Midland Valley - Revision history

Ajhil: /* Midland Valley */

2026-06-17T12:14:37Z

Midland Valley

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:14, 17 June 2026
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	[[Image:samplinglocationmap.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px\|]]		[[Image:samplinglocationmap.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px\|]]

	<center>'''Coverage of baseline sampling in the Midland Valley against a<br>simplified 1:625 000 scale geology map. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>		<center>'''Coverage of baseline sampling in the Midland Valley against <br>a simplified 1:625 000 scale geology map. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>

	The sites for the samples used in the study were chosen to be representative of groundwater in its natural state from the Carboniferous aquifers in the Midland Valley. However, given the history of mining in this region, a number of the sampling sites were known to be affected by mining, and others may also have been affected. A small number of samples were deliberately targeted at coal mine workings.		The sites for the samples used in the study were chosen to be representative of groundwater in its natural state from the Carboniferous aquifers in the Midland Valley. However, given the history of mining in this region, a number of the sampling sites were known to be affected by mining, and others may also have been affected. A small number of samples were deliberately targeted at coal mine workings.

Ajhil: /* Midland Valley */

2026-06-17T12:14:21Z

Midland Valley

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:14, 17 June 2026
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	[[Image:samplinglocationmap.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px\|]]		[[Image:samplinglocationmap.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px\|]]

			<center>'''Coverage of baseline sampling in the Midland Valley against a<br>simplified 1:625 000 scale geology map. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>

	The sites for the samples used in the study were chosen to be representative of groundwater in its natural state from the Carboniferous aquifers in the Midland Valley. However, given the history of mining in this region, a number of the sampling sites were known to be affected by mining, and others may also have been affected. A small number of samples were deliberately targeted at coal mine workings.		The sites for the samples used in the study were chosen to be representative of groundwater in its natural state from the Carboniferous aquifers in the Midland Valley. However, given the history of mining in this region, a number of the sampling sites were known to be affected by mining, and others may also have been affected. A small number of samples were deliberately targeted at coal mine workings.

Ajhil: /* Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations */

2026-06-17T12:08:10Z

Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:08, 17 June 2026
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	Baseline Report		Baseline Report
	Ó Dochartaigh, B É, Smedley, P L, MacDonald, A M, Darling, W G and Homoncik, S. 2011. Baseline Scotland: groundwater chemistry of the Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers of the Midland Valley. British Geological Survey Open Report, OR/11/021.		Ó Dochartaigh, B É, Smedley, P L, MacDonald, A M, Darling, W G and Homoncik, S. 2011. [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/14314/ Baseline Scotland: groundwater chemistry of the Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers of the Midland Valley]. British Geological Survey Open Report, OR/11/021.

	===Contact===		===Contact===
	Please contact [https://www.bgs.ac.uk/about-bgs/contact-us/ BGS Enquiries] for more information.		Please contact [https://www.bgs.ac.uk/about-bgs/contact-us/ BGS Enquiries] for more information.
	[[category:Groundwater and shale gas]]		[[category:Groundwater and shale gas]]

Ajhil: /* Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations */

2026-06-17T12:04:25Z

Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:04, 17 June 2026
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	===Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations===		===Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations===

	* [[Media:~~CoalMeasures~~.jpg\|pH and HCO<sub>3</sub> — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]		* [[Media:pH_HCO3 (1).jpg\|pH and HCO<sub>3</sub> — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	* [[Media:~~CoalMeasures~~.jpg\|Na and K — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]		* [[Media:Na_K (1).jpg\|Na and K — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	* [[Media:~~CoalMeasures~~.jpg\|Ca and Mg — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]		* [[Media:Ca_Mg (1).jpg\|Ca and Mg — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	* [[Media:~~CoalMeasures~~.jpg\|Cl and SO<sub>4</sub> — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]		* [[Media:Cl_SO4.jpg\|Cl and SO<sub>4</sub> — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	* [[Media:~~CoalMeasures~~.jpg\|NO<sub>3</sub>-N and Fe — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]		* [[Media:NO3-N_Fe (1).jpg\|NO<sub>3</sub>-N and Fe — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	* [[Media:~~CoalMeasures~~.jpg\|Mn and F — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]		* [[Media:Mn_F (1).jpg\|Mn and F — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]

	Baseline Report		Baseline Report

Ajhil at 12:00, 17 June 2026

2026-06-17T12:00:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:00, 17 June 2026
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	Most of the groundwaters sampled from the Strathclyde Group were of Ca-Mg-HCO<sub>3</sub>. Some samples are more dominated by Na with no anionic dominance. The groundwaters typically have moderate HCO<sub>3</sub> concentrations with near-neutral pH. Dissolved oxygen concentrations are usually low but most of the waters are not anoxic. SEC values are generally moderate to high. The waters typically have moderate concentrations of the cations Ca, SO<sub>4</sub>, Na, Cl and Mg. In about half of the samples the calcite saturation index showed the groundwaters were close to saturation or saturated with respect to calcite; the other half were undersaturated. Iron concentrations are relatively low on average but show a wide range. Mn concentrations are typically moderate.		Most of the groundwaters sampled from the Strathclyde Group were of Ca-Mg-HCO<sub>3</sub>. Some samples are more dominated by Na with no anionic dominance. The groundwaters typically have moderate HCO<sub>3</sub> concentrations with near-neutral pH. Dissolved oxygen concentrations are usually low but most of the waters are not anoxic. SEC values are generally moderate to high. The waters typically have moderate concentrations of the cations Ca, SO<sub>4</sub>, Na, Cl and Mg. In about half of the samples the calcite saturation index showed the groundwaters were close to saturation or saturated with respect to calcite; the other half were undersaturated. Iron concentrations are relatively low on average but show a wide range. Mn concentrations are typically moderate.

	Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations		===Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations===
	pH and ~~HCO3~~ — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration
	Na and K — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration		* [[Media:CoalMeasures.jpg\|pH and HCO<sub>3</sub> — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	Ca and Mg — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration		* [[Media:CoalMeasures.jpg\|Na and K — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	Cl and ~~SO4~~ — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration		* [[Media:CoalMeasures.jpg\|Ca and Mg — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	~~NO3~~-N and Fe — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration		* [[Media:CoalMeasures.jpg\|Cl and SO<sub>4</sub> — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	Mn and F — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration		* [[Media:CoalMeasures.jpg\|NO<sub>3</sub>-N and Fe — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
			* [[Media:CoalMeasures.jpg\|Mn and F — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]

	Baseline Report		Baseline Report
	Ó Dochartaigh, B É, Smedley, P L, MacDonald, A M, Darling, W G and Homoncik, S. 2011. Baseline Scotland: groundwater chemistry of the Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers of the Midland Valley. British Geological Survey Open Report, OR/11/021.		Ó Dochartaigh, B É, Smedley, P L, MacDonald, A M, Darling, W G and Homoncik, S. 2011. Baseline Scotland: groundwater chemistry of the Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers of the Midland Valley. British Geological Survey Open Report, OR/11/021.

Ajhil: /* Data */

2026-06-17T11:53:10Z

Data

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:53, 17 June 2026
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	* [[Media:InverclydeGroup.jpg\|Inverclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]		* [[Media:InverclydeGroup.jpg\|Inverclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	* [[Media:StrathclydeGroup1.jpg\|Strathclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]		* [[Media:StrathclydeGroup1.jpg\|Strathclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	* [[Media:~~piper~~.jpg\|Piper diagram illustrates the distribution of groundwater chemistry data for the five main aquifers, and indicate outliers]]		* [[Media:piper1.jpg\|Piper diagram illustrates the distribution of groundwater chemistry data for the five main aquifers, and indicate outliers]]

	===Coal Measures Group===		===Coal Measures Group===

Ajhil: /* Data */

2026-06-17T11:52:33Z

Data

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:52, 17 June 2026
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	* [[Media:ClackmannanGroup.jpg\|Clackmannan Group – Table of summary statistics]]		* [[Media:ClackmannanGroup.jpg\|Clackmannan Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	* [[Media:InverclydeGroup.jpg\|Inverclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]		* [[Media:InverclydeGroup.jpg\|Inverclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	* [[Media:~~StrathclydeGroup~~.jpg\|Strathclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]		* [[Media:StrathclydeGroup1.jpg\|Strathclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	* [[Media:piper.jpg\|Piper diagram illustrates the distribution of groundwater chemistry data for the five main aquifers, and indicate outliers]]		* [[Media:piper.jpg\|Piper diagram illustrates the distribution of groundwater chemistry data for the five main aquifers, and indicate outliers]]

Ajhil: /* Data */

2026-06-17T11:51:02Z

Data

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:51, 17 June 2026
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	The tables below provide a statistical summary of the natural variation in groundwater chemistry in all sedimentary Carboniferous aquifers across the Midland Valley (the Inverclyde, Strathclyde, Clackmannan and Coal Measures groups), except 'mine' waters. Data between the 10th and 90th percentiles for each element or ion are presented, which allows the influence of outliers to be minimised. We would expect new data to plot within this range 80% of the time.		The tables below provide a statistical summary of the natural variation in groundwater chemistry in all sedimentary Carboniferous aquifers across the Midland Valley (the Inverclyde, Strathclyde, Clackmannan and Coal Measures groups), except 'mine' waters. Data between the 10th and 90th percentiles for each element or ion are presented, which allows the influence of outliers to be minimised. We would expect new data to plot within this range 80% of the time.

	* [[Media:~~AppinGroup~~.jpg\|Coal Measures Group – Table of summary statistics]]		* [[Media:CoalMeasures.jpg\|Coal Measures Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	* [[Media:~~AppinGroup~~.jpg\|Clackmannan Group – Table of summary statistics]]		* [[Media:ClackmannanGroup.jpg\|Clackmannan Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	* [[Media:~~AppinGroup~~.jpg\|Inverclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]		* [[Media:InverclydeGroup.jpg\|Inverclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	* [[Media:~~AppinGroup~~.jpg\|Strathclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]		* [[Media:StrathclydeGroup.jpg\|Strathclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	* [[Media:~~AppinGroup~~.jpg\|Piper diagram illustrates the distribution of groundwater chemistry data for the five main aquifers, and indicate outliers]]		* [[Media:piper.jpg\|Piper diagram illustrates the distribution of groundwater chemistry data for the five main aquifers, and indicate outliers]]

	===Coal Measures Group===		===Coal Measures Group===

Ajhil: /* Data */

2026-06-17T11:42:52Z

Data

Ajhil: /* Data */

2026-06-17T11:38:45Z

Data

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:38, 17 June 2026
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	===Data===		===Data===

	'''Summary statistics'''		'''Summary statistics'''<br>
	The tables below provide a statistical summary of the natural variation in groundwater chemistry in all sedimentary Carboniferous aquifers across the Midland Valley (the Inverclyde, Strathclyde, Clackmannan and Coal Measures groups), except 'mine' waters. Data between the 10th and 90th percentiles for each element or ion are presented, which allows the influence of outliers to be minimised. We would expect new data to plot within this range 80% of the time.		The tables below provide a statistical summary of the natural variation in groundwater chemistry in all sedimentary Carboniferous aquifers across the Midland Valley (the Inverclyde, Strathclyde, Clackmannan and Coal Measures groups), except 'mine' waters. Data between the 10th and 90th percentiles for each element or ion are presented, which allows the influence of outliers to be minimised. We would expect new data to plot within this range 80% of the time.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:04, 17 June 2026
Line 61:		Line 61:
	===Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations===		===Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations===

	* [[Media:~~CoalMeasures~~.jpg\|pH and HCO<sub>3</sub> — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]		* [[Media:pH_HCO3 (1).jpg\|pH and HCO<sub>3</sub> — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	* [[Media:~~CoalMeasures~~.jpg\|Na and K — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]		* [[Media:Na_K (1).jpg\|Na and K — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	* [[Media:~~CoalMeasures~~.jpg\|Ca and Mg — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]		* [[Media:Ca_Mg (1).jpg\|Ca and Mg — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	* [[Media:~~CoalMeasures~~.jpg\|Cl and SO<sub>4</sub> — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]		* [[Media:Cl_SO4.jpg\|Cl and SO<sub>4</sub> — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	* [[Media:~~CoalMeasures~~.jpg\|NO<sub>3</sub>-N and Fe — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]		* [[Media:NO3-N_Fe (1).jpg\|NO<sub>3</sub>-N and Fe — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	* [[Media:~~CoalMeasures~~.jpg\|Mn and F — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]		* [[Media:Mn_F (1).jpg\|Mn and F — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]

	Baseline Report		Baseline Report

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:52, 17 June 2026
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	* [[Media:ClackmannanGroup.jpg\|Clackmannan Group – Table of summary statistics]]		* [[Media:ClackmannanGroup.jpg\|Clackmannan Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	* [[Media:InverclydeGroup.jpg\|Inverclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]		* [[Media:InverclydeGroup.jpg\|Inverclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	* [[Media:~~StrathclydeGroup~~.jpg\|Strathclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]		* [[Media:StrathclydeGroup1.jpg\|Strathclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	* [[Media:piper.jpg\|Piper diagram illustrates the distribution of groundwater chemistry data for the five main aquifers, and indicate outliers]]		* [[Media:piper.jpg\|Piper diagram illustrates the distribution of groundwater chemistry data for the five main aquifers, and indicate outliers]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:51, 17 June 2026
Line 41:		Line 41:
	The tables below provide a statistical summary of the natural variation in groundwater chemistry in all sedimentary Carboniferous aquifers across the Midland Valley (the Inverclyde, Strathclyde, Clackmannan and Coal Measures groups), except 'mine' waters. Data between the 10th and 90th percentiles for each element or ion are presented, which allows the influence of outliers to be minimised. We would expect new data to plot within this range 80% of the time.		The tables below provide a statistical summary of the natural variation in groundwater chemistry in all sedimentary Carboniferous aquifers across the Midland Valley (the Inverclyde, Strathclyde, Clackmannan and Coal Measures groups), except 'mine' waters. Data between the 10th and 90th percentiles for each element or ion are presented, which allows the influence of outliers to be minimised. We would expect new data to plot within this range 80% of the time.

	* [[Media:~~AppinGroup~~.jpg\|Coal Measures Group – Table of summary statistics]]		* [[Media:CoalMeasures.jpg\|Coal Measures Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	* [[Media:~~AppinGroup~~.jpg\|Clackmannan Group – Table of summary statistics]]		* [[Media:ClackmannanGroup.jpg\|Clackmannan Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	* [[Media:~~AppinGroup~~.jpg\|Inverclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]		* [[Media:InverclydeGroup.jpg\|Inverclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	* [[Media:~~AppinGroup~~.jpg\|Strathclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]		* [[Media:StrathclydeGroup.jpg\|Strathclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	* [[Media:~~AppinGroup~~.jpg\|Piper diagram illustrates the distribution of groundwater chemistry data for the five main aquifers, and indicate outliers]]		* [[Media:piper.jpg\|Piper diagram illustrates the distribution of groundwater chemistry data for the five main aquifers, and indicate outliers]]

	===Coal Measures Group===		===Coal Measures Group===

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:42, 17 June 2026
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	The tables below provide a statistical summary of the natural variation in groundwater chemistry in all sedimentary Carboniferous aquifers across the Midland Valley (the Inverclyde, Strathclyde, Clackmannan and Coal Measures groups), except 'mine' waters. Data between the 10th and 90th percentiles for each element or ion are presented, which allows the influence of outliers to be minimised. We would expect new data to plot within this range 80% of the time.		The tables below provide a statistical summary of the natural variation in groundwater chemistry in all sedimentary Carboniferous aquifers across the Midland Valley (the Inverclyde, Strathclyde, Clackmannan and Coal Measures groups), except 'mine' waters. Data between the 10th and 90th percentiles for each element or ion are presented, which allows the influence of outliers to be minimised. We would expect new data to plot within this range 80% of the time.

	Coal Measures Group – Table of summary statistics		* [[Media:AppinGroup.jpg\|Coal Measures Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	Clackmannan Group – Table of summary statistics		* [[Media:AppinGroup.jpg\|Clackmannan Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	Inverclyde Group – Table of summary statistics		* [[Media:AppinGroup.jpg\|Inverclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	Strathclyde Group – Table of summary statistics		* [[Media:AppinGroup.jpg\|Strathclyde Group – Table of summary statistics]]
	Piper diagram illustrates the distribution of groundwater chemistry data for the five main aquifers, and indicate outliers.		* [[Media:AppinGroup.jpg\|Piper diagram illustrates the distribution of groundwater chemistry data for the five main aquifers, and indicate outliers]]
	Coal Measures Group
			===Coal Measures Group===
	Groundwaters from the Coal Measures Group are generally of bicarbonate type, with cations either dominated by Na or with no dominant cation. Average alkalinity values are the highest of all the hydrogeological units sampled, including the 'Mine' waters. There is a large range in SEC values and the median value is the highest for all the groups except 'Mine' waters. The waters are generally anoxic and slightly acidic to near-neutral. The groundwaters typically have moderate concentrations of the major cations Ca, Mg, Cl and SO4, and high cncentrations of Na relative to the other aquifer groups. In most cases the calcite saturation index showed the groundwaters were close to saturation. There is a large range in Fe and Mn concentrations but concentrations are usually high, with the highest average of any group except the 'Mine' waters.		Groundwaters from the Coal Measures Group are generally of bicarbonate type, with cations either dominated by Na or with no dominant cation. Average alkalinity values are the highest of all the hydrogeological units sampled, including the 'Mine' waters. There is a large range in SEC values and the median value is the highest for all the groups except 'Mine' waters. The waters are generally anoxic and slightly acidic to near-neutral. The groundwaters typically have moderate concentrations of the major cations Ca, Mg, Cl and SO4, and high cncentrations of Na relative to the other aquifer groups. In most cases the calcite saturation index showed the groundwaters were close to saturation. There is a large range in Fe and Mn concentrations but concentrations are usually high, with the highest average of any group except the 'Mine' waters.

	Clackmannan Group		===Clackmannan Group===
	Groundwaters from the Clackmannan Group are generally either of Ca-Mg-~~HCO3~~ type Na or have no dominant anion; a few show a cationic dominance of Na. The groundwaters typically have high ~~HCO3~~ concentrations, a near-neutral pH, and generally low dissolved oxygen. SEC values show a wide range but a moderate average. The waters generally have moderate to high concentrations of the major cations Ca, Mg, Ba and Cl. Concentrations of ~~SO4~~ were the highest of all the hydrogeological units except 'Mine' waters. Most of the samples were significantly undersaturated with respect to calcite. Concentrations of Fe and Mn were moderate to high, with variability due to the redox conditions in the aquifer.		Groundwaters from the Clackmannan Group are generally either of Ca-Mg-HCO<sub>3</sub> type Na or have no dominant anion; a few show a cationic dominance of Na. The groundwaters typically have high HCO<sub>3</sub> concentrations, a near-neutral pH, and generally low dissolved oxygen. SEC values show a wide range but a moderate average. The waters generally have moderate to high concentrations of the major cations Ca, Mg, Ba and Cl. Concentrations of SO<sub>4</sub> were the highest of all the hydrogeological units except 'Mine' waters. Most of the samples were significantly undersaturated with respect to calcite. Concentrations of Fe and Mn were moderate to high, with variability due to the redox conditions in the aquifer.

	Inverclyde Group		Inverclyde Group
	Most of the groundwaters from the Inverclyde Group were of Ca-~~HCO3~~ type. They typically have moderate ~~HCO3~~ with a near-neutral pH. Dissolved oxygen concentrations are generally low but most of the waters are not anoxic. SEC values are typically moderate. The groundwaters typically have relatively low concentrations of the cations Na, Cl and ~~SO4~~ and moderate concentrations of Ca and Mg. In most cases the calcite saturation index showed the groundwaters were close to saturation. Concentrations of Fe and Mn are typically relatively low, reflecting the generally oxic nature of the groundwaters from this group.		Most of the groundwaters from the Inverclyde Group were of Ca-HCO<sub>3</sub> type. They typically have moderate HCO<sub>3</sub> with a near-neutral pH. Dissolved oxygen concentrations are generally low but most of the waters are not anoxic. SEC values are typically moderate. The groundwaters typically have relatively low concentrations of the cations Na, Cl and SO<sub>4</sub> and moderate concentrations of Ca and Mg. In most cases the calcite saturation index showed the groundwaters were close to saturation. Concentrations of Fe and Mn are typically relatively low, reflecting the generally oxic nature of the groundwaters from this group.

	Strathclyde Group		Strathclyde Group
	Most of the groundwaters sampled from the Strathclyde Group were of Ca-Mg-~~HCO¬3~~. Some samples are more dominated by Na with no anionic dominance. The groundwaters typically have moderate ~~HCO3~~ concentrations with near-neutral pH. Dissolved oxygen concentrations are usually low but most of the waters are not anoxic. SEC values are generally moderate to high. The waters typically have moderate concentrations of the cations Ca, ~~SO4~~, Na, Cl and Mg. In about half of the samples the calcite saturation index showed the groundwaters were close to saturation or saturated with respect to calcite; the other half were undersaturated. Iron concentrations are relatively low on average but show a wide range. Mn concentrations are typically moderate.		Most of the groundwaters sampled from the Strathclyde Group were of Ca-Mg-HCO<sub>3</sub>. Some samples are more dominated by Na with no anionic dominance. The groundwaters typically have moderate HCO<sub>3</sub> concentrations with near-neutral pH. Dissolved oxygen concentrations are usually low but most of the waters are not anoxic. SEC values are generally moderate to high. The waters typically have moderate concentrations of the cations Ca, SO<sub>4</sub>, Na, Cl and Mg. In about half of the samples the calcite saturation index showed the groundwaters were close to saturation or saturated with respect to calcite; the other half were undersaturated. Iron concentrations are relatively low on average but show a wide range. Mn concentrations are typically moderate.

	Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations		Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations