OR/15/009 Appendix - Revision history

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	\| Geogenic sources of heavy metals is the likely sources of groundwater contamination in this setting due to high heavy metal concentrations in soils and rocks		\| Geogenic sources of heavy metals is the likely sources of groundwater contamination in this setting due to high heavy metal concentrations in soils and rocks
	\| Alemayehu (2006)<ref name="Alemayehu">ALEMAYEHU, T. 2006. Heavy metal concentration in the urban environment of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ''Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal'', Vol. 15, 591–602. </ref> Goshu and Akoma (2011)<ref name="Goshu 2011">GOSHU, G, and AKOMA, O C. 2011. Water quality assessment of underground and surface water resources of Bahir Dar and Periurban areas, north-west Ethiopia. ''Global Journal of Environmental Sciences'', Vol. 10, 11–21. </ref> Goshu et al. (2010)<ref name="Goshu 2010">GOSHU, G, FARNLEITNER, A, MANAFI, M, and BYAMUKAMA, D. 2010. The bacteriological quality of traditional hand dug wells and protected hand pumps in Bahirdar Town and peri-urban areas, Northern Ethiopia. ''Proceedings of the First National Research Symposium on: Sustainable Development: A great concern in Africa, Debre Markos, Ethiopia'', 247–259. </ref>		\| Alemayehu (2006)<ref name="Alemayehu">ALEMAYEHU, T. 2006. Heavy metal concentration in the urban environment of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ''Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal'', Vol. 15, 591–602. </ref> Goshu and Akoma (2011)<ref name="Goshu 2011">GOSHU, G, and AKOMA, O C. 2011. Water quality assessment of underground and surface water resources of Bahir Dar and Periurban areas, north-west Ethiopia. ''Global Journal of Environmental Sciences'', Vol. 10, 11–21. </ref> Goshu et al. (2010)<ref name="Goshu 2010">GOSHU, G, FARNLEITNER, A, MANAFI, M, and BYAMUKAMA, D. 2010. The bacteriological quality of traditional hand dug wells and protected hand pumps in Bahirdar Town and peri-urban areas, Northern Ethiopia. ''Proceedings of the First National Research Symposium on: Sustainable Development: A great concern in Africa, Debre Markos, Ethiopia'', 247–259. </ref>
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	\| <sup>1</sup>Addis Ababa, Ethiopia		\| <sup>1</sup>Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
	\| Volcanics		\| Volcanics
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	\| High population density with pit latrines and livestock sources identified. Microbiological water quality deterioration after heavy rainfall		\| High population density with pit latrines and livestock sources identified. Microbiological water quality deterioration after heavy rainfall
	\| Barrett et al. (1998)<ref name="Barrett"></ref>		\| Barrett et al. (1998)<ref name="Barrett"></ref>
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	\| <sup>1</sup>Kampala, Uganda		\| <sup>1</sup>Kampala, Uganda
	\| Weathered Basement		\| Weathered Basement

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	\| 2002		\| 2002
	\| Geogenic sources of heavy metals is the likely sources of groundwater contamination in this setting due to high heavy metal concentrations in soils and rocks		\| Geogenic sources of heavy metals is the likely sources of groundwater contamination in this setting due to high heavy metal concentrations in soils and rocks
	\| Alemayehu (2006) Goshu and Akoma (2011)<ref name="Goshu 2011">GOSHU, G, and AKOMA, O C. 2011. Water quality assessment of underground and surface water resources of Bahir Dar and Periurban areas, north-west Ethiopia. ''Global Journal of Environmental Sciences'', Vol. 10, 11–21. </ref> Goshu et al. (2010)<ref name="Goshu 2010">GOSHU, G, FARNLEITNER, A, MANAFI, M, and BYAMUKAMA, D. 2010. The bacteriological quality of traditional hand dug wells and protected hand pumps in Bahirdar Town and peri-urban areas, Northern Ethiopia. ''Proceedings of the First National Research Symposium on: Sustainable Development: A great concern in Africa, Debre Markos, Ethiopia'', 247–259. </ref>		\| Alemayehu (2006)<ref name="Alemayehu">ALEMAYEHU, T. 2006. Heavy metal concentration in the urban environment of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ''Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal'', Vol. 15, 591–602. </ref> Goshu and Akoma (2011)<ref name="Goshu 2011">GOSHU, G, and AKOMA, O C. 2011. Water quality assessment of underground and surface water resources of Bahir Dar and Periurban areas, north-west Ethiopia. ''Global Journal of Environmental Sciences'', Vol. 10, 11–21. </ref> Goshu et al. (2010)<ref name="Goshu 2010">GOSHU, G, FARNLEITNER, A, MANAFI, M, and BYAMUKAMA, D. 2010. The bacteriological quality of traditional hand dug wells and protected hand pumps in Bahirdar Town and peri-urban areas, Northern Ethiopia. ''Proceedings of the First National Research Symposium on: Sustainable Development: A great concern in Africa, Debre Markos, Ethiopia'', 247–259. </ref>
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	\| <sup>1</sup>Addis Ababa, Ethiopia		\| <sup>1</sup>Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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	\| Wet and dry season		\| Wet and dry season
	\| Overall contamination levels higher during wet season for two districts and lower for one district and significantly higher in unprotected sources.		\| Overall contamination levels higher during wet season for two districts and lower for one district and significantly higher in unprotected sources.
	\| Pritchard et al. (2008)		\| Pritchard et al. (2008)<ref name="Pritchard">PRITCHARD, M, MKANDAWIRE, T, and O’NEILL, J G. 2008. Assessment of groundwater quality in shallow wells within the southern districts of Malawi. ''Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C'', Vol. 33, 812–823. </ref>
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	\| <sup>2</sup>Tamatave and Foulpointe, Madagascar		\| <sup>2</sup>Tamatave and Foulpointe, Madagascar
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	\| One-off survey		\| One-off survey
	\| Widespread drinking water contaminated with FC and concerns over Pb from pump materials		\| Widespread drinking water contaminated with FC and concerns over Pb from pump materials
	\| MacCarthy et al. (2013)		\| MacCarthy et al. (2013)<ref name="MacCarthy">MACCARTHY, M F, ANNIS, J E, and MIHELCIC, J R. 2013. Unsubsidised Self-Supply in Eastern Madagascar. Water Alternatives, Vol. 6, 424–438. MALOMO, S, OKUFARASIN, V A, OLORUNNIWO, M A, and OMODE, A A. 1990. Groundwater Chemistry of Weathered Zone Aquifers of an Area Underlain by Basement-Complex Rocks. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences'', Vol. 11, 357–371.</ref>
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	\| <sup>3</sup>Epworth and Harare, Zimbabwe		\| <sup>3</sup>Epworth and Harare, Zimbabwe

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	\| Eni et al. (2011)		\| Eni et al. (2011)
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	\| <sup>~~1Ibadan~~</sup>, Nigeria		\| <sup>1</sup>Ibadan, Nigeria
	\| Basement, banded gneiss and schist		\| Basement, banded gneiss and schist
	\| Existing wells (N/A)		\| Existing wells (N/A)
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	\| Vala et al. (2011)<ref name="Vala">VALA, R M K, TICHAGWA, L, MUSIBONO, D E, and LUKANDA, V M. 2011. Environmental and health concerns regarding the quality of water in a poor suburb of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo. ''Water Science & Technology: Water Supply'', Vol. 11, 266–273. </ref>		\| Vala et al. (2011)<ref name="Vala">VALA, R M K, TICHAGWA, L, MUSIBONO, D E, and LUKANDA, V M. 2011. Environmental and health concerns regarding the quality of water in a poor suburb of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo. ''Water Science & Technology: Water Supply'', Vol. 11, 266–273. </ref>
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	\| <sup>~~2Dakar~~</sup>, Senegal		\| <sup>2</sup>Dakar, Senegal
	\| Quaternary		\| Quaternary
	\| Wells (56)		\| Wells (56)

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	{{OR/15/009}}		{{OR/15/009}}
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+ Table A1 Groundwater quality surveys in representative regions in Sub-Saharan Africa (n=51), adapted from Lapworth et al (2015)<ref name=Lapworth 2015a">LAPWORTH, D J, STUART, M E, PEDLEY, S, NKHUWA DCW AND TIJANI, M N. 2015a. A review of urban and peri-urban groundwater quality studies in sub-Saharan Africa. British Geological Survey Draft Open Report OR/15/011. 133pp. (unpublished) </ref>.		\|+ Table A1 Groundwater quality surveys in representative regions in Sub-Saharan Africa (n=51), adapted from Lapworth et al (2015)<ref name="Lapworth 2015a">LAPWORTH, D J, STUART, M E, PEDLEY, S, NKHUWA DCW AND TIJANI, M N. 2015a. A review of urban and peri-urban groundwater quality studies in sub-Saharan Africa. British Geological Survey Draft Open Report OR/15/011. 133pp. (unpublished) </ref>.
	\| '''Area'''		\| '''Area'''
	\| '''Geology'''		\| '''Geology'''

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	{{OR/15/009}}		{{OR/15/009}}
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+ Table A1 Groundwater quality surveys in representative regions in Sub-Saharan Africa (n=51), adapted from Lapworth et al (2015).		\|+ Table A1 Groundwater quality surveys in representative regions in Sub-Saharan Africa (n=51), adapted from Lapworth et al (2015)<ref name=Lapworth 2015a">LAPWORTH, D J, STUART, M E, PEDLEY, S, NKHUWA DCW AND TIJANI, M N. 2015a. A review of urban and peri-urban groundwater quality studies in sub-Saharan Africa. British Geological Survey Draft Open Report OR/15/011. 133pp. (unpublished) </ref>.
	\| '''Area'''		\| '''Area'''
	\| '''Geology'''		\| '''Geology'''
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	\| Granitic Basement		\| Granitic Basement
	\| Wells (60)		\| Wells (60)
	\| colspan="2" \| FC 0-80, mean 16.6<br>SEC 38-554<br>~~NO3~~ 25-280<br>Turb, and other majors, pH <6.5		\| colspan="2" \| FC 0-80, mean 16.6<br>SEC 38-554<br>NO<sub>3</sub> 25-280<br>Turb, and other majors, pH <6.5
	\| Single study during the wet season ~~May- June~~ 2010		\| Single study during the wet season May–June 2010
	\| Wells contaminated with FC, 60% above. Who standards. Low pH concern for corrosion.		\| Wells contaminated with FC, 60% above. Who standards. Low pH concern for corrosion.
	\| Ibemenuga and Avoaja (2014)		\| Ibemenuga and Avoaja (2014)<ref>IBEMENUGA, K N, and AVOAJA, D A. 2014. Assessment of groundwater quality in wells within the Bombali district, Sierra Leone. ''Animal Research International'', 11, 1, 1905–1916. </ref>
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	\| <sup>3</sup>Njala, Sierra Leone		\| <sup>3</sup>Njala, Sierra Leone
	\| Granitic Basement		\| Granitic Basement
	\| Springs and wells (8)		\| Springs and wells (8)
	\| colspan="2" \| FC ~~50-39k~~, mean 3.2k<br>FS ~~5-2k~~		\| colspan="2" \| FC 50–39k, mean 3.2k<br>FS 5–2k
	\| Monthly Wet and dry season sampling		\| Monthly Wet and dry season sampling
	\| Increased contamination during the onset of dry season and at the start of rainy season		\| Increased contamination during the onset of dry season and at the start of rainy season
	\| Wright (1986)		\| Wright (1986)<ref name="Wright 1986">WRIGHT, R C. 1986. The seasonality of bacterial quality of water in a tropical developing country (Sierra Leone). ''Journal of Hygiene'', 96, 01, 75–82. </ref>
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	\| <sup>3</sup>Moyamba, Sierra Leone		\| <sup>3</sup>Moyamba, Sierra Leone
	\| Granitic Basement		\| Granitic Basement
	\| Springs and shallow wells (13)		\| Springs and shallow wells (13)
	\| colspan="2" \| FC ~~15-251k~~<br>FS ~~12-63k~~, mean 501<br>SEC 7.~~6-206~~, mean 30<br>Turb, pH ~~5-6~~.5		\| colspan="2" \| FC 15–251k<br>FS 12–63k, mean 501<br>SEC 7.6–206, mean 30<br>Turb, pH 5–6.5
	\| Transition from dry to wet season, multiple sampling occasions		\| Transition from dry to wet season, multiple sampling occasions
	\| Increase risk during onset of wet season sustained risk during dry season for wells. No sanitation, open defecation practiced.		\| Increase risk during onset of wet season sustained risk during dry season for wells. No sanitation, open defecation practiced.
	\| Wright (1982)		\| Wright (1982)<ref name="Wright 1982a">WRIGHT, R C. 1982a. Seasonal variation in water quality of a West African river (R. Jong in Sierra Leone). Rev. Hydrobiol. Trop. 15,3, 193–199. </ref>
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	\| <sup>3</sup>Bo, Sierra Leone		\| <sup>3</sup>Bo, Sierra Leone
	\| Granitic Basement		\| Granitic Basement
	\| Wells (33) lined and unlined		\| Wells (33) lined and unlined
	\| colspan="2" \| FC ~~0-75~~, mean 19.6<br>NO<sub>3</sub> 0.~~5-28~~, mean 7.7<br>PO<sub>4</sub> 0.~~01-11~~.5, mean 1.7<br>SEC ~~39-1281~~, mean 362		\| colspan="2" \| FC 0–75, mean 19.6<br>NO<sub>3</sub> 0.5–28, mean 7.7<br>PO<sub>4</sub> 0.01–11.5, mean 1.7<br>SEC 39–1281, mean 362
	\| Wet season		\| Wet season
	\| Distance from field significant predictor of FC, not distance from toilet/PL		\| Distance from field significant predictor of FC, not distance from toilet/PL
	\| Jimmy et al. (2013)		\| Jimmy et al. (2013)<ref name="Jimmy">JIMMY, D H, SUNDUFU, A J, MALANOSKI, A P, JACOBSEN, K H, ANSUMANA, R, LESKI, T A, BANGURA U, BOCKARIE A S, TEJAN E, LIN, B, and STENGER, D A. 2013. Water quality associated public health risk in Bo, Sierra Leone. ''Environmental monitoring and assessment'', 185, 1, 241– 251. </ref>
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	\| <sup>3</sup>Conakry, Guinea		\| <sup>3</sup>Conakry, Guinea
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	\| Dry season April-May 1994		\| Dry season April-May 1994
	\| Widespread contamination by nitrate and FC linked to poor sanitation and well construction		\| Widespread contamination by nitrate and FC linked to poor sanitation and well construction
	\| Gélinas et al. (1996)		\| Gélinas et al. (1996)<ref name="Gelinas">GELINAS, Y, RANDALL, H, ROBIDOUX, L, and SCHMIDT, J-P. 1996. Well water survey in two districts of Conakry (Republic of Guinea), and comparison with the piped city water. ''Water Research'', Vol. 39, 2017–2026. </ref>
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	\| ~~2Various~~.<br>Ivory coast		\| <sup>2</sup>Various.<br>Ivory coast
	\| Basement		\| Basement
	\| Boreholes (230)		\| Boreholes (230)
	\| ~~NO3~~ mean 69		\| NO<sub>3</sub> mean 69
	\| 1981 and 1982		\| 1981 and 1982
	\| High nitrate (up to 200 mg/L) linked to domestic pollution and deforestation		\| High nitrate (up to 200 mg/L) linked to domestic pollution and deforestation
	\| Faillat (1990)		\| Faillat (1990)<ref name="Faillat">FAILLAT, J P. 1990. Sources of Nitrates in Fissure Groundwater in the Humid Tropical Zone—the Example of Ivory-Coast. ''Journal of Hydrology'', Vol. 113, 231–264. </ref>
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	\| ~~2Bolama~~ City, Guinea Bissau,		\| <sup>2</sup>Bolama City, Guinea Bissau,
	\| Sandy soils and Cenozoic–Modern sediments		\| Sandy soils and Cenozoic–Modern sediments
	\| Wells (28)		\| Wells (28)
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	\| July 2006		\| July 2006
	\| 80% of wells contaminated with FC linked to widespread use of PL		\| 80% of wells contaminated with FC linked to widespread use of PL
	\| ~~[file:///W:/PP/GraphicCommunications/Graphic%20Design/Live_Jobs/2014%20Reports/2015/15009/OR15009.docx#_bookmark8~~ Bordalo and Savva-] Bordalo (2007)		\| Bordalo and Savva-Bordalo (2007)
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	\| ~~2Cotonou~~, Benin		\| <sup>2</sup>Cotonou, Benin
	\| Quaternary to mid Pleistocene sandstone		\| Quaternary to mid Pleistocene sandstone
	\| Dug wells in upper aquifer in densely populated area (379)		\| Dug wells in upper aquifer in densely populated area (379)
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	\| Boukari et al. (1996)		\| Boukari et al. (1996)
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	\| ~~1Kumasi~~, Ghana		\| <sup>1</sup>Kumasi, Ghana
	\| Precambrian Basement		\| Precambrian Basement
	\| Hand-dug wells (10)		\| Hand-dug wells (10)
	\| TDS 6-230, mean 113<br>~~NO3~~ 0-0.968, mean 0.16<br>PO4 0.67-15, mean 7.8<br>TH 8-103, mean 54<br>TC and EC <20		\| TDS 6-230, mean 113<br>NO<sub>3</sub> 0-0.968, mean 0.16<br>PO4 0.67-15, mean 7.8<br>TH 8-103, mean 54<br>TC and EC <20
	\| N/A		\| N/A
	\| Water quality survey showed that water quality parameters were within WHO drinking water guideline values		\| Water quality survey showed that water quality parameters were within WHO drinking water guideline values
	\| Nkansah et al. (2010)		\| Nkansah et al. (2010)<ref name="Nkansah">NKANSAH, M A, BOADI, N O, and BADU, M. 2010. Assessment of the quality of water from hand-dug wells in Ghana. ''Environmental Health Insights''. Vol. 4, 7–12. </ref>
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	\| 3Kumasi, Ghana		\| 3Kumasi, Ghana
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	\|}		\|}
	<sup>a</sup> Hand dug wells with no surface protection, b Assuming that the initial installation of a borehole is of a high standard, *Regular household treatment is not realistic in Sierra Leone or many other countries in SSA, if there is high turbidity (likely for surface waters) this may render treatment using chlorination only partially effective.		<sup>a</sup> Hand dug wells with no surface protection, b Assuming that the initial installation of a borehole is of a high standard, *Regular household treatment is not realistic in Sierra Leone or many other countries in SSA, if there is high turbidity (likely for surface waters) this may render treatment using chlorination only partially effective.

			==References==


	[[category: OR/15/009 Threats to groundwater supplies from contamination in Sierra Leone, with special reference to Ebola care facilities \| 06]]		[[category: OR/15/009 Threats to groundwater supplies from contamination in Sierra Leone, with special reference to Ebola care facilities \| 06]]

Dbk: Protected "OR/15/009 Appendix" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) [cascading]

2015-06-12T15:12:38Z

Protected "OR/15/009 Appendix" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) [cascading]

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