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{{OR/14/067}}
There has been growing interest in recent years in the application of phosphate δ18O for investigating sources and processing of P in the aquatic environment (e.g. McLaughlin et al., 2004<ref name="McLaughlin 2004">MCLAUGHLIN, K, SILVA, S, KENDALL, C, STUART-WILLIAMS, H, and PAYTAN, A. 2004. A precise method for the analysis of δ18O of dissolved inorganic phosphate in seawater. ''Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods'', 2, 202–212.</ref>; Elsbury et al., 2009<ref name="Elsbury 2009">ELSBURY, K E, PAYTAN, A, OSTROM, N E, KENDALL, C, YOUNG, M B, MCLAUGHLIN, K, and WATSON, S. 2009. Using oxygen isotopes of phosphate to trace phosphorus sources and cycling in Lake Erie. ''Environmental science & technology, 43(9)'', 3108–3114.</ref>; Chang and Blake 2014<ref name="Chang 2014">CHANG, S J, and BLAKE, R E. 2014. Precise Calibration of Equilibrium Oxygen Isotope Fractionations between Dissolved Phosphate and Water from 3–37° C. ''Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta''.</ref>). It is now widely acknowledged that these early methods first used for ocean and estuary studies are not ideal for samples with high C:P ratios, such as groundwater, river water and treated sewerage waters, due to the potential for co-precipitation of organics with Ag3PO4. For such samples, the McLaughlin (2004)
<ref name="McLaughlin 2004"></ref> method has been found to not fully remove organics with resulting C contents >1% possible in samples used for analysis. This can potentially lead to δ18O values that are not specific to PO4, but rather are a mixture of organic oxygen and PO4 oxygen, leading to erroneous values if the two pools have different δ18O signatures. This report brings together work undertaken at the BGS Wallingford laboratory to develop and use a method for extracting phosphate (PO4) from waters, with high C:P ratios, for phosphate δ18O characterisation.

Anion exchange resins have been used for several decades (e.g. Hoering 1957<ref name="Hoering 1957">HOERING, T. 1957. The isotopic composition of the ammonia and the nitrate ion in rain. ''Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 12(1)'', 97–102.</ref>; Qian et al., 1992<ref name="Qian 1992">QIAN, P, SCHOENAU, J J, and HUANG, W Z. 1992. Use of ion exchange membranes in routine soil testing. ''Communications in Soil Science & Plant Analysis, 23(15–16)'', 1791–1804.</ref>) to isolate nutrients for elemental and isotope analysis including phosphate δ18O analysis of rocks (Crowson et al., 1991<ref name="Crowson 1991">CROWSON, R A, SHOWERS, W J, WRIGHT, E K, and HOERING, T C. 1991. Preparation of phosphate samples for oxygen isotope analysis. ''Analytical Chemistry, 63(20)'', 2397–2400.</ref>), and more recently for waters (e.g. Gross et al., 2013<ref name="Gross 2013">GROSS, A, NISHRI, A, and ANGERT, A. 2013. Use of phosphate oxygen isotopes for identifying atmospheric-P sources: A case study at Lake Kinneret. ''Environmental science & technology, 47(6)'', 2721–2727.</ref>). DAX-8 resins have been used for removal of organics prior to phosphate δ18O analysis for soil extractable P (Tamburini et al., 2010<ref name="Tamburini 2010">TAMBURINI, F, BERNASCONI, S M, ANGERT, A, WEINER, T, and FROSSARD, E. 2010. A method for the analysis of the δ18O of inorganic phosphate extracted from soils with HCl. ''European Journal of Soil Science, 61(6)'', 1025–1032.</ref>) and waters (Gross et al., 2013<ref name="Gross 2013"></ref>). Li et al (2011) presented a modified McLaughlin et al (2004)<ref name="McLaughlin 2004"></ref> method which involved recycling steps within the original method to remove organics and obtain a more pure Ag3PO4 precipitate. However, this is a very time consuming alternative to that presented here, and independent tests carried out at the BGS laboratories suggest that it may not be a fully effective method and reduced P recoveries are also inevitable.
This method includes the use of a front-end two-step column system first employed by Dr Ben Surridge (co-author from Lancaster University) which combines the use of column resins in series to (i) remove the majority of dissolved organic carbon and (ii) isolate/pre-concentrate PO4. This is followed by the use of a modified McLaughlin et al (2004)<ref name="McLaughlin 2004"></ref> method for PO4 precipitaiton, with an additional final hydrogen peroxide clean-up step to remove residual organic matter following precipitation of Ag3PO4. The reagents required for this method are listed and then a step-by-step account of the process is outlined. Importantly, we hope that it contains adequate detail to be used by other researchers in this field or modified to suit their particular research objectives.
==References==
<References/>
[[category:OR/14/067 Method for analysing phosphate 18O/16O ratios for waters with high C:P ratios| 02]]

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