Hydrogeology of Zimbabwe - Revision history

LaurenGiles: /* Hydrogeology references */ zimstat link removed

2024-01-23T10:26:43Z

Hydrogeology references: zimstat link removed

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	Water and Sanitation Program. 2011. [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/17762/7241500REPLACE0PUBLIC00CSO0Zimbabwe.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond. An AMCOW Country Status Overview].		Water and Sanitation Program. 2011. [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/17762/7241500REPLACE0PUBLIC00CSO0Zimbabwe.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond. An AMCOW Country Status Overview].

	Zimstat. 2016. ~~[https://www.zimstat.co.zw/sites/default/files/img/Environmental%20Report%202016_2.pdf~~ United Nations Zimbabwe Water And Waste Statistics Report 2016]		Zimstat. 2016. United Nations Zimbabwe Water And Waste Statistics Report 2016

	===Other references===		===Other references===

LaurenGiles: /* Hydrogeology references */ interconsult 1985 link

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Hydrogeology references: interconsult 1985 link

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	IGRAC. 2020. [https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Zimbabwe.pdf Groundwater monitoring country profile - Zimbabwe].		IGRAC. 2020. [https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Zimbabwe.pdf Groundwater monitoring country profile - Zimbabwe].

	Interconsult. 1985. [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/~~sadc~~/~~fulldetails~~.~~cfm~~?id=ZW2024~~&country=Zimbabwe~~ National Master Plan for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation]. Volume 2/2 Hydrogeology. Ministry of Energy and Water Resources Development, Zimbabwe.		Interconsult. 1985. [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/africaGroundwaterAtlas/atlas.cfc?method=ViewDetails&id=ZW2024 National Master Plan for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation]. Volume 2/2 Hydrogeology. Ministry of Energy and Water Resources Development, Zimbabwe.

	Morgan P and Chimbunde E. 1991. [https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Morgan-1991-Upgrading.pdf Upgrading family wells in Zimbabwe]. Waterlines, 9(3), 10-12.		Morgan P and Chimbunde E. 1991. [https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Morgan-1991-Upgrading.pdf Upgrading family wells in Zimbabwe]. Waterlines, 9(3), 10-12.

LaurenGiles: /* References */ general info... sadc link

2023-12-18T13:23:02Z

References: general info... sadc link

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	[https://sadc-gip.org/ SADC Groundwater Information Portal]		[https://sadc-gip.org/ SADC Groundwater Information Portal]

	[https://www.sadc.int/~~themes/natural-resources~~/water/ General information on surface water and groundwater resources in SADC]		[https://www.sadc.int/pillars/water General information on surface water and groundwater resources in SADC]

LaurenGiles: typo in opening summary, 2nd paragraph 'hyperinflaction'

2023-11-27T11:42:46Z

typo in opening summary, 2nd paragraph 'hyperinflaction'

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	The area of present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms since the 11th century, as well as a major migration and trade route. It came under colonial British rule in the late 19th century, declaring unilateral independence in 1965. Over the next 15 years there was internal conflict between guerrilla forces and the predominantly white independent Rhodesian government. A 1979 settlement led to elections and the establishment of a biracial democracy, and following formally agreed independence from Britain in 1980, Robert Mugabe was elected head of state. Zimbabwe continued to experience interlinked economic, social and political difficulties, as well as natural pressures such as drought, and has high levels of poverty and poor health, low life expectancy. A particular issue was land redistribution, which after 2000 radically changed land ownership away from the minority white population who owned 70% of the most productive agricultural land, to black farmers. International sanctions in response to government policies has had significant impact on the country. The effective collapse of the economy was one factor leading to the relatively peaceful ousting in 2017 of Robert Mugabe after 37 years.		The area of present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms since the 11th century, as well as a major migration and trade route. It came under colonial British rule in the late 19th century, declaring unilateral independence in 1965. Over the next 15 years there was internal conflict between guerrilla forces and the predominantly white independent Rhodesian government. A 1979 settlement led to elections and the establishment of a biracial democracy, and following formally agreed independence from Britain in 1980, Robert Mugabe was elected head of state. Zimbabwe continued to experience interlinked economic, social and political difficulties, as well as natural pressures such as drought, and has high levels of poverty and poor health, low life expectancy. A particular issue was land redistribution, which after 2000 radically changed land ownership away from the minority white population who owned 70% of the most productive agricultural land, to black farmers. International sanctions in response to government policies has had significant impact on the country. The effective collapse of the economy was one factor leading to the relatively peaceful ousting in 2017 of Robert Mugabe after 37 years.

	Minerals (particularly gold but also including platinum and diamonds) are Zimbabwe’s main foreign exports. Although the mining sector is very lucrative, corruption means that much revenue is lost to the state. Land distribution damaged the agricultural sector, once a source of export revenue, and today Zimbabwe is a net importer of food products. However, there have been recent improvements in the number of smallholders practising conservation agriculture and in crop yields. Tourism is also important, but has declined since 2000, today contributing around 8% of GDP. Zimbabwe saw ~~hyperinflaction~~ from 2000, and in 2016 the government allowed trade to take place in US dollars and other hard currencies rather than the Zimbabwe dollar.		Minerals (particularly gold but also including platinum and diamonds) are Zimbabwe’s main foreign exports. Although the mining sector is very lucrative, corruption means that much revenue is lost to the state. Land distribution damaged the agricultural sector, once a source of export revenue, and today Zimbabwe is a net importer of food products. However, there have been recent improvements in the number of smallholders practising conservation agriculture and in crop yields. Tourism is also important, but has declined since 2000, today contributing around 8% of GDP. Zimbabwe saw hyperinflation from 2000, and in 2016 the government allowed trade to take place in US dollars and other hard currencies rather than the Zimbabwe dollar.

	With relatively low rainfall and unequally distributed surface water resources, groundwater is the main drinking water source in rural areas. Groundwater is also used for irrigation on some commercial as well as smallholder farms. Groundwater is also used to supply some urban water supply systems. However, despite its widespread use, groundwater contributes not more than 10% of total water use.		With relatively low rainfall and unequally distributed surface water resources, groundwater is the main drinking water source in rural areas. Groundwater is also used for irrigation on some commercial as well as smallholder farms. Groundwater is also used to supply some urban water supply systems. However, despite its widespread use, groundwater contributes not more than 10% of total water use.

Beod: /* Groundwater use and management */

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Groundwater use and management

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	In addition to the Water Act (1998), groundwater regulations and guidelines were developed for Zimbabwe in 1999 to control groundwater development and management. The regulations and guidelines compliment the Water Act (1998) and have been formulated within a framework of integrated water resources management (IWRM).		In addition to the Water Act (1998), groundwater regulations and guidelines were developed for Zimbabwe in 1999 to control groundwater development and management. The regulations and guidelines compliment the Water Act (1998) and have been formulated within a framework of integrated water resources management (IWRM).

			===Groundwater data===

			A water borehole database for Zimbabwe is available to view on the [https://sadc-gip.org/layers/geonode_data:geonode:BHdatabase_Zimbabwe SADC Groundwater Information Portal (SADC-GIP)]. This contains details of many thousands of boreholes, with various hydrogeological information. The SADC-GIP shows maps of various themes including borehole yield, depth and selected chemical parameters (fluoride, nitrate, conductivity (SEC) and total dissolved solids (TDS)).

	===Groundwater monitoring===		===Groundwater monitoring===

Beod: /* References */

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References

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	Return to the index pages:		Return to the index pages:
	[[~~Overview of~~ Africa Groundwater Atlas \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country \| Hydrogeology by country]]		[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Hydrogeology by country \| Hydrogeology by country]]

	<!-- PLEASE DO NOT DELETE BELOW THIS LINE -->		<!-- PLEASE DO NOT DELETE BELOW THIS LINE -->

Beod: /* Hydrogeology references */

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Hydrogeology references

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	IGRAC. 2013. [https://www.un-igrac.org/news/report-groundwater-monitoring-sadc-region Groundwater Monitoring in the SADC Region].		IGRAC. 2013. [https://www.un-igrac.org/news/report-groundwater-monitoring-sadc-region Groundwater Monitoring in the SADC Region].

			IGRAC. 2020. [https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Monitoring%20overview%20-%20Zimbabwe.pdf Groundwater monitoring country profile - Zimbabwe].

	Interconsult. 1985. [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/sadc/fulldetails.cfm?id=ZW2024&country=Zimbabwe National Master Plan for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation]. Volume 2/2 Hydrogeology. Ministry of Energy and Water Resources Development, Zimbabwe.		Interconsult. 1985. [https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/sadc/fulldetails.cfm?id=ZW2024&country=Zimbabwe National Master Plan for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation]. Volume 2/2 Hydrogeology. Ministry of Energy and Water Resources Development, Zimbabwe.
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	Water and Sanitation Program. 2011. [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/17762/7241500REPLACE0PUBLIC00CSO0Zimbabwe.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond. An AMCOW Country Status Overview].		Water and Sanitation Program. 2011. [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/17762/7241500REPLACE0PUBLIC00CSO0Zimbabwe.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond. An AMCOW Country Status Overview].

	Zimstat. 2016. [https://www.zimstat.co.zw/sites/default/files/img/Environmental%20Report%202016_2.pdf United Nations Zimbabwe Water And Waste Statistics Report 2016]		Zimstat. 2016. [https://www.zimstat.co.zw/sites/default/files/img/Environmental%20Report%202016_2.pdf United Nations Zimbabwe Water And Waste Statistics Report 2016]

	===Other references===		===Other references===

Beod: /* Groundwater monitoring */

2022-11-08T14:20:55Z

Groundwater monitoring

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	===Groundwater monitoring===		===Groundwater monitoring===

	The following summary is taken from ~~the~~ IGRAC report, [https://www.un-igrac.org/news/report-groundwater-monitoring-sadc-region Groundwater Monitoring in the SADC Region] (IGRAC 2013).		The following summary is taken from IGRAC's report [https://www.un-igrac.org/news/report-groundwater-monitoring-sadc-region Groundwater Monitoring in the SADC Region] (IGRAC 2013).

	'''National groundwater monitoring network'''		'''National groundwater monitoring network'''

	Groundwater resources management is carried out by the Groundwater Department of the Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA)~~. ZINWA is a parastatal under~~ the Ministry of Water Resources Development and Management. Monitoring of groundwater levels is currently done in only three major aquifers~~. These are~~ the Lomagundi Dolomite Aquifer ~~situated~~ in the north western part of the country, the Nyamadlovu Sandstone Aquifer ~~situated~~ in the south western part of the country and the Save Alluvial Aquifer ~~located~~ in the south eastern part of the country.		Groundwater resources management is carried out by the Groundwater Department of the Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA), part of the Ministry of Water Resources Development and Management.
			Monitoring of groundwater levels is currently done in only three major aquifers: the Lomagundi Dolomite Aquifer in the north western part of the country, the Nyamadlovu Sandstone Aquifer in the south western part of the country and the Save Alluvial Aquifer in the south eastern part of the country.

	~~Some borehole~~ water levels are measured using data loggers and readings are collected monthly. ~~Others~~ are measured manually and the measurements recorded on template sheets ~~monthly~~ by field observers who send the records to the main office in Harare. Here the data is recorded in Excel and an initial quality control exercise ~~is performed~~. The data is ~~then reformatted and~~ imported into a national groundwater database called Hydro GeoAnalyst~~. The software has proven to be quite versatile and meeting the needs of ZINWA. Hydrographs and groundwater maps are produced which assist in overall groundwater development and management~~.		In some boreholes, water levels are measured using data loggers and readings are collected monthly. Other boreholes are measured manually, also monthly, and the measurements recorded on template sheets by field observers who send the records to the main ZINWA office in Harare. Here the data is recorded in Excel and an initial quality control exercise done. The checked data is imported into a national groundwater database called Hydro GeoAnalyst.

	Chloride deposition was monitored in six ~~monitoring~~ stations throughout the country but has been discontinued due to lack of funds. The information was used in the assessment of groundwater recharge rates~~. The Department also used to carry out chemical surveillance on groundwater and surface water but again the programme was suspended due to lack of resources~~.		Chloride deposition was monitored at six stations throughout the country but has been discontinued due to lack of funds. The information was used in the assessment of groundwater recharge rates.

	~~The main challenges observed by IGRAC (2013) relating to groundwater monitoring are linked to lack of financial resources, logistical support and limited staff. Another challenge~~ is related to vandalism of facilities by local communities. In certain instances, monitoring boreholes are clogged with debris making water level recording impossible. Specialised entrances for data loggers and locking mechanisms are currently ~~being manufactured for~~ monitoring boreholes in the Save Alluvial Aquifer. It is desired to revive both the chloride deposition and chemical surveillance programmes and to have telemetric (real time) data collection for the water level fluctuations.” (IGRAC 2013).		There is currently no national groundwater quality monitoring programme.

	'''Project-based monitoring data'''		'''Project-based monitoring data'''

	Short term groundwater-related monitoring data from basement aquifers in the Romwe Catchment, southern Zimbabwe, collected during a series of projects funded by UKAID (UK DfID), is [https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/55b98b48-a6dc-49b7-9924-46cdcb569d2f/groundwater-related-data-from-basement-aquifers-in-the-romwe-catchment-southern-zimbabwe available to download here] (BGS 2022). This includes hydrochemical data and groundwater level time series for a number of boreholes and wells. For each borehole/well there are associated depth, geology and use data. A time series study of abstraction was also carried out for a subset of wells. Time series rainfall data for a rain gauge in the catchment is also included.		Short term groundwater-related monitoring data from basement aquifers in the Romwe Catchment, southern Zimbabwe, collected during a series of projects funded by UKAID (UK DfID), is [https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/55b98b48-a6dc-49b7-9924-46cdcb569d2f/groundwater-related-data-from-basement-aquifers-in-the-romwe-catchment-southern-zimbabwe available to download here] (BGS 2022). This includes hydrochemical data and groundwater level time series for a number of boreholes and wells. For each borehole/well there are associated depth, geology and use data. A time series study of abstraction was also carried out for a subset of wells. Time series rainfall data for a rain gauge in the catchment is also included.


	==Transboundary aquifers==		==Transboundary aquifers==

Beod: /* Authors */

2022-11-08T14:09:16Z

Authors

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	'''Imogen Bellwood-Howard''', Institute of Development Studies, UK		'''Imogen Bellwood-Howard''', Institute of Development Studies, UK

	Please cite this page as: Mudimbo~~, Owen, Crane, Upton, Ó Dochartaigh and Bellwood-Howard~~, 2018.		Please cite this page as: Mudimbo et al., 2018.

	Bibliographic reference: Mudimbo, D., Owen, R., Crane, E., Upton, K., Ó Dochartaigh, B.É. and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Zimbabwe. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Zimbabwe		Bibliographic reference: Mudimbo, D., Owen, R., Crane, E., Upton, K., Ó Dochartaigh, B.É. and Bellwood-Howard, I. 2018. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Zimbabwe. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Zimbabwe

Beod at 14:08, 8 November 2022

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 In addition to the Water Act (1998), groundwater regulations and guidelines were developed for Zimbabwe in 1999 to control groundwater development and management. The regulations and guidelines compliment the Water Act (1998) and have been formulated within a framework of integrated water resources management (IWRM).
 ===Groundwater monitoring===
@@ Line 555: / Line 539: @@
 Short term groundwater-related monitoring data from basement aquifers in the Romwe Catchment, southern Zimbabwe, collected during a series of projects funded by UKAID (UK DfID), is [https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/55b98b48-a6dc-49b7-9924-46cdcb569d2f/groundwater-related-data-from-basement-aquifers-in-the-romwe-catchment-southern-zimbabwe available to download here] (BGS 2022). This includes hydrochemical data and groundwater level time series for a number of boreholes and wells. For each borehole/well there are associated depth, geology and use data. A time series study of abstraction was also carried out for a subset of wells. Time series rainfall data for a rain gauge in the catchment is also included.
 ==References==