Borrowdale Volcanic Group, introduction, Caradoc magmatism, Ordovician, Northern England

From: Stone, P, Millward, D, Young, B, Merritt, J W, Clarke, S M, McCormac, M and Lawrence, D J D. 2010. British regional geology: Northern England. Fifth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.

Introduction

Geological map showing the principal Ordovician and Devonian igneous bodies and their relationship to major structural features. BrO Broad Oak Granodiorite Pluton, Butt Buttermere Intrusion, CF Carrock Fell Centre, CW Crummock Water Granite, Dun Dunmail Intrusion, En Ennerdale Granite Pluton, Esk Eskdale Granite Pluton, Ha Haweswater Gabbro-Microdiorite Swarm, HG Haweswater intrusion, LG Loweswater Intrusion, Ryd Rydal Intrusion, Sh Shap Granite Pluton, Sk Skiddaw Granite Pluton, Th Threlkeld Microgranite Intrusion, Ulp Ulpha Intrusion, Wa Wasdale outcrop of Esk, Wear North Pennine Batholith, Wen Wensleydale Granite Pluton. P916043.

Generalised south–north and west–east cross-sections through the Borrowdale Volcanic Group showing the relationships of the various stratigraphical units. Sills are omitted. All units are formations, except for the Scafell Dacite and Rosthwaite Rhyolite which are members. Approximate lines of section are shown on Figure 17. P916046.

Distribution of the lithostratigraphical successions within the Borrowdale Volcanic Group. See Table 2 for details of the successions. The lines of cross-sections refer to Figure 16. P916047.

Map of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group showing the main depositional centres and principal faults with displacements inferred to have occurred during accumulation of the volcanic succession. P916045.

Borrowdale volcanic rocks form the craggy mountains of the central Lake District, but also crop out in the Cross Fell, Teesdale and Furness inliers (P916043). In west Cumbria, a substantial thickness of mainly pyroclastic rocks has been proved in deep boreholes underlying Upper Palaeozoic rocks.

The subaerial Borrowdale volcanic sequence is stratigraphically complex with more than one hundred formations and members designated. These variations record the evolving patterns of volcanism, and thus the development of the volcanic field and its associated depocentres (P916046). The principal development phases and the active depocentres are listed in (P916111), and the distribution of the successions shown in (P916047). In the following account only the few most important of the units are referred to by name.

The group can be divided informally into ‘lower’ and ‘upper’ parts, representing two contrasting eruptive phases: an early one, mainly of andesite lavas, formed a field of low-profile volcanoes, whereas a later, dominantly silicic phase featured voluminous eruptions of pyroclastic density currents and resulted in caldera formation. In this account, the term ‘pyroclastic density current’ is used to encompass the spectrum of gravity-driven pyroclastic currents that includes pyroclastic surges and pyroclastic flows as its end members.

The fundamental change in eruption style recognised at the base of the upper part of the group saw the probably contemporaneous emplacement of stratified caldera successions at Scafell and Haweswater (P916111), phases 4a, b; (P916045). The topographical depression created at Scafell was then infilled with the fluvial and lacustrine volcaniclastic sediments that form the top of the succession there. The products of ensuing eruptions accumulated in fault-controlled depocentres developed along a trend parallel to, and south of, these calderas. The Duddon (phase 5a) and Kentmere (phase 5b) basins developed contemporaneously in the south-west and eastern parts of the Lake District respectively. Subsequently, the Ambleside depocentre became active (phase 6).

Then followed the Lincomb Tarns Formation, the most voluminous ignimbrite preserved within the Borrowdale Volcanic Group (phase 7). Volcaniclastic sedimentation once again dominated in the ensuing Helvellyn succession (phase 8). The major, largely concealed, pyroclastic succession in west Cumbria is probably caldera related (phase 9a). However, the relationship of the West Cumbria volcanic rocks with other Borrowdale volcanic successions is unknown, as is that of the succession in the Cross Fell Inlier (phase 9b); either may contain some of the youngest volcanic deposits.

The later successions contain thick sequences of stratified volcaniclastic rocks and these host abundant contemporaneous sills. Contrasting styles of clastic sedimentation are recorded by these sequences. Episodes of diminished eruptive activity are characterised by units containing abundant fluvial channels and their deposits, and by laminated mudstone and siltstone that accumulated in a lacustrine setting. By contrast, huge volumes of unstable sediment were mobilised almost instantaneously during large-magnitude pyroclastic eruptions or by collapse of existing unlithified materials as a result of seismicity, and then transported by mass-flow processes to form lithologically uniform sheet-like deposits.

P916111 Summary of the principal phases in the development of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group.

Development phase		Location, lithofacies and thickness	Main events
11	Marine transgression	Post-BVG Marginal to Lake District in late Caradoc times; S Lake District in Ashgill	Thermal contraction of granites on cooling allowed progressive marine transgression on to Lake District block
10	Batholith emplacement	Beneath Scafell and Haweswater calderas. Granite, microgranite and granodiorite	Injection of thick tabular granite sheets resulting in uplift and erosion of volcanic field
9b	Cross Fell	Cross Fell Inlier. Volcaniclastic sedimentary and pyroclastic rocks, one major sheet of silicic lapilli-tuff; >1100 m	Volcaniclastic sedimentation interspersed with sporadic pyroclastic eruptions
9a	Gosforth succession	West Cumbria: stratiform sequence of andesitic and dacitic lapilli-tuff with subordinate volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks and andesite sills; >2500 m	Dominantly explosive intermediate and silicic pyroclastic activity producing many densely welded ignimbrites; ?caldera related
8	Helvellyn Basin succession	Central Fells, Helvellyn Basin. Stratiform units of volcaniclastic sandstone and breccia; subordinate pyroclastic units and a silicic lava; >1600 m	Fluviolacustrine sedimentation within extensional basin with episodic catastrophic influx of eruption-generated sediment-gravity flows; interrupted by small andesite lava shields and ignimbrite emplacement
7	Lincomb Tarns ignimbrite	Throughout BVG. Eutaxitic and parataxitic dacitic lapilli-tuff; columnar jointed; >800 m	Most widespread and voluminous ignimbrite within BVG. Large magnitude silicic pyroclastic eruptions forming ignimbrite shield
6	Ambleside Basin succession	Central south Lake District. Oversteps 5a, b, 4a; bedded volcaniclastic sandstone and breccia; >1100 m	Fluviolacustrine sedimentation dominated by catastrophic influx of eruption generated sediment-gravity flows. ?Associated with emplacement of many sills
5b	Kentmere Basin succession	SE Lake District. Bedded units of volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks, intercalated with sheets of pyroclastic rocks, some lavas; <2800 m	Intermediate to silicic ignimbrites; andesitic tuff-cone and lava-shield; fluviolacustrine sedimentation at base; major centre for sill emplacement
5a	Duddon Basin succession	SW Lake District. Stratified sequence of volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks, andesitic and rhyolitic pyroclastic rocks and andesite lavas	Explosive intermediate ?caldera-related pyroclastic eruptions; succeeded by catastrophic eruption-generated sedimentation in extensional basin, episodically interrupted by emplacement of silicic ignimbrites. Many sills emplaced?
4b	Haweswater Caldera succession	Ullswater, Haweswater. Stratified sheets of dacitic and rhyolitic pyroclastic rocks; garnetiferous; <650 m	Large magnitude silicic pyroclastic activity; large-volume ignimbrites associated with caldera collapse
4a	Scafell Caldera succession	Central Fells. Stratified sheets of andesitic, dacitic and rhyolitic pyroclastic rocks; dacite and rhyolite lavas; garnetiferous. Overlain by bedded volcaniclastic sandstone and breccia; >700 m	Andesitic phreatoplinian eruption followed by sequence of large volume silicic ignimbrites with associated development of piecemeal hydrovolcanic caldera; postcaldera silicic lavas and caldera basin sedimentary infill
3	Monogenetic andesite volcanoes	Throughout BVG. Andesite lavas and sills, some of basalt, basaltic andesite and dacite; subordinate tuff, lapilli-tuff and sandstone; some units garnetiferous; <2700 m	Construction of subaerial, multiple-vent, low-profile andesite volcanoes; some high volume basalt lava-fields; episodic silicic volcanism including possible caldera formation
2	Initial phreato- magmatism	Devoke Water, Calder Bridge, Millom Park, Ullswater. Mafic lapilli-tuff and tuff-breccia; contains much mudstone and sandstone from Skiddaw Group; <600 m	Hydrovolcanism, construction of tuff-cone field(s)
1	Pre-volcanic	Latterbarrow Sandstone and Overwater Siltstone locally preserved; 0–400 m	Regional uplift and erosion of Skiddaw Group. Local evidence of fluvial and ?marine deposition

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