Hydrogeology of Mali - Revision history

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References

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	Many of the references below, and others relating to the hydrogeology of Mali, are also available through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=ML&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive]		Many of the references below, and others relating to the hydrogeology of Mali, are also available through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=ML&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive]

	===Geology ~~References~~===		===Geology references===

	DNGM, BRGM. 1981. Notice explicative au 1:1 500 000 de la République du Mali.		DNGM, BRGM. 1981. Notice explicative au 1:1 500 000 de la République du Mali.
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	TRAORE AZ. 1985. Géologie et hydrogéologie des plateaux mandingues, Mali, (Région de Koula Nossombougou) Thèse 3ème cycle, Université Scientifique et Médicale de Grénoble, France		TRAORE AZ. 1985. Géologie et hydrogéologie des plateaux mandingues, Mali, (Région de Koula Nossombougou) Thèse 3ème cycle, Université Scientifique et Médicale de Grénoble, France

	===Hydrogeology ~~References~~===		===Hydrogeology references===

	African Development Bank. 2003. [https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Mali_-_Rural_Drinking_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation_-_Appraisal_Report.pdf Republic of Mali Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Programme: Appraisal Report]. Infrastructure Department Central and West Region (OCIN), September 2003.		African Development Bank. 2003. [https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Mali_-_Rural_Drinking_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation_-_Appraisal_Report.pdf Republic of Mali Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Programme: Appraisal Report]. Infrastructure Department Central and West Region (OCIN), September 2003.
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	SAAD KF. 1970. Étude hydrogéologique de l’Est du Mali. UNESCO/Mali N° de série 1856/BMS.RD/SCF Paris, mai 1970; Janvier 1967-Décembre 1969.		SAAD KF. 1970. Étude hydrogéologique de l’Est du Mali. UNESCO/Mali N° de série 1856/BMS.RD/SCF Paris, mai 1970; Janvier 1967-Décembre 1969.

	===General ~~References~~===		===General references===

	PS Eau. 2021. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/ps_eau_fiche_pays_mali_2021.pdf Fiche Pays: Mali]		PS Eau. 2021. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/ps_eau_fiche_pays_mali_2021.pdf Fiche Pays: Mali]


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Groundwater data

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	A centralised database, the Water Resources Management Information System for Mali (Système Informatique de Gestion des ressources en eau du Mali, SIGMA) is in use by DNH. It was first created in 1986, and has gone through periods of active and inactive use (African Development Fund 2003). It stores information on type of water point and pump (e.g. borehole, hand-dug wells, handpump); whether the water point is working or not; and whether there is known contamination. In 2008 it was reported that there were approximately 19,000 boreholes and approximately 10,000 hand dug wells. No geological log information for the boreholes was available, but there was reported to be good information on rest (static) groundwater levels in boreholes and hand dug wells. Information on major inorganic groundwater quality parameters, measured at the time of drilling, was also recorded.		A centralised database, the Water Resources Management Information System for Mali (Système Informatique de Gestion des ressources en eau du Mali, SIGMA) is in use by DNH. It was first created in 1986, and has gone through periods of active and inactive use (African Development Fund 2003). It stores information on type of water point and pump (e.g. borehole, hand-dug wells, handpump); whether the water point is working or not; and whether there is known contamination. In 2008 it was reported that there were approximately 19,000 boreholes and approximately 10,000 hand dug wells. No geological log information for the boreholes was available, but there was reported to be good information on rest (static) groundwater levels in boreholes and hand dug wells. Information on major inorganic groundwater quality parameters, measured at the time of drilling, was also recorded.

	In addition, an inventory of water points was started in 2015 with the support of several partners, called the [https://rsr.akvo.org/dir/project/3789 Inventaire National des Points d'Eau au Mali]. As part of this project, water point data are available ~~publicly~~ in an online [https://pemmali.org/ Atlas of Modern Water Points in Mali] (Atlas des Points d'eau modernes du Mali).		In addition, an inventory of water points was started in 2015 with the support of several partners, called the [https://rsr.akvo.org/dir/project/3789 Inventaire National des Points d'Eau au Mali]. As part of this project, water point data are available to view in an interactive map on a public online [https://pemmali.org/ Atlas of Modern Water Points in Mali] (Atlas des Points d'eau modernes du Mali).

	=== Transboundary aquifers===		=== Transboundary aquifers===

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Groundwater data

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	===Groundwater data===		===Groundwater data===

	The National Water Directorate first developed a National Water Information System (Système d'information national sur l'eau, SINEAU) from 2012-2015, but it is unclear how operational this is.		The National Water Directorate first developed a National Water Information System (Système d'information national sur l'eau, SINEAU) from 2012-2015. The system is meant to support sharing of water-related data and information, but it is unclear how operational this is.

	A centralised database, the Water Resources Management Information System for Mali (Système Informatique de Gestion des ressources en eau du Mali, SIGMA) is in use by DNH. It was first created in 1986, and has gone through periods of active and inactive use (African Development Fund 2003). It stores information on type of water point and pump (e.g. borehole, hand-dug wells, handpump); whether the water point is working or not; and whether there is known contamination. In 2008 it was reported that there were approximately 19,000 boreholes and approximately 10,000 hand dug wells. No geological log information for the boreholes was available, but there was reported to be good information on rest (static) groundwater levels in boreholes and hand dug wells. Information on major inorganic groundwater quality parameters, measured at the time of drilling, was also recorded.		A centralised database, the Water Resources Management Information System for Mali (Système Informatique de Gestion des ressources en eau du Mali, SIGMA) is in use by DNH. It was first created in 1986, and has gone through periods of active and inactive use (African Development Fund 2003). It stores information on type of water point and pump (e.g. borehole, hand-dug wells, handpump); whether the water point is working or not; and whether there is known contamination. In 2008 it was reported that there were approximately 19,000 boreholes and approximately 10,000 hand dug wells. No geological log information for the boreholes was available, but there was reported to be good information on rest (static) groundwater levels in boreholes and hand dug wells. Information on major inorganic groundwater quality parameters, measured at the time of drilling, was also recorded.

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References

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	===Hydrogeology References===		===Hydrogeology References===

			African Development Bank. 2003. [https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Mali_-_Rural_Drinking_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation_-_Appraisal_Report.pdf Republic of Mali Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Programme: Appraisal Report]. Infrastructure Department Central and West Region (OCIN), September 2003.

	DNHE. 1990. Projet MLI/84/005 : Synthèse Hydrogéologique du Mali. Département de la Coopération Technique pour le Développement (DCTD).		DNHE. 1990. Projet MLI/84/005 : Synthèse Hydrogéologique du Mali. Département de la Coopération Technique pour le Développement (DCTD).

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Groundwater data

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	The National Water Directorate first developed a National Water Information System (Système d'information national sur l'eau, SINEAU) from 2012-2015, but it is unclear how operational this is.		The National Water Directorate first developed a National Water Information System (Système d'information national sur l'eau, SINEAU) from 2012-2015, but it is unclear how operational this is.

	~~Before 2016/2018 there were two main national databases of groundwater supply points: one~~ for ~~boreholes~~ (~~approximately 19~~,~~000~~ in ~~2008~~) and ~~one for~~ hand dug wells (approximately 10,000 ~~in 2008)~~. No geological log information for the boreholes was available, but there was reported to be good information on rest (static) groundwater levels in boreholes and hand dug wells. Information on major inorganic groundwater quality parameters, measured at the time of drilling, was also recorded.		A centralised database, the Water Resources Management Information System for Mali (Système Informatique de Gestion des ressources en eau du Mali, SIGMA) is in use by DNH. It was first created in 1986, and has gone through periods of active and inactive use (African Development Fund 2003). It stores information on type of water point and pump (e.g. borehole, hand-dug wells, handpump); whether the water point is working or not; and whether there is known contamination. In 2008 it was reported that there were approximately 19,000 boreholes and approximately 10,000 hand dug wells. No geological log information for the boreholes was available, but there was reported to be good information on rest (static) groundwater levels in boreholes and hand dug wells. Information on major inorganic groundwater quality parameters, measured at the time of drilling, was also recorded.

	A new centralised database called SIGMA is now in use, which stores information on type of water point and pump (e.g. borehole, hand-dug wells, handpump); whether the water point is working or not; and whether there is known contamination.

	In addition, an inventory of water points was started in 2015 with the support of several partners, called the [https://rsr.akvo.org/dir/project/3789 Inventaire National des Points d'Eau au Mali]. As part of this project, water point data are available publicly in an online [https://pemmali.org/ Atlas of Modern Water Points in Mali] (Atlas des Points d'eau modernes du Mali).		In addition, an inventory of water points was started in 2015 with the support of several partners, called the [https://rsr.akvo.org/dir/project/3789 Inventaire National des Points d'Eau au Mali]. As part of this project, water point data are available publicly in an online [https://pemmali.org/ Atlas of Modern Water Points in Mali] (Atlas des Points d'eau modernes du Mali).

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References

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	DNHE. 1990. Projet PNUD/DCTD/MLI/90/002 - Direction Nationale de l'Hydraulique et de l'Energie: Atlas Hydrogéologique du Mali.		DNHE. 1990. Projet PNUD/DCTD/MLI/90/002 - Direction Nationale de l'Hydraulique et de l'Energie: Atlas Hydrogéologique du Mali.

			Ministère de l’Energie et de l’Eau, Direction Nationale de l’Hydraulique. 2019. Rapport annuel d’activités 2018, version definitive.

	SAAD KF. 1970. Étude hydrogéologique de l’Est du Mali. UNESCO/Mali N° de série 1856/BMS.RD/SCF Paris, mai 1970; Janvier 1967-Décembre 1969.		SAAD KF. 1970. Étude hydrogéologique de l’Est du Mali. UNESCO/Mali N° de série 1856/BMS.RD/SCF Paris, mai 1970; Janvier 1967-Décembre 1969.

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Groundwater use and management

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	Groundwater is an important resource for many sectors in Mali, including domestic and agricultural supply, energy, transport and industry. Each sector therefore plays a role in the management of the resource.		Groundwater is an important resource for many sectors in Mali, including domestic and agricultural supply, energy, transport and industry. Each sector therefore plays a role in the management of the resource.

	The Ministry of Energy and Water is the main institution responsible for water resources management, including groundwater and surface water. It has a statutory role to protect and manage all aspects of the water environment, which is achieved through the National Water Directorate (DNH).		Until the coups of 2020/2021, the following institutions were in place:

			The Ministry of Energy and Water is the main institution responsible for water resources management, including groundwater and surface water. It has a statutory role to protect and manage all aspects of the water environment, which is achieved through the National Water Directorate (DNH). Regional water directorates (Directions Régionales de l’Hydraulique, DRH) represent DNH at regional level.

	Law No. 02-006 (2002) of the Water Code provides legislation regarding the use and protection of water resources, including the rights and obligations of all users.		Law No. 02-006 (2002) of the Water Code provides legislation regarding the use and protection of water resources, including the rights and obligations of all users.
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	The Ministry of Environment and Sanitation, through the Department of Sanitation, Pollution, and Nuisance Control, is responsible for all legislation related to sanitation standards and pollution.		The Ministry of Environment and Sanitation, through the Department of Sanitation, Pollution, and Nuisance Control, is responsible for all legislation related to sanitation standards and pollution.

	~~There are two main national databases of groundwater~~ supply ~~points~~: ~~one for boreholes~~ (~~approximately 19~~,~~000 in 2008~~) and ~~one for hand dug wells~~ (~~approximately 10~~,~~000 in 2008~~). ~~No geological log information for~~ the ~~boreholes is available, but there is good information on rest (static) groundwater levels~~ in ~~boreholes and hand dug wells. Information~~ on ~~major inorganic~~ groundwater ~~quality parameters, measured at the time of drilling, is also recorded~~.		Two state-owned water companies have responsibility for drinking water supply in urban and peri-urban areas: the Drinking Water Infrastructure Company of Mali (Société Malienne du Patrimoine de l’Eau Potable, SOMAPEP) and the Drinking Water Management Company of Mali (Société Malienne de Gestion de l’Eau Potable, SOMAGEP). Most of the public water supply systems in the country depend on groundwater.

	=== Groundwater monitoring===		=== Groundwater monitoring===

	A network of 230 groundwater level observation boreholes was established in central and southern Mali by the UNDP between 1981 and 1991~~. However, since 1994 there has been no follow-up drilling, and monitoring equipment has not been replaced~~. In a 2005 inventory the network was found to be largely outdated and out of use.		The National Water Directorate (DNH) is responsible for groundwater monitoring.

			A network of 230 groundwater level observation boreholes was established in central and southern Mali by the UNDP between 1981 and 1991. In a 2005 inventory the network was found to be largely outdated and out of use. However, DNH's annual report for 2018 said that groundwater levels had been measured in 180 observation wells in southwest Mali, of which 95 were fitted with telemetered automatic data loggers; 20 were equipped with non-telemetered automatic data loggers; and 45 had been monitored manually (Ministère de l’Energie et de l’Eau, Direction Nationale de l’Hydraulique 2019).

	There is no national groundwater quality monitoring programme.		There is no national groundwater quality monitoring programme.

			===Groundwater data===

			The National Water Directorate first developed a National Water Information System (Système d'information national sur l'eau, SINEAU) from 2012-2015, but it is unclear how operational this is.

			Before 2016/2018 there were two main national databases of groundwater supply points: one for boreholes (approximately 19,000 in 2008) and one for hand dug wells (approximately 10,000 in 2008). No geological log information for the boreholes was available, but there was reported to be good information on rest (static) groundwater levels in boreholes and hand dug wells. Information on major inorganic groundwater quality parameters, measured at the time of drilling, was also recorded.

			A new centralised database called SIGMA is now in use, which stores information on type of water point and pump (e.g. borehole, hand-dug wells, handpump); whether the water point is working or not; and whether there is known contamination.

			In addition, an inventory of water points was started in 2015 with the support of several partners, called the [https://rsr.akvo.org/dir/project/3789 Inventaire National des Points d'Eau au Mali]. As part of this project, water point data are available publicly in an online [https://pemmali.org/ Atlas of Modern Water Points in Mali] (Atlas des Points d'eau modernes du Mali).

	=== Transboundary aquifers===		=== Transboundary aquifers===

	The Iullemeden Aquifer System (IAS) is shared by Mali, Niger and Nigeria over an area of 500,000 km². The project "Managing hydrogeological risks in the SAI Iullemeden Aquifer System", which was implemented by the Observatory of the Sahara and the Sahel (OSS), has improved the general understanding of this aquifer system through the development of several tools, including a groundwater database, mathematical model, and thematic maps. It has also developed a Memorandum of Understanding between the three countries regarding water resources management of the IAS.		The Iullemeden Aquifer System (IAS) is shared by Mali, Niger and Nigeria over an area of 500,000 km². The project "Managing hydrogeological risks in the SAI Iullemeden Aquifer System", which was implemented by the Observatory of the Sahara and the Sahel (OSS), has improved the general understanding of this aquifer system through the development of several tools, including a groundwater database, mathematical model, and thematic maps. It has also developed a Memorandum of Understanding between the three countries regarding water resources management of the IAS.

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	For further general information about transboundary aquifers, please see the [[Transboundary aquifers \| Transboundary aquifers resources page]]		For further general information about transboundary aquifers, please see the [[Transboundary aquifers \| Transboundary aquifers resources page]]


	==References==		==References==

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Authors

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	'''Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard''', Institute of Development Studies, UK		'''Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard''', Institute of Development Studies, UK

	Please cite this page as: Traore~~, Bokar, Sidibe, Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard~~, 2018.		Please cite this page as: Traore et al., 2018.

	Bibliographic reference: Traore AZ, Bokar H, Sidibe A, Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Mali. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Mali		Bibliographic reference: Traore AZ, Bokar H, Sidibe A, Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Mali. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Mali

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	[[File:CC-BY-SA_logo_88x31.png \| frame \| This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License]]]		[[File:CC-BY-SA_logo_88x31.png \| frame \| This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License]]]

	Mali is a landlocked country, formerly part of the three ancient Sahelian empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhai. A the height of the Mali empire in the 13th century, the town of Timbuktu was a centre of culture, learning and Islamic religion, and Djenne was an international trade centre. In the late 19th century, France seized control of the present day area of Mali, making it a part of French Sudan. Mali won independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation with Senegal, shortly afterwards becoming the Republic of Mali in its current borders. ~~Under~~ one-party rule until a coup in 1991, ~~Mali~~ transitioned to a multi-party state with ~~the~~ first elections in 1992~~. Mali was~~ perceived internationally as a fairly stable democratic country during this time. In 2012 ~~there were two~~ military coups and armed conflict between the state~~, Tuareg Islamic militants, which was eventually resolved~~ with ~~a return to democratic~~ elections ~~in 2013~~.		Mali is a landlocked country, formerly part of the three ancient Sahelian empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhai. A the height of the Mali empire in the 13th century, the town of Timbuktu was a centre of culture, learning and Islamic religion, and Djenne was an international trade centre. In the late 19th century, France seized control of the present day area of Mali, making it a part of French Sudan. Mali won independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation with Senegal, shortly afterwards becoming the Republic of Mali in its current borders. It was under one-party rule until a coup in 1991, then transitioned to a multi-party state with first elections in 1992; and perceived internationally as a fairly stable democratic country during this time. However, since 2012 a series of military coups and armed conflict between the state and different militant groups has led to ongoing war and political instability. As of 2022 there is a transitional military government with elections scheduled for 2024.

	The economy has traditionally relied on agriculture. Desert areas are only suited for pastoralism, but there is cultivation of many crops including rice, groundnut and cotton (the latter particularly important as an export crop) in the less arid south and around the Niger River. There are also areas of irrigated vegetable production, but these are less economically significant on a national scale. Post-independence, drought was one factor leading to economic decline. Remittances from migrants to Cote d’Ivoire have also been important, and the return of many of these people during periods of instability in Cote d’Ivoire in 2002 and 2010 had an impact on the livelihoods on many Malians. There are attempts to diversify the economy with development of the mining industry, including gold, phosphate and kaolin.		The economy has traditionally relied on agriculture. Desert areas are only suited for pastoralism, but there is cultivation of many crops including rice, groundnut and cotton (the latter particularly important as an export crop) in the less arid south and around the Niger River. There are also areas of irrigated vegetable production, but these are less economically significant on a national scale. Post-independence, drought was one factor leading to economic decline. Remittances from migrants to Cote d’Ivoire have also been important, and the return of many of these people during periods of instability in Cote d’Ivoire in 2002 and 2010 had an impact on the livelihoods on many Malians. There are attempts to diversify the economy with development of the mining industry, including gold, phosphate and kaolin.
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	Please cite this page as: Traore, Bokar, Sidibe, Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.		Please cite this page as: Traore, Bokar, Sidibe, Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.

	Bibliographic reference: Traore AZ, Bokar H, Sidibe A, Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Mali. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. ~~http~~://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Mali		Bibliographic reference: Traore AZ, Bokar H, Sidibe A, Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Mali. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Mali

	==Terms and conditions==		==Terms and conditions==
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	\|}		\|}

	<nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat]		<nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat]


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	\|}		\|}

	These statistics are sourced from [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO Aquastat]. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.		These statistics are sourced from [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO Aquastat]. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.

	Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en Aquastat Main Database].		Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en Aquastat Main Database].

	<sup>1</sup> More information on [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use_agr/index.stm irrigation water use and requirement statistics]		<sup>1</sup> More information on [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use_agr/index.stm irrigation water use and requirement statistics]

	==Geology==		==Geology==

	This section provides a summary of the geology of Mali. More detail can be found in the references listed at the bottom of this page. Many of these references can be accessed through the [~~http~~://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/index.cfm Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].		This section provides a summary of the geology of Mali. More detail can be found in the references listed at the bottom of this page. Many of these references can be accessed through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/index.cfm Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].

	The geology map on this page shows a simplified version of the '''bedrock geology''' at a national scale (see [[Geology \| the Geology resource page]] for more details.		The geology map on this page shows a simplified version of the '''bedrock geology''' at a national scale (see [[Geology \| the Geology resource page]] for more details.
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	==Hydrogeology==		==Hydrogeology==

	This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Mali. More information is available in the references listed at the bottom of this page. Many of these references can be accessed through the [~~http~~://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/index.cfm Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].		This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Mali. More information is available in the references listed at the bottom of this page. Many of these references can be accessed through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/index.cfm Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].

	The hydrogeology map on this page shows a simplified overview of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Hydrogeology Maps \| hydrogeology map resource page]] for more details).		The hydrogeology map on this page shows a simplified overview of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Hydrogeology Maps \| hydrogeology map resource page]] for more details).

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References

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:53, 4 October 2022
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	==References==		==References==
	Many of the references below, and others relating to the hydrogeology of Mali, ~~can be found in~~ the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=ML&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive]		Many of the references below, and others relating to the hydrogeology of Mali, are also available through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=ML&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive]

	===~~Key~~ Geology References===		===Geology References===

	DNGM, BRGM. 1981. Notice explicative au 1:1 500 000 de la République du Mali.		DNGM, BRGM. 1981. Notice explicative au 1:1 500 000 de la République du Mali.
Line 473:		Line 473:
	TRAORE AZ. 1985. Géologie et hydrogéologie des plateaux mandingues, Mali, (Région de Koula Nossombougou) Thèse 3ème cycle, Université Scientifique et Médicale de Grénoble, France		TRAORE AZ. 1985. Géologie et hydrogéologie des plateaux mandingues, Mali, (Région de Koula Nossombougou) Thèse 3ème cycle, Université Scientifique et Médicale de Grénoble, France

	===~~Key~~ Hydrogeology References===		===Hydrogeology References===

	DNHE. 1990. Projet MLI/84/005 : Synthèse Hydrogéologique du Mali. Département de la Coopération Technique pour le Développement (DCTD).		DNHE. 1990. Projet MLI/84/005 : Synthèse Hydrogéologique du Mali. Département de la Coopération Technique pour le Développement (DCTD).
Line 481:		Line 481:
	SAAD KF. 1970. Étude hydrogéologique de l’Est du Mali. UNESCO/Mali N° de série 1856/BMS.RD/SCF Paris, mai 1970; Janvier 1967-Décembre 1969.		SAAD KF. 1970. Étude hydrogéologique de l’Est du Mali. UNESCO/Mali N° de série 1856/BMS.RD/SCF Paris, mai 1970; Janvier 1967-Décembre 1969.

			===General References===

			PS Eau. 2021. [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/ps_eau_fiche_pays_mali_2021.pdf Fiche Pays: Mali]


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