Hydrogeology of Rwanda - Revision history

LaurenGiles: /* Documents */ removed consultancy services for development of ..... link

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Documents: removed consultancy services for development of ..... link

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	MINERENA / RNRA. 2015. [https://www.rwb.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/RWRB/Publications/Policies/Rwanda_National_Water_Resources_Master_Plan.pdf Rwanda National Water Resources Master Plan]. Ministry of Environment (formerly Ministry of Natural Resources of Rwanda) / Rwanda Natural Resources Authority. October 2015.		MINERENA / RNRA. 2015. [https://www.rwb.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/RWRB/Publications/Policies/Rwanda_National_Water_Resources_Master_Plan.pdf Rwanda National Water Resources Master Plan]. Ministry of Environment (formerly Ministry of Natural Resources of Rwanda) / Rwanda Natural Resources Authority. October 2015.

	Rwanda Natural Resources Authority (RNRA). 2014. ~~[https://www.environment.gov.rw/uploads/media/Rwanda_Water_Resources_Master_Plan_01.pdf~~ Consultancy services for development of Rwanda National Water Resources Master Plan]. Tender Number 021/RNRA/2011-2012. Master Plan Report: Main Volume. Final Version May 2014. Prepared by SHER Ingénieurs-Conseils s.a.		Rwanda Natural Resources Authority (RNRA). 2014. Consultancy services for development of Rwanda National Water Resources Master Plan. Tender Number 021/RNRA/2011-2012. Master Plan Report: Main Volume. Final Version May 2014. Prepared by SHER Ingénieurs-Conseils s.a.

	Rwanda Ministry of Natural Resources. 2011. [https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/rwa179827.pdf Water Resources Management Sub-Sector Strategic Plan (2011-2015)].		Rwanda Ministry of Natural Resources. 2011. [https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/rwa179827.pdf Water Resources Management Sub-Sector Strategic Plan (2011-2015)].

LaurenGiles: /* Documents */ water resources management sub-sector strategic plan link

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Documents: water resources management sub-sector strategic plan link

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	Rwanda Natural Resources Authority (RNRA). 2014. [https://www.environment.gov.rw/uploads/media/Rwanda_Water_Resources_Master_Plan_01.pdf Consultancy services for development of Rwanda National Water Resources Master Plan]. Tender Number 021/RNRA/2011-2012. Master Plan Report: Main Volume. Final Version May 2014. Prepared by SHER Ingénieurs-Conseils s.a.		Rwanda Natural Resources Authority (RNRA). 2014. [https://www.environment.gov.rw/uploads/media/Rwanda_Water_Resources_Master_Plan_01.pdf Consultancy services for development of Rwanda National Water Resources Master Plan]. Tender Number 021/RNRA/2011-2012. Master Plan Report: Main Volume. Final Version May 2014. Prepared by SHER Ingénieurs-Conseils s.a.

	Rwanda Ministry of Natural Resources. 2011. [https://~~www~~.~~environment~~.~~gov.rw~~/~~uploads~~/~~media~~/~~Rwanda-Waterstrategy-04062011-final-1006-corrected1406_02~~.pdf Water Resources Management Sub-Sector Strategic Plan (2011-2015)].		Rwanda Ministry of Natural Resources. 2011. [https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/rwa179827.pdf Water Resources Management Sub-Sector Strategic Plan (2011-2015)].

	Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority. 2017. [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/report/annual-water-status-report-2016-2017 Annual Water Status Report 2016-2017]		Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority. 2017. [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/report/annual-water-status-report-2016-2017 Annual Water Status Report 2016-2017]

LaurenGiles: /* Surface water */ real time data Rwanda water portal link

2023-12-18T11:31:09Z

Surface water: real time data Rwanda water portal link

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	Within the Nile and Congo basins in Rwanda, nine 'Level 1' surface water catchments have been classified for management purposes (see the [https://www.rwb.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/RWRB/Publications/Policies/Rwanda_National_Water_Resources_Master_Plan.pdf Rwanda Water Resources Master Plan (MINIRENA/RNRA 2015)]). The Akagera River, and its tributary the Nyabarongo, are two of the main rivers, both part of the upper Nile basin, and both subdivided into upper and lower reaches for the purposes of Level 1 catchment management. The other Level 1 surface water catchments are the Rusizi, Akanyaru and Muvumba rivers, and Lake Kivu. Parts of some of the Level 1 river catchments are shared with neighbouring countries (Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda or the DRC). There are many smaller lakes, rivers and associated wetlands.		Within the Nile and Congo basins in Rwanda, nine 'Level 1' surface water catchments have been classified for management purposes (see the [https://www.rwb.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/RWRB/Publications/Policies/Rwanda_National_Water_Resources_Master_Plan.pdf Rwanda Water Resources Master Plan (MINIRENA/RNRA 2015)]). The Akagera River, and its tributary the Nyabarongo, are two of the main rivers, both part of the upper Nile basin, and both subdivided into upper and lower reaches for the purposes of Level 1 catchment management. The other Level 1 surface water catchments are the Rusizi, Akanyaru and Muvumba rivers, and Lake Kivu. Parts of some of the Level 1 river catchments are shared with neighbouring countries (Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda or the DRC). There are many smaller lakes, rivers and associated wetlands.

	Surface water resources, as other water resources in Rwanda, are managed by the Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority, previously the Rwanda Natural Resources Authority, which is affiliated to the [https://www.environment.gov.rw Ministry of Environment]. Surface water monitoring is generally at good detail for the large catchments, but less well established for smaller catchments (MINIRENA/RNRA 2015). Monitoring data are collected and stored as part of the Water Management Information System. Data from 73 surface water monitoring stations (as of 2021) is available via the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/data/surface_water Rwanda Water Portal], including real time data for some river level gauges, available from the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/data/~~realtime_data~~ Rwanda Water Portal]. Summary data are presented in monitoring reports and annual water status reports available from the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/ Rwanda Water Portal].		Surface water resources, as other water resources in Rwanda, are managed by the Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority, previously the Rwanda Natural Resources Authority, which is affiliated to the [https://www.environment.gov.rw Ministry of Environment]. Surface water monitoring is generally at good detail for the large catchments, but less well established for smaller catchments (MINIRENA/RNRA 2015). Monitoring data are collected and stored as part of the Water Management Information System. Data from 73 surface water monitoring stations (as of 2021) is available via the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/data/surface_water Rwanda Water Portal], including real time data for some river level gauges, available from the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/data/real_time_data Rwanda Water Portal]. Summary data are presented in monitoring reports and annual water status reports available from the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/ Rwanda Water Portal].

	\| [[File:Rwanda_Hydrology.png \| frame \| Major surface water features of Rwanda. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. For more information on the map development and datasets see the [[Surface water \| surface water resource page]].]]		\| [[File:Rwanda_Hydrology.png \| frame \| Major surface water features of Rwanda. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. For more information on the map development and datasets see the [[Surface water \| surface water resource page]].]]

Beod: /* Groundwater use and management */

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Groundwater use and management

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	==Groundwater ~~use and~~ management==		==Groundwater management==

	The [https://www.environment.gov.rw Ministry of Environment] and the Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (RWFA) have responsibilities for managing water resources in Rwanda. The [https://www.rwb.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/RWRB/Publications/Policies/Rwanda_National_Water_Resources_Master_Plan.pdf Rwanda Water Resources Master Plan] (2015) ~~contains~~ detailed recommendations for integrated water resources management, including setting up and operating a groundwater monitoring network~~. In 2017, RWFA had begun inventorising groundwater abstraction boreholes,~~ and ~~geophysical investigations of~~ groundwater resources for ~~potential future development, but overall groundwater availability~~ in the country ~~was not yet well understood (~~[https://waterportal.rwb.rw/~~report/annual-water-status-report-2016-2017~~ Rwanda Water ~~and Forestry Authority (2017)~~]~~). The Water Resources Master Plan estimated that total groundwater storage in Rwanda is around 162~~,~~176 million cubic metres~~.		The [https://www.environment.gov.rw Ministry of Environment] and the Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (RWFA) have responsibilities for managing water resources in Rwanda. The [https://www.rwb.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/RWRB/Publications/Policies/Rwanda_National_Water_Resources_Master_Plan.pdf Rwanda Water Resources Master Plan] (2015) contained detailed recommendations for integrated water resources management, including setting up and operating a groundwater monitoring network; and much work on investigating and managing groundwater resources has been done since then.

			The [https://www.rwb.rw/ Rwanda Water Resources Board] was established in 2020 and now is the body responsible for managing all water resources in the country. The Water Resources Board developed the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/ Rwanda Water Portal], a web platform to make water resources related information more accessible.

			===Groundwater use===

	There are no reliable estimates of total groundwater abstraction, but in 2005, groundwater was reported to account for 86% of safe drinking water supply in rural areas (Ministry of Natural Resources 2011). In the Eastern and parts of the Southern Province, most people depend on groundwater from boreholes. As of 2009, there were at least 400 boreholes and wells in various parts of the country (Ministry of Natural Resources 2011). In upland areas, groundwater from springs is a key resource, including via many piped water supply schemes. The locations of some - probably large - water abstractions (both surface water and groundwater) are shown in the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/data/water_users Rwanda Water Portal].		There are no reliable estimates of total groundwater abstraction, but in 2005, groundwater was reported to account for 86% of safe drinking water supply in rural areas (Ministry of Natural Resources 2011). In the Eastern and parts of the Southern Province, most people depend on groundwater from boreholes. As of 2009, there were at least 400 boreholes and wells in various parts of the country (Ministry of Natural Resources 2011). In upland areas, groundwater from springs is a key resource, including via many piped water supply schemes. The locations of some - probably large - water abstractions (both surface water and groundwater) are shown in the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/data/water_users Rwanda Water Portal].

	Extensive borehole drilling and shallow well construction have been done, mostly in the Eastern Province, since 1994. A major project investigating groundwater in the Eastern Province was reported on in [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/index.php/report/ground-water-recharge-and-storage-enhancement-eastern-province-rwanda Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (2019)]. The aim of the project was to identify or confirm the main aquifers, understand their hydrodynamic behaviour, groundwater resource potential and recharge mechanisms. The project report provides much detailed hydrogeological data and interpretation ([https://waterportal.rwb.rw/index.php/report/ground-water-recharge-and-storage-enhancement-eastern-province-rwanda Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority, 2019)]		Extensive borehole drilling and shallow well construction have been done, mostly in the Eastern Province, since 1994. A major project investigating groundwater in the Eastern Province was reported on in [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/index.php/report/ground-water-recharge-and-storage-enhancement-eastern-province-rwanda Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (2019)]. The aim of the project was to identify or confirm the main aquifers, understand their hydrodynamic behaviour, groundwater resource potential and recharge mechanisms. The project report provides much detailed hydrogeological data and interpretation ([https://waterportal.rwb.rw/index.php/report/ground-water-recharge-and-storage-enhancement-eastern-province-rwanda Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority, 2019)]

			===Groundwater status===

			In 2017, RWFA had begun inventorising groundwater abstraction boreholes, and geophysical investigations of groundwater resources for potential future development, but overall groundwater availability in the country was not yet well understood ([https://waterportal.rwb.rw/report/annual-water-status-report-2016-2017 Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (2017)]). The Water Resources Master Plan estimated that total groundwater storage in Rwanda is around 162,176 million cubic metres.

	Some threats to groundwater include the effects of deforestation and erosion, which can damage spring supplies. Noted problems with water quality generally (mostly related to surface water but also likely to affect groundwater) are usually caused by poor agricultural and mining practices, or by wastewater discharge from both domestic and industrial sources ([https://waterportal.rwb.rw/report/annual-water-status-report-2016-2017 Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (2017)]).		Some threats to groundwater include the effects of deforestation and erosion, which can damage spring supplies. Noted problems with water quality generally (mostly related to surface water but also likely to affect groundwater) are usually caused by poor agricultural and mining practices, or by wastewater discharge from both domestic and industrial sources ([https://waterportal.rwb.rw/report/annual-water-status-report-2016-2017 Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (2017)]).
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	====Groundwater levels====		====Groundwater levels====

	In 2021 the national groundwater level monitoring network included 24 boreholes. At least 8 of these monitoring boreholes are equipped with automatic water level monitors (pressure transducers). The locations of monitoring boreholes can be seen on an interactive map in, and available monitoring data are offered for download from, the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/data/ground_water '''Rwanda Water Portal'''].		In 2021 the national groundwater level monitoring network included 24 boreholes. At least 8 of these monitoring boreholes are equipped with automatic water level monitors (pressure transducers). The locations of monitoring boreholes can be seen on an interactive map in, and available monitoring data are offered for download from, the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/data/ground_water '''Rwanda Water Portal'''], which is managed by the [https://www.rwb.rw/ Water Resources Board].

	A summary of groundwater level monitoring results for 2016-2017 is given in the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/sites/default/files/2018-01/Annual%20Water%20Status%20Report.pdf Annual Water Status Report 2016/17] (Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority, 2017).		A summary of groundwater level monitoring results for 2016-2017 is given in the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/sites/default/files/2018-01/Annual%20Water%20Status%20Report.pdf Annual Water Status Report 2016/17] (Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority, 2017).

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	Schlüter T. 2006. [https://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-geological-atlas-africa.pdf Geological Atlas of Africa].		Schlüter T. 2006. [https://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-geological-atlas-africa.pdf Geological Atlas of Africa].

			Sekomo Birame C and Bwiza QN. 2019. [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/sites/default/files/2019-04/Groundwater%20quality%20in%20Rwanda.pdf Groundwater quality in Rwanda]. Presentation

	Water for Growth Rwanda. 2018a. [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/node/3136 IWRM Programme Rwanda: Upper Nyabarongo Catchment Plan 2018-2024].		Water for Growth Rwanda. 2018a. [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/node/3136 IWRM Programme Rwanda: Upper Nyabarongo Catchment Plan 2018-2024].

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Groundwater quality

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	A recent study commissioned by the RWFA collected detailed water quality data for 36 water bodies in Rwanda, including groundwaters, to establish a water quality baseline to support future monitoring. Detailed data from this study are available in [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/index.php/report/water-quality-monitoring-rwanda-final-report Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (2019)].		A recent study commissioned by the RWFA collected detailed water quality data for 36 water bodies in Rwanda, including groundwaters, to establish a water quality baseline to support future monitoring. Detailed data from this study are available in [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/index.php/report/water-quality-monitoring-rwanda-final-report Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (2019)].

			A presentation on [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/sites/default/files/2019-04/Groundwater%20quality%20in%20Rwanda.pdf Groundwater quality in Rwanda] (Sekomo Birame & Bwiza 2019) gives a summary of national groundwater quality monitoring and status.

	=== Transboundary aquifers===		=== Transboundary aquifers===

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References

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	Return to the index pages:		Return to the index pages:
	[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country \| Hydrogeology by country]] ~~>> Hydrogeology of Rwanda~~		[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country \| Hydrogeology by country]]

	<!-- PLEASE DO NOT DELETE BELOW THIS LINE -->		<!-- PLEASE DO NOT DELETE BELOW THIS LINE -->
	[[Category:Hydrogeology by country\|r]]		[[Category:Hydrogeology by country\|r]]
	[[Category:Africa Groundwater Atlas]]		[[Category:Africa Groundwater Atlas]]

Beod: /* Groundwater monitoring */

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Groundwater monitoring

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	====Groundwater levels====		====Groundwater levels====

	In 2021 the national groundwater level monitoring network included 24 boreholes. At least 8 of these monitoring boreholes are equipped with automatic water level monitors (pressure transducers). The locations of monitoring boreholes can be seen on an interactive map in ~~the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/data/ground_water Rwanda Water Portal]~~, and monitoring data are offered for download from the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/data/ground_water '''Rwanda Water Portal'''].		In 2021 the national groundwater level monitoring network included 24 boreholes. At least 8 of these monitoring boreholes are equipped with automatic water level monitors (pressure transducers). The locations of monitoring boreholes can be seen on an interactive map in, and available monitoring data are offered for download from, the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/data/ground_water '''Rwanda Water Portal'''].

	A summary of groundwater level monitoring results for 2016-2017 is given in the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/sites/default/files/2018-01/Annual%20Water%20Status%20Report.pdf Annual Water Status Report 2016/17] (Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority, 2017).		A summary of groundwater level monitoring results for 2016-2017 is given in the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/sites/default/files/2018-01/Annual%20Water%20Status%20Report.pdf Annual Water Status Report 2016/17] (Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority, 2017).

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Groundwater monitoring

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	===Groundwater monitoring===		===Groundwater monitoring===

	====Groundwater ~~Quality~~====		====Groundwater levels====

	~~Groundwater quality is monitored by~~ the ~~Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority~~ (~~RWFA~~). ~~A summary~~ of ~~water quality~~ monitoring ~~data is~~ in [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/~~report~~/~~annual-water-status-report-2016-2017~~ Rwanda Water and ~~Forestry Authority (2017)~~].		In 2021 the national groundwater level monitoring network included 24 boreholes. At least 8 of these monitoring boreholes are equipped with automatic water level monitors (pressure transducers). The locations of monitoring boreholes can be seen on an interactive map in the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/data/ground_water Rwanda Water Portal], and monitoring data are offered for download from the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/data/ground_water '''Rwanda Water Portal'''].

	A ~~recent study commissioned by the RWFA collected detailed water quality data~~ for ~~36 water bodies in Rwanda, including groundwaters, to establish a water quality baseline to support future monitoring. Detailed data from this study are available~~ in [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/~~index.php~~/~~report~~/~~water~~-~~quality-monitoring-rwanda-final-report~~ Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority ~~(2019~~)].		A summary of groundwater level monitoring results for 2016-2017 is given in the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/sites/default/files/2018-01/Annual%20Water%20Status%20Report.pdf Annual Water Status Report 2016/17] (Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority, 2017).

			====Groundwater quality====

	~~====~~Groundwater ~~levels====~~		Groundwater quality is monitored by the Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (RWFA). A summary of water quality monitoring data for 2016-2017 is given in the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/report/annual-water-status-report-2016-2017 Annual Water Status Report 2016/17] (Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority, 2017).

	~~In 2021~~ the ~~national groundwater level monitoring network included 24 boreholes. At least 8 of these monitoring boreholes are equipped with automatic~~ water ~~level monitors (pressure transducers). The locations of monitoring boreholes can be seen on an interactive map~~ in ~~the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/data/ground_water~~ Rwanda ~~Water Portal]~~, ~~and~~ monitoring data ~~can be downloaded~~ from ~~the~~ [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/~~data/ground_water Rwanda Water Portal]~~. ~~A summary of groundwater level monitoring results is given in the [https:~~//~~waterportal.rwb.rw/sites/default/files/2018~~-~~01/Annual%20Water%20Status%20Report.pdf Annual Water Status Report 2016/17] (~~Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority~~, 2017~~).		A recent study commissioned by the RWFA collected detailed water quality data for 36 water bodies in Rwanda, including groundwaters, to establish a water quality baseline to support future monitoring. Detailed data from this study are available in [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/index.php/report/water-quality-monitoring-rwanda-final-report Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (2019)].

	=== Transboundary aquifers===		=== Transboundary aquifers===

Beod: /* Groundwater Quality */

2022-11-08T10:25:36Z

Groundwater Quality

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	====Groundwater Quality====		====Groundwater Quality====

	Groundwater quality is monitored by the Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (RWFA). ~~Most ongoing~~ water quality monitoring ~~is of surface waters: monitoring data is available from the [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/~~data~~/water_quality Rwanda Water Portal], and a summary of results~~ is in [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/report/annual-water-status-report-2016-2017 Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (2017)]. A recent study commissioned by the RWFA collected detailed water quality data for 36 water bodies in Rwanda, including groundwaters, to establish a water quality baseline to support future monitoring. Detailed data from this study are available in [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/index.php/report/water-quality-monitoring-rwanda-final-report Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (2019)].		Groundwater quality is monitored by the Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (RWFA). A summary of water quality monitoring data is in [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/report/annual-water-status-report-2016-2017 Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (2017)].

			A recent study commissioned by the RWFA collected detailed water quality data for 36 water bodies in Rwanda, including groundwaters, to establish a water quality baseline to support future monitoring. Detailed data from this study are available in [https://waterportal.rwb.rw/index.php/report/water-quality-monitoring-rwanda-final-report Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (2019)].

	====Groundwater levels====		====Groundwater levels====