Hydrogeology of Zambia - Revision history

LaurenGiles: /* Groundwater management */ BGR groundwater resources management support programme link

2023-12-18T13:21:42Z

Groundwater management: BGR groundwater resources management support programme link

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:21, 18 December 2023
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	* The development of Statutory Instruments to regulate all water resources under the WRM Act of 2011 is currently underway and is expected to be completed by the end of 2017.		* The development of Statutory Instruments to regulate all water resources under the WRM Act of 2011 is currently underway and is expected to be completed by the end of 2017.

	There is some good information held on groundwater sources, including boreholes and wells, and much work has been done in this area in recent years. A database called GrIMS (Groundwater Information Management System) [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Zambia/uk_advisory_report_2.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 (Tena et al. 2019)]), developed in 2005 during during a project by BGR through the [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Abgeschlossen/Afrika/1088_2011-2110-2_Sambia_Grundwasserressourcen_en.html~~?nn=1546496~~ Groundwater Resources Management Support Programme] (GReSP), is now managed and maintained by WARMA. This includes a borehole database with about 31,000 water points in 2019 - boreholes, open wells and springs - although this is only a small percentage of all groundwater points in the country. The database is organised by hydrological units (six catchments and 35 sub-catchments, referred to as basin blocks) . It includes 'general and basic hydrological information' for about 15,000 of the water points. Where available, it includes information such as borehole depth, geological logs, aquifer type, rest water level, pump test data and water quality data, although this is missing for many points, sometimes due to poor quality in the borehole reports delivered by the institutions that drilled the boreholes. This quality of borehole data is one of the many issues that the new Statutory Instruments aim to regulate. This report by [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Zambia/uk_advisory_report_2.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 Tena et al. (2019)] provides detailed information about the development and current status of GrIMS.		There is some good information held on groundwater sources, including boreholes and wells, and much work has been done in this area in recent years. A database called GrIMS (Groundwater Information Management System) [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Zambia/uk_advisory_report_2.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 (Tena et al. 2019)]), developed in 2005 during during a project by BGR through the [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Abgeschlossen/Archiv/Afrika/1088_2011-2110-2_Sambia_Grundwasserressourcen_en.html Groundwater Resources Management Support Programme] (GReSP), is now managed and maintained by WARMA. This includes a borehole database with about 31,000 water points in 2019 - boreholes, open wells and springs - although this is only a small percentage of all groundwater points in the country. The database is organised by hydrological units (six catchments and 35 sub-catchments, referred to as basin blocks) . It includes 'general and basic hydrological information' for about 15,000 of the water points. Where available, it includes information such as borehole depth, geological logs, aquifer type, rest water level, pump test data and water quality data, although this is missing for many points, sometimes due to poor quality in the borehole reports delivered by the institutions that drilled the boreholes. This quality of borehole data is one of the many issues that the new Statutory Instruments aim to regulate. This report by [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Zambia/uk_advisory_report_2.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 Tena et al. (2019)] provides detailed information about the development and current status of GrIMS.

	=== Groundwater monitoring===		=== Groundwater monitoring===

LaurenGiles: /* Online resources */ general info.... sadc link

2023-12-18T13:19:16Z

Online resources: general info.... sadc link

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:19, 18 December 2023
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	[https://sadc-gip.org/ SADC Groundwater Information Portal]		[https://sadc-gip.org/ SADC Groundwater Information Portal]

	[https://www.sadc.int/~~themes/natural-resources~~/water/ General information on surface water and groundwater resources in SADC]		[https://www.sadc.int/pillars/water General information on surface water and groundwater resources in SADC]

	[https://www.warma.org.zm/ Water Resources Management Agency] (WARMA)		[https://www.warma.org.zm/ Water Resources Management Agency] (WARMA)


	===Geology references===		===Geology references===

LaurenGiles: /* Hydrogeology references */ ICCIDD link

2023-12-18T13:17:33Z

Hydrogeology references: ICCIDD link

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:17, 18 December 2023
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	Chenov C D. 1978. Hydrogeological Map of Zambia. UNESCO/National Water Resources Research Project, Zambia; National Council for Scientific Research, Lusaka, Zambia.		Chenov C D. 1978. Hydrogeological Map of Zambia. UNESCO/National Water Resources Research Project, Zambia; National Council for Scientific Research, Lusaka, Zambia.

	ICCIDD. 2012. Zambia zeroes in on IDD elimination. IDD Newsletter, International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (Accessed from https://~~www.iccidd~~.org/~~newsletter~~/~~idd_aug12_zambia~~.pdf in May 2015).		ICCIDD. 2012. Zambia zeroes in on IDD elimination. IDD Newsletter, International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (Accessed from https://thyroid.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/IDD_NL_Aug12.pdf in May 2015).

	IGRAC. 2020. [https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Zambia.pdf Monitoring Overview - Zambia].		IGRAC. 2020. [https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Zambia.pdf Monitoring Overview - Zambia].

LaurenGiles: /* Hydrogeology */ fixed numbering in summary section

2023-11-28T11:58:02Z

Hydrogeology: fixed numbering in summary section

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:58, 28 November 2023
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	#Aquifers where groundwater flow is mainly through fractures, fissures and/or discontinuities, classed as either highly or locally productive. Highly productive aquifers occur mostly in karstic limestones/marbles on the Copperbelt and stretching down into the Lusaka area;		#Aquifers where groundwater flow is mainly through fractures, fissures and/or discontinuities, classed as either highly or locally productive. Highly productive aquifers occur mostly in karstic limestones/marbles on the Copperbelt and stretching down into the Lusaka area;

	#Aquifers where intergranular groundwater flow is dominant, and which occur mainly in alluvial soils and Tertiary sand deposits; and		#Aquifers where intergranular groundwater flow is dominant, and which occur mainly in alluvial soils and Tertiary sand deposits; and

	#Low yielding weathered and/or fractured aquifers with limited potential, which are largely in the Basement complex, and some in igneous rocks.		#Low yielding weathered and/or fractured aquifers with limited potential, which are largely in the Basement complex, and some in igneous rocks.

Beod: /* References */

2022-11-10T14:26:50Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:26, 10 November 2022
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	[https://www.sadc.int/themes/natural-resources/water/ General information on surface water and groundwater resources in SADC]		[https://www.sadc.int/themes/natural-resources/water/ General information on surface water and groundwater resources in SADC]

			[https://www.warma.org.zm/ Water Resources Management Agency] (WARMA)

	~~[https://www.warma.org.zm/ Water Resources Management Agency] (WARMA)~~

	===Geology references===		===Geology references===
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	Ray AK. 1983. Lithostratigraphic succession of Zambia- under the recommendation of the Stratigraphic Committee, Geological Survey Department, Zambia; Lusaka.		Ray AK. 1983. Lithostratigraphic succession of Zambia- under the recommendation of the Stratigraphic Committee, Geological Survey Department, Zambia; Lusaka.


	===Hydrogeology references===		===Hydrogeology references===
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	Tena T, Fahle M Godau T & Mkandawire V. 2019. [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Zambia/uk_advisory_report_2.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 Zambian Groundwater Information Management System (GRIMS)]. Advisory Report No. 2		Tena T, Fahle M Godau T & Mkandawire V. 2019. [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Zambia/uk_advisory_report_2.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 Zambian Groundwater Information Management System (GRIMS)]. Advisory Report No. 2

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	[[~~Overview of~~ Africa Groundwater Atlas \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country \| Hydrogeology by country]]		Return to the index pages:
			[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country \| Hydrogeology by country]]

	<!-- PLEASE DO NOT DELETE BELOW THIS LINE -->		<!-- PLEASE DO NOT DELETE BELOW THIS LINE -->
	[[Category:Hydrogeology by country\|z]]		[[Category:Hydrogeology by country\|z]]
	[[Category:Africa Groundwater Atlas]]		[[Category:Africa Groundwater Atlas]]

Beod: /* Groundwater monitoring */

2022-10-24T14:28:27Z

Groundwater monitoring

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:28, 24 October 2022
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	=== Groundwater monitoring===		=== Groundwater monitoring===

	~~Groundwater level measurements~~ are ~~taken automatically at some stations in~~ Lusaka ~~on a daily basis, while in other places~~, ~~these~~ are ~~read fortnightly~~.		The Water Resources Management Authority (WARMA) is responsible for groundwater monitoring. There is a centralised groundwater monitoring network consisting of 100 piezometers, of which 44 are around Lusaka, where groundwater levels are monitored 4 times per year ([https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Zambia.pdf IGRAC 2020]).

	There is no national or regional groundwater quality monitoring.		There is no national or regional groundwater quality monitoring.

Beod: /* Hydrogeology references */

2022-10-24T14:25:26Z

Hydrogeology references

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:25, 24 October 2022
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	ICCIDD. 2012. Zambia zeroes in on IDD elimination. IDD Newsletter, International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (Accessed from https://www.iccidd.org/newsletter/idd_aug12_zambia.pdf in May 2015).		ICCIDD. 2012. Zambia zeroes in on IDD elimination. IDD Newsletter, International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (Accessed from https://www.iccidd.org/newsletter/idd_aug12_zambia.pdf in May 2015).

			IGRAC. 2020. [https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Zambia.pdf Monitoring Overview - Zambia].

	JICA-MEWD. 1995. National Water Resources Master Plan for the Republic of Zambia. Final Report – Main Report. Yachiyo Engineering Co. Ltd.		JICA-MEWD. 1995. National Water Resources Master Plan for the Republic of Zambia. Final Report – Main Report. Yachiyo Engineering Co. Ltd.

Beod: /* Groundwater management */

2022-10-24T14:21:21Z

Groundwater management

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:21, 24 October 2022
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	* The development of Statutory Instruments to regulate all water resources under the WRM Act of 2011 is currently underway and is expected to be completed by the end of 2017.		* The development of Statutory Instruments to regulate all water resources under the WRM Act of 2011 is currently underway and is expected to be completed by the end of 2017.

	There is some good information held on groundwater sources, including boreholes and wells, and much work has been done in this area in recent years. A database called GrIMS (Groundwater Information Management System) [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Zambia/uk_advisory_report_2.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 Tena et al. (2019)]), developed in 2005 during during a project by BGR through the [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Abgeschlossen/Afrika/1088_2011-2110-2_Sambia_Grundwasserressourcen_en.html?nn=1546496 Groundwater Resources Management Support Programme] (GReSP), is now managed and maintained by WARMA. This includes a borehole database with about 31,000 water points in 2019 - boreholes, open wells and springs - although this is only a small percentage of all groundwater points in the country. The database is organised by hydrological units (six catchments and 35 sub-catchments, referred to as basin blocks~~) (Tena et al. 2019~~). It includes 'general and basic hydrological information' for about 15,000 of the water points. Where available, it includes information such as borehole depth, geological logs, aquifer type, rest water level, pump test data and water quality data, although this is missing for many points, sometimes due to poor quality in the borehole reports delivered by the institutions that drilled the boreholes. This quality of borehole data is one of the many issues that the new Statutory Instruments aim to regulate. This report by [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Zambia/uk_advisory_report_2.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 Tena et al. (2019)] provides detailed information about the development and current status of GrIMS.		There is some good information held on groundwater sources, including boreholes and wells, and much work has been done in this area in recent years. A database called GrIMS (Groundwater Information Management System) [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Zambia/uk_advisory_report_2.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 (Tena et al. 2019)]), developed in 2005 during during a project by BGR through the [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Abgeschlossen/Afrika/1088_2011-2110-2_Sambia_Grundwasserressourcen_en.html?nn=1546496 Groundwater Resources Management Support Programme] (GReSP), is now managed and maintained by WARMA. This includes a borehole database with about 31,000 water points in 2019 - boreholes, open wells and springs - although this is only a small percentage of all groundwater points in the country. The database is organised by hydrological units (six catchments and 35 sub-catchments, referred to as basin blocks) . It includes 'general and basic hydrological information' for about 15,000 of the water points. Where available, it includes information such as borehole depth, geological logs, aquifer type, rest water level, pump test data and water quality data, although this is missing for many points, sometimes due to poor quality in the borehole reports delivered by the institutions that drilled the boreholes. This quality of borehole data is one of the many issues that the new Statutory Instruments aim to regulate. This report by [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Zambia/uk_advisory_report_2.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 Tena et al. (2019)] provides detailed information about the development and current status of GrIMS.

	=== Groundwater monitoring===		=== Groundwater monitoring===

Beod: /* Groundwater management */

2022-10-24T14:20:41Z

Groundwater management

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:20, 24 October 2022
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	* The development of Statutory Instruments to regulate all water resources under the WRM Act of 2011 is currently underway and is expected to be completed by the end of 2017.		* The development of Statutory Instruments to regulate all water resources under the WRM Act of 2011 is currently underway and is expected to be completed by the end of 2017.

	There is some good information held on groundwater sources, including boreholes and wells, and much work has been done in this area in recent years. A database called GrIMS (Groundwater Information Management System) [(https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Zambia/uk_advisory_report_2.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 Tena et al. 2019]), developed in 2005 during during a project by BGR through the [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Abgeschlossen/Afrika/1088_2011-2110-2_Sambia_Grundwasserressourcen_en.html?nn=1546496 Groundwater Resources Management Support Programme] (GReSP), is now managed and maintained by WARMA. This includes a borehole database with about 31,000 water points in 2019 - boreholes, open wells and springs - although this is only a small percentage of all groundwater points in the country. The database is organised by hydrological units (six catchments and 35 sub-catchments, referred to as basin blocks) (Tena et al. 2019). It includes 'general and basic hydrological information' for about 15,000 of the water points. Where available, it includes information such as borehole depth, geological logs, aquifer type, rest water level, pump test data and water quality data, although this is missing for many points, sometimes due to poor quality in the borehole reports delivered by the institutions that drilled the boreholes. This quality of borehole data is one of the many issues that the new Statutory Instruments aim to regulate. ~~The~~ report by [(https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Zambia/uk_advisory_report_2.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 Tena et al. 2019] provides detailed information about the development and current status of GrIMS.		There is some good information held on groundwater sources, including boreholes and wells, and much work has been done in this area in recent years. A database called GrIMS (Groundwater Information Management System) [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Zambia/uk_advisory_report_2.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 Tena et al. (2019)]), developed in 2005 during during a project by BGR through the [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Abgeschlossen/Afrika/1088_2011-2110-2_Sambia_Grundwasserressourcen_en.html?nn=1546496 Groundwater Resources Management Support Programme] (GReSP), is now managed and maintained by WARMA. This includes a borehole database with about 31,000 water points in 2019 - boreholes, open wells and springs - although this is only a small percentage of all groundwater points in the country. The database is organised by hydrological units (six catchments and 35 sub-catchments, referred to as basin blocks) (Tena et al. 2019). It includes 'general and basic hydrological information' for about 15,000 of the water points. Where available, it includes information such as borehole depth, geological logs, aquifer type, rest water level, pump test data and water quality data, although this is missing for many points, sometimes due to poor quality in the borehole reports delivered by the institutions that drilled the boreholes. This quality of borehole data is one of the many issues that the new Statutory Instruments aim to regulate. This report by [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Zambia/uk_advisory_report_2.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 Tena et al. (2019)] provides detailed information about the development and current status of GrIMS.

	=== Groundwater monitoring===		=== Groundwater monitoring===

Beod at 14:19, 24 October 2022

2022-10-24T14:19:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:19, 24 October 2022
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	Please cite this page as: Nkhuwa, Kang'omba, Chomba, Crane, Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.		Please cite this page as: Nkhuwa, Kang'omba, Chomba, Crane, Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard, 2018.

	Bibliographic reference: Nkhuwa, D.C.W., Kang'omba, S., Chomba, K.C., Crane, E., Upton, K., Ó Dochartaigh, B.É and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Zambia. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. ~~http~~://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Zambia		Bibliographic reference: Nkhuwa, D.C.W., Kang'omba, S., Chomba, K.C., Crane, E., Upton, K., Ó Dochartaigh, B.É and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Zambia. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Zambia

	==Terms and conditions==		==Terms and conditions==
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	\|UN Human Development Index (HDI) [highest = 1] (2014)*\|\| 0.5855		\|UN Human Development Index (HDI) [highest = 1] (2014)*\|\| 0.5855
	\|}		\|}
	<nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat]		<nowiki>*</nowiki> Source: [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat]


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	\|}		\|}

	These statistics are sourced from [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO Aquastat]. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.		These statistics are sourced from [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO Aquastat]. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website.

	Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en Aquastat Main Database].		Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en Aquastat Main Database].

	<sup>1</sup> More information on [~~http~~://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use_agr/index.stm irrigation water use and requirement statistics]		<sup>1</sup> More information on [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use_agr/index.stm irrigation water use and requirement statistics]

	==Geology==		==Geology==

	This section provides a summary of the geology of Zambia. More detail can be found in the references listed at the bottom of this page. Many of these references can be accessed through the [~~http~~://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/index.cfm Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].		This section provides a summary of the geology of Zambia. More detail can be found in the references listed at the bottom of this page. Many of these references can be accessed through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/index.cfm Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].

	The geology map on this page shows a simplified overview of the geology at a national scale (see the [[Geology \| Geology resource page]] for more details).		The geology map on this page shows a simplified overview of the geology at a national scale (see the [[Geology \| Geology resource page]] for more details).
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	==Hydrogeology==		==Hydrogeology==

	This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Zambia. More information is available in the references listed at the bottom of this page. Many of these references can be accessed through the [~~http~~://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/index.cfm Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].		This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Zambia. More information is available in the references listed at the bottom of this page. Many of these references can be accessed through the [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/index.cfm Africa Groundwater Literature Archive].

	The hydrogeology map on this page shows a simplified overview of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Hydrogeology Maps \| Hydrogeology map resource page]] for more details). [https://www.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/downloadGIS.html '''Download a GIS shapefile of this Zambia hydrogeology (and geology) map'''].		The hydrogeology map on this page shows a simplified overview of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Hydrogeology Maps \| Hydrogeology map resource page]] for more details). [https://www.bgs.ac.uk/africagroundwateratlas/downloadGIS.html '''Download a GIS shapefile of this Zambia hydrogeology (and geology) map'''].
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	There is a risk that worsening groundwater quality might increasingly undermine groundwater's important role in the country’s economic development.		There is a risk that worsening groundwater quality might increasingly undermine groundwater's important role in the country’s economic development.

	A brief summary of the groundwater quality in Zambia is provided by [~~http~~://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/516326/ Smedley (2001)]. This indicates that groundwater in Zambia usually has very low concentrations of dissolved constituents (total dissolved solids concentrations are typically less than 200 mg/l). The main pollution problems are expected to be associated with metal mining, which can lead to increased concentrations of trace metals such as copper, zinc, chromium, nickel, cadmium and arsenic. Urban and agricultural areas may be impacted by nitrate and other anthropogenic contamination. Iodine deficiency has been observed in Zambia, particularly in the Northwestern, Western, Central and Southern Provinces, where some areas had goitre rates in excess of 50% (Bailey 1991), suggesting low iodine concentrations in groundwater in these areas. There is now legislation requiring all salt to be iodised (ICCIDD, 2012).		A brief summary of the groundwater quality in Zambia is provided by [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/516326/ Smedley (2001)]. This indicates that groundwater in Zambia usually has very low concentrations of dissolved constituents (total dissolved solids concentrations are typically less than 200 mg/l). The main pollution problems are expected to be associated with metal mining, which can lead to increased concentrations of trace metals such as copper, zinc, chromium, nickel, cadmium and arsenic. Urban and agricultural areas may be impacted by nitrate and other anthropogenic contamination. Iodine deficiency has been observed in Zambia, particularly in the Northwestern, Western, Central and Southern Provinces, where some areas had goitre rates in excess of 50% (Bailey 1991), suggesting low iodine concentrations in groundwater in these areas. There is now legislation requiring all salt to be iodised (ICCIDD, 2012).

	===Groundwater Status===		===Groundwater Status===
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	* The development of Statutory Instruments to regulate all water resources under the WRM Act of 2011 is currently underway and is expected to be completed by the end of 2017.		* The development of Statutory Instruments to regulate all water resources under the WRM Act of 2011 is currently underway and is expected to be completed by the end of 2017.

	There is some good information held on ~~water points~~, including boreholes and wells, ~~but it is fragmented across several institutions~~. ~~For example, there is a well-organised borehole~~ database ~~for~~ Zambia ~~(GeODin©~~), ~~which includes geological logs. This database was~~ developed during a a project ~~carried out~~ by BGR through the [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Abgeschlossen/Afrika/1088_2011-2110-2_Sambia_Grundwasserressourcen_en.html?nn=1546496 Groundwater Resources Management Support Programme] (GReSP), ~~and~~ is now managed and maintained by WARMA. ~~Although~~ a ~~total~~ of ~~over sixteen thousand water~~ points ~~are~~ in the database, ~~there are still many~~, ~~many groundwater~~ points ~~that have not been captured~~. ~~There are also gaps in the~~ quality ~~of the~~ data ~~in the database —~~ sometimes due to poor quality in the borehole reports delivered by the institutions that drilled the boreholes~~. For example, there may be missing geological or location (coordinate) information~~. This quality of borehole data is one of the many issues that the new Statutory Instruments aim to regulate.		There is some good information held on groundwater sources, including boreholes and wells, and much work has been done in this area in recent years. A database called GrIMS (Groundwater Information Management System) [(https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Zambia/uk_advisory_report_2.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 Tena et al. 2019]), developed in 2005 during during a project by BGR through the [https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Abgeschlossen/Afrika/1088_2011-2110-2_Sambia_Grundwasserressourcen_en.html?nn=1546496 Groundwater Resources Management Support Programme] (GReSP), is now managed and maintained by WARMA. This includes a borehole database with about 31,000 water points in 2019 - boreholes, open wells and springs - although this is only a small percentage of all groundwater points in the country. The database is organised by hydrological units (six catchments and 35 sub-catchments, referred to as basin blocks) (Tena et al. 2019). It includes 'general and basic hydrological information' for about 15,000 of the water points. Where available, it includes information such as borehole depth, geological logs, aquifer type, rest water level, pump test data and water quality data, although this is missing for many points, sometimes due to poor quality in the borehole reports delivered by the institutions that drilled the boreholes. This quality of borehole data is one of the many issues that the new Statutory Instruments aim to regulate. The report by [(https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Zambia/uk_advisory_report_2.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 Tena et al. 2019] provides detailed information about the development and current status of GrIMS.

	=== Groundwater monitoring===		=== Groundwater monitoring===

	Groundwater level measurements are taken automatically at some stations in Lusaka on a daily basis, while in other places, these are read fortnightly.		Groundwater level measurements are taken automatically at some stations in Lusaka on a daily basis, while in other places, these are read fortnightly.