Urban groundwater in Africa - Revision history

Beod: /* Overviews of urban groundwater in Africa */

2021-11-18T13:36:00Z

Overviews of urban groundwater in Africa

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	==~~Overviews of urban groundwater in Africa~~==		==References==

	This is a list of some recent reports and other documents that give a useful overview of the issues around urban groundwater in Africa.		This is a list of some recent reports and other documents that give a useful overview of the issues around urban groundwater in Africa.

Beod at 13:34, 18 November 2021

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	[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Additional resources \| Resource pages]] >> Urban groundwater in Africa		[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Additional resources \| Resource pages]] >> [[Key Groundwater Issues \| Key groundwater issues]] >> Urban groundwater in Africa

	This page is being developed. Please check back soon for more content.		This page is being developed. Please check back soon for more content.
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	This page provides some background on the issue of urban groundwater and links to more information.		This page provides some background on the issue of urban groundwater and links to more information.



	==Key issues in urban groundwater in Africa==		==Key issues in urban groundwater in Africa==
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	Return to: [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Additional resources \| Resource pages]]		Return to: [[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Additional resources \| Resource pages]] >> [[Key Groundwater Issues \| Key groundwater issues]] >>

Beod: /* Overviews of urban groundwater in Africa */

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Overviews of urban groundwater in Africa

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	This is a list of some recent reports and other documents that give a useful overview of the issues around urban groundwater in Africa.		This is a list of some recent reports and other documents that give a useful overview of the issues around urban groundwater in Africa.

			:- UPGro. 2021. [https://upgro.files.wordpress.com/2021/07/upgro_policybrief_urban-domestic-gw-use-in-ssa.pdf Urban domestic groundwater use in informal settlements in subSaharan Africa: A call to action]. UPGro Policy Brief, UPGro, Skat Foundation, St. Gallen.

	:- Foster S, Bousquet A and Furey S. 2018. [https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.056 Urban groundwater use in Tropical Africa – a key factor in enhancing water security?]. Water Policy 20(5), 982-994. Doi: 10.2166/wp.2018.056		:- Foster S, Bousquet A and Furey S. 2018. [https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.056 Urban groundwater use in Tropical Africa – a key factor in enhancing water security?]. Water Policy 20(5), 982-994. Doi: 10.2166/wp.2018.056

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Overviews of urban groundwater in Africa

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	==Overviews of urban groundwater in Africa==		==Overviews of urban groundwater in Africa==

	~~The following lists~~ some recent reports and other documents that give a useful overview of the issues around urban groundwater in Africa.		This is a list of some recent reports and other documents that give a useful overview of the issues around urban groundwater in Africa.

	:- Foster S, Bousquet A and Furey S. 2018. [https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.056 Urban groundwater use in Tropical Africa – a key factor in enhancing water security?]. Water Policy 20(5), 982-994. Doi: 10.2166/wp.2018.056		:- Foster S, Bousquet A and Furey S. 2018. [https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.056 Urban groundwater use in Tropical Africa – a key factor in enhancing water security?]. Water Policy 20(5), 982-994. Doi: 10.2166/wp.2018.056

Beod at 13:30, 18 November 2021

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	[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Additional resources \| Resource pages]] >> Urban groundwater in Africa		[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Additional resources \| Resource pages]] >> Urban groundwater in Africa

	~~Please cite~~ page ~~as: Africa Groundwater Atlas~~. ~~2019. Urban groundwater in Africa. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. ''Weblink''~~.		This page is being developed. Please check back soon for more content.

	~~'''This~~ page ~~is being developed~~. ~~Please check back soon for more content~~.'''
			Please cite page as: Africa Groundwater Atlas. 2019. Urban groundwater in Africa. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. ''Weblink''.

Beod at 10:44, 2 July 2019

2019-07-02T10:44:00Z

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	[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Additional resources \| Resource pages]] >> Urban groundwater in Africa		[[Africa Groundwater Atlas Home \| Africa Groundwater Atlas]] >> [[Additional resources \| Resource pages]] >> Urban groundwater in Africa

			Please cite page as: Africa Groundwater Atlas. 2019. Urban groundwater in Africa. British Geological Survey. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. ''Weblink''.

	'''This page is being developed. Please check back soon for more content.'''		'''This page is being developed. Please check back soon for more content.'''

Beod at 12:37, 21 March 2019

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	===Over-abstraction of groundwater===		===Over-abstraction of groundwater===

	As urbanisation continues, the demand for water is increasing in urban areas. This demand is being ~~only~~ partially met by municipal piped water supplies. Where urban areas have easy access to highly productive aquifers, municipal supplies ~~can~~ be at least partially sourced from groundwater. If municipal ~~pumping~~ is greater than recharge, it this can lead to localised falling groundwater levels		As urbanisation continues, the demand for water is increasing in urban areas. This demand is being partially met by municipal piped water supplies. Where urban areas have easy access to highly productive aquifers, municipal supplies may be at least partially sourced from groundwater within or near urban boundaries. If municipal abstraction is greater than recharge, it this can lead to localised falling groundwater levels.

	Because in most towns and cities in Africa, municipal piped water supplies aren't keeping pace with demand, more and more urban residents are turning to 'self supply' from groundwater sources. This involves digging or drilling private domestic wells or boreholes. Urban community water supplies may also be sourced from boreholes or wells. These boreholes and wells tend to be shallow. As well as being vulnerable to contamination, such shallow aquifers can also be vulnerable to over-abstraction, if too much groundwater is pumped out. The result can be serious localised aquifer depletion, which may lead to boreholes and wells drying up if groundwater levels fall too far; and also brings risks of inducing seepage of contaminated water, or saline intrusion in coastal areas; and can also cause land subsidence (Lapworth et al. 2017).

			Because in most towns and cities in Africa, municipal piped water supplies aren't keeping pace with demand, more and more urban residents are turning to 'self supply' from groundwater sources. This involves digging or drilling private domestic wells or boreholes. Urban community water supplies may also be sourced from boreholes or wells. These boreholes and wells tend to be shallow. As well as being vulnerable to contamination, such shallow aquifers can also be vulnerable to over-abstraction, if too much groundwater is pumped out. The result can be serious localised aquifer depletion, which may lead to boreholes and wells drying up if groundwater levels fall too far; and also brings risks of inducing seepage of contaminated water, or saline intrusion in coastal areas; and can also cause land subsidence (Foster 2018).

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	Shallower groundwater is at higher risk of pollution than deeper groundwater, because the travel times for pollutants to shallow groundwater are much shorter. Because of this, groundwater from shallow sources, such as hand-dug wells, is more at risk. However, deeper groundwater can also be at risk, depending on the type and amount of pollution and the local hydrogeological conditions, and so even well-constructed deep municipal or private boreholes can be affected.		Shallower groundwater is at higher risk of pollution than deeper groundwater, because the travel times for pollutants to shallow groundwater are much shorter. Because of this, groundwater from shallow sources, such as hand-dug wells, is more at risk. However, deeper groundwater can also be at risk, depending on the type and amount of pollution and the local hydrogeological conditions, and so even well-constructed deep municipal or private boreholes can be affected.

	[[File:UrbanGWRisk.gif\|thumb\| ~~400px~~\|center\| Key potential sources, pathways and receptors of faecal contamination in groundwater in urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa, from [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/516133/ Lapworth et al. (2017)]]]		The diagram below illustrates some of the key potential sources and pathways for faecal contaminants in groundwater in towns and cities in Africa. Many of these are similar for other groundwater contaminants.

			[[File:UrbanGWRisk.gif\|thumb\| 500px\|center\| Key potential sources, pathways and receptors of faecal contamination in groundwater in urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa, from [http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/516133/ Lapworth et al. (2017)]]]

	Many pollutants can affect groundwater in urban areas. including microbiological and chemical. Microbiological contamination from faecal waste is the largest source of contamination in urban (and rural) groundwater in Africa. Chemical pollutants include heavy metals and health-impacting chemicals such as cyanide, arsenic and chromium from industry and other municipal sources; pesticides and nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate from urban agriculture as well as domestic sources.		Many pollutants can affect groundwater in urban areas. including microbiological and chemical. Microbiological contamination from faecal waste is the largest source of contamination in urban (and rural) groundwater in Africa. Chemical pollutants include heavy metals and health-impacting chemicals such as cyanide, arsenic and chromium from industry and other municipal sources; pesticides and nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate from urban agriculture as well as domestic sources.
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	As urbanisation continues, the demand for water is increasing in urban areas. This demand is being only partially met by municipal piped water supplies. Where urban areas have easy access to highly productive aquifers, municipal supplies can be at least partially sourced from groundwater. If municipal pumping is greater than recharge, it this can lead to localised falling groundwater levels		As urbanisation continues, the demand for water is increasing in urban areas. This demand is being only partially met by municipal piped water supplies. Where urban areas have easy access to highly productive aquifers, municipal supplies can be at least partially sourced from groundwater. If municipal pumping is greater than recharge, it this can lead to localised falling groundwater levels

	Because in most towns and cities in Africa, municipal piped water supplies aren't keeping pace with demand, more and more urban residents are turning to 'self supply' from groundwater sources. This involves digging or drilling private domestic wells or boreholes. Urban community water supplies may also be sourced from boreholes or wells.		Because in most towns and cities in Africa, municipal piped water supplies aren't keeping pace with demand, more and more urban residents are turning to 'self supply' from groundwater sources. This involves digging or drilling private domestic wells or boreholes. Urban community water supplies may also be sourced from boreholes or wells. These boreholes and wells tend to be shallow. As well as being vulnerable to contamination, such shallow aquifers can also be vulnerable to over-abstraction, if too much groundwater is pumped out. The result can be serious localised aquifer depletion, which may lead to boreholes and wells drying up if groundwater levels fall too far; and also brings risks of inducing seepage of contaminated water, or saline intrusion in coastal areas; and can also cause land subsidence (Lapworth et al. 2017).


	~~There are rarely sufficient groundwater resources within urban areas themselves to satisfy~~
	~~water-demand in larger cities, and resource sustainability has often become an issue. Serious localised aquifer~~
	~~depletion (especially in semi-confined aquifer systems) results, with risk of induced seepage of contaminated~~
	~~water, land subsidence or coastal saline intrusion~~

	==Overviews of urban groundwater in Africa==		==Overviews of urban groundwater in Africa==

Beod at 12:22, 21 March 2019

2019-03-21T12:22:51Z

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	:- Mining activities: including both current and historical solid and liquid waste		:- Mining activities: including both current and historical solid and liquid waste

			===Over-abstraction of groundwater===

			As urbanisation continues, the demand for water is increasing in urban areas. This demand is being only partially met by municipal piped water supplies. Where urban areas have easy access to highly productive aquifers, municipal supplies can be at least partially sourced from groundwater. If municipal pumping is greater than recharge, it this can lead to localised falling groundwater levels

			Because in most towns and cities in Africa, municipal piped water supplies aren't keeping pace with demand, more and more urban residents are turning to 'self supply' from groundwater sources. This involves digging or drilling private domestic wells or boreholes. Urban community water supplies may also be sourced from boreholes or wells.

			There are rarely sufficient groundwater resources within urban areas themselves to satisfy
			water-demand in larger cities, and resource sustainability has often become an issue. Serious localised aquifer
			depletion (especially in semi-confined aquifer systems) results, with risk of induced seepage of contaminated
			water, land subsidence or coastal saline intrusion

	==Overviews of urban groundwater in Africa==		==Overviews of urban groundwater in Africa==

	The following ~~list is of~~ some recent reports and other documents that give a useful overview of the issues around urban groundwater in Africa.		The following lists some recent reports and other documents that give a useful overview of the issues around urban groundwater in Africa.

	:- Foster S, Bousquet A and Furey S. 2018. [https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.056 Urban groundwater use in Tropical Africa – a key factor in enhancing water security?]. Water Policy 20(5), 982-994. Doi: 10.2166/wp.2018.056		:- Foster S, Bousquet A and Furey S. 2018. [https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.056 Urban groundwater use in Tropical Africa – a key factor in enhancing water security?]. Water Policy 20(5), 982-994. Doi: 10.2166/wp.2018.056

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2019-03-21T12:05:41Z

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 This page provides some background on the issue of urban groundwater and links to more information.
 ==Overviews of urban groundwater in Africa==
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 :-Taylor RG and Barrett M. 1999. [https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/30368/1/203.pdf Urban groundwater development in sub-Saharan Africa]. In: Pickford J. (ed). Integrated development for water supply and sanitation: Proceedings of the 25th WEDC International Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 30 August-2 September 1999, pp.203-207.