Hydrogeology of Swaziland - Revision history

LaurenGiles: /* References */ general information on surface water.... link

2023-12-13T09:17:09Z

References: general information on surface water.... link

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	[https://sadc-gip.org/ SADC Groundwater Information Portal]		[https://sadc-gip.org/ SADC Groundwater Information Portal]

	[https://www.sadc.int/~~themes/natural-resources~~/water/ General information on surface water and groundwater resources in SADC]		[https://www.sadc.int/pillars/water General information on surface water and groundwater resources in SADC]

	Project [https://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/sccf-swaziland Adapting Water Resource Management In Eswatini To Manage Expected Climate Change]. Department of Water Affairs, Swaziland; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); Global Environment Facility (GEF).		Project [https://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/sccf-swaziland Adapting Water Resource Management In Eswatini To Manage Expected Climate Change]. Department of Water Affairs, Swaziland; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); Global Environment Facility (GEF).

Beod at 11:47, 10 November 2022

2022-11-10T11:47:05Z

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	[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country \| Hydrogeology by country]] >> Hydrogeology of Eswatini ~~(Swaziland)~~		[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country \| Hydrogeology by country]] >> Hydrogeology of Eswatini

Beod: /* References */

2022-10-31T14:23:05Z

References

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	==References==		==References==

	~~References~~ with ~~more~~ information on the geology and hydrogeology of Swaziland may be available through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=SZ&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].		These, and other, references with information on the geology and hydrogeology of Swaziland may also be available through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=SZ&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].

Beod: /* Groundwater use and management */

2022-10-31T14:15:28Z

Groundwater use and management

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	===Groundwater monitoring===		===Groundwater monitoring===

	Groundwater monitoring strategy has been revised in recent years to allow the use of monitoring boreholes for abstraction in drought-affected areas, and with input from the SADC Groundwater Monitoring Institute ([https://sadc-gmi.org/ SADC-GMI]). A groundwater monitoring pilot involved monitoring groundwater levels and selected chemical parameters including major ions (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl, NO<small>3</small>, SO<small>4</small>, HCO<small>3</small> and CO<small>3</small>), conductivity (SEC) and pH.		Groundwater monitoring strategy has been revised in recent years to allow the use of monitoring boreholes for abstraction in drought-affected areas, and with input from the SADC Groundwater Monitoring Institute ([https://sadc-gmi.org/ SADC-GMI]).

			Groundwater levels are generally measured only once after a borehole is drilled. Afterwards, it is the theoretical responsibility of the borehole user to monitor the water level, but this data is not always collected or shared with the Ministry (([https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/National%20groundwater%20monitoring%20programmes%20-%20A%20global%20overview%20of%20quantitative%20groundwater%20monitoring%20networks-2021%20update_0.pdf IGRAC 2020]). In the Ministry, borehole and any groundwater level and quality data are stored in Excel files. There is no access to the data by external users.

			A groundwater monitoring pilot (started c. 2017-2020) involved monitoring groundwater levels and selected chemical parameters including major ions (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl, NO<small>3</small>, SO<small>4</small>, HCO<small>3</small> and CO<small>3</small>), conductivity (SEC) and pH ([https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/National%20groundwater%20monitoring%20programmes%20-%20A%20global%20overview%20of%20quantitative%20groundwater%20monitoring%20networks-2021%20update_0.pdf IGRAC 2020]). This pilot may also lead to the development of a national groundwater monitoring database.

	=== Transboundary aquifers===		=== Transboundary aquifers===

Beod at 14:11, 31 October 2022

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	[[File: Hydrogeology_Key.png \| 500x195px]]		[[File: Hydrogeology_Key.png \| 500x195px]]

	=== Groundwater use and management ===		== Groundwater use and management ==

	Groundwater resources are monitored and managed by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy through The Department of Water Affairs. The Ministry also has responsibility for water supply and management in rural areas ([https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/National%20groundwater%20monitoring%20programmes%20-%20A%20global%20overview%20of%20quantitative%20groundwater%20monitoring%20networks-2021%20update_0.pdf IGRAC 2020]).		Groundwater resources are monitored and managed by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy through The Department of Water Affairs. The Ministry also has responsibility for water supply and management in rural areas ([https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/National%20groundwater%20monitoring%20programmes%20-%20A%20global%20overview%20of%20quantitative%20groundwater%20monitoring%20networks-2021%20update_0.pdf IGRAC 2020]).
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	[https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/National%20groundwater%20monitoring%20programmes%20-%20A%20global%20overview%20of%20quantitative%20groundwater%20monitoring%20networks-2021%20update_0.pdf IGRAC (2020)] report approximately 6,000 boreholes have been drilled, most used for domestic water supply, particularly in water stressed areas. Some are intended for monitoring of groundwater levels and quality.		[https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/National%20groundwater%20monitoring%20programmes%20-%20A%20global%20overview%20of%20quantitative%20groundwater%20monitoring%20networks-2021%20update_0.pdf IGRAC (2020)] report approximately 6,000 boreholes have been drilled, most used for domestic water supply, particularly in water stressed areas. Some are intended for monitoring of groundwater levels and quality.

	====Groundwater monitoring====		===Groundwater monitoring===

	Groundwater monitoring strategy has been revised in recent years to allow the use of monitoring boreholes for abstraction in drought-affected areas, and with input from the SADC Groundwater Monitoring Institute ([https://sadc-gmi.org/ SADC-GMI]). A groundwater monitoring pilot involved monitoring groundwater levels and selected chemical parameters including major ions (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl, NO<small>3</small>, SO<small>4</small>, HCO<small>3</small> and CO<small>3</small>), conductivity (SEC) and pH.		Groundwater monitoring strategy has been revised in recent years to allow the use of monitoring boreholes for abstraction in drought-affected areas, and with input from the SADC Groundwater Monitoring Institute ([https://sadc-gmi.org/ SADC-GMI]). A groundwater monitoring pilot involved monitoring groundwater levels and selected chemical parameters including major ions (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl, NO<small>3</small>, SO<small>4</small>, HCO<small>3</small> and CO<small>3</small>), conductivity (SEC) and pH.

Beod at 14:10, 31 October 2022

2022-10-31T14:10:51Z

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	[[File: Hydrogeology_Key.png \| 500x195px]]		[[File: Hydrogeology_Key.png \| 500x195px]]

			=== Groundwater use and management ===

			Groundwater resources are monitored and managed by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy through The Department of Water Affairs. The Ministry also has responsibility for water supply and management in rural areas ([https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/National%20groundwater%20monitoring%20programmes%20-%20A%20global%20overview%20of%20quantitative%20groundwater%20monitoring%20networks-2021%20update_0.pdf IGRAC 2020]).

			[https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/National%20groundwater%20monitoring%20programmes%20-%20A%20global%20overview%20of%20quantitative%20groundwater%20monitoring%20networks-2021%20update_0.pdf IGRAC (2020)] report approximately 6,000 boreholes have been drilled, most used for domestic water supply, particularly in water stressed areas. Some are intended for monitoring of groundwater levels and quality.

			====Groundwater monitoring====

			Groundwater monitoring strategy has been revised in recent years to allow the use of monitoring boreholes for abstraction in drought-affected areas, and with input from the SADC Groundwater Monitoring Institute ([https://sadc-gmi.org/ SADC-GMI]). A groundwater monitoring pilot involved monitoring groundwater levels and selected chemical parameters including major ions (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl, NO<small>3</small>, SO<small>4</small>, HCO<small>3</small> and CO<small>3</small>), conductivity (SEC) and pH.

	=== Transboundary aquifers===		=== Transboundary aquifers===

Beod at 13:55, 31 October 2022

2022-10-31T13:55:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:55, 31 October 2022
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	Please cite this page as: Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.		Please cite this page as: Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.

	Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Eswatini. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. ~~http~~://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Swaziland		Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Eswatini. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Swaziland

	==Terms and conditions==		==Terms and conditions==
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	\|}		\|}

	<nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat]		<nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat]


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	\|}		\|}

	These statistics are sourced from [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO Aquastat]. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.		These statistics are sourced from [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO Aquastat]. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.

	Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en Aquastat Main Database].		Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en Aquastat Main Database].

	<sup>1</sup> More information on [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use_agr/index.stm irrigation water use and requirement statistics]		<sup>1</sup> More information on [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use_agr/index.stm irrigation water use and requirement statistics]

	==Geology==		==Geology==
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	[https://sadc-gip.org/ SADC Groundwater Information Portal]		[https://sadc-gip.org/ SADC Groundwater Information Portal]

	[~~http~~://www.sadc.int/themes/natural-resources/water/ General information on surface water and groundwater resources in SADC]		[https://www.sadc.int/themes/natural-resources/water/ General information on surface water and groundwater resources in SADC]

	Project [~~http~~://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/sccf-swaziland Adapting Water Resource Management In Eswatini To Manage Expected Climate Change]. Department of Water Affairs, Swaziland; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); Global Environment Facility (GEF).		Project [https://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/sccf-swaziland Adapting Water Resource Management In Eswatini To Manage Expected Climate Change]. Department of Water Affairs, Swaziland; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); Global Environment Facility (GEF).

	[~~http~~://libguides.lib.uct.ac.za/GovtPubsWaterResources/WaterSwaziland Water Resources: Government Information: Library Guide: Swaziland]. University of Cape Town.		[https://libguides.lib.uct.ac.za/GovtPubsWaterResources/WaterSwaziland Water Resources: Government Information: Library Guide: Swaziland]. University of Cape Town.


	''Documents ''		''Documents ''

			IGRAC. 2020. [https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/National%20groundwater%20monitoring%20programmes%20-%20A%20global%20overview%20of%20quantitative%20groundwater%20monitoring%20networks-2021%20update_0.pdf Groundwater Monitoring Programmes: a global overview of quantitative groundwater monitoring networks].

	Mlilo P, Mhlanga BFN and Senzanje A. 2008. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42761079_Emerging_Issues_in_Water_Resources_Management_in_Swaziland Emerging Issues in Water Resources Management in Swaziland]. Presentation at Governing Shared Resources: Connecting Local Experience to Global Challenges, 12th Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of the Commons, Cheltenham, UK, July 2008.		Mlilo P, Mhlanga BFN and Senzanje A. 2008. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42761079_Emerging_Issues_in_Water_Resources_Management_in_Swaziland Emerging Issues in Water Resources Management in Swaziland]. Presentation at Governing Shared Resources: Connecting Local Experience to Global Challenges, 12th Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of the Commons, Cheltenham, UK, July 2008.

Beod: /* Hydrogeology */

2021-09-17T08:29:47Z

Hydrogeology

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	More information on the hydrogeology of Eswatini is available in the report [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060022 United Nations (1989)] (see References section, below).		More information on the hydrogeology of Eswatini is available in the report [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060022 United Nations (1989)] (see References section, below).

	Eswatini is also covered by the SADC hydrogeological map and atlas (2010), available through the [https://~~ggis.un~~-~~igrac~~.org/~~ggis-viewer/viewer/sadcgip/public/default~~ SADC Groundwater Information Portal].		Eswatini is also covered by the SADC hydrogeological map and atlas (2010), available through the [https://sadc-gip.org/ SADC Groundwater Information Portal].

Beod at 08:08, 17 September 2021

2021-09-17T08:08:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:08, 17 September 2021
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	==Geology==		==Geology==

	The geology map shows a simplified overview of the geology at a national scale (see the [[Geology \| Geology resource page]] for more details). More information is available in the report [https://~~www~~.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060022 UN (1989)] (see References section, below).		The geology map shows a simplified overview of the geology at a national scale (see the [[Geology \| Geology resource page]] for more details). More information is available in the report [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060022 UN (1989)] (see References section, below).

	{\|		{\|
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	The hydrogeology map below shows a simplified overview of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Hydrogeology Maps \| Hydrogeology map resource page]] for more details).		The hydrogeology map below shows a simplified overview of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Hydrogeology Maps \| Hydrogeology map resource page]] for more details).

	More information on the hydrogeology of Eswatini is available in the report [https://~~www~~.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060022 United Nations (1989)] (see References section, below).		More information on the hydrogeology of Eswatini is available in the report [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060022 United Nations (1989)] (see References section, below).

	Eswatini is also covered by the SADC hydrogeological map and atlas (2010), available through the [https://ggis.un-igrac.org/ggis-viewer/viewer/sadcgip/public/default SADC Groundwater Information Portal].		Eswatini is also covered by the SADC hydrogeological map and atlas (2010), available through the [https://ggis.un-igrac.org/ggis-viewer/viewer/sadcgip/public/default SADC Groundwater Information Portal].
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	==References==		==References==

	References with more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Swaziland ~~can~~ be ~~accessed~~ through the [https://~~www~~.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=SZ&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].		References with more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Swaziland may be available through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=listResults&title_search=&author_search=&category_search=&country_search=SZ&placeboolean=AND&singlecountry=1 Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].


	''Online resources''		''Online resources''

	[https://~~ggis.un~~-~~igrac~~.org/~~ggis-viewer/viewer/sadcgip/public/default~~ SADC Groundwater Information Portal]		[https://sadc-gip.org/ SADC Groundwater Information Portal]

	[http://www.sadc.int/themes/natural-resources/water/ General information on surface water and groundwater resources in SADC]		[http://www.sadc.int/themes/natural-resources/water/ General information on surface water and groundwater resources in SADC]
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	Mlilo P, Mhlanga BFN and Senzanje A. 2008. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42761079_Emerging_Issues_in_Water_Resources_Management_in_Swaziland Emerging Issues in Water Resources Management in Swaziland]. Presentation at Governing Shared Resources: Connecting Local Experience to Global Challenges, 12th Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of the Commons, Cheltenham, UK, July 2008.		Mlilo P, Mhlanga BFN and Senzanje A. 2008. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42761079_Emerging_Issues_in_Water_Resources_Management_in_Swaziland Emerging Issues in Water Resources Management in Swaziland]. Presentation at Governing Shared Resources: Connecting Local Experience to Global Challenges, 12th Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of the Commons, Cheltenham, UK, July 2008.

	United Nations. 1989. [https://~~www~~.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060022 Groundwater in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa: Swaziland]. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development.		United Nations. 1989. [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=AGLA060022 Groundwater in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa: Swaziland]. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development.

Dbk: Removed protection from "Hydrogeology of Swaziland"

2020-01-07T11:11:19Z

Removed protection from "Hydrogeology of Swaziland"

← Older revision	Revision as of 12:11, 7 January 2020
(No difference)