OR/15/028 Data sources - Revision history

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	Digital geological maps for Scotland are produced as part of the BGS DiGMapGB onshore datasets ([http://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/digitalmaps/digmapgb.html http://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/digitalmaps/digmapgb.html]), which are based on the different series of published BGS geological maps. The DiGMapGB datasets are available as vector data at a variety of scales and in a variety of formats in which they are structured into themes primarily for use in geographical information systems (GIS), where they can be integrated with other types of spatial data for analysis and problem solving in many earth-science-related issues.		Digital geological maps for Scotland are produced as part of the BGS DiGMapGB onshore datasets ([http://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/digitalmaps/digmapgb.html http://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/digitalmaps/digmapgb.html]), which are based on the different series of published BGS geological maps. The DiGMapGB datasets are available as vector data at a variety of scales and in a variety of formats in which they are structured into themes primarily for use in geographical information systems (GIS), where they can be integrated with other types of spatial data for analysis and problem solving in many earth-science-related issues.

	The main geological mapping dataset used for Scottish aquifer classification is the British Geological Survey (BGS) DiGMapGB-50, at 1:50 000 scale (bedrock and superficial deposits). The DiGMapGB-50 data typically provide a digital version of the geology as shown on the map face of the published 1:50 000 scale paper map. No topography is shown. Most geological units are represented by polygons in the data and are arranged in up to four themes, as available: Bedrock (formerly ‘solid’ geology); Superficial (formerly ‘drift’ deposits or Quaternary); Mass Movement (mostly landslide); and Artificial (or artificially modified or man-made ground). Geological units such as thin coal seams and fossil bands and other features such as faults, mineral veins and some landforms, which are all shown as lines on the published maps, are held in a fifth, Linear, theme.		The main geological mapping dataset used for Scottish aquifer classification is the British Geological Survey (BGS) DiGMapGB-50, at 1:50 000 scale (bedrock and superficial deposits). The DiGMapGB-50 data typically provide a digital version of the geology as shown on the map face of the published 1:50 000 scale paper map. No topography is shown. Most geological units are represented by polygons in the data and are arranged in up to four themes, as available: Bedrock (formerly ‘solid’ geology); Superficial (formerly ‘drift’ deposits or Quaternary); Mass Movement (mostly landslide); and Artificial (or artificially modified or man-made ground). Geological units such as thin coal seams and fossil bands and other features such as faults, mineral veins and some landforms, which are all shown as lines on the published maps, are held in a fifth, Linear, theme.

	The DiGMapGB-50 dataset forms the basis of the [[OR/15/028 Data sources # Aquifer productivity \|Aquifer productivity]], [[OR/15/028 Delineating aquifers in Scotland #Bedrock aquifers \| bedrock aquifer groups]], [[OR/15/028 Delineating aquifers in Scotland #Superficial aquifers \| superficial aquifer groups]], and subsequent [[OR/15/028 Groundwater bodies in Scotland \| groundwater body]] classifications. The larger scale BGS DiGMapGB-625 1:625 000 (bedrock) geological mapping dataset has also been used for a separate project to subdivide bedrock aquifers using slightly different criteria, in order to highlight specific [[OR/15/028 Data sources #Groundwater chemistry \| hydrochemical issues and controls]].		The DiGMapGB-50 dataset forms the basis of the [[OR/15/028 Data sources # Aquifer productivity \|Aquifer productivity]], [[OR/15/028 Delineating aquifers in Scotland #Bedrock aquifers \| bedrock aquifer groups]], [[OR/15/028 Delineating aquifers in Scotland #Superficial aquifers \| superficial aquifer groups]], and subsequent [[OR/15/028 Groundwater bodies in Scotland \| groundwater body]] classifications. The larger scale BGS DiGMapGB-625 1:625 000 (bedrock) geological mapping dataset has also been used for a separate project to subdivide bedrock aquifers using slightly different criteria, in order to highlight specific [[OR/15/028 Data sources #Groundwater chemistry \| hydrochemical issues and controls]].

	==Aquifer productivity==		==Aquifer productivity==
	GIS-enabled maps of aquifer productivity for bedrock and superficial aquifers in Scotland were first developed by BGS in 2004 based on the 1:50 000 scale DigMapGB dataset (MacDonald et al., 2004<ref name="MacDonald 2004">MacDonald, A M, Ball, D F, and Ó Dochartaigh, B É. 2004. A GIS of aquifer productivity in Scotland: explanatory notes. ''British Geological Survey Commissioned Report'', CR/04/047N. Available at [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/504764/ http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/504764/] </ref>, 2005<ref name="MacDonald 2005"> MacDonald, A M, Robins, N S, Ball, D F, and Ó Dochartaigh, B É. 2005. An overview of groundwater in Scotland. ''Scottish Journal of Geology'', Vol. 41, 3–11. Available at http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/12230/ </ref>), and refined (Version 2) in 2011 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015a<ref name="Doch 2015a"> Ó Dochartaigh, B, Doce, D D, Rutter, H K, and MacDonald, A M. 2015a. User Guide: Aquifer Productivity (Scotland) GIS datasets. Version 2, revised report. ''British Geological Survey Open Report'', OR/15/003. Available at http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509619/ </ref>). The maps categorise two key physical properties of aquifers: the dominant groundwater flow type in an aquifer, and the aquifer’s potential for sustaining various levels of borehole water supply. The maps are designed for use at a scale of 1:100 000, making them suitable for regional assessments.		GIS-enabled maps of aquifer productivity for bedrock and superficial aquifers in Scotland were first developed by BGS in 2004 based on the 1:50 000 scale DigMapGB dataset (MacDonald et al., 2004<ref name="MacDonald 2004">MacDonald, A M, Ball, D F, and Ó Dochartaigh, B É. 2004. A GIS of aquifer productivity in Scotland: explanatory notes. ''British Geological Survey Commissioned Report'', CR/04/047N. Available at [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/504764/ http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/504764/]</ref>, 2005<ref name="MacDonald 2005">MacDonald, A M, Robins, N S, Ball, D F, and Ó Dochartaigh, B É. 2005. An overview of groundwater in Scotland. ''Scottish Journal of Geology'', Vol. 41, 3–11. Available at http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/12230/ </ref>), and refined (Version 2) in 2011 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015a<ref name="Doch 2015a"> Ó Dochartaigh, B, Doce, D D, Rutter, H K, and MacDonald, A M. 2015a. User Guide: Aquifer Productivity (Scotland) GIS datasets. Version 2, revised report. ''British Geological Survey Open Report'', OR/15/003. Available at http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509619/</ref>). The maps categorise two key physical properties of aquifers: the dominant groundwater flow type in an aquifer, and the aquifer’s potential for sustaining various levels of borehole water supply. The maps are designed for use at a scale of 1:100 000, making them suitable for regional assessments.

	The bedrock aquifer productivity map has three groundwater flow categories: significant intergranular flow; mixed fracture/intergranular flow; and fracture flow. In Scotland, most groundwater flow in bedrock aquifers is through fractures; intergranular flow is important in only a few sandstone formations. The bedrock map has five aquifer productivity classes: very high, high, moderate, low and very low, which are based on a judgement of the typical long term sustainable abstraction rate from a properly sited, constructed and developed borehole (Figure 3).		The bedrock aquifer productivity map has three groundwater flow categories: significant intergranular flow; mixed fracture/intergranular flow; and fracture flow. In Scotland, most groundwater flow in bedrock aquifers is through fractures; intergranular flow is important in only a few sandstone formations. The bedrock map has five aquifer productivity classes: very high, high, moderate, low and very low, which are based on a judgement of the typical long term sustainable abstraction rate from a properly sited, constructed and developed borehole (Figure 3).

Dbk: /* Groundwater vulnerability */

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Groundwater vulnerability

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	A digital groundwater vulnerability map for Scotland was first produced by BGS in 2004 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2005<ref name="Doch 2005"></ref>) and refined (Version 2) in 2011 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015b<ref name="Doch 2015b">Ó Dochartaigh , B É, Doce, D D, Rutter, H K, and MacDonald, A M. 2015b. User Guide: Groundwater Vulnerability (Scotland) GIS dataset. Version 2, revised report''. British Geological Survey Open Report'', OR/15/002. Available at [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509618/ http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509618/] </ref>) (Figure 4). The map shows the relative vulnerability of groundwater at the uppermost water table to contamination. It is based on a number of different datasets, primarily 1:50 000 scale digital bedrock and superficial deposits geology (DiGMapGB-50), [[OR/15/028 Data sources #Aquifer productivity \| aquifer productivity]] and permeability, superficial deposits thickness (derived from BGS borehole records), depth to water table (from BGS datasets), and aspects of soil thickness, permeability and saturation (from the Hydrology of Soil Type (HOST) dataset produced by the James Hutton Institute).		A digital groundwater vulnerability map for Scotland was first produced by BGS in 2004 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2005<ref name="Doch 2005"></ref>) and refined (Version 2) in 2011 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015b<ref name="Doch 2015b">Ó Dochartaigh , B É, Doce, D D, Rutter, H K, and MacDonald, A M. 2015b. User Guide: Groundwater Vulnerability (Scotland) GIS dataset. Version 2, revised report''. British Geological Survey Open Report'', OR/15/002. Available at [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509618/ http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509618/] </ref>) (Figure 4). The map shows the relative vulnerability of groundwater at the uppermost water table to contamination. It is based on a number of different datasets, primarily 1:50 000 scale digital bedrock and superficial deposits geology (DiGMapGB-50), [[OR/15/028 Data sources #Aquifer productivity \| aquifer productivity]] and permeability, superficial deposits thickness (derived from BGS borehole records), depth to water table (from BGS datasets), and aspects of soil thickness, permeability and saturation (from the Hydrology of Soil Type (HOST) dataset produced by the James Hutton Institute).

	[[Image:15028 fig4.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|'''Figure 4 '''Groundwater vulnerability map of Scotland (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2005<ref name="Doch 2005">Ó Dochartaigh, B É, Ball, D F. MacDonald, A M, Lilly, A, Fitzsimons, V, del Rio, M, and Auton, C A. 2005 [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/12231/ Mapping groundwater vulnerability in Scotland: a new approach for the Water Framework Directive.] ''Scottish Journal of Geology'', Vol. 41, 21–30. doi\|10.1144/sjg41010021 </ref>; Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015b<ref name="Doch 2015b></ref>"). Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database rights [2015].]]		[[Image:15028 fig4.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|'''Figure 4 '''Groundwater vulnerability map of Scotland (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2005<ref name="Doch 2005">Ó Dochartaigh, B É, Ball, D F. MacDonald, A M, Lilly, A, Fitzsimons, V, del Rio, M, and Auton, C A. 2005 [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/12231/ Mapping groundwater vulnerability in Scotland: a new approach for the Water Framework Directive.] ''Scottish Journal of Geology'', Vol. 41, 21–30. doi\|10.1144/sjg41010021 </ref>; Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015b<ref name="Doch 2015b"></ref>). Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database rights [2015].]]

	==Groundwater chemistry==		==Groundwater chemistry==

Dbk: /* Groundwater vulnerability */

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Groundwater vulnerability

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	A digital groundwater vulnerability map for Scotland was first produced by BGS in 2004 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2005<ref name="Doch 2005"></ref>) and refined (Version 2) in 2011 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015b<ref name="Doch 2015b">Ó Dochartaigh , B É, Doce, D D, Rutter, H K, and MacDonald, A M. 2015b. User Guide: Groundwater Vulnerability (Scotland) GIS dataset. Version 2, revised report''. British Geological Survey Open Report'', OR/15/002. Available at [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509618/ http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509618/] </ref>) (Figure 4). The map shows the relative vulnerability of groundwater at the uppermost water table to contamination. It is based on a number of different datasets, primarily 1:50 000 scale digital bedrock and superficial deposits geology (DiGMapGB-50), [[OR/15/028 Data sources #Aquifer productivity \| aquifer productivity]] and permeability, superficial deposits thickness (derived from BGS borehole records), depth to water table (from BGS datasets), and aspects of soil thickness, permeability and saturation (from the Hydrology of Soil Type (HOST) dataset produced by the James Hutton Institute).		A digital groundwater vulnerability map for Scotland was first produced by BGS in 2004 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2005<ref name="Doch 2005"></ref>) and refined (Version 2) in 2011 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015b<ref name="Doch 2015b">Ó Dochartaigh , B É, Doce, D D, Rutter, H K, and MacDonald, A M. 2015b. User Guide: Groundwater Vulnerability (Scotland) GIS dataset. Version 2, revised report''. British Geological Survey Open Report'', OR/15/002. Available at [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509618/ http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509618/] </ref>) (Figure 4). The map shows the relative vulnerability of groundwater at the uppermost water table to contamination. It is based on a number of different datasets, primarily 1:50 000 scale digital bedrock and superficial deposits geology (DiGMapGB-50), [[OR/15/028 Data sources #Aquifer productivity \| aquifer productivity]] and permeability, superficial deposits thickness (derived from BGS borehole records), depth to water table (from BGS datasets), and aspects of soil thickness, permeability and saturation (from the Hydrology of Soil Type (HOST) dataset produced by the James Hutton Institute).

	[[Image:15028 fig4.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|'''Figure 4 '''Groundwater vulnerability map of Scotland (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2005<ref name="Doch 2005">Ó Dochartaigh, B É, Ball, D F. MacDonald, A M, Lilly, A, Fitzsimons, V, del Rio, M, and Auton, C A. 2005 [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/12231/ Mapping groundwater vulnerability in Scotland: a new approach for the Water Framework Directive.] ''Scottish Journal of Geology'', Vol. 41, 21–30. doi\|10.1144/sjg41010021 </ref>; Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015b<ref name="Doch 2015b"). Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database rights [2015].]]		[[Image:15028 fig4.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|'''Figure 4 '''Groundwater vulnerability map of Scotland (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2005<ref name="Doch 2005">Ó Dochartaigh, B É, Ball, D F. MacDonald, A M, Lilly, A, Fitzsimons, V, del Rio, M, and Auton, C A. 2005 [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/12231/ Mapping groundwater vulnerability in Scotland: a new approach for the Water Framework Directive.] ''Scottish Journal of Geology'', Vol. 41, 21–30. doi\|10.1144/sjg41010021 </ref>; Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015b<ref name="Doch 2015b></ref>"). Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database rights [2015].]]

	==Groundwater chemistry==		==Groundwater chemistry==

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	All superficial deposits aquifers in Scotland are assumed to have primarily intergranular groundwater flow. The superficial deposits productivity map has four productivity classes (high; moderate to high; moderate; and a category to signify that a deposit is ‘not a significant aquifer’), based on a judgement of the typical long term sustainable abstraction rate from a properly sited, constructed and developed borehole or a group of boreholes (Figure 3).		All superficial deposits aquifers in Scotland are assumed to have primarily intergranular groundwater flow. The superficial deposits productivity map has four productivity classes (high; moderate to high; moderate; and a category to signify that a deposit is ‘not a significant aquifer’), based on a judgement of the typical long term sustainable abstraction rate from a properly sited, constructed and developed borehole or a group of boreholes (Figure 3).

	[[Image:~~OR15028~~ fig3.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|'''Figure 3''' Superficial deposits and bedrock aquifer productivity maps for Scotland (from Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015a<ref name="Doch 2015a"></ref>). Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database rights [2015].]]		[[Image:15028 fig3.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|'''Figure 3''' Superficial deposits and bedrock aquifer productivity maps for Scotland (from Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015a<ref name="Doch 2015a"></ref>). Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database rights [2015].]]

	==Groundwater vulnerability==		==Groundwater vulnerability==
	A digital groundwater vulnerability map for Scotland was first produced by BGS in 2004 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2005<ref name="Doch 2005"></ref>) and refined (Version 2) in 2011 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015b<ref name="Doch 2015b">Ó Dochartaigh , B É, Doce, D D, Rutter, H K, and MacDonald, A M. 2015b. User Guide: Groundwater Vulnerability (Scotland) GIS dataset. Version 2, revised report''. British Geological Survey Open Report'', OR/15/002. Available at [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509618/ http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509618/] </ref>) (Figure 4). The map shows the relative vulnerability of groundwater at the uppermost water table to contamination. It is based on a number of different datasets, primarily 1:50 000 scale digital bedrock and superficial deposits geology (DiGMapGB-50), [[OR/15/028 Data sources #Aquifer productivity \| aquifer productivity]] and permeability, superficial deposits thickness (derived from BGS borehole records), depth to water table (from BGS datasets), and aspects of soil thickness, permeability and saturation (from the Hydrology of Soil Type (HOST) dataset produced by the James Hutton Institute).		A digital groundwater vulnerability map for Scotland was first produced by BGS in 2004 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2005<ref name="Doch 2005"></ref>) and refined (Version 2) in 2011 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015b<ref name="Doch 2015b">Ó Dochartaigh , B É, Doce, D D, Rutter, H K, and MacDonald, A M. 2015b. User Guide: Groundwater Vulnerability (Scotland) GIS dataset. Version 2, revised report''. British Geological Survey Open Report'', OR/15/002. Available at [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509618/ http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509618/] </ref>) (Figure 4). The map shows the relative vulnerability of groundwater at the uppermost water table to contamination. It is based on a number of different datasets, primarily 1:50 000 scale digital bedrock and superficial deposits geology (DiGMapGB-50), [[OR/15/028 Data sources #Aquifer productivity \| aquifer productivity]] and permeability, superficial deposits thickness (derived from BGS borehole records), depth to water table (from BGS datasets), and aspects of soil thickness, permeability and saturation (from the Hydrology of Soil Type (HOST) dataset produced by the James Hutton Institute).

	[[Image:~~OR15028 fig3~~.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|'''Figure 4 '''Groundwater vulnerability map of Scotland (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2005<ref name="Doch 2005">Ó Dochartaigh, B É, Ball, D F. MacDonald, A M, Lilly, A, Fitzsimons, V, del Rio, M, and Auton, C A. 2005 [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/12231/ Mapping groundwater vulnerability in Scotland: a new approach for the Water Framework Directive.] ''Scottish Journal of Geology'', Vol. 41, 21–30. doi\|10.1144/sjg41010021 </ref>; Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015b<ref name="Doch 2015b"). Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database rights [2015].]]		[[Image:15028 fig4.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|'''Figure 4 '''Groundwater vulnerability map of Scotland (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2005<ref name="Doch 2005">Ó Dochartaigh, B É, Ball, D F. MacDonald, A M, Lilly, A, Fitzsimons, V, del Rio, M, and Auton, C A. 2005 [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/12231/ Mapping groundwater vulnerability in Scotland: a new approach for the Water Framework Directive.] ''Scottish Journal of Geology'', Vol. 41, 21–30. doi\|10.1144/sjg41010021 </ref>; Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015b<ref name="Doch 2015b"). Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database rights [2015].]]

	==Groundwater chemistry==		==Groundwater chemistry==

Dbk: /* Groundwater vulnerability */

2015-09-24T09:56:51Z

Groundwater vulnerability

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	==Groundwater vulnerability==		==Groundwater vulnerability==
	A digital groundwater vulnerability map for Scotland was first produced by BGS in 2004 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2005<ref name="Doch 2005"></ref>) and refined (Version 2) in 2011 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015b<ref name="Doch 2015b">Ó Dochartaigh , B É, Doce, D D, Rutter, H K, and MacDonald, A M. 2015b. User Guide: Groundwater Vulnerability (Scotland) GIS dataset. Version 2, revised report''. British Geological Survey Open Report'', OR/15/002. Available at [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509618/ http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509618/] </ref>) (Figure 4). The map shows the relative vulnerability of groundwater at the uppermost water table to contamination. It is based on a number of different datasets, primarily 1:50 000 scale digital bedrock and superficial deposits geology (DiGMapGB-50), aquifer productivity ~~(from the maps described in '''Section 2.2''')~~ and permeability, superficial deposits thickness (derived from BGS borehole records), depth to water table (from BGS datasets), and aspects of soil thickness, permeability and saturation (from the Hydrology of Soil Type (HOST) dataset produced by the James Hutton Institute).		A digital groundwater vulnerability map for Scotland was first produced by BGS in 2004 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2005<ref name="Doch 2005"></ref>) and refined (Version 2) in 2011 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015b<ref name="Doch 2015b">Ó Dochartaigh , B É, Doce, D D, Rutter, H K, and MacDonald, A M. 2015b. User Guide: Groundwater Vulnerability (Scotland) GIS dataset. Version 2, revised report''. British Geological Survey Open Report'', OR/15/002. Available at [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509618/ http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509618/] </ref>) (Figure 4). The map shows the relative vulnerability of groundwater at the uppermost water table to contamination. It is based on a number of different datasets, primarily 1:50 000 scale digital bedrock and superficial deposits geology (DiGMapGB-50), [[OR/15/028 Data sources #Aquifer productivity \| aquifer productivity]] and permeability, superficial deposits thickness (derived from BGS borehole records), depth to water table (from BGS datasets), and aspects of soil thickness, permeability and saturation (from the Hydrology of Soil Type (HOST) dataset produced by the James Hutton Institute).

	[[Image:OR15028 fig3.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|'''Figure 4 '''Groundwater vulnerability map of Scotland (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2005<ref name="Doch 2005">Ó Dochartaigh, B É, Ball, D F. MacDonald, A M, Lilly, A, Fitzsimons, V, del Rio, M, and Auton, C A. 2005 [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/12231/ Mapping groundwater vulnerability in Scotland: a new approach for the Water Framework Directive.] ''Scottish Journal of Geology'', Vol. 41, 21–30. doi\|10.1144/sjg41010021 </ref>; Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015b<ref name="Doch 2015b"). Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database rights [2015].]]		[[Image:OR15028 fig3.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|'''Figure 4 '''Groundwater vulnerability map of Scotland (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2005<ref name="Doch 2005">Ó Dochartaigh, B É, Ball, D F. MacDonald, A M, Lilly, A, Fitzsimons, V, del Rio, M, and Auton, C A. 2005 [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/12231/ Mapping groundwater vulnerability in Scotland: a new approach for the Water Framework Directive.] ''Scottish Journal of Geology'', Vol. 41, 21–30. doi\|10.1144/sjg41010021 </ref>; Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015b<ref name="Doch 2015b"). Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database rights [2015].]]

Dbk: /* Groundwater chemistry */

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Groundwater chemistry

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	Aquifer geology is a key control on groundwater chemistry. For the purposes of interpreting and characterising Scottish groundwater chemistry, bedrock aquifers were categorised according to their overall influence on groundwater chemistry, using a very similar methodology to that used to subdivide aquifer groups, but based on 1:625 000 scale geological linework (DiGMapGB-625), and using slightly different criteria to highlight specific hydrochemical issues and controls. One main difference was to maintain the distinction of major igneous intrusions (mostly granitic) across the Highlands in dominantly Precambrian metamorphic or, in Skye and Mull, volcanic terrain, because the available data indicate that groundwater chemistry can vary noticeably between these rock types, although they can have similar physical aquifer characteristics.		Aquifer geology is a key control on groundwater chemistry. For the purposes of interpreting and characterising Scottish groundwater chemistry, bedrock aquifers were categorised according to their overall influence on groundwater chemistry, using a very similar methodology to that used to subdivide aquifer groups, but based on 1:625 000 scale geological linework (DiGMapGB-625), and using slightly different criteria to highlight specific hydrochemical issues and controls. One main difference was to maintain the distinction of major igneous intrusions (mostly granitic) across the Highlands in dominantly Precambrian metamorphic or, in Skye and Mull, volcanic terrain, because the available data indicate that groundwater chemistry can vary noticeably between these rock types, although they can have similar physical aquifer characteristics.

	A full report on the baseline chemistry of Scotland’s bedrock groundwater is in preparation. A statistical summary of selected chemical parameters for each of the aquifer groups in this report (~~'''Section 5.2 to 5.12'''~~).		A full report on the baseline chemistry of Scotland’s bedrock groundwater is in preparation. A statistical summary of selected chemical parameters for each of the aquifer groups in this report (see [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics #Permo-Triassic \| Permo-Triassic]] and [[OR/15/028 Aquifer characteristics #Superficial aquifers in Scotland \| Superficial aquifers in Scotland]] articles).

	==References==		==References==

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2015-09-24T09:53:41Z

Aquifer productivity

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	GIS-enabled maps of aquifer productivity for bedrock and superficial aquifers in Scotland were first developed by BGS in 2004 based on the 1:50 000 scale DigMapGB dataset (MacDonald et al., 2004<ref name="MacDonald 2004">MacDonald, A M, Ball, D F, and Ó Dochartaigh, B É. 2004. A GIS of aquifer productivity in Scotland: explanatory notes. ''British Geological Survey Commissioned Report'', CR/04/047N. Available at [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/504764/ http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/504764/] </ref>, 2005<ref name="MacDonald 2005"> MacDonald, A M, Robins, N S, Ball, D F, and Ó Dochartaigh, B É. 2005. An overview of groundwater in Scotland. ''Scottish Journal of Geology'', Vol. 41, 3–11. Available at http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/12230/ </ref>), and refined (Version 2) in 2011 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015a<ref name="Doch 2015a"> Ó Dochartaigh, B, Doce, D D, Rutter, H K, and MacDonald, A M. 2015a. User Guide: Aquifer Productivity (Scotland) GIS datasets. Version 2, revised report. ''British Geological Survey Open Report'', OR/15/003. Available at http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509619/ </ref>). The maps categorise two key physical properties of aquifers: the dominant groundwater flow type in an aquifer, and the aquifer’s potential for sustaining various levels of borehole water supply. The maps are designed for use at a scale of 1:100 000, making them suitable for regional assessments.		GIS-enabled maps of aquifer productivity for bedrock and superficial aquifers in Scotland were first developed by BGS in 2004 based on the 1:50 000 scale DigMapGB dataset (MacDonald et al., 2004<ref name="MacDonald 2004">MacDonald, A M, Ball, D F, and Ó Dochartaigh, B É. 2004. A GIS of aquifer productivity in Scotland: explanatory notes. ''British Geological Survey Commissioned Report'', CR/04/047N. Available at [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/504764/ http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/504764/] </ref>, 2005<ref name="MacDonald 2005"> MacDonald, A M, Robins, N S, Ball, D F, and Ó Dochartaigh, B É. 2005. An overview of groundwater in Scotland. ''Scottish Journal of Geology'', Vol. 41, 3–11. Available at http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/12230/ </ref>), and refined (Version 2) in 2011 (Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015a<ref name="Doch 2015a"> Ó Dochartaigh, B, Doce, D D, Rutter, H K, and MacDonald, A M. 2015a. User Guide: Aquifer Productivity (Scotland) GIS datasets. Version 2, revised report. ''British Geological Survey Open Report'', OR/15/003. Available at http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509619/ </ref>). The maps categorise two key physical properties of aquifers: the dominant groundwater flow type in an aquifer, and the aquifer’s potential for sustaining various levels of borehole water supply. The maps are designed for use at a scale of 1:100 000, making them suitable for regional assessments.

	The bedrock aquifer productivity map has three groundwater flow categories: significant ~~inter- granular~~ flow; mixed fracture/intergranular flow; and fracture flow. In Scotland, most groundwater flow in bedrock aquifers is through fractures; intergranular flow is important in only a few sandstone formations. The bedrock map has five aquifer productivity classes: very high, high, moderate, low and very low, which are based on a judgement of the typical long term sustainable abstraction rate from a properly sited, constructed and developed borehole (Figure 3).		The bedrock aquifer productivity map has three groundwater flow categories: significant intergranular flow; mixed fracture/intergranular flow; and fracture flow. In Scotland, most groundwater flow in bedrock aquifers is through fractures; intergranular flow is important in only a few sandstone formations. The bedrock map has five aquifer productivity classes: very high, high, moderate, low and very low, which are based on a judgement of the typical long term sustainable abstraction rate from a properly sited, constructed and developed borehole (Figure 3).

	All superficial deposits aquifers in Scotland are assumed to have primarily intergranular groundwater flow. The superficial deposits productivity map has four productivity classes (high; moderate to high; moderate; and a category to signify that a deposit is ‘not a significant aquifer’), based on a judgement of the typical long term sustainable abstraction rate from a properly sited, constructed and developed borehole or a group of boreholes (Figure 3).		All superficial deposits aquifers in Scotland are assumed to have primarily intergranular groundwater flow. The superficial deposits productivity map has four productivity classes (high; moderate to high; moderate; and a category to signify that a deposit is ‘not a significant aquifer’), based on a judgement of the typical long term sustainable abstraction rate from a properly sited, constructed and developed borehole or a group of boreholes (Figure 3).

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Aquifer productivity

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	All superficial deposits aquifers in Scotland are assumed to have primarily intergranular groundwater flow. The superficial deposits productivity map has four productivity classes (high; moderate to high; moderate; and a category to signify that a deposit is ‘not a significant aquifer’), based on a judgement of the typical long term sustainable abstraction rate from a properly sited, constructed and developed borehole or a group of boreholes (Figure 3).		All superficial deposits aquifers in Scotland are assumed to have primarily intergranular groundwater flow. The superficial deposits productivity map has four productivity classes (high; moderate to high; moderate; and a category to signify that a deposit is ‘not a significant aquifer’), based on a judgement of the typical long term sustainable abstraction rate from a properly sited, constructed and developed borehole or a group of boreholes (Figure 3).

	[[Image:OR15028 fig3.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|'''Figure 3''' Superficial deposits and bedrock aquifer productivity maps for Scotland (from Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015a<ref name="Doch 2015a"></ref>). Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database rights [2015].		[[Image:OR15028 fig3.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|'''Figure 3''' Superficial deposits and bedrock aquifer productivity maps for Scotland (from Ó Dochartaigh et al., 2015a<ref name="Doch 2015a"></ref>). Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database rights [2015].]]

	==Groundwater vulnerability==		==Groundwater vulnerability==

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	The main geological mapping dataset used for Scottish aquifer classification is the British Geological Survey (BGS) DiGMapGB-50, at 1:50 000 scale (bedrock and superficial deposits). The DiGMapGB-50 data typically provide a digital version of the geology as shown on the map face of the published 1:50 000 scale paper map. No topography is shown. Most geological units are represented by polygons in the data and are arranged in up to four themes, as available: Bedrock (formerly ‘solid’ geology); Superficial (formerly ‘drift’ deposits or Quaternary); Mass Movement (mostly landslide); and Artificial (or artificially modified or man-made ground). Geological units such as thin coal seams and fossil bands and other features such as faults, mineral veins and some landforms, which are all shown as lines on the published maps, are held in a fifth, Linear, theme.		The main geological mapping dataset used for Scottish aquifer classification is the British Geological Survey (BGS) DiGMapGB-50, at 1:50 000 scale (bedrock and superficial deposits). The DiGMapGB-50 data typically provide a digital version of the geology as shown on the map face of the published 1:50 000 scale paper map. No topography is shown. Most geological units are represented by polygons in the data and are arranged in up to four themes, as available: Bedrock (formerly ‘solid’ geology); Superficial (formerly ‘drift’ deposits or Quaternary); Mass Movement (mostly landslide); and Artificial (or artificially modified or man-made ground). Geological units such as thin coal seams and fossil bands and other features such as faults, mineral veins and some landforms, which are all shown as lines on the published maps, are held in a fifth, Linear, theme.

	The DiGMapGB-50 dataset forms the basis of the [[OR/15/028 Data sources # Aquifer productivity \|Aquifer productivity]], [[OR/15/028 Delineating aquifers in Scotland #Bedrock aquifers \| bedrock aquifer groups]], [[OR/15/028 Delineating aquifers in Scotland #Superficial aquifers \| superficial aquifer groups]], and subsequent [[OR/15/028 Groundwater bodies in Scotland \| groundwater body]] classifications. The larger scale BGS DiGMapGB-625 1:625 000 (bedrock) geological mapping dataset has also been used for a separate project to subdivide bedrock aquifers using slightly different criteria, in order to highlight specific [[OR/15/~~012~~ Data sources #Groundwater chemistry \| hydrochemical issues and controls]].		The DiGMapGB-50 dataset forms the basis of the [[OR/15/028 Data sources # Aquifer productivity \|Aquifer productivity]], [[OR/15/028 Delineating aquifers in Scotland #Bedrock aquifers \| bedrock aquifer groups]], [[OR/15/028 Delineating aquifers in Scotland #Superficial aquifers \| superficial aquifer groups]], and subsequent [[OR/15/028 Groundwater bodies in Scotland \| groundwater body]] classifications. The larger scale BGS DiGMapGB-625 1:625 000 (bedrock) geological mapping dataset has also been used for a separate project to subdivide bedrock aquifers using slightly different criteria, in order to highlight specific [[OR/15/028 Data sources #Groundwater chemistry \| hydrochemical issues and controls]].

	==Aquifer productivity==		==Aquifer productivity==

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2015-09-24T09:52:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:52, 24 September 2015
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	The main geological mapping dataset used for Scottish aquifer classification is the British Geological Survey (BGS) DiGMapGB-50, at 1:50 000 scale (bedrock and superficial deposits). The DiGMapGB-50 data typically provide a digital version of the geology as shown on the map face of the published 1:50 000 scale paper map. No topography is shown. Most geological units are represented by polygons in the data and are arranged in up to four themes, as available: Bedrock (formerly ‘solid’ geology); Superficial (formerly ‘drift’ deposits or Quaternary); Mass Movement (mostly landslide); and Artificial (or artificially modified or man-made ground). Geological units such as thin coal seams and fossil bands and other features such as faults, mineral veins and some landforms, which are all shown as lines on the published maps, are held in a fifth, Linear, theme.		The main geological mapping dataset used for Scottish aquifer classification is the British Geological Survey (BGS) DiGMapGB-50, at 1:50 000 scale (bedrock and superficial deposits). The DiGMapGB-50 data typically provide a digital version of the geology as shown on the map face of the published 1:50 000 scale paper map. No topography is shown. Most geological units are represented by polygons in the data and are arranged in up to four themes, as available: Bedrock (formerly ‘solid’ geology); Superficial (formerly ‘drift’ deposits or Quaternary); Mass Movement (mostly landslide); and Artificial (or artificially modified or man-made ground). Geological units such as thin coal seams and fossil bands and other features such as faults, mineral veins and some landforms, which are all shown as lines on the published maps, are held in a fifth, Linear, theme.

	The DiGMapGB-50 dataset forms the basis of the [[OR/15/028 Data sources # Aquifer productivity \|Aquifer productivity]], [[OR/15/028 Delineating aquifers in Scotland #Bedrock aquifers \| bedrock aquifer groups]], [[OR/15/028 Delineating aquifers in Scotland #Superficial aquifers \| superficial aquifer groups]], and subsequent [[OR/15/028 Groundwater bodies in Scotland \| groundwater body]] classifications. The larger scale BGS DiGMapGB-625 1:625 000 (bedrock) geological mapping dataset has also been used for a separate project to subdivide bedrock aquifers using slightly different criteria, in order to highlight specific hydrochemical issues and controls ~~('''Section 2.4''')~~.		The DiGMapGB-50 dataset forms the basis of the [[OR/15/028 Data sources # Aquifer productivity \|Aquifer productivity]], [[OR/15/028 Delineating aquifers in Scotland #Bedrock aquifers \| bedrock aquifer groups]], [[OR/15/028 Delineating aquifers in Scotland #Superficial aquifers \| superficial aquifer groups]], and subsequent [[OR/15/028 Groundwater bodies in Scotland \| groundwater body]] classifications. The larger scale BGS DiGMapGB-625 1:625 000 (bedrock) geological mapping dataset has also been used for a separate project to subdivide bedrock aquifers using slightly different criteria, in order to highlight specific [[OR/15/012 Data sources #Groundwater chemistry \| hydrochemical issues and controls]].

	==Aquifer productivity==		==Aquifer productivity==