Northumbrian rocks and landscape: a field guide - Revision history

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	{{YGSNorthumbrianRocks}}		{{YGSNorthumbrianRocks}}

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	Turnbull, L. 1975. ''The history of lead mining in the north east of England. ''80pp. Harold Hill and Son, Newcastle upon Tyne.		Turnbull, L. 1975. ''The history of lead mining in the north east of England. ''80pp. Harold Hill and Son, Newcastle upon Tyne.

	{{~~EGwalks~~}}		{{EWwalks}}

	[[Category:Yorkshire Geological Society]]		[[Category:Yorkshire Geological Society]]

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			[[Category:Yorkshire Geological Society]]

	[[category:6. The South of Scotland]]		[[category:6. The South of Scotland]]

	[[Category:7. Northern England]]		[[Category:7. Northern England]]

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	Randall, B. A. O. & Farmer, N. 1970. The Holy Island Dyke. ''Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne, '''17''' , ''79–91.		Randall, B. A. O. & Farmer, N. 1970. The Holy Island Dyke. ''Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne, '''17''' , ''79–91.

	Reynolds, A. D. 1992. Storm, wave and tide-dominated sedimentation in the Dinantian Middle Limestone Group, Northumbrian Basin. ''Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 49, 1''~~35-148~~.		Reynolds, A. D. 1992. Storm, wave and tide-dominated sedimentation in the Dinantian Middle Limestone Group, Northumbrian Basin. ''Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, '''49''', 1''35–148.

	Scarboro, D. & Tucker, M. E. 1995. Amphibian footprints from the mid-Carboniferous ~~ofNorthumberland~~, England. ''Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology,Palaeogeography,113, ''~~335-349~~.		Scarboro, D. & Tucker, M. E. 1995. Amphibian footprints from the mid-Carboniferous of Northumberland, England. ''Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeogeography, '''113''', ''335–349.

	Scotese, C. R. & McKerrow, W. S. 1990. Revised World maps and introduction. ''In ''McKerrow, W. S. & Scotese, C. R. (eds) ''Palaeozoic palaeogeography and biogeography. ''Geological Society Memoir No. 12, ~~I21~~.		Scotese, C. R. & McKerrow, W. S. 1990. Revised World maps and introduction. ''In ''McKerrow, W. S. & Scotese, C. R. (eds), ''Palaeozoic palaeogeography and biogeography. ''Geological Society Memoir No. 12, 1–21.

	Smith, D. B., 1994. ''The geology of the Sunderland district. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 21, pp. xii+ 161. H.M.S.O., London. Turnbull, L. 1975. ''The history of lead mining in the north east of England. ''80pp. Harold Hill and Son, Newcastle upon Tyne.		Smith, D. B., 1994. ''The geology of the Sunderland district. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 21, pp. xii + 161. H.M.S.O., London.

			Turnbull, L. 1975. ''The history of lead mining in the north east of England. ''80pp. Harold Hill and Son, Newcastle upon Tyne.

	{{EGwalks}}		{{EGwalks}}

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	Johnson, G. A. L. 1952. A glacial erratic boulder of Shap Granite in South Northumberland. ''Geological Magazine '''''89''', 361–364.		Johnson, G. A. L. 1952. A glacial erratic boulder of Shap Granite in South Northumberland. ''Geological Magazine '''''89''', 361–364.

	Johnson, G. A. L. 1959. The Carboniferous stratigraphy of the Roman Wall district in western Northumberland. ''Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society ''32, ~~83-130~~.		Johnson, G. A. L. 1959. The Carboniferous stratigraphy of the Roman Wall district in western Northumberland. ''Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society '''''32''', 83–130.

	Johnson, G. A. L. & Richardson, G. 1990. Coal Measures of the River Wear Gorge at Durham, England. ''Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumbria ''~~vol.~~55, pt. 2, ~~84-96~~.		Johnson, G. A. L. & Richardson, G. 1990. Coal Measures of the River Wear Gorge at Durham, England. ''Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumbria '''''55''', pt. 2, 84–96.

	Lumsden, G. I., Tulloch, W., Howells, M. F. & Davies, A. 1967. The Geology of the neighbourhood of Langholm. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, ''Sheet II (Scotland), pp. viii+255. H.M.S.O., London.		Lumsden, G. I., Tulloch, W., Howells, M. F. & Davies, A. 1967. The Geology of the neighbourhood of Langholm. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, ''Sheet II (Scotland), pp. viii + 255. H.M.S.O., London.

	Lunn, A. G. 1980. Quaternary. ''In ''Robson, D.A. (ed.). ''The geology of North East England, ''~~pp.48-60~~. Special Publication, Natural History Society of Northumbria. Newcastle upon Tyne.		Lunn, A. G. 1980. Quaternary. ''In ''Robson, D.A. (ed.). ''The geology of North East England, ''48–60. Special Publication, Natural History Society of Northumbria. Newcastle upon Tyne.

	McAdam, A. D., Clarkson, E. N. K. & Stone, P. 1992. ''Scottish Borders geology: an excursion guide. ''pp. x + 220. Scottish Academic Press.		McAdam, A. D., Clarkson, E. N. K. & Stone, P. 1992. ''Scottish Borders geology: an excursion guide. ''pp. x + 220. Scottish Academic Press.

	Mills, D. A. C. & Hull, J. H. 1976. Geology of the country around Barnard Castle. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, ''Sheet 32, pp. xii+ 385. H.M.S.O., London.		Mills, D. A. C. & Hull, J. H. 1976. Geology of the country around Barnard Castle. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, ''Sheet 32, pp. xii + 385. H.M.S.O., London.

	Raistrick, A. R. & Jennings, B. 1965. ''A history of lead mining in the Pennines. ''347 pp. Longmans, London.		Raistrick, A. R. & Jennings, B. 1965. ''A history of lead mining in the Pennines. ''347 pp. Longmans, London.

	Randall, B. A. ). & Farmer, N. 1970. The Holy Island Dyke. ''Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne,17 , ''~~79-91~~.		Randall, B. A. O. & Farmer, N. 1970. The Holy Island Dyke. ''Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne, '''17''' , ''79–91.

	Reynolds, A. D. 1992. Storm, wave and tide-dominated sedimentation in the Dinantian Middle Limestone Group, Northumbrian Basin. ''Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 49, 1''35-148.		Reynolds, A. D. 1992. Storm, wave and tide-dominated sedimentation in the Dinantian Middle Limestone Group, Northumbrian Basin. ''Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 49, 1''35-148.

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	Dunham, K. C. 1990. Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield, Volume 1. Tyne to Stainmore. 2nd edn., pp. x + 299. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, ''H.M.S.O., London.		Dunham, K. C. 1990. Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield, Volume 1. Tyne to Stainmore. 2nd edn., pp. x + 299. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, ''H.M.S.O., London.

	Elliott, T. 1976. Sedimentary sequences from the Upper Limestone Group of Northumberland. ''Scottish Journal of Geology, ''12, ~~115-124~~.		Elliott, T. 1976. Sedimentary sequences from the Upper Limestone Group of Northumberland. ''Scottish Journal of Geology, '''''12''', 115–124.

	Farmer, N. & Jones, J. M. 1969. The Carboniferous, Namurian rocks of the coast section from Howick Bay to Foxton Hall, Northumberland. ''Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne, ''17, ~~1-27~~.		Farmer, N. & Jones, J. M. 1969. The Carboniferous, Namurian rocks of the coast section from Howick Bay to Foxton Hall, Northumberland. ''Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne, '''''17''', 1–27.

	Frost, D. V. & Holliday, D. W. 1980. Geology of the country around Bellingham. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, ''Sheet 13, pp. x+ 112. H.M.S.O., London.		Frost, D. V. & Holliday, D. W. 1980. Geology of the country around Bellingham. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, ''Sheet 13, pp. x + 112. H.M.S.O., London.

	Fullerton, B. & Sharp, J. (~~Eds~~.) ~~I980~~. ''Excursions in North-East England. ''102 pp. Department ~~ofGeography~~, University of Newcastle upon Tyne for the Geographical Association, Tyneside Branch.		Fullerton, B. & Sharp, J. (eds.). 1980. ''Excursions in North-East England. ''102 pp. Department of Geography, University of Newcastle upon Tyne for the Geographical Association, Tyneside Branch.

	Grieg, D. C. 1988. Geology of the Eyemouth district. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, ''Sheet 34 (Scotland), pp. viii+ 78. H.M.S.O., London.		Grieg, D. C. 1988. Geology of the Eyemouth district. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, ''Sheet 34 (Scotland), pp. viii + 78. H.M.S.O., London.

	Hollingworth, N. T. J. & Pettigrew, T. H. 1988. ''Zechstein ~~reeffossils~~ and their palaeoecology. ''Palaeontological Association Guides to Fossils, No. 3, pp. iv+ 75. London.		Hollingworth, N. T. J. & Pettigrew, T. H. 1988. ''Zechstein reef fossils and their palaeoecology. ''Palaeontological Association Guides to Fossils, No. 3, pp. iv + 75. London.

	Hunt, C. J. 1984. ''The lead miners of the northern Pennines in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. ''282pp. Davis, Newcastle upon Tyne.		Hunt, C. J. 1984. ''The lead miners of the northern Pennines in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. ''282pp. Davis, Newcastle upon Tyne.

	Jhingran, A. G. 1943. The Cheviot Granite. ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, ''98, ~~241-254~~.		Jhingran, A. G. 1943. The Cheviot Granite. ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, '''''98''', 241–254.

	Johnson, G. A. L. 1952. A glacial erratic boulder of Shap Granite in South Northumberland. ''Geological Magazine ''89, ~~361-364~~.		Johnson, G. A. L. 1952. A glacial erratic boulder of Shap Granite in South Northumberland. ''Geological Magazine '''''89''', 361–364.

	Johnson, G. A. L. 1959. The Carboniferous stratigraphy of the Roman Wall district in western Northumberland. ''Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society ''32, 83-130.		Johnson, G. A. L. 1959. The Carboniferous stratigraphy of the Roman Wall district in western Northumberland. ''Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society ''32, 83-130.

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	Johnson, G. A. L. (compiler), in press. ''The geology of North East England. ''Special publication, Natural History Society of Northumbria. Newcastle upon Tyne.		Johnson, G. A. L. (compiler), in press. ''The geology of North East England. ''Special publication, Natural History Society of Northumbria. Newcastle upon Tyne.

	Robson, D.A. (ed.). ''The geology of North East England. ''pp. iv+~~t13~~. Special publication, Natural History Society of Northumbria. Newcastle upon Tyne.		Robson, D.A. (ed.). ''The geology of North East England. ''pp. iv+113. Special publication, Natural History Society of Northumbria. Newcastle upon Tyne.

	Taylor, B. J., Burgess, I. C., Land, D. H., Mills, D. A. C., Smith, D. B. and Warren, P. T. 1971. ''Northern England. ''British Regional Geology. 4th edn, pp. x+125. H.M.S.O., London.		Taylor, B. J., Burgess, I. C., Land, D. H., Mills, D. A. C., Smith, D. B. and Warren, P. T. 1971. ''Northern England. ''British Regional Geology. 4th edn, pp. x+125. H.M.S.O., London.
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	Allaby, A. and Allaby, M. 1990. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Earth Sciences. xxi+410pp. ''O.U.P., Oxford.		Allaby, A. and Allaby, M. 1990. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Earth Sciences. xxi+410pp. ''O.U.P., Oxford.

	British Museum (Natural History) 1975. ''British Palaeozoic Fossils. ''4th edn. 203pp. London.		British Museum (Natural History). 1975. ''British Palaeozoic Fossils. ''4th edn. 203pp. London.

	Hamilton, W. R., Woolley, A. R. & Bishop, A. C. 1992. ''Minerals, rocks and fossils. ''320pp. Hamlyn, London.		Hamilton, W. R., Woolley, A. R. & Bishop, A. C. 1992. ''Minerals, rocks and fossils. ''320pp. Hamlyn, London.

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	'''tuff '''Lithified volcanic ash-fall.		'''tuff '''Lithified volcanic ash-fall.

	'''turbidite '''Rock deposited from a '''turbidity current/flow, '''a fast flowing turbulent current charged with a high sediment load, commonly initiated by the disturbance ~~ofsoft~~ sediment on a slope. A turbidite is poorly sorted but may show grading and '''''sole structures '''''on its base.		'''turbidite '''Rock deposited from a '''turbidity current/flow, '''a fast flowing turbulent current charged with a high sediment load, commonly initiated by the disturbance of soft sediment on a slope. A turbidite is poorly sorted but may show grading and '''''sole structures '''''on its base.

	'''unconformity '''Surface of contact between two groups of rocks resulting from the tilting or folding and erosion of the lower group (often in an '''''orogenic '''''event) before the deposition of the upper group.		'''unconformity '''Surface of contact between two groups of rocks resulting from the tilting or folding and erosion of the lower group (often in an '''''orogenic '''''event) before the deposition of the upper group.

	'''Variscan Orogeny '''''~~See~~ '''orogeny.'''''		'''Variscan Orogeny '''See '''''orogeny.'''''

	'''vein/veinlet '''A fracture, usually sub-vertical, which is mineralized, often with '''''quartz '''''or '''''calcite. '''''Crystals may grow from the walls towards the centre. A '''mineral vein '''normally implies the presence of ore minerals.		'''vein/veinlet '''A fracture, usually sub-vertical, which is mineralized, often with '''''quartz '''''or '''''calcite. '''''Crystals may grow from the walls towards the centre. A '''mineral vein '''normally implies the presence of ore minerals.
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	'''xenolith '''An inclusion of country rock within an '''''igneous '''''body.		'''xenolith '''An inclusion of country rock within an '''''igneous '''''body.

	'''Yoredale '''Name applied to repeat cycles ~~oflimestone~~-shale-sandstone (-seatearth-coal) '''''(cyclothems) '''''in the Carboniferous (Dinantian, early Namurian), derived from the old name for Wensleydale, where they are typically developed.		'''Yoredale '''Name applied to repeat cycles of limestone-shale-sandstone (-seatearth-coal) '''''(cyclothems) '''''in the Carboniferous (Dinantian, early Namurian), derived from the old name for Wensleydale, where they are typically developed.

	== Bibliography ==		== Bibliography ==

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	'''tholeiitic basalt/dolerite '''A type of '''''basalt/ dolerite '''''oversaturated in silica, so that small amounts of '''''quartz '''''are present.		'''tholeiitic basalt/dolerite '''A type of '''''basalt/ dolerite '''''oversaturated in silica, so that small amounts of '''''quartz '''''are present.

	'''throw '''Description of vertical component of movement on ''~~afault~~ ''plane. '''Downthrow '''emphasises the relative downward displacement ~~ofa~~ block on one side of the fault, '''upthrow '''(less commonly used) emphasises the relative upward displacement of a block.		'''throw '''Description of vertical component of movement on a '''''fault '''''plane. '''Downthrow '''emphasises the relative downward displacement of a block on one side of the fault, '''upthrow '''(less commonly used) emphasises the relative upward displacement of a block.

	'''thrust ''See fault.'''''		'''thrust''' See '''''fault.'''''

	'''till '''(boulder clay) Collective term for the group of unsorted sediments laid down by direct action ofice.		'''till '''(boulder clay) Collective term for the group of unsorted sediments laid down by direct action ofice.

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	Robson, D.A. (ed.). ''The geology of North East England. ''pp. iv+113. Special publication, Natural History Society of Northumbria. Newcastle upon Tyne.		Robson, D.A. (ed.). ''The geology of North East England. ''pp. iv+113. Special publication, Natural History Society of Northumbria. Newcastle upon Tyne.

	Taylor, B. J., Burgess, I. C., Land, D. H., Mills, D. A. C., Smith, D. B. and Warren, P. T. 1971. ''Northern England. ''British Regional Geology. 4th edn, pp. x+125. H.M.S.O., London.		Taylor, B. J., Burgess, I. C., Land, D. H., Mills, D. A. C., Smith, D. B. and Warren, P. T. 1971. ''Northern England. ''British Regional Geology. 4th edn, pp. x + 125. H.M.S.O., London.

	=== Reference works ===		=== Reference works ===

	Allaby, A. and Allaby, M. 1990. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Earth Sciences. xxi+~~410pp~~. ''O.U.P., Oxford.		Allaby, A. and Allaby, M. 1990. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Earth Sciences. pp. xxi + 410. ''O.U.P., Oxford.

	British Museum (Natural History). 1975. ''British Palaeozoic Fossils. ''4th edn. 203pp. London.		British Museum (Natural History). 1975. ''British Palaeozoic Fossils. ''4th edn. 203pp. London.
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	=== Specific ===		=== Specific ===

	Only works quoted in the text are listed here. Further articles on various aspects of the geology and geomorphology of Northumbria may be found particularly in the ''Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society ''as well as many other journals, British Geological Survey Memoirs, and Geologists Association guides.		Only works quoted in the text are listed here. Further articles on various aspects of the geology and geomorphology of Northumbria may be found particularly in the ''Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society ''as well as many other journals, British Geological Survey Memoirs, and Geologists' Association guides.

	Aspinall, I. J.; Macklin, M. G. & Brewis, T. 1986. Metal mining and ~~floodpilaiti~~ sedimentation at Garrigill, and their influence on terrace and floodplain soil development. ''In ''Macklin, M. G. & Rose, J. (~~ells~~). ''Quaternary river landforms and sediments in the northern Pennines: field guide, ''~~35-45~~. British Geomorphological Research Group and Quaternary Research Association.		Aspinall, I. J., Macklin, M. G. & Brewis, T. 1986. Metal mining and floodplain sedimentation at Garrigill, and their influence on terrace and floodplain soil development. ''In ''Macklin, M. G. & Rose, J. (eds). ''Quaternary river landforms and sediments in the northern Pennines: field guide, ''35–45. British Geomorphological Research Group and Quaternary Research Association.

	Carruthers, R. G., Dinham, C. H., Burnett, G. A. & Maden, J. 1927. The Geology of Belford, Holy Island, and the Fame Islands. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, ''Sheet 4, pp. x+195. H.M.S.O., London.		Carruthers, R. G., Dinham, C. H., Burnett, G. A. & Maden, J. 1927. The Geology of Belford, Holy Island, and the Fame Islands. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, ''Sheet 4, pp. x + 195. H.M.S.O., London.

	Cope, J. C. W., Ingham, J. K. & Rawson, P. F. (eds) 1992. Atlas of palaeogeography and lithofacies. Geological Society Memoir No. 13, 153pp, 106 maps.		Cope, J. C. W., Ingham, J. K. & Rawson, P. F. (eds). 1992. Atlas of palaeogeography and lithofacies. Geological Society Memoir No. 13, 153pp, 106 maps.

	Day, J. B. W. 1970. Geology of the country around Bewcastle. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, ''Sheet 12 (England and Wales), pp. xi+357. H.M.S.O., London.		Day, J. B. W. 1970. Geology of the country around Bewcastle. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, ''Sheet 12 (England and Wales), pp. xi + 357. H.M.S.O., London.

	Dunham, K. C. 1990. Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield, Volume 1. Tyne to Stainmore. 2nd edn., pp x + 299. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, ''H.M.S.O., London.		Dunham, K. C. 1990. Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield, Volume 1. Tyne to Stainmore. 2nd edn., pp. x + 299. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey, ''H.M.S.O., London.

	Elliott, T. 1976. Sedimentary sequences from the Upper Limestone Group of Northumberland. ''Scottish Journal of Geology, ''12, 115-124.		Elliott, T. 1976. Sedimentary sequences from the Upper Limestone Group of Northumberland. ''Scottish Journal of Geology, ''12, 115-124.