OR/15/001 Executive summary - Revision history

Dbk at 09:35, 29 September 2015

2015-09-29T09:35:33Z

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	The Caribbean is heavily affected by natural (and geo-) hazards with over 5 billion US$ in losses in the last 20 years (source: CRED database) Figure 1 illustrates the division of natural disaster by occurrence in the region over the last 30 years, providing an insight into the impact in the region over a significant time period. A specific example of the environmental, social, economic and political issues that the project is addressing is highlighted by the effects of Hurricane Tomas on St Lucia in October 2010. The hurricane resulted in seven deaths with 5952 people severely affected, while the cost of the damage was estimated at US$336.2 million, representing 43.4% of GDP (ECLAC, 2011<ref name="ECLAC">ECLAC Report (2011). Saint Lucia: Macro socio-economic and environmental assessment of the damage and losses caused by Hurricane Tomas: a geo-environmental disaster. Towards Resilience. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 183pp.</ref>). Understanding and mitigating these 'geo-environmental disasters' (as they are termed in ECLAC, 2011<ref name="ECLAC"></ref>) is a primary concern in the region.		The Caribbean is heavily affected by natural (and geo-) hazards with over 5 billion US$ in losses in the last 20 years (source: CRED database) Figure 1 illustrates the division of natural disaster by occurrence in the region over the last 30 years, providing an insight into the impact in the region over a significant time period. A specific example of the environmental, social, economic and political issues that the project is addressing is highlighted by the effects of Hurricane Tomas on St Lucia in October 2010. The hurricane resulted in seven deaths with 5952 people severely affected, while the cost of the damage was estimated at US$336.2 million, representing 43.4% of GDP (ECLAC, 2011<ref name="ECLAC">ECLAC Report (2011). Saint Lucia: Macro socio-economic and environmental assessment of the damage and losses caused by Hurricane Tomas: a geo-environmental disaster. Towards Resilience. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 183pp.</ref>). Understanding and mitigating these 'geo-environmental disasters' (as they are termed in ECLAC, 2011<ref name="ECLAC"></ref>) is a primary concern in the region.

	[[Image:~~15001 fig1~~.jpg\|thumb\|center\|400px\|'''Figure 1''' Natural disaster occurrences in the Caribbean region. Source: CRED database.]]		[[Image:15001fig1.jpg\|thumb\|center\|400px\|'''Figure 1''' Natural disaster occurrences in the Caribbean region. Source: CRED database.]]

	The ITC-led Caribbean Handbook for Disaster Information Management (CHARIM) is operating in five Caribbean countries (Belize, Dominica, Saint Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines and Grenada). CHARIM has several objectives including developing a structure for landslide and flood hazard and risk assessment. This ESA project is focussed on 'risk information services for disaster risk management in the Caribbean' a title that has been abbreviated to '''EO-RISC '''(Earth Observation for Risk Information Services in the Caribbean) internally by BGS. EO-RISC deliverables directly contribute to the CHARIM objectives e.g. by providing data and services that enable certain hazards such as landslides to be identified directly.		The ITC-led Caribbean Handbook for Disaster Information Management (CHARIM) is operating in five Caribbean countries (Belize, Dominica, Saint Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines and Grenada). CHARIM has several objectives including developing a structure for landslide and flood hazard and risk assessment. This ESA project is focussed on 'risk information services for disaster risk management in the Caribbean' a title that has been abbreviated to '''EO-RISC '''(Earth Observation for Risk Information Services in the Caribbean) internally by BGS. EO-RISC deliverables directly contribute to the CHARIM objectives e.g. by providing data and services that enable certain hazards such as landslides to be identified directly.
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	Of the natural disasters listed above, BGS has been tasked with producing an inventory of landsides; over 1200 landslides were identified in St Lucia alone from the satellite imagery. The impact of this geohazard on the island was noted at first hand during the fieldwork when travel was curtailed e.g. roads were closed due to landslides (Figure 2).		Of the natural disasters listed above, BGS has been tasked with producing an inventory of landsides; over 1200 landslides were identified in St Lucia alone from the satellite imagery. The impact of this geohazard on the island was noted at first hand during the fieldwork when travel was curtailed e.g. roads were closed due to landslides (Figure 2).

	[[Image:~~15001 fig2~~.jpg\|thumb\|center\|400px\|'''Figure 2''' Road closure due to landslides — the type of problem the project is addressing.]]		[[Image:15001fig2.jpg\|thumb\|center\|400px\|'''Figure 2''' Road closure due to landslides — the type of problem the project is addressing.]]

	Section 3 outlines the products that were delivered in response to the issues affecting the region.		Section 3 outlines the products that were delivered in response to the issues affecting the region.
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	The opportunities to capture landslide event outlines is strongly linked with the time period between trigger and image capture. The use of a multi-temporal image stack therefore provides the best opportunity to achieve ‘completeness’ of the database. The database can then be used to evaluate how quickly a landscape recovers and what the consequences are of subsequent trigger events (Figure 3). For St Lucia, the time series captured two major landslide trigger events; the 2010 Hurricane Tomas event and the 2013 December Trough. This has led to important insights into changes in the annual inventories as the landscape firstly recovers and then gets disturbed at a later date.		The opportunities to capture landslide event outlines is strongly linked with the time period between trigger and image capture. The use of a multi-temporal image stack therefore provides the best opportunity to achieve ‘completeness’ of the database. The database can then be used to evaluate how quickly a landscape recovers and what the consequences are of subsequent trigger events (Figure 3). For St Lucia, the time series captured two major landslide trigger events; the 2010 Hurricane Tomas event and the 2013 December Trough. This has led to important insights into changes in the annual inventories as the landscape firstly recovers and then gets disturbed at a later date.

	[[Image:~~15001 fig3~~.jpg\|thumb\|center\|600px\|'''Figure 3''' Landscape recovery versus trigger event recurrence. When recurrence exceeds recovery, relatively stable system vulnerability can be assumed (A), but when recovery exceeds recurrence, system vulnerability is likely to increase significantly. (From Dijkstra et al., 2014).]]		[[Image:15001fig3.jpg\|thumb\|center\|600px\|'''Figure 3''' Landscape recovery versus trigger event recurrence. When recurrence exceeds recovery, relatively stable system vulnerability can be assumed (A), but when recovery exceeds recurrence, system vulnerability is likely to increase significantly. (From Dijkstra et al., 2014).]]

	Two previous inventories were available for comparison with the present dataset. In 1995 some 712 events were identified, whilst an inventory created following 2010 Hurricane Tomas captured 1132 landslide events. The current multi-temporal inventory covered the years of 2010–2014 and contained 1233 landslide polygons that have been classed as active (fresh signs of landsliding) or inactive (no evidence of active movement, but still recognisable landslide features) at least once during this period. Generally, each polygon represents a single event. However, where clusters of very small events (dimensions smaller than about 5m) are encountered, a single polygon can represent more than one landslide. There are considerable benefits offered by a sequential analysis covering several years, including a reduction in the effects of cloud cover, a better insight into persistence of features and a more comprehensive capture of events. Any year looked at in isolation is likely to result in fewer events being recorded.		Two previous inventories were available for comparison with the present dataset. In 1995 some 712 events were identified, whilst an inventory created following 2010 Hurricane Tomas captured 1132 landslide events. The current multi-temporal inventory covered the years of 2010–2014 and contained 1233 landslide polygons that have been classed as active (fresh signs of landsliding) or inactive (no evidence of active movement, but still recognisable landslide features) at least once during this period. Generally, each polygon represents a single event. However, where clusters of very small events (dimensions smaller than about 5m) are encountered, a single polygon can represent more than one landslide. There are considerable benefits offered by a sequential analysis covering several years, including a reduction in the effects of cloud cover, a better insight into persistence of features and a more comprehensive capture of events. Any year looked at in isolation is likely to result in fewer events being recorded.

Dbk: /* Guidelines for use */

2015-09-25T13:46:23Z

Guidelines for use

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	Interpretation of satellite images requires well-trained operators with a good understanding of mass movement processes and local conditions.		Interpretation of satellite images requires well-trained operators with a good understanding of mass movement processes and local conditions.

	It is also good practice to populate each polygon with additional information that can be stored in a relational database for further analysis. This was not within the remit of this project and requires further work, but will result in an invaluable tool for future landslide hazard and risk assessments. Examples of the additional information are included in ~~'''Section 4'''~~.		It is also good practice to populate each polygon with additional information that can be stored in a relational database for further analysis. This was not within the remit of this project and requires further work, but will result in an invaluable tool for future landslide hazard and risk assessments. Examples of the additional information are included in [[OR/15/001 Guidelines for use \| Guidelines for use]].

	The current multi-temporal sequence can be extended both using older images and through regular updates, at least annually and when major trigger events such as extreme rainfall or earthquakes occur.		The current multi-temporal sequence can be extended both using older images and through regular updates, at least annually and when major trigger events such as extreme rainfall or earthquakes occur.

Dbk: /* Interpretation of the results */

2015-09-25T13:45:13Z

Interpretation of the results

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	==Interpretation of the results ==		==Interpretation of the results ==
	The WB actively supports Disaster Risk Reduction in the Caribbean and has received a grant from the European Union for the Caribbean Risk Information Programme regarding the development and use of risk information in critical sectors. The primary Risk Information Programme objective is to strengthen the regional and national capacity of governments in the Caribbean region to develop or procure the development of landslide and flood hazard and risk information. EO-RISC is contributing to the WB requirements via the CHARIM project by providing them with the products, which are outlined in [[OR/15/001 Products ~~descripton~~ \| products ~~descripton~~]]. Specifically, CHARIM is developing national hazard mapping studies in the five target countries (Belize, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada), one on Belize related to floods and two on each island for landslides and floods.		The WB actively supports Disaster Risk Reduction in the Caribbean and has received a grant from the European Union for the Caribbean Risk Information Programme regarding the development and use of risk information in critical sectors. The primary Risk Information Programme objective is to strengthen the regional and national capacity of governments in the Caribbean region to develop or procure the development of landslide and flood hazard and risk information. EO-RISC is contributing to the WB requirements via the CHARIM project by providing them with the products, which are outlined in [[OR/15/001 Products description \| products description]]. Specifically, CHARIM is developing national hazard mapping studies in the five target countries (Belize, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada), one on Belize related to floods and two on each island for landslides and floods.

	Contact with the Users was required to define the user requirements that were outlined in the Service Readiness Document (Jordan and Grebby, 2014<ref> Jordan, C J and Grebby, S. (2014) Risk Information Services for Disaster Risk management (DRM) in the Caribbean: Service Readiness Document. British Geological Survey Open Report ) OR/14/064 and ESA Technical Report. </ref>) and subsequently to refine the services to ensure fitness-for-purpose. The sole face-to-face contact with users (to date) was via the CHARIM workshop in St Vincent (29 September – 3 October 2014) which was attended by users including Chief Engineers, Chief Planners and Geospatial Experts from each Caribbean country. Preliminary EO-RISC services / results were presented to the users assembled as an entire group (30th September) and subsequently to a focused meeting of the geospatial experts during a technical meeting (1st October). This enabled us to interpret how the results relate to the user requirements.		Contact with the Users was required to define the user requirements that were outlined in the Service Readiness Document (Jordan and Grebby, 2014<ref> Jordan, C J and Grebby, S. (2014) Risk Information Services for Disaster Risk management (DRM) in the Caribbean: Service Readiness Document. British Geological Survey Open Report ) OR/14/064 and ESA Technical Report. </ref>) and subsequently to refine the services to ensure fitness-for-purpose. The sole face-to-face contact with users (to date) was via the CHARIM workshop in St Vincent (29 September – 3 October 2014) which was attended by users including Chief Engineers, Chief Planners and Geospatial Experts from each Caribbean country. Preliminary EO-RISC services / results were presented to the users assembled as an entire group (30th September) and subsequently to a focused meeting of the geospatial experts during a technical meeting (1st October). This enabled us to interpret how the results relate to the user requirements.

Dbk: /* Interpretation of the results */

2015-09-25T13:44:26Z

Interpretation of the results

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	==Interpretation of the results ==		==Interpretation of the results ==
	The WB actively supports Disaster Risk Reduction in the Caribbean and has received a grant from the European Union for the Caribbean Risk Information Programme regarding the development and use of risk information in critical sectors. The primary Risk Information Programme objective is to strengthen the regional and national capacity of governments in the Caribbean region to develop or procure the development of landslide and flood hazard and risk information. EO-RISC is contributing to the WB requirements via the CHARIM project by providing them with the products, which are outlined in [[OR/15/001 ~~Production~~ descripton \| ~~production~~ descripton]]. Specifically, CHARIM is developing national hazard mapping studies in the five target countries (Belize, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada), one on Belize related to floods and two on each island for landslides and floods.		The WB actively supports Disaster Risk Reduction in the Caribbean and has received a grant from the European Union for the Caribbean Risk Information Programme regarding the development and use of risk information in critical sectors. The primary Risk Information Programme objective is to strengthen the regional and national capacity of governments in the Caribbean region to develop or procure the development of landslide and flood hazard and risk information. EO-RISC is contributing to the WB requirements via the CHARIM project by providing them with the products, which are outlined in [[OR/15/001 Products descripton \| products descripton]]. Specifically, CHARIM is developing national hazard mapping studies in the five target countries (Belize, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada), one on Belize related to floods and two on each island for landslides and floods.

	Contact with the Users was required to define the user requirements that were outlined in the Service Readiness Document (Jordan and Grebby, 2014<ref> Jordan, C J and Grebby, S. (2014) Risk Information Services for Disaster Risk management (DRM) in the Caribbean: Service Readiness Document. British Geological Survey Open Report ) OR/14/064 and ESA Technical Report. </ref>) and subsequently to refine the services to ensure fitness-for-purpose. The sole face-to-face contact with users (to date) was via the CHARIM workshop in St Vincent (29 September – 3 October 2014) which was attended by users including Chief Engineers, Chief Planners and Geospatial Experts from each Caribbean country. Preliminary EO-RISC services / results were presented to the users assembled as an entire group (30th September) and subsequently to a focused meeting of the geospatial experts during a technical meeting (1st October). This enabled us to interpret how the results relate to the user requirements.		Contact with the Users was required to define the user requirements that were outlined in the Service Readiness Document (Jordan and Grebby, 2014<ref> Jordan, C J and Grebby, S. (2014) Risk Information Services for Disaster Risk management (DRM) in the Caribbean: Service Readiness Document. British Geological Survey Open Report ) OR/14/064 and ESA Technical Report. </ref>) and subsequently to refine the services to ensure fitness-for-purpose. The sole face-to-face contact with users (to date) was via the CHARIM workshop in St Vincent (29 September – 3 October 2014) which was attended by users including Chief Engineers, Chief Planners and Geospatial Experts from each Caribbean country. Preliminary EO-RISC services / results were presented to the users assembled as an entire group (30th September) and subsequently to a focused meeting of the geospatial experts during a technical meeting (1st October). This enabled us to interpret how the results relate to the user requirements.

Dbk: /* Interpretation of the results */

2015-09-25T13:43:57Z

Interpretation of the results

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:43, 25 September 2015
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	==Interpretation of the results ==		==Interpretation of the results ==
	The WB actively supports Disaster Risk Reduction in the Caribbean and has received a grant from the European Union for the Caribbean Risk Information Programme regarding the development and use of risk information in critical sectors. The primary Risk Information Programme objective is to strengthen the regional and national capacity of governments in the Caribbean region to develop or procure the development of landslide and flood hazard and risk information. EO-RISC is contributing to the WB requirements via the CHARIM project by providing them with the products, which are outlined in ~~'''Chapter 3'''~~. Specifically, CHARIM is developing national hazard mapping studies in the five target countries (Belize, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada), one on Belize related to floods and two on each island for landslides and floods.		The WB actively supports Disaster Risk Reduction in the Caribbean and has received a grant from the European Union for the Caribbean Risk Information Programme regarding the development and use of risk information in critical sectors. The primary Risk Information Programme objective is to strengthen the regional and national capacity of governments in the Caribbean region to develop or procure the development of landslide and flood hazard and risk information. EO-RISC is contributing to the WB requirements via the CHARIM project by providing them with the products, which are outlined in [[OR/15/001 Production descripton \| production descripton]]. Specifically, CHARIM is developing national hazard mapping studies in the five target countries (Belize, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada), one on Belize related to floods and two on each island for landslides and floods.

	Contact with the Users was required to define the user requirements that were outlined in the Service Readiness Document (Jordan and Grebby, 2014<ref> Jordan, C J and Grebby, S. (2014) Risk Information Services for Disaster Risk management (DRM) in the Caribbean: Service Readiness Document. British Geological Survey Open Report ) OR/14/064 and ESA Technical Report. </ref>) and subsequently to refine the services to ensure fitness-for-purpose. The sole face-to-face contact with users (to date) was via the CHARIM workshop in St Vincent (29 September – 3 October 2014) which was attended by users including Chief Engineers, Chief Planners and Geospatial Experts from each Caribbean country. Preliminary EO-RISC services / results were presented to the users assembled as an entire group (30th September) and subsequently to a focused meeting of the geospatial experts during a technical meeting (1st October). This enabled us to interpret how the results relate to the user requirements.		Contact with the Users was required to define the user requirements that were outlined in the Service Readiness Document (Jordan and Grebby, 2014<ref> Jordan, C J and Grebby, S. (2014) Risk Information Services for Disaster Risk management (DRM) in the Caribbean: Service Readiness Document. British Geological Survey Open Report ) OR/14/064 and ESA Technical Report. </ref>) and subsequently to refine the services to ensure fitness-for-purpose. The sole face-to-face contact with users (to date) was via the CHARIM workshop in St Vincent (29 September – 3 October 2014) which was attended by users including Chief Engineers, Chief Planners and Geospatial Experts from each Caribbean country. Preliminary EO-RISC services / results were presented to the users assembled as an entire group (30th September) and subsequently to a focused meeting of the geospatial experts during a technical meeting (1st October). This enabled us to interpret how the results relate to the user requirements.

Dbk at 13:41, 25 September 2015

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	The primary objective of this ESA project is to raise awareness within the World Bank (WB) of the capabilities of Earth Observation (EO) data and specialist service providers to supply information customised to the specific needs of individual projects. This project was set up within the ESA/WB ''eoworld ''initiative to contribute to the WB Caribbean Risk Information Program that is operating under a grant from the ACP-EU Natural Risk Reduction Program.		The primary objective of this ESA project is to raise awareness within the World Bank (WB) of the capabilities of Earth Observation (EO) data and specialist service providers to supply information customised to the specific needs of individual projects. This project was set up within the ESA/WB ''eoworld ''initiative to contribute to the WB Caribbean Risk Information Program that is operating under a grant from the ACP-EU Natural Risk Reduction Program.

	The Caribbean is heavily affected by natural (and geo-) hazards with over 5 billion US$ in losses in the last 20 years (source: CRED database) Figure 1 illustrates the division of natural disaster by occurrence in the region over the last 30 years, providing an insight into the impact in the region over a significant time period. A specific example of the environmental, social, economic and political issues that the project is addressing is highlighted by the effects of Hurricane Tomas on St Lucia in October 2010. The hurricane resulted in seven deaths with 5952 people severely affected, while the cost of the damage was estimated at US$336.2 million, representing 43.4% of GDP (ECLAC, 2011<ref name=ECLAC">ECLAC Report (2011). Saint Lucia: Macro socio-economic and environmental assessment of the damage and losses caused by Hurricane Tomas: a geo-environmental disaster. Towards Resilience. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 183pp.</ref>). Understanding and mitigating these 'geo-environmental disasters' (as they are termed in ECLAC, 2011<ref name="ECLAC"></ref>) is a primary concern in the region.		The Caribbean is heavily affected by natural (and geo-) hazards with over 5 billion US$ in losses in the last 20 years (source: CRED database) Figure 1 illustrates the division of natural disaster by occurrence in the region over the last 30 years, providing an insight into the impact in the region over a significant time period. A specific example of the environmental, social, economic and political issues that the project is addressing is highlighted by the effects of Hurricane Tomas on St Lucia in October 2010. The hurricane resulted in seven deaths with 5952 people severely affected, while the cost of the damage was estimated at US$336.2 million, representing 43.4% of GDP (ECLAC, 2011<ref name="ECLAC">ECLAC Report (2011). Saint Lucia: Macro socio-economic and environmental assessment of the damage and losses caused by Hurricane Tomas: a geo-environmental disaster. Towards Resilience. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 183pp.</ref>). Understanding and mitigating these 'geo-environmental disasters' (as they are termed in ECLAC, 2011<ref name="ECLAC"></ref>) is a primary concern in the region.

	[[Image:15001 fig1.jpg\|thumb\|center\|400px\|'''Figure 1''' Natural disaster occurrences in the Caribbean region. Source: CRED database.]]		[[Image:15001 fig1.jpg\|thumb\|center\|400px\|'''Figure 1''' Natural disaster occurrences in the Caribbean region. Source: CRED database.]]

Dbk at 13:40, 25 September 2015

2015-09-25T13:40:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:40, 25 September 2015
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	The primary objective of this ESA project is to raise awareness within the World Bank (WB) of the capabilities of Earth Observation (EO) data and specialist service providers to supply information customised to the specific needs of individual projects. This project was set up within the ESA/WB ''eoworld ''initiative to contribute to the WB Caribbean Risk Information Program that is operating under a grant from the ACP-EU Natural Risk Reduction Program.		The primary objective of this ESA project is to raise awareness within the World Bank (WB) of the capabilities of Earth Observation (EO) data and specialist service providers to supply information customised to the specific needs of individual projects. This project was set up within the ESA/WB ''eoworld ''initiative to contribute to the WB Caribbean Risk Information Program that is operating under a grant from the ACP-EU Natural Risk Reduction Program.

	The Caribbean is heavily affected by natural (and geo-) hazards with over 5 billion US$ in losses in the last 20 years (source: CRED database) Figure 1 illustrates the division of natural disaster by occurrence in the region over the last 30 years, providing an insight into the impact in the region over a significant time period. A specific example of the environmental, social, economic and political issues that the project is addressing is highlighted by the effects of Hurricane Tomas on St Lucia in October 2010. The hurricane resulted in seven deaths with 5952 people severely affected, while the cost of the damage was estimated at US$336.2 million, representing 43.4% of GDP (ECLAC, 2011<ref name=ECLAC">ECLAC Report (2011). Saint Lucia: Macro socio-economic and environmental assessment of the damage and losses caused by Hurricane Tomas: a geo-environmental disaster. Towards Resilience. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 183pp.</ref>). Understanding and mitigating these 'geo-environmental disasters' (as they are termed in ECLAC, 2011<ref name=ECLAC"></ref>) is a primary concern in the region.		The Caribbean is heavily affected by natural (and geo-) hazards with over 5 billion US$ in losses in the last 20 years (source: CRED database) Figure 1 illustrates the division of natural disaster by occurrence in the region over the last 30 years, providing an insight into the impact in the region over a significant time period. A specific example of the environmental, social, economic and political issues that the project is addressing is highlighted by the effects of Hurricane Tomas on St Lucia in October 2010. The hurricane resulted in seven deaths with 5952 people severely affected, while the cost of the damage was estimated at US$336.2 million, representing 43.4% of GDP (ECLAC, 2011<ref name=ECLAC">ECLAC Report (2011). Saint Lucia: Macro socio-economic and environmental assessment of the damage and losses caused by Hurricane Tomas: a geo-environmental disaster. Towards Resilience. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 183pp.</ref>). Understanding and mitigating these 'geo-environmental disasters' (as they are termed in ECLAC, 2011<ref name="ECLAC"></ref>) is a primary concern in the region.

	[[Image:15001 fig1.jpg\|thumb\|center\|400px\|'''Figure 1''' Natural disaster occurrences in the Caribbean region. Source: CRED database.]]		[[Image:15001 fig1.jpg\|thumb\|center\|400px\|'''Figure 1''' Natural disaster occurrences in the Caribbean region. Source: CRED database.]]

Dbk at 13:40, 25 September 2015

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Dbk at 12:26, 25 September 2015

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	The current multi-temporal sequence can be extended both using older images and through regular updates, at least annually and when major trigger events such as extreme rainfall or earthquakes occur.		The current multi-temporal sequence can be extended both using older images and through regular updates, at least annually and when major trigger events such as extreme rainfall or earthquakes occur.

			==References==



	[[category: OR/15/001 Risk information services for Disaster Risk Management (DRM) in the Caribbean \| 02]]		[[category: OR/15/001 Risk information services for Disaster Risk Management (DRM) in the Caribbean \| 02]]

Dbk at 12:25, 25 September 2015

2015-09-25T12:25:47Z

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