OR/12/032 Industrial applications - Revision history

Ajhil: /* Building stone */

2021-08-06T09:00:02Z

Building stone

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:00, 6 August 2021
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	==Building stone==		==Building stone==
	The principal Lias Group rocks that have been used as a source of building stone are limestones and, to a much lesser extent, sandstones. Limestones within the Lias Group have been purposely quarried or mined for building stone, generally for local use (Woodward, 1893<ref name="Woodward 1893"></ref>), but more often on an ad hoc basis where present as overburden in the pursuit of other minerals, and on the coast where quarrying and transport by sea was easy (Smith, 1974<ref name="Smith 1974">~~Smith~~, E G. 1974. Constructional materials and miscellaneous mineral products, 361–371. In: The geology and mineral resources of Yorkshire. Rayner, D H, and Hemingway, J E (editors). ''(Leeds: Yorkshire Geological Society.)'' </ref>). Examples of limestone building stones exploited in the Lias Group are given in Table 4.1 (Smith, 1999<ref name="Smith 1999">SMITH, M R (ed). 1999. Stone: building stone, rock fill and armourstone in construction. ''Geological Society, London. Engineering Geology Special Publications'', 16. </ref>).		The principal Lias Group rocks that have been used as a source of building stone are limestones and, to a much lesser extent, sandstones. Limestones within the Lias Group have been purposely quarried or mined for building stone, generally for local use (Woodward, 1893<ref name="Woodward 1893"></ref>), but more often on an ad hoc basis where present as overburden in the pursuit of other minerals, and on the coast where quarrying and transport by sea was easy (Smith, 1974<ref name="Smith 1974">SMITH, E G. 1974. Constructional materials and miscellaneous mineral products, 361–371. In: The geology and mineral resources of Yorkshire. Rayner, D H, and Hemingway, J E (editors). ''(Leeds: Yorkshire Geological Society.)'' </ref>). Examples of limestone building stones exploited in the Lias Group are given in Table 4.1 (Smith, 1999<ref name="Smith 1999">SMITH, M R (ed). 1999. Stone: building stone, rock fill and armourstone in construction. ''Geological Society, London. Engineering Geology Special Publications'', 16. </ref>).

	<center>		<center>

Ajhil at 08:59, 6 August 2021

2021-08-06T08:59:28Z

Show changes

Ajhil: /* Iron */

2021-08-03T12:23:33Z

Iron

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:23, 3 August 2021
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	==Iron==		==Iron==
	The once-thriving Teesside iron industry was based on the mining of the Kettleness Member of the Cleveland Ironstone Formation (Howard, 1985<ref name="Howard 1985">Howard, A S. 1985. Lithostratigraphy of the Staithes Sandstone and Cleveland Ironstone formations (Lower Jurassic) of north-east Yorkshire. ''Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society'', Vol. 45, 261–275.</ref>; Tuffs, 1999<ref name="Tuffs 1999"></ref>). It contains beds of siderite and berthierine, often somewhat nodular, ooidal ironstone, which occurs at the tops of sedimentary rhythms. There are six, named, ironstone bands which are best developed in the Guisborough-Loftus area near Middlesbrough, and were mined here and elsewhere in East Cleveland (Tuffs, 1999<ref name="Tuffs 1999">Tuffs, P. 1999. Catalogue of Cleveland ironstone mines. Cleveland Ironstone Series. Industrial Archaeology of Cleveland. ''Publ: P. Tuffs''. </ref>), and also in Rosedale and Eskdale. In these areas they form up to 20 per cent of the thickness of the formation. These were worked during the mid 19th to early 20th centuries. A few mines were situated near the cliff edge as at Huntcliff, Brotton (Chapman, 1997<ref name="Chapman 1997">Chapman, S. 1997. Wheels turning and smoke rising. Cleveland Ironstone Series. Vol. 1. Publ. ''Peter Tuffs''.</ref>). The raw materials and products were transported by a network of railways, and via a specially constructed harbour, Port Mulgrave, between Staithes and Runswick Bay (Osborne & Bowden, 2001, Osborne, R, and Bowden, A. 2001<ref name="Osborne 2001"></ref>. The Dinosaur Coast; Yorkshire rocks, reptiles, and landscape. ''North York Moors National Park. Falcon Press''~~.</ref>~~). The Cleveland Ironstone Formation at Kettleness was exploited for a short while during the 1830’s at its outcrop on the foreshore and transferred directly to beached cargo vessels (Jecock, 2003<ref name="Jecock 2003"></ref>).		The once-thriving Teesside iron industry was based on the mining of the Kettleness Member of the Cleveland Ironstone Formation (Howard, 1985<ref name="Howard 1985">Howard, A S. 1985. Lithostratigraphy of the Staithes Sandstone and Cleveland Ironstone formations (Lower Jurassic) of north-east Yorkshire. ''Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society'', Vol. 45, 261–275.</ref>; Tuffs, 1999<ref name="Tuffs 1999"></ref>). It contains beds of siderite and berthierine, often somewhat nodular, ooidal ironstone, which occurs at the tops of sedimentary rhythms. There are six, named, ironstone bands which are best developed in the Guisborough-Loftus area near Middlesbrough, and were mined here and elsewhere in East Cleveland (Tuffs, 1999<ref name="Tuffs 1999">Tuffs, P. 1999. Catalogue of Cleveland ironstone mines. Cleveland Ironstone Series. Industrial Archaeology of Cleveland. ''Publ: P. Tuffs''. </ref>), and also in Rosedale and Eskdale. In these areas they form up to 20 per cent of the thickness of the formation. These were worked during the mid 19th to early 20th centuries. A few mines were situated near the cliff edge as at Huntcliff, Brotton (Chapman, 1997<ref name="Chapman 1997">Chapman, S. 1997. Wheels turning and smoke rising. Cleveland Ironstone Series. Vol. 1. Publ. ''Peter Tuffs''.</ref>). The raw materials and products were transported by a network of railways, and via a specially constructed harbour, Port Mulgrave, between Staithes and Runswick Bay (Osborne & Bowden, 2001, Osborne, R, and Bowden, A. 2001<ref name="Osborne 2001"></ref>. The Dinosaur Coast; Yorkshire rocks, reptiles, and landscape. ''North York Moors National Park. Falcon Press''). The Cleveland Ironstone Formation at Kettleness was exploited for a short while during the 1830’s at its outcrop on the foreshore and transferred directly to beached cargo vessels (Jecock, 2003<ref name="Jecock 2003"></ref>).

	A scattered iron industry was operated, beginning in the 1870’s but principally during the 20th c., in the East Midlands, stretching from Corby to Scunthorpe. This used mainly shallow quarries, and in a few cases mines, connected by a complex network of railways and roadways. In the East Midlands, ironstone with a high carbonate content was quarried and mined on a small scale from the Marlstone Rock Formation, for example at Holwell and Wartnaby (Leicestershire) (Carney et al., 2002<ref name="Carney 2002"></ref>), and at Harlaxton, Caythorpe, and Fulbeck (Lincolnshire) (Berridge et al., 1999<ref name="Berridge 1999"></ref>). However, the greater part of the industry, between Corby and Lincoln, and in the Wellingborough area of Northamptonshire, exploited low-carbonate ironstone in the nearby Northampton Sand Formation (Inferior Oolite Group) overlying the Whitby Mudstone Formation (Tonks, 1988<ref name="Tonks 1988">Tonks, E S. 1988. The ironstone quarries of the Midlands: history, operation and railways. Part 1: Introduction. ''Runpast Publishing'', Cheltenham </ref>). In many cases the two sources were combined to form a self-fluxing ore with optimum composition (Carney et al., 2002<ref name="Carney 2002"></ref>). The industry has now ceased, principally due to much greater volumes being readily obtainable from overseas, and the workings and infrastructure largely infilled and abandoned. Some quarries transferred to small-scale limestone extraction for cement, as this constituted the ironstone’s overburden.		A scattered iron industry was operated, beginning in the 1870’s but principally during the 20th c., in the East Midlands, stretching from Corby to Scunthorpe. This used mainly shallow quarries, and in a few cases mines, connected by a complex network of railways and roadways. In the East Midlands, ironstone with a high carbonate content was quarried and mined on a small scale from the Marlstone Rock Formation, for example at Holwell and Wartnaby (Leicestershire) (Carney et al., 2002<ref name="Carney 2002"></ref>), and at Harlaxton, Caythorpe, and Fulbeck (Lincolnshire) (Berridge et al., 1999<ref name="Berridge 1999"></ref>). However, the greater part of the industry, between Corby and Lincoln, and in the Wellingborough area of Northamptonshire, exploited low-carbonate ironstone in the nearby Northampton Sand Formation (Inferior Oolite Group) overlying the Whitby Mudstone Formation (Tonks, 1988<ref name="Tonks 1988">Tonks, E S. 1988. The ironstone quarries of the Midlands: history, operation and railways. Part 1: Introduction. ''Runpast Publishing'', Cheltenham </ref>). In many cases the two sources were combined to form a self-fluxing ore with optimum composition (Carney et al., 2002<ref name="Carney 2002"></ref>). The industry has now ceased, principally due to much greater volumes being readily obtainable from overseas, and the workings and infrastructure largely infilled and abandoned. Some quarries transferred to small-scale limestone extraction for cement, as this constituted the ironstone’s overburden.

Ajhil: /* Cement */

2021-08-03T12:22:46Z

Cement

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:22, 3 August 2021
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	Some production of limestone for cement was closely associated with ironstone working, during the 20th c., in the Marlstone Rock Formation in Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, and Rutland.		Some production of limestone for cement was closely associated with ironstone working, during the 20th c., in the Marlstone Rock Formation in Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, and Rutland.

	[[Image:OR12032fig4.4.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| '''Figure 4.4'''    ]Blue Circle quarry (south side) at Parkfield Road (eastern site), Rugby. Charmouth Mudstone Formation (top) and Blue Lias F. (bottom). ]]		[[Image:OR12032fig4.4.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| '''Figure 4.4'''    Blue Circle quarry (south side) at Parkfield Road (eastern site), Rugby. Charmouth Mudstone Formation (top) and Blue Lias F. (bottom). ]]

	==Iron==		==Iron==

Ajhil: /* Cement */

2021-08-03T12:22:27Z

Cement

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:22, 3 August 2021
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	During the 19th century hydraulic lime was produced from the Blue Lias in Dorset and Somerset, from the Alum Shale Member (formerly referred to as Cement Shales from the Alum Shale Series/Formation) of the Whitby Mudstone Formation in North Yorkshire (Rayner & Hemingway, 1974<ref name="Rayner 1974"></ref>), and from the Barnstone Member of the Scunthorpe Mudstone Formation in the East Midlands (Carney et al., 2002<ref name="Carney 2002">Carney, J N, Ambrose, K, and Brandon, A. 2002. Geology of the Melton Mowbray district: a brief explanation of the geological map Sheet 142, Melton Mowbray. ''British Geological Survey''. NERC.</ref>). The process consisted of calcining in kilns and grinding to a fine powder. The heated calcium carbonate produced calcium oxide (quick-lime) with carbon dioxide given off. This unstable compound reacted with water to produce calcium hydroxide. This could then be mixed with sand to make mortar. Exposed to air, this slowly took on carbon dioxide and reverted to calcium carbonate (carbonation). The industry supplied several watertight Victorian structures at Scarborough (Fox-Strangways, 1892<ref name="Fox-Strangways 1892"></ref>). The industry has recently been revived on a small-scale in the Blue Lias Formation at Tout quarry, Somerset, in order to provide authentic construction materials for restoration and conservation.		During the 19th century hydraulic lime was produced from the Blue Lias in Dorset and Somerset, from the Alum Shale Member (formerly referred to as Cement Shales from the Alum Shale Series/Formation) of the Whitby Mudstone Formation in North Yorkshire (Rayner & Hemingway, 1974<ref name="Rayner 1974"></ref>), and from the Barnstone Member of the Scunthorpe Mudstone Formation in the East Midlands (Carney et al., 2002<ref name="Carney 2002">Carney, J N, Ambrose, K, and Brandon, A. 2002. Geology of the Melton Mowbray district: a brief explanation of the geological map Sheet 142, Melton Mowbray. ''British Geological Survey''. NERC.</ref>). The process consisted of calcining in kilns and grinding to a fine powder. The heated calcium carbonate produced calcium oxide (quick-lime) with carbon dioxide given off. This unstable compound reacted with water to produce calcium hydroxide. This could then be mixed with sand to make mortar. Exposed to air, this slowly took on carbon dioxide and reverted to calcium carbonate (carbonation). The industry supplied several watertight Victorian structures at Scarborough (Fox-Strangways, 1892<ref name="Fox-Strangways 1892"></ref>). The industry has recently been revived on a small-scale in the Blue Lias Formation at Tout quarry, Somerset, in order to provide authentic construction materials for restoration and conservation.

	Cement has been produced in the Rugby area since 1820, the first operations having been sited at Newbold. Cement was produced under the ‘Portland’ name from 1870. Portland cement is composed principally of anhydrous calcium silicates, and is made by calcining a mixture of clay, silica and limestone to about 1~~ ~~500°C. Currently, cement is produced from the Blue Lias at two locations in Rugby (Figure 4.4).		Cement has been produced in the Rugby area since 1820, the first operations having been sited at Newbold. Cement was produced under the ‘Portland’ name from 1870. Portland cement is composed principally of anhydrous calcium silicates, and is made by calcining a mixture of clay, silica and limestone to about 1,500°C. Currently, cement is produced from the Blue Lias at two locations in Rugby (Figure 4.4).

	Some production of limestone for cement was closely associated with ironstone working, during the 20th c., in the Marlstone Rock Formation in Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, and Rutland.		Some production of limestone for cement was closely associated with ironstone working, during the 20th c., in the Marlstone Rock Formation in Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, and Rutland.

Ajhil: /* Cement */

2021-08-03T12:22:11Z

Cement

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:22, 3 August 2021
Line 26:		Line 26:
	During the 19th century hydraulic lime was produced from the Blue Lias in Dorset and Somerset, from the Alum Shale Member (formerly referred to as Cement Shales from the Alum Shale Series/Formation) of the Whitby Mudstone Formation in North Yorkshire (Rayner & Hemingway, 1974<ref name="Rayner 1974"></ref>), and from the Barnstone Member of the Scunthorpe Mudstone Formation in the East Midlands (Carney et al., 2002<ref name="Carney 2002">Carney, J N, Ambrose, K, and Brandon, A. 2002. Geology of the Melton Mowbray district: a brief explanation of the geological map Sheet 142, Melton Mowbray. ''British Geological Survey''. NERC.</ref>). The process consisted of calcining in kilns and grinding to a fine powder. The heated calcium carbonate produced calcium oxide (quick-lime) with carbon dioxide given off. This unstable compound reacted with water to produce calcium hydroxide. This could then be mixed with sand to make mortar. Exposed to air, this slowly took on carbon dioxide and reverted to calcium carbonate (carbonation). The industry supplied several watertight Victorian structures at Scarborough (Fox-Strangways, 1892<ref name="Fox-Strangways 1892"></ref>). The industry has recently been revived on a small-scale in the Blue Lias Formation at Tout quarry, Somerset, in order to provide authentic construction materials for restoration and conservation.		During the 19th century hydraulic lime was produced from the Blue Lias in Dorset and Somerset, from the Alum Shale Member (formerly referred to as Cement Shales from the Alum Shale Series/Formation) of the Whitby Mudstone Formation in North Yorkshire (Rayner & Hemingway, 1974<ref name="Rayner 1974"></ref>), and from the Barnstone Member of the Scunthorpe Mudstone Formation in the East Midlands (Carney et al., 2002<ref name="Carney 2002">Carney, J N, Ambrose, K, and Brandon, A. 2002. Geology of the Melton Mowbray district: a brief explanation of the geological map Sheet 142, Melton Mowbray. ''British Geological Survey''. NERC.</ref>). The process consisted of calcining in kilns and grinding to a fine powder. The heated calcium carbonate produced calcium oxide (quick-lime) with carbon dioxide given off. This unstable compound reacted with water to produce calcium hydroxide. This could then be mixed with sand to make mortar. Exposed to air, this slowly took on carbon dioxide and reverted to calcium carbonate (carbonation). The industry supplied several watertight Victorian structures at Scarborough (Fox-Strangways, 1892<ref name="Fox-Strangways 1892"></ref>). The industry has recently been revived on a small-scale in the Blue Lias Formation at Tout quarry, Somerset, in order to provide authentic construction materials for restoration and conservation.

	Cement has been produced in the Rugby area since 1820, the first operations having been sited at Newbold. Cement was produced under the ‘Portland’ name from 1870. Portland cement is composed principally of anhydrous calcium silicates, and is made by calcining a mixture of clay, silica and limestone to about 1,500°C. Currently, cement is produced from the Blue Lias at two locations in Rugby (Figure 4.4).		Cement has been produced in the Rugby area since 1820, the first operations having been sited at Newbold. Cement was produced under the ‘Portland’ name from 1870. Portland cement is composed principally of anhydrous calcium silicates, and is made by calcining a mixture of clay, silica and limestone to about 1 500°C. Currently, cement is produced from the Blue Lias at two locations in Rugby (Figure 4.4).

	Some production of limestone for cement was closely associated with ironstone working, during the 20th c., in the Marlstone Rock Formation in Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, and Rutland.		Some production of limestone for cement was closely associated with ironstone working, during the 20th c., in the Marlstone Rock Formation in Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, and Rutland.

Dbk: /* Building stone */

2019-11-27T15:19:39Z

Building stone

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:19, 27 November 2019
Line 41:		Line 41:

	==Building stone==		==Building stone==
	The principal Lias Group rocks that have been used as a source of building stone are limestones and, to a much lesser extent, sandstones. Limestones within the Lias Group have been purposely quarried or mined for building stone, generally for local use (Woodward, 1893<ref name="Woodward 1893">~~Woodward, H B. 1893. The Jurassic rocks of Britain. Vol. 3. The Lias of England and Wales (Yorkshire excepted). ''Memoir of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom''.~~</ref>), but more often on an ad hoc basis where present as overburden in the pursuit of other minerals, and on the coast where quarrying and transport by sea was easy (Smith, 1974<ref name="Smith 1974">Smith, E G. 1974. Constructional materials and miscellaneous mineral products, 361–371. In: The geology and mineral resources of Yorkshire. Rayner, D H, and Hemingway, J E (editors). ''(Leeds: Yorkshire Geological Society.)'' </ref>). Examples of limestone building stones exploited in the Lias Group are given in Table 4.1 (Smith, 1999<ref name="Smith 1999">Smith, M R (ed). 1999. Stone: building stone, rock fill and armourstone in construction. ''Geological Society, London. Engineering Geology Special Publications'', 16. </ref>).		The principal Lias Group rocks that have been used as a source of building stone are limestones and, to a much lesser extent, sandstones. Limestones within the Lias Group have been purposely quarried or mined for building stone, generally for local use (Woodward, 1893<ref name="Woodward 1893"></ref>), but more often on an ad hoc basis where present as overburden in the pursuit of other minerals, and on the coast where quarrying and transport by sea was easy (Smith, 1974<ref name="Smith 1974">Smith, E G. 1974. Constructional materials and miscellaneous mineral products, 361–371. In: The geology and mineral resources of Yorkshire. Rayner, D H, and Hemingway, J E (editors). ''(Leeds: Yorkshire Geological Society.)'' </ref>). Examples of limestone building stones exploited in the Lias Group are given in Table 4.1 (Smith, 1999<ref name="Smith 1999">Smith, M R (ed). 1999. Stone: building stone, rock fill and armourstone in construction. ''Geological Society, London. Engineering Geology Special Publications'', 16. </ref>).

	<center>		<center>
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	In South Wales, limestones from Sutton, near Bridgend (Glamorgan) were of good quality and used for building and walling. Similar stone was quarried at Shepton Mallet and at Street, Somerset (Woodward, 1893<ref name="Woodward 1893"></ref>).		In South Wales, limestones from Sutton, near Bridgend (Glamorgan) were of good quality and used for building and walling. Similar stone was quarried at Shepton Mallet and at Street, Somerset (Woodward, 1893<ref name="Woodward 1893"></ref>).

	Currently, building stone is extracted in Somerset (Yeovil, Somerton, Downslade, Tout), Avon (Stowey), Oxfordshire (Balscote), Gloucestershire (Marshfield), Warwickshire (Avon Dassett, Edgehill, Wellesbourne). Other smaller quarries in these counties supply aggregate and ornamental stone (Cameron et al., 2002<ref name="Cameron 2002">Cameron, D G, Bartlett, E L, Coats, J S, Highley, D E, Lott, G K, Flight, D, Hillier, J, and Harrison, J. 2002. Directory of Mines and Quarries, 6th ed., 2002. ''British Geological Survey''. NERC</ref>).		Currently, building stone is extracted in Somerset (Yeovil, Somerton, Downslade, Tout), Avon (Stowey), Oxfordshire (Balscote), Gloucestershire (Marshfield), Warwickshire (Avon Dassett, Edgehill, Wellesbourne). Other smaller quarries in these counties supply aggregate and ornamental stone (Cameron et al., 2002<ref name="Cameron 2002">Cameron, D G, Bartlett, E L, Coats, J S, Highley, D E, Lott, G K, Flight, D, Hillier, J, and Harrison, J. 2002. Directory of Mines and Quarries, 6th ed., 2002. ''British Geological Survey''. NERC</ref>).

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:OR/12/032 Engineering Geology of British rocks and soils - Lias Group \| 07]]		[[Category:OR/12/032 Engineering Geology of British rocks and soils - Lias Group \| 07]]

Dbk: /* Iron */

2019-11-27T15:18:03Z

Iron

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:18, 27 November 2019
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	==Iron==		==Iron==
	The once-thriving Teesside iron industry was based on the mining of the Kettleness Member of the Cleveland Ironstone Formation (Howard, 1985<ref name="Howard 1985">Howard, A S. 1985. Lithostratigraphy of the Staithes Sandstone and Cleveland Ironstone formations (Lower Jurassic) of north-east Yorkshire. ''Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society'', Vol. 45, 261–275.</ref>; Tuffs, 1999<ref name="Tuffs 1999"></ref>). It contains beds of siderite and berthierine, often somewhat nodular, ooidal ironstone, which occurs at the tops of sedimentary rhythms. There are six, named, ironstone bands which are best developed in the Guisborough-Loftus area near Middlesbrough, and were mined here and elsewhere in East Cleveland (Tuffs, 1999<ref name="Tuffs 1999">Tuffs, P. 1999. Catalogue of Cleveland ironstone mines. Cleveland Ironstone Series. Industrial Archaeology of Cleveland. ''Publ: P. Tuffs''. </ref>), and also in Rosedale and Eskdale. In these areas they form up to 20 per cent of the thickness of the formation. These were worked during the mid 19th to early 20th centuries. A few mines were situated near the cliff edge as at Huntcliff, Brotton (Chapman, 1997<ref name="Chapman 1997">Chapman, S. 1997. Wheels turning and smoke rising. Cleveland Ironstone Series. Vol. 1. Publ. ''Peter Tuffs''.</ref>). The raw materials and products were transported by a network of railways, and via a specially constructed harbour, Port Mulgrave, between Staithes and Runswick Bay (Osborne & Bowden, 2001~~<ref name="Osborne 2001">~~Osborne, R, and Bowden, A. 2001</ref>. The Dinosaur Coast; Yorkshire rocks, reptiles, and landscape. ''North York Moors National Park. Falcon Press''.</ref>). The Cleveland Ironstone Formation at Kettleness was exploited for a short while during the 1830’s at its outcrop on the foreshore and transferred directly to beached cargo vessels (Jecock, 2003<ref name="Jecock 2003"></ref>).		The once-thriving Teesside iron industry was based on the mining of the Kettleness Member of the Cleveland Ironstone Formation (Howard, 1985<ref name="Howard 1985">Howard, A S. 1985. Lithostratigraphy of the Staithes Sandstone and Cleveland Ironstone formations (Lower Jurassic) of north-east Yorkshire. ''Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society'', Vol. 45, 261–275.</ref>; Tuffs, 1999<ref name="Tuffs 1999"></ref>). It contains beds of siderite and berthierine, often somewhat nodular, ooidal ironstone, which occurs at the tops of sedimentary rhythms. There are six, named, ironstone bands which are best developed in the Guisborough-Loftus area near Middlesbrough, and were mined here and elsewhere in East Cleveland (Tuffs, 1999<ref name="Tuffs 1999">Tuffs, P. 1999. Catalogue of Cleveland ironstone mines. Cleveland Ironstone Series. Industrial Archaeology of Cleveland. ''Publ: P. Tuffs''. </ref>), and also in Rosedale and Eskdale. In these areas they form up to 20 per cent of the thickness of the formation. These were worked during the mid 19th to early 20th centuries. A few mines were situated near the cliff edge as at Huntcliff, Brotton (Chapman, 1997<ref name="Chapman 1997">Chapman, S. 1997. Wheels turning and smoke rising. Cleveland Ironstone Series. Vol. 1. Publ. ''Peter Tuffs''.</ref>). The raw materials and products were transported by a network of railways, and via a specially constructed harbour, Port Mulgrave, between Staithes and Runswick Bay (Osborne & Bowden, 2001, Osborne, R, and Bowden, A. 2001<ref name="Osborne 2001"></ref>. The Dinosaur Coast; Yorkshire rocks, reptiles, and landscape. ''North York Moors National Park. Falcon Press''.</ref>). The Cleveland Ironstone Formation at Kettleness was exploited for a short while during the 1830’s at its outcrop on the foreshore and transferred directly to beached cargo vessels (Jecock, 2003<ref name="Jecock 2003"></ref>).

	A scattered iron industry was operated, beginning in the 1870’s but principally during the 20th c., in the East Midlands, stretching from Corby to Scunthorpe. This used mainly shallow quarries, and in a few cases mines, connected by a complex network of railways and roadways. In the East Midlands, ironstone with a high carbonate content was quarried and mined on a small scale from the Marlstone Rock Formation, for example at Holwell and Wartnaby (Leicestershire) (Carney et al., 2002<ref name="Carney 2002"></ref>), and at Harlaxton, Caythorpe, and Fulbeck (Lincolnshire) (Berridge et al., 1999<ref name="Berridge 1999"></ref>). However, the greater part of the industry, between Corby and Lincoln, and in the Wellingborough area of Northamptonshire, exploited low-carbonate ironstone in the nearby Northampton Sand Formation (Inferior Oolite Group) overlying the Whitby Mudstone Formation (Tonks, 1988<ref name="Tonks 1988">Tonks, E S. 1988. The ironstone quarries of the Midlands: history, operation and railways. Part 1: Introduction. ''Runpast Publishing'', Cheltenham </ref>). In many cases the two sources were combined to form a self-fluxing ore with optimum composition (Carney et al., 2002<ref name="Carney 2002"></ref>). The industry has now ceased, principally due to much greater volumes being readily obtainable from overseas, and the workings and infrastructure largely infilled and abandoned. Some quarries transferred to small-scale limestone extraction for cement, as this constituted the ironstone’s overburden.		A scattered iron industry was operated, beginning in the 1870’s but principally during the 20th c., in the East Midlands, stretching from Corby to Scunthorpe. This used mainly shallow quarries, and in a few cases mines, connected by a complex network of railways and roadways. In the East Midlands, ironstone with a high carbonate content was quarried and mined on a small scale from the Marlstone Rock Formation, for example at Holwell and Wartnaby (Leicestershire) (Carney et al., 2002<ref name="Carney 2002"></ref>), and at Harlaxton, Caythorpe, and Fulbeck (Lincolnshire) (Berridge et al., 1999<ref name="Berridge 1999"></ref>). However, the greater part of the industry, between Corby and Lincoln, and in the Wellingborough area of Northamptonshire, exploited low-carbonate ironstone in the nearby Northampton Sand Formation (Inferior Oolite Group) overlying the Whitby Mudstone Formation (Tonks, 1988<ref name="Tonks 1988">Tonks, E S. 1988. The ironstone quarries of the Midlands: history, operation and railways. Part 1: Introduction. ''Runpast Publishing'', Cheltenham </ref>). In many cases the two sources were combined to form a self-fluxing ore with optimum composition (Carney et al., 2002<ref name="Carney 2002"></ref>). The industry has now ceased, principally due to much greater volumes being readily obtainable from overseas, and the workings and infrastructure largely infilled and abandoned. Some quarries transferred to small-scale limestone extraction for cement, as this constituted the ironstone’s overburden.

Dbk: /* Iron */

2019-11-27T15:16:53Z

Iron

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:16, 27 November 2019
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	==Iron==		==Iron==
	The once-thriving Teesside iron industry was based on the mining of the Kettleness Member of the Cleveland Ironstone Formation (Howard, 1985<ref name="Howard 1985">Howard, A S. 1985. Lithostratigraphy of the Staithes Sandstone and Cleveland Ironstone formations (Lower Jurassic) of north-east Yorkshire. ''Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society'', Vol. 45, 261–275.</ref>; Tuffs, 1999<ref name="Tuffs 1999"></ref>). It contains beds of siderite and berthierine, often somewhat nodular, ooidal ironstone, which occurs at the tops of sedimentary rhythms. There are six, named, ironstone bands which are best developed in the Guisborough-Loftus area near Middlesbrough, and were mined here and elsewhere in East Cleveland (Tuffs, 1999<ref name="Tuffs 1999">Tuffs, P. 1999. Catalogue of Cleveland ironstone mines. Cleveland Ironstone Series. Industrial Archaeology of Cleveland. ''Publ: P. Tuffs''. </ref>), and also in Rosedale and Eskdale. In these areas they form up to 20 per cent of the thickness of the formation. These were worked during the mid 19th to early 20th centuries. A few mines were situated near the cliff edge as at Huntcliff, Brotton (Chapman, 1997<ref name="Chapman 1997">Chapman, S. 1997. Wheels turning and smoke rising. Cleveland Ironstone Series. Vol. 1. Publ. ''Peter Tuffs''.</ref>). The raw materials and products were transported by a network of railways, and via a specially constructed harbour, Port Mulgrave, between Staithes and Runswick Bay (Osborne & Bowden, 2001<ref name="Osborne 2001">Osborne, R, and Bowden, A. 2001. The Dinosaur Coast; Yorkshire rocks, reptiles, and landscape. ''North York Moors National Park. Falcon Press''.</ref>). The Cleveland Ironstone Formation at Kettleness was exploited for a short while during the 1830’s at its outcrop on the foreshore and transferred directly to beached cargo vessels (Jecock, 2003<ref name="Jecock 2003"></ref>).		The once-thriving Teesside iron industry was based on the mining of the Kettleness Member of the Cleveland Ironstone Formation (Howard, 1985<ref name="Howard 1985">Howard, A S. 1985. Lithostratigraphy of the Staithes Sandstone and Cleveland Ironstone formations (Lower Jurassic) of north-east Yorkshire. ''Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society'', Vol. 45, 261–275.</ref>; Tuffs, 1999<ref name="Tuffs 1999"></ref>). It contains beds of siderite and berthierine, often somewhat nodular, ooidal ironstone, which occurs at the tops of sedimentary rhythms. There are six, named, ironstone bands which are best developed in the Guisborough-Loftus area near Middlesbrough, and were mined here and elsewhere in East Cleveland (Tuffs, 1999<ref name="Tuffs 1999">Tuffs, P. 1999. Catalogue of Cleveland ironstone mines. Cleveland Ironstone Series. Industrial Archaeology of Cleveland. ''Publ: P. Tuffs''. </ref>), and also in Rosedale and Eskdale. In these areas they form up to 20 per cent of the thickness of the formation. These were worked during the mid 19th to early 20th centuries. A few mines were situated near the cliff edge as at Huntcliff, Brotton (Chapman, 1997<ref name="Chapman 1997">Chapman, S. 1997. Wheels turning and smoke rising. Cleveland Ironstone Series. Vol. 1. Publ. ''Peter Tuffs''.</ref>). The raw materials and products were transported by a network of railways, and via a specially constructed harbour, Port Mulgrave, between Staithes and Runswick Bay (Osborne & Bowden, 2001<ref name="Osborne 2001">Osborne, R, and Bowden, A. 2001</ref>. The Dinosaur Coast; Yorkshire rocks, reptiles, and landscape. ''North York Moors National Park. Falcon Press''.</ref>). The Cleveland Ironstone Formation at Kettleness was exploited for a short while during the 1830’s at its outcrop on the foreshore and transferred directly to beached cargo vessels (Jecock, 2003<ref name="Jecock 2003"></ref>).

	A scattered iron industry was operated, beginning in the 1870’s but principally during the 20th c., in the East Midlands, stretching from Corby to Scunthorpe. This used mainly shallow quarries, and in a few cases mines, connected by a complex network of railways and roadways. In the East Midlands, ironstone with a high carbonate content was quarried and mined on a small scale from the Marlstone Rock Formation, for example at Holwell and Wartnaby (Leicestershire) (Carney et al., 2002<ref name="Carney 2002"></ref>), and at Harlaxton, Caythorpe, and Fulbeck (Lincolnshire) (Berridge et al., 1999<ref name="Berridge 1999"></ref>). However, the greater part of the industry, between Corby and Lincoln, and in the Wellingborough area of Northamptonshire, exploited low-carbonate ironstone in the nearby Northampton Sand Formation (Inferior Oolite Group) overlying the Whitby Mudstone Formation (Tonks, 1988<ref name="Tonks 1988">Tonks, E S. 1988. The ironstone quarries of the Midlands: history, operation and railways. Part 1: Introduction. ''Runpast Publishing'', Cheltenham </ref>). In many cases the two sources were combined to form a self-fluxing ore with optimum composition (Carney et al., 2002<ref name="Carney 2002"></ref>). The industry has now ceased, principally due to much greater volumes being readily obtainable from overseas, and the workings and infrastructure largely infilled and abandoned. Some quarries transferred to small-scale limestone extraction for cement, as this constituted the ironstone’s overburden.		A scattered iron industry was operated, beginning in the 1870’s but principally during the 20th c., in the East Midlands, stretching from Corby to Scunthorpe. This used mainly shallow quarries, and in a few cases mines, connected by a complex network of railways and roadways. In the East Midlands, ironstone with a high carbonate content was quarried and mined on a small scale from the Marlstone Rock Formation, for example at Holwell and Wartnaby (Leicestershire) (Carney et al., 2002<ref name="Carney 2002"></ref>), and at Harlaxton, Caythorpe, and Fulbeck (Lincolnshire) (Berridge et al., 1999<ref name="Berridge 1999"></ref>). However, the greater part of the industry, between Corby and Lincoln, and in the Wellingborough area of Northamptonshire, exploited low-carbonate ironstone in the nearby Northampton Sand Formation (Inferior Oolite Group) overlying the Whitby Mudstone Formation (Tonks, 1988<ref name="Tonks 1988">Tonks, E S. 1988. The ironstone quarries of the Midlands: history, operation and railways. Part 1: Introduction. ''Runpast Publishing'', Cheltenham </ref>). In many cases the two sources were combined to form a self-fluxing ore with optimum composition (Carney et al., 2002<ref name="Carney 2002"></ref>). The industry has now ceased, principally due to much greater volumes being readily obtainable from overseas, and the workings and infrastructure largely infilled and abandoned. Some quarries transferred to small-scale limestone extraction for cement, as this constituted the ironstone’s overburden.

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