Southern Scotland - Revision history

Ajhil: /* Baseline report */

2026-06-24T09:14:10Z

Baseline report

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:14, 24 June 2026
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	===Baseline report===		===Baseline report===
	MacDonald, A M, Ó Dochartaigh, B É, Kinniburgh, D G and Darling, W G. 2008. Baseline Scotland: groundwater chemistry of southern Scotland. Commissioned Report, OR/08/062N. British Geological Survey.		MacDonald, A M, Ó Dochartaigh, B É, Kinniburgh, D G and Darling, W G. 2008. [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/9164/ Baseline Scotland: groundwater chemistry of southern Scotland]. Commissioned Report, OR/08/062N. British Geological Survey.
	~~Please contact [https://www.bgs.ac.uk/about-bgs/contact-us/ BGS Enquiries] for more information~~.
	[[category:Groundwater and shale gas]]		[[category:Groundwater and shale gas]]

Ajhil: /* Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations */

2026-06-24T09:10:20Z

Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:10, 24 June 2026
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	===Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations===		===Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations===
	pH and HCO<sub>3</sub> — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration		* [[Media:SSmaps.jpg\|pH and HCO<sub>3</sub> — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	Na and K — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration		* [[Media:SSmap2.jpg\|Na and K — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	Mg and Ca — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration		* [[Media:SSmap3.jpg\|Mg and Ca — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	NO<sub>3</sub>-N and Fe — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration		* [[Media:SSmap4.jpg\|NO<sub>3</sub>-N and Fe — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	Mn and F — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration		* [[Media:SSmap5.jpg\|Mn and F — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration]]
	Baseline report
			===Baseline report===
	MacDonald, A M, Ó Dochartaigh, B É, Kinniburgh, D G and Darling, W G. 2008. Baseline Scotland: groundwater chemistry of southern Scotland. Commissioned Report, OR/08/062N. British Geological Survey.		MacDonald, A M, Ó Dochartaigh, B É, Kinniburgh, D G and Darling, W G. 2008. Baseline Scotland: groundwater chemistry of southern Scotland. Commissioned Report, OR/08/062N. British Geological Survey.
	Please contact [https://www.bgs.ac.uk/about-bgs/contact-us/ BGS Enquiries] for more information.		Please contact [https://www.bgs.ac.uk/about-bgs/contact-us/ BGS Enquiries] for more information.
	[[category:Groundwater and shale gas]]		[[category:Groundwater and shale gas]]

Ajhil: /* Data */

2026-06-24T09:03:33Z

Data

Ajhil: /* Interpretations in terms of groundwater flow in southern Scotland */

2026-06-24T08:59:38Z

Interpretations in terms of groundwater flow in southern Scotland

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:59, 24 June 2026
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	===Interpretations in terms of groundwater flow in southern Scotland===		===Interpretations in terms of groundwater flow in southern Scotland===
	The hydrochemistry data and information on groundwater residence times help give an insight into groundwater flow in the different aquifers in southern Scotland. The best interpretation of the groundwater flow system within all of these aquifers is that it is largely through fractures, and well mixed in the top 50 metres or so. This is supported by the lack of correlation of nitrate with source depth across the region, and by the relative proportions of CFC and ~~SF6~~ concentrations, which indicate mixing rather than piston flow models.		The hydrochemistry data and information on groundwater residence times help give an insight into groundwater flow in the different aquifers in southern Scotland. The best interpretation of the groundwater flow system within all of these aquifers is that it is largely through fractures, and well mixed in the top 50 metres or so. This is supported by the lack of correlation of nitrate with source depth across the region, and by the relative proportions of CFC and SF<sub>6</sub> concentrations, which indicate mixing rather than piston flow models.

	There is no evidence of paleaowater in the area, and (where CFC and ~~SF6~~ have been measured) all samples recorded some proportion of water less than 50 years old. However, groundwater, even in the more fractured less permeable Lower Palaeozoic aquifers, can be resident for several decades.		There is no evidence of paleaowater in the area, and (where CFC and SF<sub>6</sub> have been measured) all samples recorded some proportion of water less than 50 years old. However, groundwater, even in the more fractured less permeable Lower Palaeozoic aquifers, can be resident for several decades.

	Groundwater samples in the upland areas of southern Scotland often contain a large element of water that fell as rain on higher ground (as implied by depleted stable isotope data). This suggests connected groundwater systems, or possible in some instances reinfiltration of upland run-off into the groundwater systems.		Groundwater samples in the upland areas of southern Scotland often contain a large element of water that fell as rain on higher ground (as implied by depleted stable isotope data). This suggests connected groundwater systems, or possible in some instances reinfiltration of upland run-off into the groundwater systems.

	Data		===Data===
	Tables of summary statistics		'''Tables of summary statistics'''<br>
	The tables below provide a statistical summary of the natural variation in groundwater chemistry in each of the studied aquifers in southern Scotland: Silurian, Ordovician, Devonian and Carboniferous. Data between the 10th and 90th percentiles for each element or ion are presented, which allows the influence of outliers to be minimised. We would expect new data to plot within this range 80% of the time.		The tables below provide a statistical summary of the natural variation in groundwater chemistry in each of the studied aquifers in southern Scotland: Silurian, Ordovician, Devonian and Carboniferous. Data between the 10th and 90th percentiles for each element or ion are presented, which allows the influence of outliers to be minimised. We would expect new data to plot within this range 80% of the time.

Ajhil: /* Main findings */

2026-06-24T08:58:20Z

Main findings

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:58, 24 June 2026
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	* ''Most of the groundwaters in the study area are oxidising'', with dissolved oxygen concentrations in the range 1–7 mg/l and a redox potential (Eh) greater than 300 mV. However, the mineralised springs are reducing, with sulphate reduction indicated at St Ronan’s Well. Groundwaters from Carboniferous strata in general tend to be slightly less oxidising than those from other aquifers. Apart from these incidences, however, the groundwater redox status does not appear to vary strongly with geology.		* ''Most of the groundwaters in the study area are oxidising'', with dissolved oxygen concentrations in the range 1–7 mg/l and a redox potential (Eh) greater than 300 mV. However, the mineralised springs are reducing, with sulphate reduction indicated at St Ronan’s Well. Groundwaters from Carboniferous strata in general tend to be slightly less oxidising than those from other aquifers. Apart from these incidences, however, the groundwater redox status does not appear to vary strongly with geology.
	* ''Nitrate concentrations'' are typically low: the median concentration of nitrate in groundwater is less than 5 mg/l NO<sub>3</sub>-N across the aquifers. Concentrations are related to land use, with groundwaters beneath agricultural land showing higher concentrations than those beneath non-agricultural land. Elevated nitrate concentrations (>5 mg/l NO<sub>3</sub>-N) are found outwith the current designated Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs). The most noticeable are in the west of the study area in Galloway, where high concentrations are associated with improved pasture, and in particular dairy farming.		* ''Nitrate concentrations'' are typically low: the median concentration of nitrate in groundwater is less than 5 mg/l NO<sub>3</sub>-N across the aquifers. Concentrations are related to land use, with groundwaters beneath agricultural land showing higher concentrations than those beneath non-agricultural land. Elevated nitrate concentrations (>5 mg/l NO<sub>3</sub>-N) are found outwith the current designated Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs). The most noticeable are in the west of the study area in Galloway, where high concentrations are associated with improved pasture, and in particular dairy farming.
	* ''Concentrations of phosphorous'' in groundwater can be an important influence on surface water eutrophication if present in baseflow to streams and rivers. Median P concentrations for the aquifer units in southern Scotland tend to fall in the range ~~30-70~~ μg/l-P. P concentrations do not show any strong relationship with land use, illustrating the complexity of P geochemistry, and the important role that soil geochemistry plays in the mobilisation of P into groundwater.		* ''Concentrations of phosphorous'' in groundwater can be an important influence on surface water eutrophication if present in baseflow to streams and rivers. Median P concentrations for the aquifer units in southern Scotland tend to fall in the range 30–70 μg/l-P. P concentrations do not show any strong relationship with land use, illustrating the complexity of P geochemistry, and the important role that soil geochemistry plays in the mobilisation of P into groundwater.

	===Interpretations in terms of groundwater flow in southern Scotland===		===Interpretations in terms of groundwater flow in southern Scotland===

Ajhil: /* Main findings */

2026-06-24T08:57:41Z

Main findings

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:57, 24 June 2026
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	* ''Most of the groundwater pH values in the region are in the near-neutral range (6.5–8.5)''. Groundwaters from Ordovician and Silurian rocks tend to have a slightly lower pH than those from Devonian sandstones and Carboniferous sandstones and limestones. Groundwaters from igneous rocks and mineralised Lower Palaeozoic strata are more acidic, with occasional pH values below 6.5.		* ''Most of the groundwater pH values in the region are in the near-neutral range (6.5–8.5)''. Groundwaters from Ordovician and Silurian rocks tend to have a slightly lower pH than those from Devonian sandstones and Carboniferous sandstones and limestones. Groundwaters from igneous rocks and mineralised Lower Palaeozoic strata are more acidic, with occasional pH values below 6.5.
	* ''Bicarbonate alkalinity: ~~HCO3~~'' is in the range 100–250 mg/l for Ordovician and Silurian groundwaters, 200–320 mg/l for Devonian and Carboniferous groundwaters, and <100 mg/l for igneous groundwaters and mineralised springs from the Lower Palaeozoic.		* ''Bicarbonate alkalinity: HCO<sub>3</sub>'' is in the range 100–250 mg/l for Ordovician and Silurian groundwaters, 200–320 mg/l for Devonian and Carboniferous groundwaters, and <100 mg/l for igneous groundwaters and mineralised springs from the Lower Palaeozoic.
	* ''Cl and ~~SO4~~ concentrations'' are generally low and reflect inputs from rainfall, with the exception of Carboniferous groundwaters which tend to have highest concentrations of Cl and ~~SO4~~, possibly reflecting the influence of connate water and sulphide mineralisation within interbedded mudstone.		* ''Cl and SO<sub>4</sub> concentrations'' are generally low and reflect inputs from rainfall, with the exception of Carboniferous groundwaters which tend to have highest concentrations of Cl and SO<sub>4</sub>, possibly reflecting the influence of connate water and sulphide mineralisation within interbedded mudstone.
	* ''Concentrations of the major cations'' reflect a combination of rainfall input, mineral weathering, and anthropogenic inputs derived from the use of fertilisers and liming (or from other sources of pollution). Most notable is an enrichment of K (5–10 mg/l) in groundwaters from Carboniferous sedimentary rocks, probably resulting from feldspar weathering. Ca concentrations broadly reflect the distribution of calcite in rocks. Groundwater from Ordovician, Silurian and mineralised strata and igneous aquifers are undersaturated with respect to calcite, as would be expected from their non-carbonate mineralogy. Groundwater from the Devonian and Carboniferous strata are generally saturated or supersaturated with respect to calcite, indicating the presence of calcite either as a major (Carboniferous limestone) or minor (calcite cement in Devonian sandstones) component.		* ''Concentrations of the major cations'' reflect a combination of rainfall input, mineral weathering, and anthropogenic inputs derived from the use of fertilisers and liming (or from other sources of pollution). Most notable is an enrichment of K (5–10 mg/l) in groundwaters from Carboniferous sedimentary rocks, probably resulting from feldspar weathering. Ca concentrations broadly reflect the distribution of calcite in rocks. Groundwater from Ordovician, Silurian and mineralised strata and igneous aquifers are undersaturated with respect to calcite, as would be expected from their non-carbonate mineralogy. Groundwater from the Devonian and Carboniferous strata are generally saturated or supersaturated with respect to calcite, indicating the presence of calcite either as a major (Carboniferous limestone) or minor (calcite cement in Devonian sandstones) component.
	* ''Most of the groundwaters in the study area are oxidising'', with dissolved oxygen concentrations in the range 1–7 mg/l and a redox potential (Eh) greater than 300 mV. However, the mineralised springs are reducing, with sulphate reduction indicated at St Ronan’s Well. Groundwaters from Carboniferous strata in general tend to be slightly less oxidising than those from other aquifers. Apart from these incidences, however, the groundwater redox status does not appear to vary strongly with geology.		* ''Most of the groundwaters in the study area are oxidising'', with dissolved oxygen concentrations in the range 1–7 mg/l and a redox potential (Eh) greater than 300 mV. However, the mineralised springs are reducing, with sulphate reduction indicated at St Ronan’s Well. Groundwaters from Carboniferous strata in general tend to be slightly less oxidising than those from other aquifers. Apart from these incidences, however, the groundwater redox status does not appear to vary strongly with geology.
	* ''Nitrate concentrations'' are typically low: the median concentration of nitrate in groundwater is less than 5 mg/l ~~NO3~~-N across the aquifers. Concentrations are related to land use, with groundwaters beneath agricultural land showing higher concentrations than those beneath non-agricultural land. Elevated nitrate concentrations (> 5 mg/l ~~NO3~~-N) are found outwith the current designated Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs). The most noticeable are in the west of the study area in Galloway, where high concentrations are associated with improved pasture, and in particular dairy farming.		* ''Nitrate concentrations'' are typically low: the median concentration of nitrate in groundwater is less than 5 mg/l NO<sub>3</sub>-N across the aquifers. Concentrations are related to land use, with groundwaters beneath agricultural land showing higher concentrations than those beneath non-agricultural land. Elevated nitrate concentrations (>5 mg/l NO<sub>3</sub>-N) are found outwith the current designated Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs). The most noticeable are in the west of the study area in Galloway, where high concentrations are associated with improved pasture, and in particular dairy farming.
	* ''Concentrations of phosphorous'' in groundwater can be an important influence on surface water eutrophication if present in baseflow to streams and rivers. Median P concentrations for the aquifer units in southern Scotland tend to fall in the range 30-70 μg/l-P. P concentrations do not show any strong relationship with land use, illustrating the complexity of P geochemistry, and the important role that soil geochemistry plays in the mobilisation of P into groundwater.		* ''Concentrations of phosphorous'' in groundwater can be an important influence on surface water eutrophication if present in baseflow to streams and rivers. Median P concentrations for the aquifer units in southern Scotland tend to fall in the range 30-70 μg/l-P. P concentrations do not show any strong relationship with land use, illustrating the complexity of P geochemistry, and the important role that soil geochemistry plays in the mobilisation of P into groundwater.

	===Interpretations in terms of groundwater flow in southern Scotland===		===Interpretations in terms of groundwater flow in southern Scotland===
	The hydrochemistry data and information on groundwater residence times help give an insight into groundwater flow in the different aquifers in southern Scotland. The best interpretation of the groundwater flow system within all of these aquifers is that it is largely through fractures, and well mixed in the top 50 metres or so. This is supported by the lack of correlation of nitrate with source depth across the region, and by the relative proportions of CFC and SF6 concentrations, which indicate mixing rather than piston flow models.		The hydrochemistry data and information on groundwater residence times help give an insight into groundwater flow in the different aquifers in southern Scotland. The best interpretation of the groundwater flow system within all of these aquifers is that it is largely through fractures, and well mixed in the top 50 metres or so. This is supported by the lack of correlation of nitrate with source depth across the region, and by the relative proportions of CFC and SF6 concentrations, which indicate mixing rather than piston flow models.

Ajhil: /* Southern Scotland */

2026-06-24T08:56:31Z

Southern Scotland

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:56, 24 June 2026
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	Download the [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/9164/ Baseline Scotland: groundwater chemistry of southern Scotland] report.		Download the [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/9164/ Baseline Scotland: groundwater chemistry of southern Scotland] report.

	Main findings		===Main findings===
	The collection and interpretation of new groundwater chemistry data for southern Scotland has led to the following conclusions:		The collection and interpretation of new groundwater chemistry data for southern Scotland has led to the following conclusions:

	Most of the groundwater pH values in the region are in the near-neutral range (6.5–8.5). Groundwaters from Ordovician and Silurian rocks tend to have a slightly lower pH than those from Devonian sandstones and Carboniferous sandstones and limestones. Groundwaters from igneous rocks and mineralised Lower Palaeozoic strata are more acidic, with occasional pH values below 6.5.		* ''Most of the groundwater pH values in the region are in the near-neutral range (6.5–8.5)''. Groundwaters from Ordovician and Silurian rocks tend to have a slightly lower pH than those from Devonian sandstones and Carboniferous sandstones and limestones. Groundwaters from igneous rocks and mineralised Lower Palaeozoic strata are more acidic, with occasional pH values below 6.5.
	Bicarbonate alkalinity: HCO3 is in the range 100–250 mg/l for Ordovician and Silurian groundwaters, 200–320 mg/l for Devonian and Carboniferous groundwaters, and <100 mg/l for igneous groundwaters and mineralised springs from the Lower Palaeozoic.		* ''Bicarbonate alkalinity: HCO3'' is in the range 100–250 mg/l for Ordovician and Silurian groundwaters, 200–320 mg/l for Devonian and Carboniferous groundwaters, and <100 mg/l for igneous groundwaters and mineralised springs from the Lower Palaeozoic.
	Cl and SO4 concentrations are generally low and reflect inputs from rainfall, with the exception of Carboniferous groundwaters which tend to have highest concentrations of Cl and SO4, possibly reflecting the influence of connate water and sulphide mineralisation within interbedded mudstone.		* ''Cl and SO4 concentrations'' are generally low and reflect inputs from rainfall, with the exception of Carboniferous groundwaters which tend to have highest concentrations of Cl and SO4, possibly reflecting the influence of connate water and sulphide mineralisation within interbedded mudstone.
	Concentrations of the major cations reflect a combination of rainfall input, mineral weathering, and anthropogenic inputs derived from the use of fertilisers and liming (or from other sources of pollution). Most notable is an enrichment of K (5–10 mg/l) in groundwaters from Carboniferous sedimentary rocks, probably resulting from feldspar weathering. Ca concentrations broadly reflect the distribution of calcite in rocks. Groundwater from Ordovician, Silurian and mineralised strata and igneous aquifers are undersaturated with respect to calcite, as would be expected from their non-carbonate mineralogy. Groundwater from the Devonian and Carboniferous strata are generally saturated or supersaturated with respect to calcite, indicating the presence of calcite either as a major (Carboniferous limestone) or minor (calcite cement in Devonian sandstones) component.		* ''Concentrations of the major cations'' reflect a combination of rainfall input, mineral weathering, and anthropogenic inputs derived from the use of fertilisers and liming (or from other sources of pollution). Most notable is an enrichment of K (5–10 mg/l) in groundwaters from Carboniferous sedimentary rocks, probably resulting from feldspar weathering. Ca concentrations broadly reflect the distribution of calcite in rocks. Groundwater from Ordovician, Silurian and mineralised strata and igneous aquifers are undersaturated with respect to calcite, as would be expected from their non-carbonate mineralogy. Groundwater from the Devonian and Carboniferous strata are generally saturated or supersaturated with respect to calcite, indicating the presence of calcite either as a major (Carboniferous limestone) or minor (calcite cement in Devonian sandstones) component.
	Most of the groundwaters in the study area are oxidising, with dissolved oxygen concentrations in the range 1–7 mg/l and a redox potential (Eh) greater than 300 mV. However, the mineralised springs are reducing, with sulphate reduction indicated at St Ronan’s Well. Groundwaters from Carboniferous strata in general tend to be slightly less oxidising than those from other aquifers. Apart from these incidences, however, the groundwater redox status does not appear to vary strongly with geology.		* ''Most of the groundwaters in the study area are oxidising'', with dissolved oxygen concentrations in the range 1–7 mg/l and a redox potential (Eh) greater than 300 mV. However, the mineralised springs are reducing, with sulphate reduction indicated at St Ronan’s Well. Groundwaters from Carboniferous strata in general tend to be slightly less oxidising than those from other aquifers. Apart from these incidences, however, the groundwater redox status does not appear to vary strongly with geology.
	Nitrate concentrations are typically low: the median concentration of nitrate in groundwater is less than 5 mg/l NO3-N across the aquifers. Concentrations are related to land use, with groundwaters beneath agricultural land showing higher concentrations than those beneath non-agricultural land. Elevated nitrate concentrations (> 5 mg/l NO3-N) are found outwith the current designated Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs). The most noticeable are in the west of the study area in Galloway, where high concentrations are associated with improved pasture, and in particular dairy farming.		* ''Nitrate concentrations'' are typically low: the median concentration of nitrate in groundwater is less than 5 mg/l NO3-N across the aquifers. Concentrations are related to land use, with groundwaters beneath agricultural land showing higher concentrations than those beneath non-agricultural land. Elevated nitrate concentrations (> 5 mg/l NO3-N) are found outwith the current designated Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs). The most noticeable are in the west of the study area in Galloway, where high concentrations are associated with improved pasture, and in particular dairy farming.
	Concentrations of phosphorous in groundwater can be an important influence on surface water eutrophication if present in baseflow to streams and rivers. Median P concentrations for the aquifer units in southern Scotland tend to fall in the range 30-70 μg/l-P. P concentrations do not show any strong relationship with land use, illustrating the complexity of P geochemistry, and the important role that soil geochemistry plays in the mobilisation of P into groundwater.		* ''Concentrations of phosphorous'' in groundwater can be an important influence on surface water eutrophication if present in baseflow to streams and rivers. Median P concentrations for the aquifer units in southern Scotland tend to fall in the range 30-70 μg/l-P. P concentrations do not show any strong relationship with land use, illustrating the complexity of P geochemistry, and the important role that soil geochemistry plays in the mobilisation of P into groundwater.
	Interpretations in terms of groundwater flow in southern Scotland		===Interpretations in terms of groundwater flow in southern Scotland===
	The hydrochemistry data and information on groundwater residence times help give an insight into groundwater flow in the different aquifers in southern Scotland. The best interpretation of the groundwater flow system within all of these aquifers is that it is largely through fractures, and well mixed in the top 50 metres or so. This is supported by the lack of correlation of nitrate with source depth across the region, and by the relative proportions of CFC and SF6 concentrations, which indicate mixing rather than piston flow models.		The hydrochemistry data and information on groundwater residence times help give an insight into groundwater flow in the different aquifers in southern Scotland. The best interpretation of the groundwater flow system within all of these aquifers is that it is largely through fractures, and well mixed in the top 50 metres or so. This is supported by the lack of correlation of nitrate with source depth across the region, and by the relative proportions of CFC and SF6 concentrations, which indicate mixing rather than piston flow models.

Ajhil: /* Southern Scotland */

2026-06-24T08:52:48Z

Southern Scotland

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:52, 24 June 2026
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	<center>'''Baseline samples in southern Scotland against a<br>simplified 1:625 000 scale geology map. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>		<center>'''Baseline samples in southern Scotland against a<br>simplified 1:625 000 scale geology map. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>

	Download the Baseline Scotland: groundwater chemistry of southern Scotland report.		Download the [https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/9164/ Baseline Scotland: groundwater chemistry of southern Scotland] report.

	Main findings		Main findings

Ajhil: /* Southern Scotland */

2026-06-24T08:50:31Z

Southern Scotland

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:50, 24 June 2026
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	[[Image:Samples_southernScotland1.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px\|]]		[[Image:Samples_southernScotland1.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px\|]]

	<center>'''Baseline samples in southern Scotland against a simplified 1:625 000 scale geology map. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>		<center>'''Baseline samples in southern Scotland against a<br>simplified 1:625 000 scale geology map. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>

	Download the Baseline Scotland: groundwater chemistry of southern Scotland report.		Download the Baseline Scotland: groundwater chemistry of southern Scotland report.

Ajhil: /* Southern Scotland */

2026-06-24T08:49:32Z

Southern Scotland

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:49, 24 June 2026
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	A total of 78 groundwater sample analyses from the Silurian, Ordovician, Devonian, Carboniferous and igneous aquifers in southern Scotland were interpreted to investigate the groundwater chemistry of these aquifers. The samples were collected between 2002 and 2006. Permian aquifers in southern Scotland were not included in this study; they will be reported on separately.		A total of 78 groundwater sample analyses from the Silurian, Ordovician, Devonian, Carboniferous and igneous aquifers in southern Scotland were interpreted to investigate the groundwater chemistry of these aquifers. The samples were collected between 2002 and 2006. Permian aquifers in southern Scotland were not included in this study; they will be reported on separately.

	[[Image:~~Samples_southernScotland~~.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px\|]]		[[Image:Samples_southernScotland1.jpg\|frameless\|center\|500px\|]]

	<center>'''Baseline samples in southern Scotland against a simplified 1:625 000 scale geology map. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>		<center>'''Baseline samples in southern Scotland against a simplified 1:625 000 scale geology map. BGS © UKRI.'''</center>

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:03, 24 June 2026
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	Concentrations in italics in the tables below are below instrumental detection limits and have been estimated using a robust 'regression on order' statistics ('ROS') approach. For further detail on this statistical approach, see the full Southern Scotland Baseline report at the bottom of this page.		Concentrations in italics in the tables below are below instrumental detection limits and have been estimated using a robust 'regression on order' statistics ('ROS') approach. For further detail on this statistical approach, see the full Southern Scotland Baseline report at the bottom of this page.

	Silurian — Table of summary statistics		* [[Media:Summarytable_silurian.jpg\|Silurian — Table of summary statistics]]
	Ordovician — Table of summary statistics		* [[Media:Summarytable_ordovician.jpg\|Ordovician — Table of summary statistics]]
	Devonian — Table of summary statistics		* [[Media:Summarytable_devonian.jpg\|Devonian — Table of summary statistics]]
	Carboniferous — Table of summary statistics		* [[Media:Summarytable_carboniferous.jpg\|Carboniferous — Table of summary statistics]]
	Piper diagrams illustrate the distribution of groundwater chemistry data for the four main aquifers, and indicate outliers.		* [[Media:Piper_individual3.jpg\|Piper diagrams illustrate the distribution of groundwater chemistry data for the four main aquifers, and indicate outliers.]]
	Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations
	pH and ~~HCO3~~ — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration		===Maps of regional variation in selected ion concentrations===
			pH and HCO<sub>3</sub> — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration
	Na and K — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration		Na and K — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration
	Mg and Ca — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration		Mg and Ca — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration
	~~NO3~~-N and Fe — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration		NO<sub>3</sub>-N and Fe — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration
	Mn and F — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration		Mn and F — Maps illustrating spatial variation in the concentration
	Baseline report		Baseline report