Hydrogeology of Sudan - Revision history

LaurenGiles: /* Hydrogeology */ sources of recharge as abu delaig link removed

2024-01-23T10:05:56Z

Hydrogeology: sources of recharge as abu delaig link removed

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	Darling WG, Edmunds WM, Kinniburgh DG and Kotoub S. Sources of recharge to the Basal Nubian sandstone aquifer, Butana region, Sudan. IAEA (Ed.), Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Development, IAEA, Vienna.		Darling WG, Edmunds WM, Kinniburgh DG and Kotoub S. Sources of recharge to the Basal Nubian sandstone aquifer, Butana region, Sudan. IAEA (Ed.), Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Development, IAEA, Vienna.

	Edmunds WM, Darling WG, Kinniburgh DG, Katoub A and Mahgoub S. 1992. ~~[https://ac.els-cdn.com/002216949290211D/1-s2.0-002216949290211D-main.pdf?_tid=7e49aafe-962b-4b84-8eb5-b9d34fb987dd&acdnat=1552989526_d9eb50da45230a5c2a8c442f8935b8b4~~ Sources of recharge at Abu Delaig, Sudan]. J. Hydrol., 131, 1-24		Edmunds WM, Darling WG, Kinniburgh DG, Katoub A and Mahgoub S. 1992. Sources of recharge at Abu Delaig, Sudan. J. Hydrol., 131, 1-24

	Edmunds WM, Darling WG and Kinniburgh DG. 1987. [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/505568/ Estimation of Aquifer Recharge Using Geochemical Techniques: Final Report of the Lower Atbara River Basin Project]. British Geological Survey Report WD/OS/87/001		Edmunds WM, Darling WG and Kinniburgh DG. 1987. [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/505568/ Estimation of Aquifer Recharge Using Geochemical Techniques: Final Report of the Lower Atbara River Basin Project]. British Geological Survey Report WD/OS/87/001

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	\|}		\|}

	==Groundwater management ~~and use~~==		==Groundwater use and management==

	=== Groundwater use===		=== Groundwater use===

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Groundwater management and use

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	The '''Specifications and Measurement Corporation''' sets standards for water issues in collaboration with the two institutions above.		The '''Specifications and Measurement Corporation''' sets standards for water issues in collaboration with the two institutions above.

	Universities conduct much research into groundwater. In the References section below is a list of many ~~university~~ theses reporting on groundwater research.		Universities conduct much research into groundwater. In the References section below is a list of many theses by students at the University of Khartoum reporting on groundwater research.

	Other ministries with a role in water resources are the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, the Ministry of Energy & Mining, and the Ministry of Environment and Physical Development.		Other ministries with a role in water resources are the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, the Ministry of Energy & Mining, and the Ministry of Environment and Physical Development.

Beod: /* Groundwater management */

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Groundwater management

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	The '''Specifications and Measurement Corporation''' sets standards for water issues in collaboration with the two institutions above.		The '''Specifications and Measurement Corporation''' sets standards for water issues in collaboration with the two institutions above.

	Universities conduct research into groundwater.		Universities conduct much research into groundwater. In the References section below is a list of many university theses reporting on groundwater research.

	Other ministries with a role in water resources are the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, the Ministry of Energy & Mining, and the Ministry of Environment and Physical Development.		Other ministries with a role in water resources are the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, the Ministry of Energy & Mining, and the Ministry of Environment and Physical Development.

	There are national laws governing groundwater use and management, and state groundwater laws, for example specific Nyala aquifer and Gash aquifer laws.		There are national laws governing groundwater use and management, and state groundwater laws, for example specific Nyala aquifer and Gash aquifer laws.

	===Groundwater monitoring===		===Groundwater monitoring===

Beod: /* Groundwater management and use */

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Groundwater management and use

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	==Groundwater management and use==		==Groundwater management and use==

			=== Groundwater use===

			Groundwater in Sudan is used largely for human and livestock needs, with relatively small amounts of abstraction for small-scale irrigation.

	=== Groundwater management===		=== Groundwater management===
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	IGRAC (2020)'s [https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Sudan.pdf Monitoring Overview - Sudan] provides some more details.		IGRAC (2020)'s [https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Sudan.pdf Monitoring Overview - Sudan] provides some more details.

	~~=== Groundwater use===~~

	~~Groundwater in Sudan is used largely for human and livestock needs, with relatively small amounts of abstraction for small-scale irrigation.~~

	=== Transboundary aquifers===		=== Transboundary aquifers===

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	The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) is shared with Libya, Eqypt and Chad, and has been subject to extensive cross-border investigations and management activities. The [https://www.nsasja.org/index_en.php Joint Authority for the Study and Development of the Nubian Aquifer] is a transnational agency between the four countries of the NSAS, which works to study, sustainably develop and protect the aquifer system. In 2013, the four states of the NSAS and the Joint Authority signed a [https://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/documents/regionaldocs/Regional_Strategic_Action_Plan_for_the_Nubian_Aquifer.pdf Regional Strategic Action Plan]. The Groundwater and Wadis Department carries out groundwater level monitoring in the Sudanese sector of the Nubian Aquifer, both manually and for some boreholes automatically using telemetry technology. This is part of a regional monitoring network across the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, with monitoring also done by the other three countries sharing the aquifer (Egypt, Libya and Chad). The collected data collected is stored in a regional database		The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) is shared with Libya, Eqypt and Chad, and has been subject to extensive cross-border investigations and management activities. The [https://www.nsasja.org/index_en.php Joint Authority for the Study and Development of the Nubian Aquifer] is a transnational agency between the four countries of the NSAS, which works to study, sustainably develop and protect the aquifer system. In 2013, the four states of the NSAS and the Joint Authority signed a [https://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/documents/regionaldocs/Regional_Strategic_Action_Plan_for_the_Nubian_Aquifer.pdf Regional Strategic Action Plan]. The Groundwater and Wadis Department carries out groundwater level monitoring in the Sudanese sector of the Nubian Aquifer, both manually and for some boreholes automatically using telemetry technology. This is part of a regional monitoring network across the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, with monitoring also done by the other three countries sharing the aquifer (Egypt, Libya and Chad). The collected data collected is stored in a regional database
	named NARIS (Oracle), which is shared online among the four countries, with the server located in Tripoli, Libya ([https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Sudan.pdf IGRAC 2020])		named NARIS (Oracle), which is shared online among the four countries, with the server located in Tripoli, Libya ([https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Sudan.pdf IGRAC 2020]).

	There are also Paleozoic sedimentary aquifers in Darfur which are shared with Chad.		There are also Paleozoic sedimentary aquifers in Darfur which are shared with Chad.
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	Farah EA, Mustafa EMA, and Kumai H. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050479 Sources of groundwater recharge at the confluence of the Niles, Sudan]. Environ. Geol., 39 (6), 667-672. doi: 10.1007/s002540050479		Farah EA, Mustafa EMA, and Kumai H. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050479 Sources of groundwater recharge at the confluence of the Niles, Sudan]. Environ. Geol., 39 (6), 667-672. doi: 10.1007/s002540050479

			IGRAC. 2020. [https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Sudan.pdf Monitoring Overview - Sudan]

	Klitsch, Sonntag, Weistroffer and Elshazely. 1976. Grundwasser der zentralsahara Fossile vorraete.		Klitsch, Sonntag, Weistroffer and Elshazely. 1976. Grundwasser der zentralsahara Fossile vorraete.

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Groundwater management and use

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	=== Transboundary aquifers===		=== Transboundary aquifers===

	The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) is shared with Libya, Eqypt and Chad, and has been subject to extensive cross-border investigations and management activities. The [https://www.nsasja.org/index_en.php Joint Authority for the Study and Development of the Nubian Aquifer] is a transnational agency between the four countries of the NSAS, which works to study, sustainably develop and protect the aquifer system. In 2013, the four states of the NSAS and the Joint Authority signed a [https://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/documents/regionaldocs/Regional_Strategic_Action_Plan_for_the_Nubian_Aquifer.pdf Regional Strategic Action Plan].		The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) is shared with Libya, Eqypt and Chad, and has been subject to extensive cross-border investigations and management activities. The [https://www.nsasja.org/index_en.php Joint Authority for the Study and Development of the Nubian Aquifer] is a transnational agency between the four countries of the NSAS, which works to study, sustainably develop and protect the aquifer system. In 2013, the four states of the NSAS and the Joint Authority signed a [https://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/documents/regionaldocs/Regional_Strategic_Action_Plan_for_the_Nubian_Aquifer.pdf Regional Strategic Action Plan]. The Groundwater and Wadis Department carries out groundwater level monitoring in the Sudanese sector of the Nubian Aquifer, both manually and for some boreholes automatically using telemetry technology. This is part of a regional monitoring network across the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, with monitoring also done by the other three countries sharing the aquifer (Egypt, Libya and Chad). The collected data collected is stored in a regional database
			named NARIS (Oracle), which is shared online among the four countries, with the server located in Tripoli, Libya ([https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Sudan.pdf IGRAC 2020])

	~~The~~ Paleozoic sedimentary aquifers in Darfur are shared with Chad.		There are also Paleozoic sedimentary aquifers in Darfur which are shared with Chad.

	For further information about transboundary aquifers in general, please see the [[Transboundary aquifers \| Transboundary aquifers resources page]]		For further information about transboundary aquifers in general, please see the [[Transboundary aquifers \| Transboundary aquifers resources page]]

Beod: /* Groundwater monitoring */

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Groundwater monitoring

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	===Groundwater monitoring===		===Groundwater monitoring===

	Groundwater level monitoring is done by the Groundwater and Wadis Department in several places of interest, such as the wadis Nyala and Gash, and the Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the north of Sudan. Regular manual measurements are made and continuous recording is also done.		Groundwater level monitoring is done by the Groundwater and Wadis Department in several places of interest, such as the wadis Nyala and Gash, and in the Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the north of Sudan. Regular manual measurements are made and continuous recording is also done.

	Groundwater quality monitoring is conducted in different parts of the country by the Groundwater and Wadis Department through different programs with WES and UNICEF. Unpublished reports with results from monitoring are available at the ministries.		Groundwater quality monitoring is conducted in different parts of the country by the Groundwater and Wadis Department through different programs with WES and UNICEF. Unpublished reports with results from monitoring are available at the ministries.
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	Monitoring data are stored in digital form in the Groundwater Directorate Database and in spreadsheets (IGRAC 2020).		Monitoring data are stored in digital form in the Groundwater Directorate Database and in spreadsheets (IGRAC 2020).

	IGRAC (2020)'s [https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Sudan.pdf Monitoring Overview - Sudan] provides some more details.		IGRAC (2020)'s [https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Sudan.pdf Monitoring Overview - Sudan] provides some more details.

	=== Groundwater use===		=== Groundwater use===

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	Groundwater quality monitoring is conducted in different parts of the country by the Groundwater and Wadis Department through different programs with WES and UNICEF. Unpublished reports with results from monitoring are available at the ministries.		Groundwater quality monitoring is conducted in different parts of the country by the Groundwater and Wadis Department through different programs with WES and UNICEF. Unpublished reports with results from monitoring are available at the ministries.

			Monitoring data are stored in digital form in the Groundwater Directorate Database and in spreadsheets (IGRAC 2020).

	IGRAC (2020)'s [https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Sudan.pdf Monitoring Overview - Sudan] provides some more details.		IGRAC (2020)'s [https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Sudan.pdf Monitoring Overview - Sudan] provides some more details.

Beod: /* Groundwater management and use */

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Groundwater management and use

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	Groundwater level monitoring is done by the Groundwater and Wadis Department in several places of interest, such as the wadis Nyala and Gash, and the Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the north of Sudan. Regular manual measurements are made and continuous recording is also done.		Groundwater level monitoring is done by the Groundwater and Wadis Department in several places of interest, such as the wadis Nyala and Gash, and the Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the north of Sudan. Regular manual measurements are made and continuous recording is also done.

	Groundwater quality monitoring is conducted in different parts of the country by the Groundwater and Wadis Department through different		Groundwater quality monitoring is conducted in different parts of the country by the Groundwater and Wadis Department through different programs with WES and UNICEF. Unpublished reports with results from monitoring are available at the ministries.
	programs with WES and UNICEF. Unpublished reports with results from monitoring are available at the ministries.
			IGRAC (2020)'s [https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Sudan.pdf Monitoring Overview - Sudan] provides some more details.

	=== Groundwater use===		=== Groundwater use===