OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics continued - Revision history

Dbk: /* Igneous/sedimentary */

2015-09-24T13:38:45Z

Igneous/sedimentary

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:38, 24 September 2015
Line 1,249:		Line 1,249:

	==Igneous/sedimentary==		==Igneous/sedimentary==
	[[Image:15028 igneous sedimentary.jpg\|thumb\|center\|~~500px~~\|'''Figure 18 '''Schematic cross-section of the hydrogeology of mixed igneous–sedimentary aquifers in Scotland.]]		[[Image:15028 igneous sedimentary.jpg\|thumb\|center\|600px\|'''Figure 18 '''Schematic cross-section of the hydrogeology of mixed igneous–sedimentary aquifers in Scotland.]]

	===Summary of baseline chemistry ===		===Summary of baseline chemistry ===

Dbk: /* Precambrian */

2015-09-24T13:38:28Z

Precambrian

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:38, 24 September 2015
Line 623:		Line 623:

	==Precambrian==		==Precambrian==
	[[Image:15028 precambrian.jpg\|thumb\|center\|~~600px~~\| ]]		[[Image:15028 precambrian.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| ]]

	===Geological summary ===		===Geological summary ===

Dbk: /* Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) */

2015-09-24T13:38:12Z

Old Red Sandstone (Devonian)

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:38, 24 September 2015
Line 2:		Line 2:
	{{OR/15/028}}		{{OR/15/028}}
	==Old Red Sandstone (Devonian)==		==Old Red Sandstone (Devonian)==
	[[Image:15028 old red sandstone.jpg\|thumb\|center\|~~600px~~\| ]]		[[Image:15028 old red sandstone.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| ]]

	===Geological summary ===		===Geological summary ===

Dbk at 13:37, 24 September 2015

2015-09-24T13:37:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:37, 24 September 2015
Line 2:		Line 2:
	{{OR/15/028}}		{{OR/15/028}}
	==Old Red Sandstone (Devonian)==		==Old Red Sandstone (Devonian)==
	[[Image:~~OR15028~~ old red sandstone.jpg\|thumb\|center\|~~500px~~\| ]]		[[Image:15028 old red sandstone.jpg\|thumb\|center\|600px\| ]]

	===Geological summary ===		===Geological summary ===
Line 14:		Line 14:
	Away from Fife, sandstones within the Upper Old Red Sandstone, and older sandstones and conglomerates of the Middle and Lower Old Red Sandstone, generally form moderately, and occasionally highly, productive aquifers (Table 10). In Caithness and Orkney there are extensive fine grained flagstones, within which groundwater flow is concentrated along bedding planes, and which tend to form only moderately productive aquifers at best. Where lower permeability siltstones or mudstones separate sandstone beds, they tend to act as barriers to groundwater flow, except where permeable faults cut through the sequence.		Away from Fife, sandstones within the Upper Old Red Sandstone, and older sandstones and conglomerates of the Middle and Lower Old Red Sandstone, generally form moderately, and occasionally highly, productive aquifers (Table 10). In Caithness and Orkney there are extensive fine grained flagstones, within which groundwater flow is concentrated along bedding planes, and which tend to form only moderately productive aquifers at best. Where lower permeability siltstones or mudstones separate sandstone beds, they tend to act as barriers to groundwater flow, except where permeable faults cut through the sequence.

	[[Image:~~OR15028~~ fig12.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| '''Figure 12''' Schematic cross-section of the hydrogeology of Old Red Sandstone aquifers.]]		[[Image:15028 fig12.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| '''Figure 12''' Schematic cross-section of the hydrogeology of Old Red Sandstone aquifers.]]

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
Line 329:		Line 329:

	==Silurian and Ordovician==		==Silurian and Ordovician==
	[[Image:~~OR15028~~ silurian-ordovician.jpg\|thumb\|center\|~~500px~~\| ]]		[[Image:15028 silurian-ordovician.jpg\|thumb\|center\|600px\| ]]

	===Geological summary ===		===Geological summary ===
Line 339:		Line 339:
	Groundwater flow paths are likely to be controlled by fracture patterns and to be generally relatively shallow, with groundwater appearing to be well mixed in the top 50 metres or so. In general, flow paths are likely to be relatively short and localised, but in some cases there may be connectivity over several kilometres from higher ground to valleys, and groundwater is often resident in the aquifer for several decades (MacDonald et al., 2008)<ref name="Macdonald 2008"></ref>.		Groundwater flow paths are likely to be controlled by fracture patterns and to be generally relatively shallow, with groundwater appearing to be well mixed in the top 50 metres or so. In general, flow paths are likely to be relatively short and localised, but in some cases there may be connectivity over several kilometres from higher ground to valleys, and groundwater is often resident in the aquifer for several decades (MacDonald et al., 2008)<ref name="Macdonald 2008"></ref>.

	[[Image:~~OR15028~~ fig13.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| '''Figure 13 '''Schematic cross-section of the hydrogeology of Silurian and Ordovician aquifers in Scotland.]]		[[Image:15028 fig13.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| '''Figure 13 '''Schematic cross-section of the hydrogeology of Silurian and Ordovician aquifers in Scotland.]]

	===Summary of baseline chemistry ===		===Summary of baseline chemistry ===
Line 480:		Line 480:

	==Highland calcareous: dominantly calcareous Precambrian and Cambro-Ordovician==		==Highland calcareous: dominantly calcareous Precambrian and Cambro-Ordovician==
	[[Image:~~OR15028~~ highland calcareous.jpg\|thumb\|center\|~~500px~~\| ]]		[[Image:15028 highland calcareous.jpg\|thumb\|center\|600px\| ]]

	===Geological summary ===		===Geological summary ===
Line 492:		Line 492:
	Cambro-Ordovician limestones show significant karst development in places, thought to be concentrated along fault planes, and including cave sequences at least 3 km long, through which large flows of up to 00 l/s discharge (Robins, 1990<ref name="Robins 1990"></ref>). However, the scarce available data indicate that where karst is poorly developed, the aquifer has relatively low productivity, similar to [[#Precambrian \| Precambrian aquifers]].		Cambro-Ordovician limestones show significant karst development in places, thought to be concentrated along fault planes, and including cave sequences at least 3 km long, through which large flows of up to 00 l/s discharge (Robins, 1990<ref name="Robins 1990"></ref>). However, the scarce available data indicate that where karst is poorly developed, the aquifer has relatively low productivity, similar to [[#Precambrian \| Precambrian aquifers]].

	[[Image:~~OR15028~~ fig14.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| '''Figure 14 '''Schematic cross-section of the hydrogeology of calcareous aquifers (dominantly Precambrian and Cambrian) in Scotland.]]		[[Image:15028 fig14.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| '''Figure 14 '''Schematic cross-section of the hydrogeology of calcareous aquifers (dominantly Precambrian and Cambrian) in Scotland.]]

	==Summary of baseline chemistry ==		==Summary of baseline chemistry ==
Line 623:		Line 623:

	==Precambrian==		==Precambrian==
	[[Image:~~OR15028~~ precambrian.jpg\|thumb\|center\|~~500px~~\| ]]		[[Image:15028 precambrian.jpg\|thumb\|center\|600px\| ]]

	===Geological summary ===		===Geological summary ===
Line 674:		Line 674:
	Ranges refer to total range in values<br>Number of values indicated in brackets<br>Data from the British Geological Survey		Ranges refer to total range in values<br>Number of values indicated in brackets<br>Data from the British Geological Survey

	[[Image:~~OR15028~~ fig15.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| '''Figure 15 '''Schematic cross-section of the hydrogeology of Precambrian aquifers in Scotland.]]		[[Image:15028 fig15.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| '''Figure 15 '''Schematic cross-section of the hydrogeology of Precambrian aquifers in Scotland.]]

	===Summary of baseline chemistry ===		===Summary of baseline chemistry ===
Line 953:		Line 953:

	==Igneous volcanic==		==Igneous volcanic==
	[[Image:~~OR15028~~ igneous volcanic.jpg\|thumb\|center\|~~500px~~\| ]]		[[Image:15028 igneous volcanic.jpg\|thumb\|center\|600px\| ]]

	===Geological summary ===		===Geological summary ===
Line 965:		Line 965:
	There are several notable abstractions for mineral water from Scottish volcanic rocks, and the aquifer is also used locally for private water supply. A number of springs from Tertiary lavas in the Highlands, particularly on Skye, are used for public water supply.		There are several notable abstractions for mineral water from Scottish volcanic rocks, and the aquifer is also used locally for private water supply. A number of springs from Tertiary lavas in the Highlands, particularly on Skye, are used for public water supply.

	[[Image:~~OR15028~~ fig16.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| '''Figure 16 '''Schematic cross-section of the hydrogeology of volcanic igneous aquifers in Scotland.]]		[[Image:15028 fig16.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| '''Figure 16 '''Schematic cross-section of the hydrogeology of volcanic igneous aquifers in Scotland.]]

	===Summary of baseline chemistry ===		===Summary of baseline chemistry ===
Line 1,097:		Line 1,097:

	==Igneous intrusive==		==Igneous intrusive==
	[[Image:~~OR15028~~ igneous intrusive.jpg\|thumb\|center\|~~500px~~\| ]]		[[Image:15028 igneous intrusive.jpg\|thumb\|center\|600px\| ]]

	==Geological summary ==		==Geological summary ==
Line 1,107:		Line 1,107:
	Few good quantitative aquifer properties data are available. The range in recorded opera- tional yields from all intrusive igneous rocks, based on 47 recorded values, is from <1 m<sup>3</sup>/d to 600 m<sup>3</sup>/d, with a mean of 110 m<sup>3</sup>/d and a median of 44 m<sup>3</sup>/d.		Few good quantitative aquifer properties data are available. The range in recorded opera- tional yields from all intrusive igneous rocks, based on 47 recorded values, is from <1 m<sup>3</sup>/d to 600 m<sup>3</sup>/d, with a mean of 110 m<sup>3</sup>/d and a median of 44 m<sup>3</sup>/d.

	[[Image:~~OR15028~~ fig17.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| '''Figure 17 '''Schematic cross-sections of the hydrogeology of intrusive igneous aquifers in Scotland.]]		[[Image:15028 fig17.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| '''Figure 17 '''Schematic cross-sections of the hydrogeology of intrusive igneous aquifers in Scotland.]]

	===Summary of baseline chemistry===		===Summary of baseline chemistry===
Line 1,249:		Line 1,249:

	==Igneous/sedimentary==		==Igneous/sedimentary==
	[[Image:~~OR15028~~ igneous sedimentary.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|'''Figure 18 '''Schematic cross-section of the hydrogeology of mixed igneous–sedimentary aquifers in Scotland.]]		[[Image:15028 igneous sedimentary.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|'''Figure 18 '''Schematic cross-section of the hydrogeology of mixed igneous–sedimentary aquifers in Scotland.]]

	===Summary of baseline chemistry ===		===Summary of baseline chemistry ===
Line 1,255:		Line 1,255:

	==Superficial aquifers in Scotland==		==Superficial aquifers in Scotland==
	[[Image:~~OR15028~~ superficial aquifers.jpg\|thumb\|center\|~~500px~~\| ]]		[[Image:15028 superficial aquifers.jpg\|thumb\|center\|600px\| ]]

	Some of the most productive aquifers in Scotland are formed of superficial deposits. However, superficial aquifers vary widely in productivity, due to their highly variable lithology, depositional history and therefore parameters such as sediment sorting, and also, importantly, 3D geometry (the lateral extent and thickness of the deposit). The thickest superficial aquifers in Scotland exceed 80 m, where thick sequences of gravels and sands infill deep valleys eroded by glaciers from bedrock. Superficial aquifers have been divided into three categories according to their age, provenance and whether they crop out at the ground surface or are hidden, described in more detail in [[OR/15/028 Delineating aquifers in Scotland #Bedrock aquifers \| Bedrock aquifers]]: Quaternary deposits mapped at the surface; buried aquifers; and deeply weathered bedrock (regolith).		Some of the most productive aquifers in Scotland are formed of superficial deposits. However, superficial aquifers vary widely in productivity, due to their highly variable lithology, depositional history and therefore parameters such as sediment sorting, and also, importantly, 3D geometry (the lateral extent and thickness of the deposit). The thickest superficial aquifers in Scotland exceed 80 m, where thick sequences of gravels and sands infill deep valleys eroded by glaciers from bedrock. Superficial aquifers have been divided into three categories according to their age, provenance and whether they crop out at the ground surface or are hidden, described in more detail in [[OR/15/028 Delineating aquifers in Scotland #Bedrock aquifers \| Bedrock aquifers]]: Quaternary deposits mapped at the surface; buried aquifers; and deeply weathered bedrock (regolith).

Dbk: /* Physical aquifer properties and groundwater flow */

2015-09-24T13:11:34Z

Physical aquifer properties and groundwater flow

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:11, 24 September 2015
Line 492:		Line 492:
	Cambro-Ordovician limestones show significant karst development in places, thought to be concentrated along fault planes, and including cave sequences at least 3 km long, through which large flows of up to 00 l/s discharge (Robins, 1990<ref name="Robins 1990"></ref>). However, the scarce available data indicate that where karst is poorly developed, the aquifer has relatively low productivity, similar to [[#Precambrian \| Precambrian aquifers]].		Cambro-Ordovician limestones show significant karst development in places, thought to be concentrated along fault planes, and including cave sequences at least 3 km long, through which large flows of up to 00 l/s discharge (Robins, 1990<ref name="Robins 1990"></ref>). However, the scarce available data indicate that where karst is poorly developed, the aquifer has relatively low productivity, similar to [[#Precambrian \| Precambrian aquifers]].

	[[Image:OR15028 ~~highland calcareous~~.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| '''Figure 14 '''Schematic cross-section of the hydrogeology of calcareous aquifers (dominantly Precambrian and Cambrian) in Scotland.]]		[[Image:OR15028 fig14.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| '''Figure 14 '''Schematic cross-section of the hydrogeology of calcareous aquifers (dominantly Precambrian and Cambrian) in Scotland.]]

	==Summary of baseline chemistry ==		==Summary of baseline chemistry ==

Dbk: /* Superficial aquifers in Scotland */

2015-09-24T12:42:35Z

Superficial aquifers in Scotland

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:42, 24 September 2015
Line 1,257:		Line 1,257:
	[[Image:OR15028 superficial aquifers.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| ]]		[[Image:OR15028 superficial aquifers.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\| ]]

	Some of the most productive aquifers in Scotland are formed of superficial deposits. However, superficial aquifers vary widely in productivity, due to their highly variable lithology, depositional history and therefore parameters such as sediment sorting, and also, importantly, 3D geometry (the lateral extent and thickness of the deposit). The thickest superficial aquifers in Scotland exceed 80 m, where thick sequences of gravels and sands infill deep valleys eroded by glaciers from bedrock. Superficial aquifers have been divided into three categories according to their age, provenance and whether they crop out at the ground surface or are hidden, described in more detail in ~~'''Section 3.2'''~~: Quaternary deposits mapped at the surface; buried aquifers; and deeply weathered bedrock (regolith).		Some of the most productive aquifers in Scotland are formed of superficial deposits. However, superficial aquifers vary widely in productivity, due to their highly variable lithology, depositional history and therefore parameters such as sediment sorting, and also, importantly, 3D geometry (the lateral extent and thickness of the deposit). The thickest superficial aquifers in Scotland exceed 80 m, where thick sequences of gravels and sands infill deep valleys eroded by glaciers from bedrock. Superficial aquifers have been divided into three categories according to their age, provenance and whether they crop out at the ground surface or are hidden, described in more detail in [[OR/15/028 Delineating aquifers in Scotland #Bedrock aquifers \| Bedrock aquifers]]: Quaternary deposits mapped at the surface; buried aquifers; and deeply weathered bedrock (regolith).

	===Quaternary aquifers that crop out at the ground surface ===		===Quaternary aquifers that crop out at the ground surface ===

Dbk: /* Summary of baseline chemistry */

2015-09-24T12:40:56Z

Summary of baseline chemistry

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:40, 24 September 2015
Line 1,252:		Line 1,252:

	===Summary of baseline chemistry ===		===Summary of baseline chemistry ===
	The chemistry of groundwater in this aquifer depends on the local proportion of sedimentary and igneous rocks. For the range of expected chemical parameters see the relevant sections: [[#Igneous volcanic \| Igneous Volcanic aquifers]]; [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics #Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers, not extensively mined for coal \| Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers]] not extensively mined for coal; [[#Old Red Sandstone (~~Deveonian~~) \| Old Red Sandstone]] sedimentary aquifers and, where relevant, [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics \| Aquifer characteristics]] for Permo-Triassic sedimentary aquifers.		The chemistry of groundwater in this aquifer depends on the local proportion of sedimentary and igneous rocks. For the range of expected chemical parameters see the relevant sections: [[#Igneous volcanic \| Igneous Volcanic aquifers]]; [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics #Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers, not extensively mined for coal \| Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers]] not extensively mined for coal; [[#Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) \| Old Red Sandstone]] sedimentary aquifers and, where relevant, [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics \| Aquifer characteristics]] for Permo-Triassic sedimentary aquifers.

	==Superficial aquifers in Scotland==		==Superficial aquifers in Scotland==

Dbk: /* Summary of baseline chemistry */

2015-09-24T12:40:24Z

Summary of baseline chemistry

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:40, 24 September 2015
Line 1,252:		Line 1,252:

	===Summary of baseline chemistry ===		===Summary of baseline chemistry ===
	The chemistry of groundwater in this aquifer depends on the local proportion of sedimentary and igneous rocks. For the range of expected chemical parameters see the relevant sections: [[#Igneous volcanic \| Igneous Volcanic aquifers]]; [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics #Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers, not extensively mined for coal \| Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers]] not extensively mined for coal; [[#Old Red ~~sandstone~~ (Deveonian) \| Old Red Sandstone]] sedimentary aquifers and, where relevant, [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics \| Aquifer characteristics]] for Permo-Triassic sedimentary aquifers.		The chemistry of groundwater in this aquifer depends on the local proportion of sedimentary and igneous rocks. For the range of expected chemical parameters see the relevant sections: [[#Igneous volcanic \| Igneous Volcanic aquifers]]; [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics #Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers, not extensively mined for coal \| Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers]] not extensively mined for coal; [[#Old Red Sandstone (Deveonian) \| Old Red Sandstone]] sedimentary aquifers and, where relevant, [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics \| Aquifer characteristics]] for Permo-Triassic sedimentary aquifers.

	==Superficial aquifers in Scotland==		==Superficial aquifers in Scotland==

Dbk: /* Summary of baseline chemistry */

2015-09-24T12:40:00Z

Summary of baseline chemistry

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:40, 24 September 2015
Line 1,252:		Line 1,252:

	===Summary of baseline chemistry ===		===Summary of baseline chemistry ===
	The chemistry of groundwater in this aquifer depends on the local proportion of sedimentary and igneous rocks. For the range of expected chemical parameters see the relevant sections: [[#Igneous volcanic \| Igneous Volcanic aquifers]]; [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics #Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers, not extensively mined for coal \| Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers]] not extensively mined for coal; [[~~OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics~~ #Old Red sandstone (Deveonian) \| Old Red Sandstone]] sedimentary aquifers and, where relevant, [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics \| Aquifer characteristics]] for Permo-Triassic sedimentary aquifers.		The chemistry of groundwater in this aquifer depends on the local proportion of sedimentary and igneous rocks. For the range of expected chemical parameters see the relevant sections: [[#Igneous volcanic \| Igneous Volcanic aquifers]]; [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics #Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers, not extensively mined for coal \| Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers]] not extensively mined for coal; [[#Old Red sandstone (Deveonian) \| Old Red Sandstone]] sedimentary aquifers and, where relevant, [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics \| Aquifer characteristics]] for Permo-Triassic sedimentary aquifers.

	==Superficial aquifers in Scotland==		==Superficial aquifers in Scotland==

Dbk: /* Summary of baseline chemistry */

2015-09-24T12:38:50Z

Summary of baseline chemistry

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:38, 24 September 2015
Line 1,252:		Line 1,252:

	===Summary of baseline chemistry ===		===Summary of baseline chemistry ===
	The chemistry of groundwater in this aquifer depends on the local proportion of sedimentary and igneous rocks. For the range of expected chemical parameters see the relevant sections: [[#Igneous volcanic \| Igneous Volcanic aquifers]]; [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics #Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers, not extensively mined for coal \| Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers]] not extensively mined for coal; ~~'''Section 5.5''' for~~ [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics #Old Red ~~Sandstone~~ (Deveonian) \| Old Red Sandstone]] sedimentary aquifers and, where relevant, [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics \| Aquifer characteristics]] for Permo-Triassic sedimentary aquifers.		The chemistry of groundwater in this aquifer depends on the local proportion of sedimentary and igneous rocks. For the range of expected chemical parameters see the relevant sections: [[#Igneous volcanic \| Igneous Volcanic aquifers]]; [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics #Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers, not extensively mined for coal \| Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers]] not extensively mined for coal; [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics #Old Red sandstone (Deveonian) \| Old Red Sandstone]] sedimentary aquifers and, where relevant, [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics \| Aquifer characteristics]] for Permo-Triassic sedimentary aquifers.

	==Superficial aquifers in Scotland==		==Superficial aquifers in Scotland==