OR/15/007 Description of the droughts - Revision history

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	===Water resource management and legislative responses===		===Water resource management and legislative responses===
	The 1995–1998 drought was highly politicised due to the nature of its impacts. It was argued that the shortfall of service caused the intensification of drought severity as it transpired that supply leakage was highest in the worst affected areas of Yorkshire and the North West (Taylor ''et al. ''2009<ref name="Taylor 2009"></ref>). This caused public outcry (Marsh & Turton, 1996<ref name="Marsh 1996"> ~~MARSH, T J and TURTON, P S. (1996). The 1995 drought—a water resources perspective. ''Weather'', 51(2), 46–53.~~ </ref>) and calls for regulation of company performance (Taylor ''et al. ''2009<ref name="Taylor 2009"></ref>). Parliamentary papers were published on controlling leakage, and Taylor ''et al. ''(2009)<ref name="Taylor 2009"></ref> report that mandatory leakage targets were set by Ofwat. Yorkshire Water was held accountable for rota cuts and in response, invested £50 million in a water transfer scheme from the River Tees to the River Ouse (Taylor ''et al. ''2009<ref name="Taylor 2009"></ref>). Other areas also installed new schemes, with the Suffolk Hartismere Resource Zone providing two new groundwater sources and improved infrastructure for transfer (Lunn ''et al. ''2013<ref name="Lunn">LUNN, M, ROBINSON, W and RIDGEWELL, C. (2013) Drought plan. Essex & Suffolk Water. [http://www.broads-/ http://www.broads-] authority.gov.uk/news-and-publications/publications-and-reports/conservation-publications-and-reports/water- conservation-reports/26.-esw-drought-plan-2013.pdf </ref>). Northumbrian Water have used the 1995–1996 period as a marker for drought demand planning (Gray & Lunn, 2013<ref name="Gray"> GRAY, J and LUNN, M. (2013) Final published drought plan. Northumbrian Water Limited. </ref>). As well as the schemes implemented after the drought, several water companies enforced hosepipe bans during the drought (Marsh, 1995) and there were 97 drought orders over the 1995–1996 period (Defra, 2012<ref name="Defra">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2012) Number of drought orders by environment agency region: 1976–2012, United Kingdom. ''Environment statistics service'', DEFRA, LONDON.</ref>). Yorkshire Water moved water by tanker during the 1995 summer as a result of supply issues (Fowler & Kilsby, 2002a<ref name="Fowler"></ref>).		The 1995–1998 drought was highly politicised due to the nature of its impacts. It was argued that the shortfall of service caused the intensification of drought severity as it transpired that supply leakage was highest in the worst affected areas of Yorkshire and the North West (Taylor ''et al. ''2009<ref name="Taylor 2009"></ref>). This caused public outcry (Marsh & Turton, 1996<ref name="Marsh 1996"></ref>) and calls for regulation of company performance (Taylor ''et al. ''2009<ref name="Taylor 2009"></ref>). Parliamentary papers were published on controlling leakage, and Taylor ''et al. ''(2009)<ref name="Taylor 2009"></ref> report that mandatory leakage targets were set by Ofwat. Yorkshire Water was held accountable for rota cuts and in response, invested £50 million in a water transfer scheme from the River Tees to the River Ouse (Taylor ''et al. ''2009<ref name="Taylor 2009"></ref>). Other areas also installed new schemes, with the Suffolk Hartismere Resource Zone providing two new groundwater sources and improved infrastructure for transfer (Lunn ''et al. ''2013<ref name="Lunn">LUNN, M, ROBINSON, W and RIDGEWELL, C. (2013) Drought plan. Essex & Suffolk Water. [http://www.broads-/ http://www.broads-] authority.gov.uk/news-and-publications/publications-and-reports/conservation-publications-and-reports/water- conservation-reports/26.-esw-drought-plan-2013.pdf </ref>). Northumbrian Water have used the 1995–1996 period as a marker for drought demand planning (Gray & Lunn, 2013<ref name="Gray"> GRAY, J and LUNN, M. (2013) Final published drought plan. Northumbrian Water Limited. </ref>). As well as the schemes implemented after the drought, several water companies enforced hosepipe bans during the drought (Marsh, 1995) and there were 97 drought orders over the 1995–1996 period (Defra, 2012<ref name="Defra">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2012) Number of drought orders by environment agency region: 1976–2012, United Kingdom. ''Environment statistics service'', DEFRA, LONDON.</ref>). Yorkshire Water moved water by tanker during the 1995 summer as a result of supply issues (Fowler & Kilsby, 2002a<ref name="Fowler"></ref>).

	==The 2003 – 2006 drought==		==The 2003 – 2006 drought==

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	===Regional characteristics===		===Regional characteristics===
	The groundwater drought 1964–1965 is not mentioned widely in the literature. There is no mention of the period in relation to major droughts of the 19th Century (Marsh ''et al. ''2007<ref name="Marsh 2007">~~MARSH, T, COLE, G and WILBY, R. (2007). MAJOR DROUGHTS IN ENGLAND AND WALES, 1800–2006. WEATHER, 62(4), 87-93.~~</ref>), however the SGI ranks this drought as the second most intense at Dalton Holme over the same period (Bloomfield and Marchant, 2013<ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>). The drought mainly affected the Chalk and developed due to a dry summer from July onwards, with water tables falling from close to average levels (WRB, 1970<ref name="WRB">Water Resources Board 1970 GROUNDWATER Year book 1964–66 HMSO SBN II 780003 I</ref>). This development pattern was similar throughout the Chalk, but more pronounced at Dalton Holme, further north and east. A very dry winter 1964/65 meant there was a lack of recharge when it was most required and Dalton Holme reached near minimum recorded levels in the first half of 1965 (WRB, 1970<ref name="WRB"></ref>). This dry winter prompted drought conditions in areas of the Chalk further south at the start of 1965. The drought intensity appear to be highly localised to Dalton Holme, however there is limited data from other northern regions during this period.		The groundwater drought 1964–1965 is not mentioned widely in the literature. There is no mention of the period in relation to major droughts of the 19th Century (Marsh ''et al. ''2007<ref name="Marsh 2007"></ref>), however the SGI ranks this drought as the second most intense at Dalton Holme over the same period (Bloomfield and Marchant, 2013<ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>). The drought mainly affected the Chalk and developed due to a dry summer from July onwards, with water tables falling from close to average levels (WRB, 1970<ref name="WRB">Water Resources Board 1970 GROUNDWATER Year book 1964–66 HMSO SBN II 780003 I</ref>). This development pattern was similar throughout the Chalk, but more pronounced at Dalton Holme, further north and east. A very dry winter 1964/65 meant there was a lack of recharge when it was most required and Dalton Holme reached near minimum recorded levels in the first half of 1965 (WRB, 1970<ref name="WRB"></ref>). This dry winter prompted drought conditions in areas of the Chalk further south at the start of 1965. The drought intensity appear to be highly localised to Dalton Holme, however there is limited data from other northern regions during this period.

	===Relationship with meteorological drivers===		===Relationship with meteorological drivers===

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	===Start date(s)===		===Start date(s)===
	''December 1913''<br>		''December 1913''<br>
	The SGI gives a negative value for Dalton Holme, while the record for the same period gives a positive mean value at Chilgrove House (Bloomfield and Marchant, 2013<ref name="Bloomfield">BLOOMFIELD, J P and MARCHANT, B. P. (2013). Analysis of groundwater drought using a variant of the standardised precipitation index. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences discussions'', 10(6), 7537–7574.</ref>). Absolute (a period of more than 14 consecutive days no one of which is a rain day) and partial droughts (a period of more than 28 consecutive days the mean rainfall of which does not exceed .01 in. per day) are reported from July 1913 (Mill ''et al. ''1914<ref name="Mill 1914"> MILL, H R, MOSSMAN, R C and SALTER, C. (1914) British rainfall 1913. Edward Stanford: London. </ref>).		The SGI gives a negative value for Dalton Holme, while the record for the same period gives a positive mean value at Chilgrove House (Bloomfield and Marchant, 2013<ref name="Bloomfield">BLOOMFIELD, J P and MARCHANT, B. P. (2013). Analysis of groundwater drought using a variant of the standardised precipitation index. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences discussions'', 10(6), 7537–7574.</ref>). Absolute (a period of more than 14 consecutive days no one of which is a rain day) and partial droughts (a period of more than 28 consecutive days the mean rainfall of which does not exceed .01 in. per day) are reported from July 1913 (Mill ''et al. ''1914<ref name="Mill 1914">MILL, H R, MOSSMAN, R C and SALTER, C. (1914) British rainfall 1913. Edward Stanford: London. </ref>).

	===End date(s)===		===End date(s)===
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	The 1913–1914 drought was a highly localised event, limited to areas in the East of England. This is illustrated by a comparison of the negative SGI values at Dalton Holme and the positive values for Chilgrove House to the South for the same period (Bloomfield and Marchant, 2013<ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>). Due to the lack of a groundwater monitoring network in the early 19th century, there is a heavily reliance in this section of the report on rainfall statistics and written observations, with some inference (with the help of the SGI) on the state of groundwater resources. From an assessment of meteorological data, it appears as though the Dalton Holme observation borehole was ideally located to pick up the strongest signal of the drought. Surrounding meteorological observation stations to the North at Scarborough, West at Wetherby and South at Hull and Lincoln, all demonstrate that the drought signal was strongest in this region (Mill & Salter, 1915<ref name="Mill 1915"></ref>). The rainfall record at Hull only exceeds the average for 2 months in an 18 month record, while Sheffield 50 miles west and Market Overton 70 miles south exceed the average in 7 and 6 months respectively for the same time period (Mill & Salter, 1915<ref name="Mill 1915"></ref>). The well record at Therfield Rectory, Hertfordshire also shows a response to the drought, although not as strong as that at Dalton Holme, levels were still several meters below the average for 1914, suggesting the drought decreased in severity towards the south during the winter of 1913 (NGLA, 2015<ref name="NGLA"></ref>).		The 1913–1914 drought was a highly localised event, limited to areas in the East of England. This is illustrated by a comparison of the negative SGI values at Dalton Holme and the positive values for Chilgrove House to the South for the same period (Bloomfield and Marchant, 2013<ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>). Due to the lack of a groundwater monitoring network in the early 19th century, there is a heavily reliance in this section of the report on rainfall statistics and written observations, with some inference (with the help of the SGI) on the state of groundwater resources. From an assessment of meteorological data, it appears as though the Dalton Holme observation borehole was ideally located to pick up the strongest signal of the drought. Surrounding meteorological observation stations to the North at Scarborough, West at Wetherby and South at Hull and Lincoln, all demonstrate that the drought signal was strongest in this region (Mill & Salter, 1915<ref name="Mill 1915"></ref>). The rainfall record at Hull only exceeds the average for 2 months in an 18 month record, while Sheffield 50 miles west and Market Overton 70 miles south exceed the average in 7 and 6 months respectively for the same time period (Mill & Salter, 1915<ref name="Mill 1915"></ref>). The well record at Therfield Rectory, Hertfordshire also shows a response to the drought, although not as strong as that at Dalton Holme, levels were still several meters below the average for 1914, suggesting the drought decreased in severity towards the south during the winter of 1913 (NGLA, 2015<ref name="NGLA"></ref>).

	Relying on the SGI, rainfall and percolation data (Mill & Salter, 1913<ref name="Mill 1913"> MILL, H R and SALTER, C. (1913) British rainfall 1912. Edward Stanford: London.</ref>), it may be assumed that groundwater stocks would have been in at least reasonable health at the end of winter 1912, demonstrated by above average rainfall for most of the UK in the winter half year October 1912 – March 1913. However, the summer half year in 1913 experienced below average rainfall and rainfall in early winter 1913 missed Eastern parts of the country, with the principal dry area in the UK for 1913 lying between Whitby and Cromer (Mill ''et al. ''1914<ref name="Mill 1914"> ~~MILL, H R, MOSSMAN, R C and SALTER, C. (1914) British rainfall 1913. Edward Stanford: London.~~ </ref>). Dry conditions continued into January for areas in the East and South (Mill ''et al. ''1914<ref name="Mill 1914"></ref>). Although there was rainfall during February and March with some Southern regions receiving in excess of twice the monthly average for March, Eastern areas received the lowest values compared to averages for that time of year (Mill ''et al. ''1914<ref name="Mill 1914"></ref>).		Relying on the SGI, rainfall and percolation data (Mill & Salter, 1913<ref name="Mill 1913"> MILL, H R and SALTER, C. (1913) British rainfall 1912. Edward Stanford: London.</ref>), it may be assumed that groundwater stocks would have been in at least reasonable health at the end of winter 1912, demonstrated by above average rainfall for most of the UK in the winter half year October 1912 – March 1913. However, the summer half year in 1913 experienced below average rainfall and rainfall in early winter 1913 missed Eastern parts of the country, with the principal dry area in the UK for 1913 lying between Whitby and Cromer (Mill ''et al. ''1914<ref name="Mill 1914"></ref>). Dry conditions continued into January for areas in the East and South (Mill ''et al. ''1914<ref name="Mill 1914"></ref>). Although there was rainfall during February and March with some Southern regions receiving in excess of twice the monthly average for March, Eastern areas received the lowest values compared to averages for that time of year (Mill ''et al. ''1914<ref name="Mill 1914"></ref>).

	Spring 1914 was exceptionally dry, particularly in the East, with Hull receiving less than 25% of the average for April (Mill & Salter, 1915<ref name="Mill 1915"></ref>). This pattern of below average rainfall continued throughout the summer, with some localised thunderstorms in June, July and August (Mill & Salter, 1915<ref name="Mill 1915"></ref>). Low levels in wells were observed in Hampshire, as well as Sussex and Brighton due to particularly arid conditions that prevailed in the region over the summer months (Mill & Salter, 1915<ref name="Mill 1915"></ref>). The low levels in these wells, as well as the SGI record at Chilgrove House (Bloomfield and Marchant, 2013<ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>) show an increasing drought signal for the South over this period and into October, the driest month in 1914 for the UK (Alexander & Jones, 2001<ref name="Alexander"></ref>).		Spring 1914 was exceptionally dry, particularly in the East, with Hull receiving less than 25% of the average for April (Mill & Salter, 1915<ref name="Mill 1915"></ref>). This pattern of below average rainfall continued throughout the summer, with some localised thunderstorms in June, July and August (Mill & Salter, 1915<ref name="Mill 1915"></ref>). Low levels in wells were observed in Hampshire, as well as Sussex and Brighton due to particularly arid conditions that prevailed in the region over the summer months (Mill & Salter, 1915<ref name="Mill 1915"></ref>). The low levels in these wells, as well as the SGI record at Chilgrove House (Bloomfield and Marchant, 2013<ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>) show an increasing drought signal for the South over this period and into October, the driest month in 1914 for the UK (Alexander & Jones, 2001<ref name="Alexander"></ref>).

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	The presence of literature appearing after the 2006 drought indicates that the episode had a relatively large social impact, and there was an extensive academic engagement in public thinking (Medd & Chappells, 2007<ref name="Medd">MEDD, W and CHAPPELLS, H. (2007). Drought, demand and the scale of resilience: challenges for interdisciplinarity in practice. ''Interdisciplinary Science Reviews'', ''32''(3), 233–248.</ref>; Medd & Chappells, 2008; Taylor & Trentmann, 2008<ref name="Taylor 2008"> TAYLOR, V and TRENTMANN, F. (2008). Hosepipes, history and a sustainable future (Policy Paper NO. 75).		The presence of literature appearing after the 2006 drought indicates that the episode had a relatively large social impact, and there was an extensive academic engagement in public thinking (Medd & Chappells, 2007<ref name="Medd">MEDD, W and CHAPPELLS, H. (2007). Drought, demand and the scale of resilience: challenges for interdisciplinarity in practice. ''Interdisciplinary Science Reviews'', ''32''(3), 233–248.</ref>; Medd & Chappells, 2008; Taylor & Trentmann, 2008<ref name="Taylor 2008"> TAYLOR, V and TRENTMANN, F. (2008). Hosepipes, history and a sustainable future (Policy Paper NO. 75).
	''Historyandpolicy. Org''.</ref>; Taylor ''et al. ''2009<ref name="Taylor 2009">TAYLOR, V, CHAPPELLS, H, MEDD, W and TRENTMANN, F. (2009). Drought is normal: the socio-technical evolution of drought and water demand in England and Wales, 1893–2006. ''Journal of Historical Geography'', ''35''(3), 568-591.</ref>; Dessai & Sims, 2010<ref name="Dessai">DESSAI, S and SIMS, C. (2010). Public perception of drought and climate change in southeast England. ''Environmental Hazards'', ''9''(4), 340–357.</ref>). There was public disillusionment and criticism of the operations of water companies (London Assembly Committee, 2006<ref name="London"> LONDON ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE (2006) Drought in London. Health and Public Services,[http://legacy.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/health/londons-drought.rtf http://legacy.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/health/londons-drought.rtf]</ref>; Dessai & Sims, 2010<ref name="Dessai"></ref>), particularly with respect to supply leakage and some were subsequently reluctant to operate demand management (Taylor ''et al. ''2009<ref name="Taylor 2009"></ref>; Taylor & Trentmann, 2008<ref name="Taylor 2008"></ref>).		''Historyandpolicy. Org''.</ref>; Taylor ''et al. ''2009<ref name="Taylor 2009"></ref>; Dessai & Sims, 2010<ref name="Dessai">DESSAI, S and SIMS, C. (2010). Public perception of drought and climate change in southeast England. ''Environmental Hazards'', ''9''(4), 340–357.</ref>). There was public disillusionment and criticism of the operations of water companies (London Assembly Committee, 2006<ref name="London"> LONDON ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE (2006) Drought in London. Health and Public Services,[http://legacy.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/health/londons-drought.rtf http://legacy.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/health/londons-drought.rtf]</ref>; Dessai & Sims, 2010<ref name="Dessai"></ref>), particularly with respect to supply leakage and some were subsequently reluctant to operate demand management (Taylor ''et al. ''2009<ref name="Taylor 2009"></ref>; Taylor & Trentmann, 2008<ref name="Taylor 2008"></ref>).

	===Water resource management and legislative responses===		===Water resource management and legislative responses===

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	===Relationship with other environmental, agricultural, economic and social impacts===		===Relationship with other environmental, agricultural, economic and social impacts===
	There is very little information available on the impacts of the 1933–35 drought with relation to groundwater. British Pathé (1934)<ref name="Pathe">BRITISH PATHE (1934) Britain goes dry! https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=j5a2gnza5be&x-yt-ts=1422503916&x-yt- cl=85027636</ref> and Taylor ''et al. ''(2009)<ref name="Taylor 2009">TAYLOR, V, CHAPPELLS, H, MEDD, W and TRENTMANN, F. (2009). Drought is normal: the socio-technical evolution of drought and water demand in England and Wales, 1893–2006. ''Journal of Historical Geography'', 35(3), 568–591. </ref> highlight the impacts on rural communities, with a reported £10 million required to prevent a water famine the following year.		There is very little information available on the impacts of the 1933–35 drought with relation to groundwater. British Pathé (1934)<ref name="Pathe">BRITISH PATHE (1934) Britain goes dry! https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=j5a2gnza5be&x-yt-ts=1422503916&x-yt- cl=85027636</ref> and Taylor ''et al. ''(2009)<ref name="Taylor 2009"></ref> highlight the impacts on rural communities, with a reported £10 million required to prevent a water famine the following year.

	===Water resource management and legislative responses===		===Water resource management and legislative responses===
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	===Relationship with other environmental, agricultural, economic and social impacts===		===Relationship with other environmental, agricultural, economic and social impacts===
	There is evidence of migratory fish deaths (Marsh 2007<ref name="Marsh 2007"></ref>; Marsh ''et al. ''2007; EA, 2012<ref name="EA">ENVIRONMENT AGENCY (2012). Head office drought plan. Environment Agency: Bristol.</ref>) due to the drying up of headwaters as a result of lowering groundwater levels (Marsh ''et al. ''2007; Marsh, 2007<ref name="Marsh 2007"></ref>). The drought also created problems with low oxygen levels in surface water (Marsh, 2007<ref name="Marsh 2007"></ref>) and subsequent blue-green algal blooms, reduced breeding areas of wading birds (EA, 2012<ref name="EA"></ref>) and oak and beech mortality (Green & Ray, 2009<ref name="Green">GREEN, S and RAY, D. (2009) FCRN004. Potential impacts of drought and disease on forestry in Scotland. 8pp. </ref>). There was also heat damage to roads during summer 2006 with an associated estimated cost of £3.6million in Oxfordshire alone (Prior & Beswick, 2007<ref name="Prior"></ref>). There were however benefits to farmers and tourism due to improved meteorological conditions (Prior & Beswick, 2007<ref name="Prior"></ref>).		There is evidence of migratory fish deaths (Marsh 2007<ref name="Marsh 2007"></ref>; Marsh ''et al. ''2007; EA, 2012<ref name="EA">ENVIRONMENT AGENCY (2012). Head office drought plan. Environment Agency: Bristol.</ref>) due to the drying up of headwaters as a result of lowering groundwater levels (Marsh ''et al. ''2007; Marsh, 2007<ref name="Marsh 2007"></ref>). The drought also created problems with low oxygen levels in surface water (Marsh, 2007<ref name="Marsh 2007"></ref>) and subsequent blue-green algal blooms, reduced breeding areas of wading birds (EA, 2012<ref name="EA"></ref>) and oak and beech mortality (Green & Ray, 2009<ref name="Green">GREEN, S and RAY, D. (2009) FCRN004. Potential impacts of drought and disease on forestry in Scotland. 8pp. </ref>). There was also heat damage to roads during summer 2006 with an associated estimated cost of £3.6million in Oxfordshire alone (Prior & Beswick, 2007<ref name="Prior"></ref>). There were however benefits to farmers and tourism due to improved meteorological conditions (Prior & Beswick, 2007<ref name="Prior"></ref>).


	The presence of literature appearing after the 2006 drought indicates that the episode had a relatively large social impact, and there was an extensive academic engagement in public thinking (Medd & Chappells, 2007<ref name="Medd">MEDD, W and CHAPPELLS, H. (2007). Drought, demand and the scale of resilience: challenges for interdisciplinarity in practice. ''Interdisciplinary Science Reviews'', ''32''(3), 233–248.</ref>; Medd & Chappells, 2008; Taylor & Trentmann, 2008<ref name="Taylor 2008"> TAYLOR, V and TRENTMANN, F. (2008). Hosepipes, history and a sustainable future (Policy Paper NO. 75).		The presence of literature appearing after the 2006 drought indicates that the episode had a relatively large social impact, and there was an extensive academic engagement in public thinking (Medd & Chappells, 2007<ref name="Medd">MEDD, W and CHAPPELLS, H. (2007). Drought, demand and the scale of resilience: challenges for interdisciplinarity in practice. ''Interdisciplinary Science Reviews'', ''32''(3), 233–248.</ref>; Medd & Chappells, 2008; Taylor & Trentmann, 2008<ref name="Taylor 2008"> TAYLOR, V and TRENTMANN, F. (2008). Hosepipes, history and a sustainable future (Policy Paper NO. 75).

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Water resource management and legislative responses

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	===Water resource management and legislative responses===		===Water resource management and legislative responses===
	Several measures were implemented over the course of the drought period to limit demand and increase supply. Hosepipe bans started in summer 1989, followed by an appeal for restraint in demand by the water companies in May 1990 (Marsh ''et al. ''1994<ref name="Marsh 1994"></ref>). By the end of August, 18 million people were affected by restrictions (Marsh ''et al. ''1994<ref name="Marsh 1994"></ref>). The number of Drought Orders from ~~1989 – 1991~~, although not as high as the 1976 drought, was the highest for any 3 year period, and cumulatively was much higher than 1976 (see Figure 12 above). There were also measures to tackle supply issues, with leakage control, drilling exploratory boreholes and rejuvenating old ones (Marsh ''et al. ''1994<ref name="Marsh 1994"></ref>). There was also use of groundwater augmentation schemes (such as those on the Itchen and Little Ouse) and regional transfers between the Ely and Ouse (Marsh ''et al. ''1994<ref name="Marsh 1994"></ref>). The dry winter and autumn of 1988 also triggered the development of the National Hydrological Monitoring Programme in January 1989.		Several measures were implemented over the course of the drought period to limit demand and increase supply. Hosepipe bans started in summer 1989, followed by an appeal for restraint in demand by the water companies in May 1990 (Marsh ''et al. ''1994<ref name="Marsh 1994"></ref>). By the end of August, 18 million people were affected by restrictions (Marsh ''et al. ''1994<ref name="Marsh 1994"></ref>). The number of Drought Orders from 1989–1991, although not as high as the 1976 drought, was the highest for any 3 year period, and cumulatively was much higher than 1976 (see Figure 12 above). There were also measures to tackle supply issues, with leakage control, drilling exploratory boreholes and rejuvenating old ones (Marsh ''et al. ''1994<ref name="Marsh 1994"></ref>). There was also use of groundwater augmentation schemes (such as those on the Itchen and Little Ouse) and regional transfers between the Ely and Ouse (Marsh ''et al. ''1994<ref name="Marsh 1994"></ref>). The dry winter and autumn of 1988 also triggered the development of the National Hydrological Monitoring Programme in January 1989.

	==The 1995-1998 drought==		==The 1995-1998 drought==

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The 1995-1998 drought

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	==The 1995-1998 drought==		==The 1995-1998 drought==
	Summer 1995 – Winter 1997/98<br>~~“The~~ 1995 ~~drought”~~<br>		Summer 1995 – Winter 1997/98<br>'The 1995 drought'<br>
	~~“The~~ 1995-1997 ~~drought”~~		'The 1995-1997 drought'

	[[Image:15007fig15.jpg\|thumb\|center \| 500px\| '''Figure 15''' Barden reservoir, Yorkshire in 1995. Image by Steven Craven, geography.org/p91398.]]		[[Image:15007fig15.jpg\|thumb\|center \| 500px\| '''Figure 15''' Barden reservoir, Yorkshire in 1995. Image by Steven Craven, geography.org/p91398.]]

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Protected "OR/15/007 Description of the droughts" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) [cascading]

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(No difference)

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The 1988–1993 drought

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	'The 1988–1992 Drought'<br>		'The 1988–1992 Drought'<br>

	[[Image:15007fig13.jpg\|thumb\|center \| ~~500px~~\| '''Figure 13''' The 1988–92 Drought Report.]]		[[Image:15007fig13.jpg\|thumb\|center \| 300px\| '''Figure 13''' The 1988–92 Drought Report.]]

	===Summary description===		===Summary description===

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The 1975–1976 drought

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	'The 1976 Drought'		'The 1976 Drought'

	[[Image:15007fig10.jpg\|thumb\|center \| ~~500px~~\| '''Figure 10''' 1976 Drought Report.]]		[[Image:15007fig10.jpg\|thumb\|center \| 300px\| '''Figure 10''' 1976 Drought Report.]]

	===Summary description===		===Summary description===