x31.png \| frame \| This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License]]]		[[File:CC-BY-SA_logo_88x31.png \| frame \| This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License]]]

	Kenya has a long history of farming and trade, with the coastal zone home to many Swahili city-states that were trading with the Arab world at least 2000 years ago. In the 17th century the Swahili coast came under Arab rule, and a slave trade expanded. In the late 19th century first German then British colonial powers took control. During the British colonial period, plantation agriculture, particularly coffee and tea, was developed in the central Highlands, while indigenous landless farmers were displaced to cities. From 1952 to 1959 Kenya saw widespread conflict during the Mau Mau uprising against British rule. Kenya became independent in 1963. Kenya’s post colonial history has included periods of political, civil and military instability, most recently ~~notably~~ post-election violence in 2007.		Kenya has a long history of farming and trade, with the coastal zone home to many Swahili city-states that were trading with the Arab world at least 2000 years ago. In the 17th century the Swahili coast came under Arab rule, and a slave trade expanded. In the late 19th century first German then British colonial powers took control. During the British colonial period, plantation agriculture, particularly coffee and tea, was developed in the central Highlands, while indigenous landless farmers were displaced to cities. From 1952 to 1959 Kenya saw widespread conflict during the Mau Mau uprising against British rule. Kenya became independent in 1963. Kenya’s post colonial history has included periods of political, civil and military instability, most recently post-election violence in 2007.

	Kenya’s economy is East Africa’s largest, and is dominated by the service sector. Much of this is tourism, which relies heavily on Kenya’s diverse ecology. Agriculture is also a major livelihood activity for much of the population, including large and small scale pastoralism, particularly in semi-arid zones, and is a major employer and contributor to export income, particularly tea, coffee and more recently fresh flowers. However, Kenya still has a low Human Development Index.		Kenya’s economy is East Africa’s largest, and is dominated by the service sector. Much of this is tourism, which relies heavily on Kenya’s diverse ecology. Agriculture is also a major livelihood activity for much of the population, including large and small scale pastoralism, particularly in semi-arid zones, and is a major employer and contributor to export income, particularly tea, coffee and more recently fresh flowers. However, Kenya still has a low Human Development Index.
Line 21:		Line 21:
	Please cite this page as: Barasa, Crane, Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.		Please cite this page as: Barasa, Crane, Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.

	Bibliographic reference: Barasa M, Crane E, Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Kenya. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. ~~http~~://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Kenya		Bibliographic reference: Barasa M, Crane E, Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Kenya. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Kenya


Line 58:		Line 58:
	\|}		\|}

	<nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat]		<nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat]

	===Climate===		===Climate===
Line 160:		Line 160:
	\|}		\|}

	These statistics are sourced from [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO Aquastat]. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.		These statistics are sourced from [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO Aquastat]. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.
	Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en Aquastat Main Database].		Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en Aquastat Main Database].
	1 More information on [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use_agr/index.stm irrigation water use and requirement statistics]		1 More information on [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use_agr/index.stm irrigation water use and requirement statistics]

	==Geology==		==Geology==

	This section provides a summary of the geology of Kenya. More detail can be found in the references listed at the bottom of this page. Many of these references can be accessed through the [~~http~~://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/index.cfm Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].		This section provides a summary of the geology of Kenya. More detail can be found in the references listed at the bottom of this page. Many of these references can be accessed through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/index.cfm Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].

	The geology map on this page shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale (see [[Geology \| the Geology resource page]] for more details).		The geology map on this page shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale (see [[Geology \| the Geology resource page]] for more details).
Line 267:		Line 267:
	==Hydrogeology==		==Hydrogeology==

	This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Kenya. More information is available in the references listed at the bottom of this page. Many of these references can be accessed through the [~~http~~://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/index.cfm Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].		This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Kenya. More information is available in the references listed at the bottom of this page. Many of these references can be accessed through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/index.cfm Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].

	The hydrogeology map on this page shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Hydrogeology Maps \| Hydrogeology Map]] resource page for more details).		The hydrogeology map on this page shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Hydrogeology Maps \| Hydrogeology Map]] resource page for more details).
Line 430:		Line 430:
	==Groundwater Status==		==Groundwater Status==

	Some aquifers are identified as being impacted by overabstraction and/or water quality deterioration. [~~http~~://www.wrma.or.ke/index.php/about-us/departments-79/technical-coordination/ground-water/aquifer-maps-&-classification.html WRMA] is preparing a large scale map of groundwater stressed areas.		Some aquifers are identified as being impacted by overabstraction and/or water quality deterioration. [https://www.wrma.or.ke/index.php/about-us/departments-79/technical-coordination/ground-water/aquifer-maps-&-classification.html WRMA] is preparing a large scale map of groundwater stressed areas.

	===Groundwater quantity===		===Groundwater quantity===

Beod: /* References */

2022-11-10T14:20:44Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:20, 10 November 2022
Line 607:		Line 607:

	Return to the index pages:		Return to the index pages:
	[[~~Overview of~~ Africa Groundwater Atlas \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country \| Hydrogeology by country]]		[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country \| Hydrogeology by country]]

	<!-- PLEASE DO NOT DELETE BELOW THIS LINE -->		<!-- PLEASE DO NOT DELETE BELOW THIS LINE -->

Beod: /* Groundwater use and management */

2022-10-11T10:18:10Z

Groundwater use and management

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:18, 11 October 2022
Line 483:		Line 483:
	Prior to the Water Act 2016, the Water Act of 2002 created the mechanisms for planning, including the establishment of the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA), which had responsibility for regulating the ownership and control of water and making provision for the conservation of surface and groundwater and the supply of services in relation to water and sewerage (Mumma et al. 2011). In 2006, WRMA proposed a policy for the protection of groundwater (Mumma et al. 2011).		Prior to the Water Act 2016, the Water Act of 2002 created the mechanisms for planning, including the establishment of the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA), which had responsibility for regulating the ownership and control of water and making provision for the conservation of surface and groundwater and the supply of services in relation to water and sewerage (Mumma et al. 2011). In 2006, WRMA proposed a policy for the protection of groundwater (Mumma et al. 2011).

	The [~~http~~://www.water.go.ke/ Ministry of Water & Sanitation and Irrigation] (formerly Ministry of Water and Irrigation; also known as Ministry of Water and Sanitation) is responsible for the development of water resource legislation, policy formulation, sector coordination and guidance, and monitoring and evaluation.		The [https://www.water.go.ke/ Ministry of Water & Sanitation and Irrigation] (formerly Ministry of Water and Irrigation; also known as Ministry of Water and Sanitation) is responsible for the development of water resource legislation, policy formulation, sector coordination and guidance, and monitoring and evaluation.

	=== Groundwater monitoring===		====Groundwater monitoring====

	WRA have a groundwater level monitoring program that targets most of the important Kenyan aquifers. The principal disadvantage of the monitoring network currently in place is that the majority of boreholes used are production boreholes and require water levels to return to static levels prior to the measurements. Mumma et al. reported in 2011 that eleven dedicated monitoring boreholes were being constructed in a variety of aquifers across Kenya, to be equipped with digital loggers.		WRA have a groundwater level monitoring program that targets most of the important Kenyan aquifers. The principal disadvantage of the monitoring network currently in place is that the majority of boreholes used are production boreholes and require water levels to return to static levels prior to the measurements. Mumma et al. reported in 2011 that eleven dedicated monitoring boreholes were being constructed in a variety of aquifers across Kenya, to be equipped with digital loggers.
Line 493:		Line 493:
	Water quality data are collected for a selection of groundwater sources in the monitoring network. For the coastal aquifers, the monitored parameters include pH, color, EC25, TDS, chloride, salinity, total alkalinity, total hardness, magnesium, and calcium (Mumma et al. 2011).		Water quality data are collected for a selection of groundwater sources in the monitoring network. For the coastal aquifers, the monitored parameters include pH, color, EC25, TDS, chloride, salinity, total alkalinity, total hardness, magnesium, and calcium (Mumma et al. 2011).

	Some short term (up to 3 years) but ~~detailed~~ (15 minute ~~resolution~~) groundwater level monitoring data for 7 boreholes, and water conductivity (SEC) data for 1 borehole, in Kwale County, collected as part of the UPGro [https://upgro.org/consortium/gro-for-good/ Gro for GooD] project, are [https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/766e4a9a-c7fe-41af-85d5-76d5048547c7/groundwater-level-logger-data-for-7-wells-kwale-county-kenya-nerc-grant-ne-m008894-1 available to download] from the BGS [https://www.bgs.ac.uk/geological-data/national-geoscience-data-centre/ National Geoscience Data Centre]. Additional project borehole water level data for 9 boreholes is also [https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/ecdc6ea6-f6f5-497a-95b4-9995bb921b42/daily-handpump-accelerometer-data-and-borehole-water-level-data-kwale-county-kenya-nerc-grant-ne-m008894-1 available to download] from the same source.		Some short term (up to 3 years) but high resolution (15 minute) groundwater level monitoring data for 7 boreholes, and water conductivity (SEC) data for 1 borehole, in Kwale County, collected as part of the UPGro [https://upgro.org/consortium/gro-for-good/ Gro for GooD] project, are [https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/766e4a9a-c7fe-41af-85d5-76d5048547c7/groundwater-level-logger-data-for-7-wells-kwale-county-kenya-nerc-grant-ne-m008894-1 available to download] from the BGS [https://www.bgs.ac.uk/geological-data/national-geoscience-data-centre/ National Geoscience Data Centre]. Additional short term but high resolution (5 minute) project borehole water level data for 9 boreholes is also [https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/ecdc6ea6-f6f5-497a-95b4-9995bb921b42/daily-handpump-accelerometer-data-and-borehole-water-level-data-kwale-county-kenya-nerc-grant-ne-m008894-1 available to download] from the same source.

	=== Transboundary aquifers===		=== Transboundary aquifers===

Beod: /* References */

2022-10-11T09:33:45Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:33, 11 October 2022
Line 527:		Line 527:
	The following references provide more information on the hydrogeology and groundwater resources of Kenya.		The following references provide more information on the hydrogeology and groundwater resources of Kenya.

	Many of these, and others, ~~can~~ also ~~be searched~~ through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=KE&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive]		Many of these, and others, are also accessible through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=KE&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive]



	Acacia Water. [~~http~~://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/default/files/TR1%20ARIGA-%20Hydrological%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Merti%20Aquifer%20Kenya.pdf Hydrogeological Assessment of the Merti Aquifer, Kenya]. Technical report no 1 of ARIGA. Assessing Risks of Investment in Groundwater Development in Sub-Saharan Africa.		Acacia Water. [https://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/default/files/TR1%20ARIGA-%20Hydrological%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Merti%20Aquifer%20Kenya.pdf Hydrogeological Assessment of the Merti Aquifer, Kenya]. Technical report no 1 of ARIGA. Assessing Risks of Investment in Groundwater Development in Sub-Saharan Africa.

	Adams B. 1986. Tiwi Aquifer Study, Final Report. Prepared on behalf of British Geological Survey for the Ministry of Water Development, Kenya, and British Technical Cooperation		Adams B. 1986. Tiwi Aquifer Study, Final Report. Prepared on behalf of British Geological Survey for the Ministry of Water Development, Kenya, and British Technical Cooperation

	Blandenier L. 2015. [~~http~~://doc.rero.ch/record/278340/files/00002503.pdf Recharge quantification and continental freshwater lens dynamics in arid regions: application to the Merti Aquifer (Eastern Kenya)]. PhD Thesis, University of Neuchatel.		Blandenier L. 2015. [https://doc.rero.ch/record/278340/files/00002503.pdf Recharge quantification and continental freshwater lens dynamics in arid regions: application to the Merti Aquifer (Eastern Kenya)]. PhD Thesis, University of Neuchatel.

	Blandenier L. 2016. [https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/31303/2/Blandenier-2430.pdf The Merti aquifer (Kenya), a sustainable water resource for the Dadaab refugee camps and local communities?] In: Shaw RJ (ed) Ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all: Proceedings of the 39th WEDC International Conference, Kumasi, Ghana, 11-15 July 2016.		Blandenier L. 2016. [https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/31303/2/Blandenier-2430.pdf The Merti aquifer (Kenya), a sustainable water resource for the Dadaab refugee camps and local communities?] In: Shaw RJ (ed) Ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all: Proceedings of the 39th WEDC International Conference, Kumasi, Ghana, 11-15 July 2016.
Line 541:		Line 541:
	Businge MS, Ondimu K, Maina I, Mutai C, Ochola SO, Ali AA and Mocha A. 2011. [https://na.unep.net/siouxfalls/publications/Kenya_SDM.pdf Kenya: State of the environment and outlook 2010. Supporting the delivery of Vision, 2030]. A publication of the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA ), Kenya		Businge MS, Ondimu K, Maina I, Mutai C, Ochola SO, Ali AA and Mocha A. 2011. [https://na.unep.net/siouxfalls/publications/Kenya_SDM.pdf Kenya: State of the environment and outlook 2010. Supporting the delivery of Vision, 2030]. A publication of the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA ), Kenya

	Carruthers RM. 1985. [~~http~~://nora.nerc.ac.uk/505659/1/WK_RG_85_4.pdf Report on Geophysical Studies Relating to the Coastal Aquifer of the Mombasa District, Kenya]. Report by the Regional Geophysics Research Group, British Geological Survey, No. RGRG 85/4, Keyworth, Nottingham		Carruthers RM. 1985. [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/505659/1/WK_RG_85_4.pdf Report on Geophysical Studies Relating to the Coastal Aquifer of the Mombasa District, Kenya]. Report by the Regional Geophysics Research Group, British Geological Survey, No. RGRG 85/4, Keyworth, Nottingham

	Coetsiers M, Kilonzo F and Walraevens K. 2008. Hydrochemistry and source of high fluoride in groundwater of the Nairobi area, Kenya, Hydrological Sciences Journal, 53:6, 1230-1240. doi: 10.1623/ hysj.53.6.1230		Coetsiers M, Kilonzo F and Walraevens K. 2008. Hydrochemistry and source of high fluoride in groundwater of the Nairobi area, Kenya, Hydrological Sciences Journal, 53:6, 1230-1240. doi: 10.1623/ hysj.53.6.1230

	Foster T and Hope R. 2016. [~~http~~://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743016716302029?via%3Dihub A multi-decadal and social-ecological systems analysis of community waterpoint payment behaviours in rural Kenya]. Journal of Rural Studies, 47, 85-96.		Foster T and Hope R. 2016. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743016716302029?via%3Dihub A multi-decadal and social-ecological systems analysis of community waterpoint payment behaviours in rural Kenya]. Journal of Rural Studies, 47, 85-96.

	GIBB Africa Ltd. 2004. UNICEF Kenya Country Office - Study of the Merti Aquifer - Technical Report ISsue 2.0.		GIBB Africa Ltd. 2004. UNICEF Kenya Country Office - Study of the Merti Aquifer - Technical Report ISsue 2.0.
Line 551:		Line 551:
	Hove ART and Ongweny GSO. 1973. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43661418 An Outline of Kenya's Groundwater Quality]. Journal of Eastern African Research & Development, Vol. 4, No. 1 (1974), pp67-97. [Weblink accessed 18 October 2021].		Hove ART and Ongweny GSO. 1973. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43661418 An Outline of Kenya's Groundwater Quality]. Journal of Eastern African Research & Development, Vol. 4, No. 1 (1974), pp67-97. [Weblink accessed 18 October 2021].

	IWMI. 2014. [~~http~~://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Other/PDF/transboundary_aquifer_mapping_and_management_in_africa.pdf Transboundary Aquifer Mapping and Management in Africa].		IWMI. 2014. [https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Other/PDF/transboundary_aquifer_mapping_and_management_in_africa.pdf Transboundary Aquifer Mapping and Management in Africa].

	Katuva JM. 2017. [https://upgro.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/groforgood_poverty_policy_brief_feb2017.pdf Poverty Transitions in Kwale County Policy Brief], February 2017, Gro for GooD project, UPGro/University of Oxford		Katuva JM. 2017. [https://upgro.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/groforgood_poverty_policy_brief_feb2017.pdf Poverty Transitions in Kwale County Policy Brief], February 2017, Gro for GooD project, UPGro/University of Oxford
Line 557:		Line 557:
	Koehler J. 2017. [https://upgro.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/groforgood_governance_policy_brief_feb2017.pdf How has devolution fared in its first term? Responses from Kwale County at the end of the transition period]. Policy Brief, February 2017, Gro for GooD project, UPGro/University of Oxford		Koehler J. 2017. [https://upgro.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/groforgood_governance_policy_brief_feb2017.pdf How has devolution fared in its first term? Responses from Kwale County at the end of the transition period]. Policy Brief, February 2017, Gro for GooD project, UPGro/University of Oxford

	Koei N. 2013. [~~http~~://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12146395_01.pdf The project on the development of the National Water Master Plan 2030]. FINAL REPORT VOLUME - V Sectoral Report (2/3) Japan International Cooperation Agency		Koei N. 2013. [https://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12146395_01.pdf The project on the development of the National Water Master Plan 2030]. FINAL REPORT VOLUME - V Sectoral Report (2/3) Japan International Cooperation Agency

	KNBS (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics). 2012. [https://www.knbs.or.ke/download/analytical-report-on-amenities-and-household-assets-volume-xi-2/ The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census. In: Analytical Report on Housing Conditions, Amenities and Household Assets, Vol. XI]. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi.		KNBS (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics). 2012. [https://www.knbs.or.ke/download/analytical-report-on-amenities-and-household-assets-volume-xi-2/ The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census. In: Analytical Report on Housing Conditions, Amenities and Household Assets, Vol. XI]. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi.
Line 569:		Line 569:
	Olago DO. 2019. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10040-018-1895-y Constraints and solutions for groundwater development, supply and governance in urban areas in Kenya]. Hydrogeology Journal, Volume 27, pp1031–1050. [Weblink accessed 18 October 2021].		Olago DO. 2019. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10040-018-1895-y Constraints and solutions for groundwater development, supply and governance in urban areas in Kenya]. Hydrogeology Journal, Volume 27, pp1031–1050. [Weblink accessed 18 October 2021].

	Oord A, Collenteur R and Tolk L. 2014. [~~http~~://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/default/files/TR1%20ARIGA-%20Hydrological%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Merti%20Aquifer%20Kenya.pdf Hydrogeological Assessment of the Merti Aquifer, Kenya]. Technical report No 1 of ARIGA, Assessing Risks of Investment in Groundwater Development in Sub-Saharan Africa.		Oord A, Collenteur R and Tolk L. 2014. [https://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/default/files/TR1%20ARIGA-%20Hydrological%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Merti%20Aquifer%20Kenya.pdf Hydrogeological Assessment of the Merti Aquifer, Kenya]. Technical report No 1 of ARIGA, Assessing Risks of Investment in Groundwater Development in Sub-Saharan Africa.

	Pavelic P, Giordano M, Keraita B, Ramesh V and Rao T. 2012 . [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA600020 Groundwater availability and use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of 15 countries]. International Water Management Institute.		Pavelic P, Giordano M, Keraita B, Ramesh V and Rao T. 2012 . [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA600020 Groundwater availability and use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of 15 countries]. International Water Management Institute.

	Republic Of Kenya Parliament. 2014. [~~http~~://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/bills/2014/WaterBill2014.pdf National Assembly Bills, The Water Bill (Bill No. 7of 2014)].		Republic Of Kenya Parliament. 2014. [https://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/bills/2014/WaterBill2014.pdf National Assembly Bills, The Water Bill (Bill No. 7of 2014)].

	Sincat-Atkins/Groundwater Survey (Kenya) Ltd (JVSA/GSK). 1998. Second Mombasa & Coastal Water Supply Engineering and Rehabilitation Project - Tiwi Aquifer Development: Borehole Drilling and Associated Works; Borehole Completion Report. Volume I-III. Report for National Water Conservation & Pipeline Corporation, prepared by Joint Venture Sincat-Atkins in association with Groundwater Survey (K) Ltd. Nairobi, Kenya.		Sincat-Atkins/Groundwater Survey (Kenya) Ltd (JVSA/GSK). 1998. Second Mombasa & Coastal Water Supply Engineering and Rehabilitation Project - Tiwi Aquifer Development: Borehole Drilling and Associated Works; Borehole Completion Report. Volume I-III. Report for National Water Conservation & Pipeline Corporation, prepared by Joint Venture Sincat-Atkins in association with Groundwater Survey (K) Ltd. Nairobi, Kenya.

	Sosi B, Cheboi E and Simiyu C. 2013. [~~http~~://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jagg/papers/vol1-issue6/E0163545.pdf Nonlinear Correlation analysis between Surface Resistivity and Hydraulic Characteristics of the Kabatini Well Field, Upper Lake Nakuru Basin, Kenya Rift]. IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG), Volume 1, Issue 6 (Nov – Dec 2013), 35-45.		Sosi B, Cheboi E and Simiyu C. 2013. [https://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jagg/papers/vol1-issue6/E0163545.pdf Nonlinear Correlation analysis between Surface Resistivity and Hydraulic Characteristics of the Kabatini Well Field, Upper Lake Nakuru Basin, Kenya Rift]. IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG), Volume 1, Issue 6 (Nov – Dec 2013), 35-45.

	Swarzenski WV and Mundorff MJ. 1977. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757n/report.pdf Geohydrology of North Eastern Province, Kenya]. In: Contributions to the hydrology of Africa and the Mediterranean Region, Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1757-N. Prepared in cooperation with the Water Department, Kenya Ministry of Agriculture under the auspices of the U.S. Agency for International Development. [Weblink accessed 18 October 2021].		Swarzenski WV and Mundorff MJ. 1977. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757n/report.pdf Geohydrology of North Eastern Province, Kenya]. In: Contributions to the hydrology of Africa and the Mediterranean Region, Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1757-N. Prepared in cooperation with the Water Department, Kenya Ministry of Agriculture under the auspices of the U.S. Agency for International Development. [Weblink accessed 18 October 2021].
Line 591:		Line 591:


	*The [~~http~~://www.mining.go.ke/ Ministry of Mining] sells geological maps and geological reports carried out by the Geological Survey of Kenya.		*The [https://www.mining.go.ke/ Ministry of Mining] sells geological maps and geological reports carried out by the Geological Survey of Kenya.

	*The [~~http~~://www.wrma.or.ke/ Water Resources Management Authority] licences hydrogeological data (borehole logs, aquifer units and yields).		*The [https://www.wrma.or.ke/ Water Resources Management Authority] licences hydrogeological data (borehole logs, aquifer units and yields).

	*The [~~http~~://nationaloil.co.ke/site/3.php?id=1 National Oil Corporation of Kenya] (NOCK) licences their seismic data, seismic lines and oil well logs.		*The [https://nationaloil.co.ke/site/3.php?id=1 National Oil Corporation of Kenya] (NOCK) licences their seismic data, seismic lines and oil well logs.

	*The [~~http~~://www.samsamwater.com/about.php Samsam Water Foundation] website includes hydrogeological information.		*The [https://www.samsamwater.com/about.php Samsam Water Foundation] website includes hydrogeological information.

	*The [~~http~~://geology.uonbi.ac.ke/uon_student_projects University of Nairobi] offers a platform on its website on student research topics which provides useful geological information.		*The [https://geology.uonbi.ac.ke/uon_student_projects University of Nairobi] offers a platform on its website on student research topics which provides useful geological information.

	*The [~~http~~://data.ilri.org/geoportal/catalog/main/home.page International Livestock Research Institute] (ILRI) has digitized and shapefiles of Kenya Geology, soils and landcover.		*The [https://data.ilri.org/geoportal/catalog/main/home.page International Livestock Research Institute] (ILRI) has digitized and shapefiles of Kenya Geology, soils and landcover.

	* The [https://www.2030wrg.org/ 2030 Water Resources Group] carry out work relating to water resources in Kenya and have produced a number of [https://www.2030wrg.org/kenya-new/reports/ reports on the Kenyan water sector].		* The [https://www.2030wrg.org/ 2030 Water Resources Group] carry out work relating to water resources in Kenya and have produced a number of [https://www.2030wrg.org/kenya-new/reports/ reports on the Kenyan water sector].
Line 607:		Line 607:

	Return to the index pages:		Return to the index pages:
	[[Overview of Africa Groundwater Atlas \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country \| Hydrogeology by country]] ~~>> Hydrogeology of Kenya~~		[[Overview of Africa Groundwater Atlas \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country \| Hydrogeology by country]]

	<!-- PLEASE DO NOT DELETE BELOW THIS LINE -->		<!-- PLEASE DO NOT DELETE BELOW THIS LINE -->